GNED03 Chapter 2 - Compressed

Chapter II
Mathematical
Language and
Symbols
GNED 03
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Intended
Learning
Outcome discuss the language, symbols, and
AFTER THE STUDENTS HAVE GONE THROUGH conventions of mathematics
THIS CHAPTER, THEY SHOULD BE ABLE TO: explain the nature of mathematics as a
language
perform operations on mathematical
expressions correctly; and
acknowledge that mathematics is a useful
language
Mathematical
Language and Symbols
CHAPTER II
GNED 03 | Mathematics in the Modern World
Language
THE SYSTEM OF WORDS, SIGNS
AND SYMBOLS WHICH PEOPLE USE
TO EXPRESS IDEAS, THOUGHTS
AND FEELINGS
Mathematical Language and Symbols | GNED03

Mathematical
language
THE SYSTEM USED TO COMMUNICATE
MATHEMATICAL IDEAS INCLUDES A LARGE
COMPONENT OF LOGIC, NUMBERS,
MEASUREMENT, SHAPES, SPACES, FUNCTIONS,
PATTERNS, DATA, AND ARRANGEMENTS.

Mathematical
CHAPTER II
CHARACTERISTICS
OF MATHEMATICAL
LANGUAGE
mathematical language is non-temporal.

mathematical language is devoid of
emotional content
mathematical language is precise

Mathematical
CHAPTER II
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS
AND SENTENCES
Math words, expressions and sentences can help students explain what they think.
Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are

operations that can make up a mathematical expression
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE
Expresses an incomplete thought Expresses a complete thought
Contains no relation symbol Contains a relation symbol
A mathematical expression is only A mathematical sentence is

simplified simplified and solved

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE
Multivariate mathematical expressions
have more than one variable.
x
THIS SYMBOL IS RARELY USED
TO SHOW MULTIPLICATION
example
5xy + 9x – 12
31abc
y / 3x
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS
TERMS VARIABLE NUMERICAL

(LITERAL COEFFICIENT) COEFFICIENT CONSTANT
separated from other
terms with either plus represents the unknown and The number with the Any single number
or minus signs makes use of letters variable
CONSTANT
NUMERICAL COEFFICIENT
10x + 11
LITERAL COEFFICIENT
MONOMIAL 2a
BINOMIAL 5x + 12y
TRINOMIAL 3x + 2y – 36
A MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION
POLYNOMIAL
WITH MORE THAN TWO TERMS
MATHEMATICAL
SENTENCE
COMBINES TWO MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS USING A COMPARISON OPERATOR
EQUAL, NOT EQUAL, GREATER THAN, GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO, LESS THAN, AND LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO
RELATION SYMBOLS EQUATION INEQUALITY

