CH11 : DISPLAY MODES

formats, ormodesofdisplay
,
for viewing a
ultrason

A Aramcostosbeed
-

or is deflected upward e
on a

echos tall spikes

-
strong :

&
reflector depth
·
X-axis represents is measured
by the
time-of-flight
to
·

y-axis measures a

② B-MODE/BRIGHTNESS

·
appears as line of dots
we vary ing brightness

soundpuseisemittedby visible don moves ar aconstant

· reflection
speed across disaster
returns
~

-
weak reflection = dark

·s Desrecordepth measured
by time-of-linea

ents amp

③ M-MODE/MOTION

·appearsasgroup ofhorizontal wavylineeons move at constant speed from right to left

Minutmeg
·
various squiggly lines represent chang
saa

CH12 : ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCERS

* ARDMS 2D TYRS

& MECHANICAL TXR

↓
-
active element : single , circular/disc-shaped
Steering : mechanical
-

, physically moved by a motor

focus
Always ed, conventional ormechanica external
·
:

~
intern curved lens)

· imageshape : fasector-shaped,imagecomes
to a pot as

② ARRAY TXR

·outainmup active elementssetronics = channel

3 TYPES

1. LINEAR PHASED ARRAY

active
element : 100-300 elements , rectangular nar row

Steering :
electronically by phasing

directoraaped sing e focusing

PHASED ARRAY TECHNOLOGY : Can Steer 3 focus the beam

adjustable cocus/multifocus , produced electronically

Now electrical steeringneed for production of a focused beam

PHASED ARRAY TVR

All active elements excited by

are electrical signals to create a single ultrasound beam
·

T
BEAMSTEERING Chnique
·
various Living/spike patterns an used during excitation of the elements to steer 3 focus the beam

·electricaghaired atsignydifferenttimes,oneafteranother producing ,

a slope patter , steering the beam in a particular direc i s

beam former is component responsible for diff spike patterns

·en ↳ done
ned by
according
# elements
changing
to
dur in

depth of returning
used to receive

signal
reflected signal

receivedusing new innercrystals Gomary

echos arising early (superficial) are

increased in are used

a
aperture for echos returning from array

possible at dt as

allows beamto be as narrowas

a

· PHASED

rememberingshape eewens
ARRAY best focus at All depths #

w
common a

VECTORARRAY/VIRTUALSECT
rectangular , arranged in aa

inner crystals(smallrings-aquiredatafrom
shallow
·

dt is

·
outer crystals (large rings) - acquire data

less
from deeper depths
·Perignoneal d linear
sea

op
.
phased

array

sector
is
a re

↳ deep focus , long local depth , divergence

· umitaynamic
receive cocusing is area

-
ELECTRONIC focusing

AERADepns dropour & particular depth

acoustic cootprint : area of contact bown fr 3 Skin

mechanical linear phased array bannular phased array all have small footprint & sector
image
·
,

* FOR SPID if a doesn't mention "phasing" then assume it is switched/sequential tr

eX : linear array : linear "sequential" array

1 I NEAR SEQUENTIAL ARRAY

·rectangular
, arranged i ,

·Maccusing
DISC SHAPE CRYSTAL TUR 3 SLICE THICKNESS RESOLUTION

disshapeactive elementsproducethinnestslices Cous Bestelevationalresolutionssales

bottom or
image from scanline created by defective crystal

.
3 CONVEX , CURVED Or CURVILINEAR

CURVED SEQUENTIAL ARRAY / SWITCH ARRAY

active element 120-250

· :
crystals , rectangular , arranged side by side in a curved line

largeprinta directed straight

-
few ele ments fired simultaneously in a sequence

~
image shape : blunted Sector

-
focus : fixed ,
internal/external cocusing
·

damaged PIT : creates drop out from top to bottom of

image from scanline created by defective crystal
 CH 13 : REAL-TIME IMAGING

↳ a series of single images/frames displayed in an extremely rapid fashion to appear as real-time scanning

time
TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
- resolution pertaining to

·ablityutylate
moving structures at particular instant is
in i n

FRAME RATE

FRisLimitedbyspeedofsoundinthe mediuto scan

-

·
Unit : H2

· images/frames perseconda ?
lines , which medium will produce a Caster FR ? bone or soft tissue
th of imaging (2)# of pulses per frame
A : BONE be bone has faster sound speed t h an soft tissue

DEPTH OF IMAGING

Shallow deep

·wenation
·

long go-return time

longer T-frame

lowF r temporal resolution

·
INVERSELY related to FR

↑ depth = ↓ FR

·
double depth = FR decrease by 12

FR-#of pulses per image

↳ determined by 3 factors :

· multip

an ina mucous, annul ine

poor temporal res .

A
3 ·↑ LATA

d temporale s
E

SECTOR SIZE

narrow wide

morescan lines/
pulses per a n
a
·
few scan lines/pulses per frame
·
Short T-frame

↑F temp. res GF temp res.

SPATIAL RESOLUTION

refers to rall detail of an image

·

determinedby linedensity patial,a

·

·
approx . 100 -
200 scan lines per frame

·
low line density
widely

spardis e rame me
· s

Sewer
·
-

· Fr-

em es superimpsvial
P 00r
- s -
res.

nowToIMPROVE TEMPRESS
HOW TO DEGRADE TEMPORAL RES ?

1. deep image depth

·singleusi
.
2 multi-focus cannular array)

ue sectadensit

h improveimagequalit
a

me

IMAGE QUALITY US . TEMPRES

↑ image quality = ↓ temp res

res is INVERSEL related to

·
spatial .
temp . res
.