RADIATION SAFETY FOR

INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY

 Basics of Atomic Structure and Radioactivity

1- Radiation: energy in transit, either as particles or electromagnetic waves.

2- Radioactivity :
 characteristic of various materials to emit ionizing radiation as it move to ground
state(from un stable to stable atom)
 Spontaneous transformation of an unstable atom and often results in the
emission of Radiation.
 Process referred to as transformation decay or a disintegration of an atom.
 Exposure to a radiography source can’t make some materials radioactive.

3- Ionization : the removal of electrons from an atom (occur when high energy radiation
interacting with matter)
 Ionization Splitting an atom into positive and negative component
 Ion: Atom lost electron(s)
4- Atom is the smallest part of each element Consists of

 Proton – contained in the nucleus of the atom.

Has a positive electrical charge
 Neutron-- contained in the nucleus of the atom.
Has no electrical charge
 Electron– Circle about the atom in well-defined orbits.
Has a negative electrical charge
5- Isotopes : atoms of an element have same number of protons and electrons , but
different number of neutrons

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 Characteristics and interaction of radiation with Matter
1- Electromagnetic waves ( X- ray and Gamma Rays)

Characteristics of X and Gamma Rays

 Electromagnetic Radiation with energy inversely proportional to their

wavelength.
 no electrical charge and no rest mass
 Not effected by magnetic or electric field
 Travel in straight lines at the same speed as light
 Penetrate matter
 absorbed by matter
 scattered by matter
 expose film by ionization
 cause certain materials to fluoresce
 Invisible and cannot be detected by any of the senses.
 main different between X-ray & gamma ray is the origin

2- particles waves
Alpha Particles
 Positively charged particles.
 Helium nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons with a double positive
charge.
 Easily stopped by paper or skin
 Only hazardous if alpha- emitting materials are swallowed or breathed into the
body .
 Deposits a large amount of energy in a short distance of travel

Beta particles
 Negatively charged electrons
 Greater penetrating power than alpha particles
 Stopped by thin layers of water, glass or metal.
 Beta emitting material can be hazardous if taken into the body

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 3- number of photons transmitted through a material(photon penetration) depends on:
 Photon energy
 Atomic number of the shielding material
 Shielding material thickness.

4- Intensity of Radiation: measure of the number of photons (rays) available per time

Intensity depend on
 activity of radiation source
 type of radiation source
 distance between radiation source & object

 Radiation Units (Ci ,Sv, Gy, Rad, rem, rontgen) and their relations
1- Activity ( source strength):
 measured in curie(Ci) or Becquerel (Bq)
 Bq(SI unit) : amount of material which will produce 1 nuclear decay per
second or disintegration per second(dps)
 1Ci = 3.7*1010 Bq , 1Ci= 37GBq , 1Ci= 37000MBq
 G=109 , M=106 , K=103
 n= 10-9 , µ = 10-6 , m = 10-3
Example1: 50Ci = 50*3.7*1010Bq = 1.85*1012
Example 2: 185MBq = 185*106/3.7*1010= 50*10-4Ci = 5mCi

2- half live time(t1/2) : The time required for half the number of nuclease (source activity)
in a sample to change into the more stable material

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  t1/2(Ir192)=74day , t1/2(Co60)=5.3years

 A=A0/2n (A0:initial activity, n:numbers of half lives , A:activity after(n) half lives )

Example1: what will be the new strength of 100Ci, Ir192 isotope after 3 half lives?
Answer: 12.5Ci

Example 2: What will be the new strength of 100Ci Ir192 isotope after 296 day?
Answer: 6.25Ci

Example3: How many half lives (days) need to reduce the Ir192 activity from 40Ci to 2.5
Ci
Answer: 4half lives (296 days).
3- Exposure: Expresses the amount of ionization (electrical charge) produced x – or gamma
in a defined mass of air.
 The Roentgen(R) is the unit used to measure exposure.
 R=2.58*10-4 coulom per Kg of dry air.

4- Absorbed dose: amount of energy imparted to matter by ionizing radiation.

 Measured by Rad , Gray
 Rad (Radiation Absorbed Dose): dose of 100 ergs of energy per gram of
matter.
 Gray (SI unit): 1 joule of deposited energy per kilogram of tissue.
 1Gray = 100 Rad = 100 Roentgen.
5- Equivalent dose: amount of the radiation absorbed by biological tissue
 Biological effect of radiation depend on
 Absorbed dose
 Type of radiation (alpha particles 20 time damaged than beta particles)
 Equivalent does unit: Rem( Roentgen Equivalent in Man) & Sievert (Sv)
 1Sv( SI unit ) = 100 Rem
 Example: 50mSv= 50000µSv= 5Rem=5000mRem.
6- Three ways to reduce dose :
 Limiting time in the radiation field.
 Stay away from the source as much as possible (distance).
 Place something to absorb the radiation between you and the source
(Shielding).

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7- Dose = Dose Rate * Time (D=DR*T)
 Example1: The dose rate is 0.2 Rem/hr. How long will it take to receive a
dose of 100mRem? Answer 0.5hrs(30minute).
 Example2: a survey meter reading168 µSv/hrs, what will be the dose on
mRem after 5 hours23minutes? Answer: 90.4mRem.