the signs which convey a mathematical a mathematical
equality or inequality expression containing the expression containing the
equal sign inequality sign
EXAMPLES OF EQUATIONS EXAMPLES OF INEQUALITIES:
4x + 3 = 19 15x – 5 < 3y
6y – 5 = 55 18 > 16.5
10 + 1 = m 99 < x
(x+y+z) / 2 = 3 1 < x < 10
58 – q = 25 a + b + c ≤ 999
open sentence
IT USES VARIABLES, MEANING THAT IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER THE
MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE IS TRUE OR FALSE
closed sentence
A MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE THAT IS KNOWN TO BE EITHER TRUE
OR FALSE
EXAMPLES OF OPEN SENTENCE:
▪ 2xy < 3y
▪ 18w > 16.5
▪ 3(m + n) = 100
▪ 8ab – c = 1 ▪ 4 – 3 = v
▪x+y=5 ▪ The obtuse angle is N degrees.
▪ 25m = n
▪ abc = 4
▪ 3x + 3y – 4z = 11
EXAMPLES OF TRUE CLOSED SENTENCE:
▪ 2(x + y) = 2x + 2y
▪ 18 (2) > 16.5
▪ 3(m + n) = (m + n) + (m + n) + (m + n)
▪ 8c – c = 7c
▪ 9 is an odd number.
▪ √25 = 5
▪ 10 – 1 = 9
▪6–6=0
▪ The square root of 4 is 2.
▪ g + g + 100 = 2g + 100
EXAMPLES OF FALSE CLOSED SENTENCE:
▪ 9 is an even number.
▪4+4=5
▪ 10 – 1 = 8
▪6–6=–1
▪ The square root of 4 is 1. ▪ d + 2d = 2d2
▪ y 0 = 2 ▪ (xyz)2 = 2xyz
▪ x + 2x + 3x = 10x
Mathematical
CHAPTER II
CONVENTIONS IN THE
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
CONTEXT CONVENTION
refers to the particular topics being studied and a technique used by mathematicians, engineers,
it is important to understand the context to scientists in which each particular symbol has
understand mathematical symbols. particular meaning
GREEK AND LATIN LETTERS ARE USED AS SYMBOLS FOR
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND SPECIAL FUNCTIONS; AND
FOR VARIABLES REPRESENTING CERTAIN QUANTITIES
THE POSITION OF NUMBERS AND SYMBOLS IN RELATION

TO EACH OTHER HAS A BEARING ON THEIR MEANINGS.
USAGE OF SUBSCRIPTS AND SUPERSCRIPTS IS ALSO AN
IMPORTANT CONVENTION.
GUIDELINES IN TRANSLATING
STATEMENTS TO MATHEMATICAL
EXPRESSION/SENTENCE
READ AND UNDERSTAND THE

PROBLEM/TEXT ENTIRELY
SET VARIABLES FOR THE UNKNOWN
VALUES
LOOK FOR “KEYWORDS” ASSOCIATED
WITH MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS
FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH COMMONLY
USED MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS AND
SYMBOLS
PRACTICE EXERCISE: Translate the statements in column A into mathematical expression/sentence.
Match the statements in column A with the choices in column B.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
The sum of the squares of a and b is ten
Four less than x
The ratio of nine more than x to x
Four less x
The square of the sum of a and b is ten
Four is less than x
The quotient of x increased by nine and x

COLUMN A COLUMN B
Four less than x
Four less x
Four is less than x

COLUMN A COLUMN B
Four less than x
Four less x
Four is less than x

COLUMN A COLUMN B
Four less than x
Four less x
Four is less than x

COLUMN A COLUMN B
Four less than x
Four less x
Four is less than x

COLUMN A COLUMN B
Four less than x
Four less x
Four is less than x

COLUMN A COLUMN B
Four less than x
Four less x
Four is less than x

COLUMN A COLUMN B
Four less than x
Four less x
Four is less than x

Mathematical
CHAPTER II
VARIABLE
sometimes thought of as a mathematical
"John Doe" because you can use it as a
placeholder when you want to talk about
something but either you imagine that has
one or more values but you don't know
what they are.
EXAMPLE
Is there a number with
following property: doubling
it and adding 3 gives the
same result as squaring it?
EXAMPLE
Is there a number with
following property: doubling
it and adding 3 gives the
same result as squaring it?
Is there a number x with

property that 2x + 3 = x²?
EXAMPLE
No matter what number
might be chosen, if it is
greater than 2, then its
square is greater than 4.
EXAMPLE
No matter what number
might be chosen, if it is
greater than 2, then its
square is greater than 4.
No matter what number n might
be chosen, if n is greater than 2,
n² is greater than 4
Exercise
USE VARIABLES TO REWRITE THE
FOLLOWING SENTENCES MORE
FORMALLY.
ARE THERE NUMBERS WITH THE ARE THERE NUMBER A
PROPERTY THAT THE SUM OF THEIR AND B SUCH THAT A²
SQUARE EQUALS THE SQUARE OF + B² = (A+B)²?
THEIR SUM?
GIVEN ANY REAL NUMBER, ITS
FO R ANY REAL
SQUARE IS NONNEGATIVE
NUMBER R, R²≥0
Mathematical
CHAPTER II
Set
A WELL-DEFINED COLLECTION
OF DISTINCT OBJECTS
The set of vowels in the English Alphabet

