MODULE 1:

PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

(Steel and Timber)

Prepared By:

AdU Civil Engineering Faculty

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Module 1

Topics
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• Structural Design
• Advantage & Disadvantages of Steel Structure
• Parts of the Steel Structure
• Structural Shapes
• Shape Designation
• ASTM Standards
• Types of Steel
• Properties of Steel
• Definition of Terms
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Structural Design
Structural design may be defined as a mixture of art and science
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combining the intuitive feeling for the behavior of a structure with

rational principles of mechanics (statics, solid mechanics, dynamics,
etc.) and structural analysis to produce a safe and economical
structure to serve its intended purposes.
Steel is one of the most important building materials in the modern
era. It is used solely or in combination with other materials such as
concrete, timber, composites etc., for a variety purposes.

Steel Design - Dr. Seshu Adluri

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ADVANTAGES & BENEFITS OF STEEL STRUCTURE

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Advantages of Steel
Economy
Durability
Design flexibility
Simplicity
All weather construction
Easy repair
Recyclable -100% any number of times
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Benefits of Structural Steel
Some benefits associated with use of structural steel for owners are:
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• Steel allows for reduced frame construction time and the ability to
construct in all seasons
• Steel makes large spans and bay sizes possible, providing more
flexibility for Owners
• Less percentage of floor area occupied by structural elements
• Steel is easier to modify and reinforce if architectural changes are
made to a facility over its life
• Steel is lightweight and can reduce foundation costs
• Steel is durable, long-lasting and recyclable
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DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURE
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1. Skilled labor is required

2. High cost of construction
3. High maintenance cost
4. Poor fireproofing at 1000°F (540°C) 65% of strength remains,
1600°F (870°C) 15% of strength remains
5. Electricity and equipment maybe required during construction
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SHAPES
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STRUCTURAL
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SHAPES
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STRUCTURAL

Web
Flange
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STRUCTURAL SHAPES DESIGNATION
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SHAPE DESIGNATION
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Wide Flange Beam W

American Standard Beam S
Built-Up Wide Flange BW
Channel C
Structural Tee WT
Angle L
Structural Tubing TS
Pipe PS
Plate PL
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ASTM DESIGNATION
Material conforming to one of the following standard specifications. (refer to latest edition of NSCP)
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Structural Steel, ASTM A36

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Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe, ASTM A53, Grade B

High-strength Low-alloy Structural Manganese Vanadium Steel, ASTM A441
High-strength Low-alloy Structural Steel, ASTM A242
Cold-formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes, ASTM A500
Hot-formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes, ASTM A501
High-yield Strength, Quenched and Tempered Alloy-Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding, ASTM 514
Structural Steel with 290 MPa Minimum Yield Point, ASTM 529
Hot-rolled Carbon Steel, Sheet and Strip, Structural Quality, ASTM A570
High-strength Low-alloy Steel with 345MPa Minimum Yield Point to 100mm Thick, ASTM A588
Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-strength, Low-alloy, Hot-rolled and Cold-rolled,
With Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance, ASTM A606
Hot-formed Welded and Seamless High-strength Low-alloy Structural Tubing, ASTM A618
Structural Steel for Bridges, ASTM A709
Quenched and Tempered Low-alloy Structural Steel Plate with 483 MPa Minimum Yield Strength to
100 mm Thick, ASTM A852
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ASTM DESIGNATION
Other materials shall conform to one of the following standard specifications. (refer to latest edition of
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NSCP)
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Mild to Medium Strength Carbon Steel Castings for General Applications, ASTM A27,
Grade 448-241
High Strength Steel Castings for Structural Purposes, ASTM A148, Grade 552-345

RIVETS
Structural Steel Rivets, ASTM A502

BOLTS
Steel bolts shall conform to one of the following standard specifications, latest edition;
Low-carbon Steel Externally and Internally Threaded Standard Fasteners, ASTM A307
High-strength bolts for structural steel joints, including suitable nuts and plain hardened
washers, ASTM A325
Quenched and tempered steel bolts and Studs, ASTM A449
Quenched and tempered alloy steel bolts for structural steel joints, ASTM A490
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Types of Structural Steel
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The customary way to specify a structural steel is to use an ASTM

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(American Society for Testing and Materials) designation. For ferrous

metals, the designation has a prefix letter “A” followed by two or
three numerical digits. (e.g. ASTM A36, ASTM A572)

Hot-rolled structural steel used in building construction;