The set of counting numbers less than 20
The set of all letters in the word “Philippines”
ELEMENTS
Objects or components that make up a set
Examples:
Let A be a set containing all the vowels in the English Alphabet. With this, the following
statements must be true:
Letter “u” is an element of set A since letter “u” is a vowel. In symbols, we can
express this as u∈A. The same applies to the letters “a”, “e”, “i”, and “o” since all of
these are vowels in the English Alphabet.
Letter “d” is not an element of set A since letter “d” is a consonant. In symbols, we
can express this as d ∉ A. "This applies, as well, to other consonants in the English
Alphabet.
CARDINALITY OF A SET
refers to the number of elements a set has
Examples:
Consider the following sets:
Set G contains all the “ber” months
Set H contains all distinct letters in the word “MATHEMATICS”
Set I contains all perfect square numbers less than 100
CARDINALITY OF A SET refers to the number of elements a set has
To get the cardinality of each set, we just simply need to count all the elements each set has.
The cardinality of set G is 4 since G = {September, October, November, December}. In
symbols, we can express the cardinality of G as n(G) = 4 or |G| = 4.
The cardinality of set H is 8 since H = {M, A, T, H, E, I, C, S}. In symbols, we can express the
cardinality of h as n(H) = 8 or |H| = 8.
The cardinality of set I is 10 since I = {0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81}. In symbols, we can
express the cardinality of I as n(I) = 10 or |I| = 10.
THERE ARE TWO WAYS TO DESCRIBE A SET,
NAMELY:
Roster/Tabular
Method the elements in the given set are
listed or enumerated, separated by
a comma, inside a pair of braces.
Examples:
Let B be a set containing all the prime numbers between 1 and 10
B= {2, 3, 5, 7}
THERE ARE TWO WAYS TO DESCRIBE A SET,
NAMELY:
Rule/Descriptive
Method the common characteristics of the
elements are defined. This method
uses set builder notation where x is
used to represent any element of
the given set
Examples:
Let B be a set containing all the prime numbers between 1 and 10
B= {x|x is a prime number between 1 and 10}

TWO METHODS OF DESCRIBING SETS
Try to answer the following:
Let C be a set containing all months with 31 days. Express this set using
roster method
Let D be a set containing the elements red, yellow, and blue. Express
this set using rule method
Let E be a set containing the elements 2, 4, 6, and 8. Express this set
using rule method
Mathematical
CHAPTER II
FINITE SETS
sets with a limited number of elements; the last
element is specified
Examples:
The set of counting numbers less than 5
The set of all letters in the English alphabet
V= {a, e, i, o, u}
INFINITE SETS
sets with an unlimited/infinite number of
elements; the last element cannot be specified
Examples:
The set of the stars in the sky
The set of all real numbers
E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …}
EMPTY SET/NULL
SET/VOID SET
set that has no elements. It is expressed using the
symbols { } or ∅
UNIVERSAL SET
the set of all possible elements at a given
situation
Examples:
Let a set be created containing all the possible
outcomes generated from rolling a die. With this, we
can say that:
U= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Let a set containing all the possible colors a student
can pick from a standard deck of cards be created.
With this, we can express the set as:
U= {red, black}
SET RELATIONS
SUBSET
for any arbitrary sets A and B, set A is a subset of
B if every element of A is an element of B
SUPERSET
we can also say that B is a superset of A since B
contains every element of A.
IMPROPER SUBSET
a subset containing all the elements of a given set
A is an improper subset of B
A ⊆ B
PROPER SUBSET
a subset containing elements of a given set
A is an proper subset of B
A ⊂ B
Examples:
V= {a, e, i, o, u},
W= {a, e, i}, &
X= {x|x is a vowel in the English alphabet}.
W ⊂V W ⊂X V ⊆X X ⊆V
EQUAL SETS
are sets containing the same elements
EQUIVALENT SETS
are sets with the same number of elements
Examples:
A= {x|x is an odd number between 1 and 9}
B={a, b, c}
C={3, 5, 7}
JOINT SETS
sets with at least one common element.
DISJOINT SETS
sets with no common elements
Examples:
A={1, 3, 5}
B={2, 4, 6}
C={2, 3, 4}
UNION
Union of Sets A and B (denoted by A ∪ B) is the
union of two sets A and B is the set of all elements
belonging to either set A or set B
In symbol: A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
INTERSECTION
Intersection of sets A and B (denoted by A ∩
B) is
the intersection of two sets A and B is the set of
all elements belonging to both set A and set B.
In symbol: A∩ ∈
B = {x | x A and x ∈ B}
EXAMPLES
P={1, 3, 5}
Q={2, 4, 7}
Evaluate the following set operations:
R={3, 5, 7} ∪
1. P Q
2. P∪R
3. P∩R
4. Q∩R
5. P∪Q∪R
6. P∩Q∩R
DIFFERENCE
Difference of sets A and B (denoted by A – B) is a set
whose elements are found in Set A but not in Set B.
In symbol: {x | x ∈ A and x ∉
B}
COMPLEMENT
Complement of SetA (denoted by A’) is a set whose
elements are found in the universal set but not in Set A.
In symbol: A’ = {x | x ∈U and x ∉ A}
EXAMPLES
U={0, 1, 2,3 , 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
M={1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Evaluate the following set operations:
N={0, 6, 7, 8, 9} 1. M′
2. N′
3. M-N
4. N-M
∪
5. (M N)′
6. (M∩N)′
Venn-Euler Diagrams
(Venn Diagrams)
A-B B-A ∪∪
A B C
A′ B′ ∩∩
A B C
USING VENN DIAGRAM IN SOLVING
PROBLEMS INVOLVING SETS
1. Seventy-five (75) students were asked about their preference over Math and English
subjects. It was found out that 40 of them prefers Math, 50 prefers English, and 28 prefers both
subjects. Determine the number of students who:
a. prefer Math only
b. prefer English only
c. prefer neither Math nor English subject
In order to solve the given problem using Venn Diagram, consider the
following steps:
1. Construct a
Venn diagram 2. Fill in the Venn Diagram with
appropriate values 3. Solve the problem
1. Construct a
Venn diagram
How many sets are there in the problem?

Are the sets given joint or disjoint?
1. Construct a
Venn diagram

2. Fill in the Venn Diagram with

appropriate values
What is the cardinality of the universe (U)?

What are the given values which can
provide information about the cardinality
of each set?
What values should be placed in each
region in the Venn Diagram?
1. Construct a
Venn diagram

2. Fill in the Venn Diagram with

appropriate values
What is the cardinality of the universe (U)?

What are the given values which can provide information
about the cardinality of each set?
What values should be placed in each region in the Venn
Diagram?
3. Solve the problem

How many students prefer Math only?
How many students prefer English only?
How many students prefer neither Math nor English?
Mathematical
CHAPTER II
Mathematical
CHAPTER II
RELATIONS
A relation from set A to set B is any subset S of the set
A x B = {(a, b)|a € A, b = B} . If (a, b) ∈
S, we say that a is
related by S to b, and we sometimes write aSb.
Examples: Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 7,8} & B = {4, 6, 9, 10}
If we define a relation S from A to B to mean that (x, y) ∈ S if and only if x

divides y (x is a factor or divisor of y), then
S = {(2,4), (2,6), (2, 10), (3, 6), (3,9), (4,4), (5, 10)}
Try to answer the following:
Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 7,8} & B = {4, 6, 9, 10}
1. Define a relation S from A to B where S = {(x, y)] x ∈ A, y ∈ B,x & y are
relatively prime}
2. Define a relation S from A to B where S = {(x, y) | x ∈ A, y ∈ B, x & y are
both even numbers}
Chapter II: Mathematical
GNED 03
CARL MARTIN ALCANTARA, LPT