1. Carbon steel

2. High Strength Alloy Steel

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Definition of Terms
Beam – a structural member whose primary function is to carry loads transverse to its longitudinal axis.
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Column - a structural member whose primary function is to carry loads parallel to its longitudinal axis.
Biaxial bending – simultaneous bending of a member about two perpendicular axes.
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Braced frame – A frame in which the resistance to lateral load or frame instability is primarily provided by
a diagonal, a K-brace or other auxiliary system of bracing.
Buckling load – the load at which a perfectly straight member under compression assumes a deflected
position.
Built-up member – a member mad of structural metal elements that are welded, bolted or riveted
together.
Compact section – compact sections are capable of developing a fully plastic stress distribution and
possess rotation capacity of approximately 3 before the onset of local buckling.
Composite beam – a steel beam structurally connected to a concrete slab so that the beam and slab
respond to loads as a unit, same also as a concrete encased beam.
Composite column – a steel column fabricated from rolled or built-up steel shapes and encased in
structural concrete or fabricated from steel pipe or tubing and filled with structural concrete.
Concrete encased beam – a beam totally encased in concrete cast integrally with the slab.
Design strength – resistance (force, moment, stress) provided by element or connection, the product of
the nominal strength and the resistance factor.
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Diagonal Bracing – inclined structural member carrying primarily axial load employed to enable a
structural frame to act as a truss to resist horizontal loads. A form of bracing that diagonally connects
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joints at different levels.

Drift – lateral deflection of a building.
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Drift index – the ratio of lateral deflection to the height of the building.
Ductility factor – the ratio of the total deformation at maximum load to the elastic-limit deformation.
Effective length – the equivalent length KL used in compression formulas and determined by a bifurcation
analysis.
Effective length factor K – the ratio between the effective length and the unbraced length of the member
measured between the centers of gravity of the bracing members.
Euler formula – the mathematical relationship expressing the value of the Euler load in terms of the
modulus of elasticity, the moment of inertia of the cross section and the length of a column.
Euler load – the critical load of a perfectly straight, centrally loaded, pin-ended column.
Factored load – the product of the nominal load and the load factor.
Limit state – a condition in which a structure or component becomes unfit for service and is judged either
to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe (strength limit
state).
Load Factor – a factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the actual load from the nominal value
and for uncertainties in the analysis that transform the load into a load effect.
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LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) – a method of proportioning structural components (members,
connectors, connecting elements and assemblages) such that no applicable limit state is exceeded when
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the structure is subjected to all appropriate load combinations.

Local buckling – the buckling of a compression element which may precipitate the failure of the whole
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member.
Nominal loads – the magnitude of the loads specified by the applicable code.
Nominal strength – the capacity of a structure or component to resist the effect of loads, as determined
by computations using specified material strengths and dimensions and formulas derived from accepted
principles of structural mechanics or by field tests or laboratory tests of scaled models, allowing for
modeling effects and differences between laboratory and field conditions.
Non-compact section – are sections that develop yield stress in compression elements before local
buckling occurs, but will not resist inelastic local buckling at strain levels required for a fully plastic stress
distribution.
P-Delta effect – secondary effect of column axial loads and lateral deflection on the moments in
members.
Plate girder – a built-up structural beam.
Post-buckling strength – the load that can be carried by an element, member or frame after buckling.
Redistribution of moment – a process which results in the successive formation of plastic hinges so that
less highly stressed portions of a structure may carry increase moments.
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Residual stress – the stress that remains in an unloaded member after it has been formed into a finished
product. (Example of such stresses include, but are not limited to, those induced by cold bending, cooling
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after rolling, or welding.)

Service load – load expected to be supported by the structure under normal usage often taken as the
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nominal load.
Slenderness ratio – the ratio of the effective length of a column to the radius of gyration of the column,
both with respect to the same axis of bending.
Space frame – a three dimensional structural framework (contrasted to a plane frame)
Strong axis – the major principal axis of a cross section.
Weak axis – the minor principal axis of a cross section.
Unbraced frame – a frame in which the resistance to lateral load is provided by the bending resistance of
frame members and their connections.
Unbraced length – the distance between braced points of a member, measured between the centers of
gravity of the bracing members.
Web buckling – the buckling of a web plate.
Web crippling – the local failure of a web plate in the immediate vicinity of a concentrated load or reaction.
Working load –also known as service load, the actual load assumed to be acting on the structure.
Yield point – the first stress in a material at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress,
the yield point less than the maximum attainable stress.