INSTRUCTOR
D. Four Basic Concepts
Binary - the term binary means consisting of two parts.
Binary Number System
D. Four Basic Concepts
Binary Operations - a rule for combining two values to

produce a new value.
A binary operation f(x, y) is an operation that applies to two quantities or
expressions x and y. There are many binary operations on real numbers.
Such operations take two real numbers and create another real number.
For instance:
• On the set of real numbers R, f(a, b) = a + b is a binary operation
since the sum of two real numbers is a real number.
• On the set of natural numbers N, f(a, b) = a + b is a binary operation
since the sum of two natural numbers is a natural number. This is a
different binary operation than the previous one since the sets are
different.
• On the set M (2, 2) of 2 x 2 matrices with real entries, f(A, B) = A +
B is a binary operation since the sum of two such matrices is another
2 x 2 matrix.
Operations on Matrices
Addition of Matrices
A=
[ ]
2
5
3
8
2
1
6
2
7
B=
[ ]
8
2
3
2
5
4
1
2
3
A+B
A=
[ ]
2 1 3
3 -2 1
-1 0 1
B=
[]
1
2
4
-2
1
-2
A*B
GNED 03

INSTRUCTOR
F. Formality
Formality is a relational concept: an expression can be more or less
formal relative to another expression, entailing an ordering of
expressions; yet, no expression can be absolutely formal or absolutely
informal.
A formal expression is completely formal when it is context-
independent, non-fuzzy and precise, that is, it represents a clear
distinction which is invariant under changes of context.
GNED 03

INSTRUCTOR

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Chapter II

Mathematical Language and Symbols | GNED03

Mathematical Language and Symbols | GNED03

mathematical language is non-temporal.

Mathematical Language and Symbols | GNED03

Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are

Expresses an incomplete thought Expresses a complete thought

Contains no relation symbol Contains a relation symbol

A mathematical expression is only A mathematical sentence is

Mathematical Language and Symbols | GNED03

TERMS VARIABLE NUMERICAL

RELATION SYMBOLS EQUATION INEQUALITY

THE POSITION OF NUMBERS AND SYMBOLS IN RELATION

READ AND UNDERSTAND THE

The sum of the squares of a and b is ten

Four less than x

The ratio of nine more than x to x

The square of the sum of a and b is ten

Four is less than x

The quotient of x increased by nine and x

The sum of the squares of a and b is ten

Four less than x

The ratio of nine more than x to x

The square of the sum of a and b is ten

Four is less than x

The quotient of x increased by nine and x

The sum of the squares of a and b is ten

Four less than x

The ratio of nine more than x to x

The square of the sum of a and b is ten

Four is less than x

The quotient of x increased by nine and x

The sum of the squares of a and b is ten

Four less than x

The ratio of nine more than x to x

The square of the sum of a and b is ten

Four is less than x

The quotient of x increased by nine and x

The sum of the squares of a and b is ten

Four less than x

The ratio of nine more than x to x

The square of the sum of a and b is ten

Four is less than x

The quotient of x increased by nine and x

The sum of the squares of a and b is ten

Four less than x

The ratio of nine more than x to x

The square of the sum of a and b is ten

Four is less than x

The quotient of x increased by nine and x

The sum of the squares of a and b is ten

Four less than x

The ratio of nine more than x to x

The square of the sum of a and b is ten

Four is less than x

The quotient of x increased by nine and x

The sum of the squares of a and b is ten

Four less than x