8- Inverse Square Law

 Example1: A person moved from 10m to 20m from a radioactive source. The
dose rate at new location will be? Answer: ¼.
 Example2: The intensity of radiation is 530 R/h at 5 feet away from a source.
What is the intensity of the radiation at 10 feet?
Answer: Rework the equation to solve for the intensity at distance 2
I2 = I1 x D12 / D22
Plug in the known values
I2 = 530R/h x (5ft)2 / (10ft)2
I2 = 132.5 R/h
In this instance the distance has been doubled and the intensity at that point
has decreased by a factor of four.
 Example3: A source is producing an intensity of 456 R/h at one foot from the
source. What would be the distance in feet to the 100, 5, and 2 mR/h
boundaries?
Answer : Convert R/hour to mR/hour
456R/h x 1000 = 456,000 mR/h
Rework the equation to solve for D2

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 Plug in the known values and solve

D2= 67.5 feet

 Example4: Ir-192 source has an activity of 30 Ci, what is the dose rate at 20
meters?
Answer: I(Rem/hr)= RHM* A(Ci)/ d2
I= 0.55*30/400 = 0.04125Rem/hr = 41.25mRem/hr

 Example5: An Ir-192 source of 1702 GBq was used, at what distance you will
put the warning signs and the rope?
Answer: d=√ RHM*A(Ci)/I(Rem/hr) A(Ci) = 1702GBq/37 = 46Ci
Put the warning Signs at 0.75mRem/hr I= 0.00075 Rem/hr
D= √ 0.55 * 46/0.00075 = 183.67 m

9- Half value layer (HVL): the amount of a material required to reduce the radiation to ½
its original intensity.

Approximate HVL for Various Materials when Radiation is from a Gamma Source (provide on Exam)

Half-Value Layer, mm (inch)

Source Concrete Steel Lead Tungsten Uranium

Iridium-192 44.5 (1.75) 12.7 (0.5) 4.8 (0.19) 3.3 (0.13) 2.8 (0.11)

Cobalt-60 60.5 (2.38) 21.6 (0.85) 12.5 (0.49) 7.9 (0.31) 6.9 (0.27)

 HVL = 0.693/ µ (µ: attenuation coefficient).

 I=I0/2n

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 Example1: If the half value layer for concrete is 1.6 inches for Ir-192, how
many inches of concrete are needed to reduce a radiation level of
64mRem/h to 2mRem/h?
Answer: I=I0/2n 2= 64/2n 2n = 32 n= 5
Thk.= n* HVL = 5* 1.6 = 8 inches
Example2: If you use Co-60 source in the field and you are using 2.5 inches
lead sheet as a shielding. And the incident intensity is 22microSv/h before
the sheet, what will be the intensity after the sheet (HVL for lead for Co-60
0.5 inch.)?
Answer: I=I0/2n I0= 22 µSv/hrs , n=Thk./HVL = 2.5/0.5 = 5
I= 22/25 = 22/32 = 0.6875µSv/hrs

 Biological Effects of Radiation on the Human Body

Biological effect: ionizing radiation cause damage change the cell function to that cell is
called a mutated cell. Some mutations can lead to cancer

 Acute Dose: Large radiation dose in a short period of time.

 Somatic Effects: This is the biological effects that occur on the exposed
individuals, they may develop years after the exposure to radiation (Cancer,
Cataracts, and Life shortening).
 Genetic Effects: Effects that may be transmitted to future generation.
 All of organs may be damaged by overexposure to radiation
 Organs most Radiosensitivity: blood tissue, lymphoid organs, bone marrow,
testes, ovaries, intestines.
 Contamination: The deposition of unwanted radioactive material on the
surfaces of structures, areas, objects, or people. It may also be airborne,
external, or internal (inside components or people).

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  Radiographic projectors and Equipment
 Approved Sealed Radioactive Sources: Sealed Radioactive sources used for
Industrial Radiography in Saudi Arabia Ir-192, Se-75, and Co-60

Element

Characteristics Cobalt Iridium

Isotope 60 192

Half Life 5.3 yrs 74.3 Days

Gamma Ray (MeV)1 1.33-1.77 0.31-0.47-0.60

R/hr/Ci(RHM) at 1 meter (1Foot) 1.35 (14.5) 0.55 (5.9)

Safe distance & shielding required More than Ir192 Less than Co60

4 technicians 2 technicians
Crew
(2vehicle )2 (1 vehicle )

1. Mev(million electron volt)

2. At least one member of the radiographic crew using Co-60 shall have authorization
for Co-60 on the Radiographer's permit

 Radiography source are always special form

 Exposure devices are divided in to Three classes
I. Portable (class P)
II. Mobile(class M)
III. Fixed ( class F)
Allowed Dose
Class 50mm from
At Surface 1 m from surface
surface
P 200mRem/hr 50 mRem/hr 2 mRem/hr
M 200mRem/hr 100 mRem/hr 5 mRem/hr
F 200mRem/hr 100 mRem/hr 10 mRem/hr

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 Projectors (radiographic exposure devices), controls, and guide/extension
tubes shall be inspected and maintained by third party (manufactures or his
representative / suppler).
 When a radioactive source is in its shielded position inside the radiographic
projector, the maximum at any exterior surface, shall not exceed 2 mSv (200
mR) per hour, or shall not exceed 0.1 mSv (10 mR) per hour at 1 meter from
any exterior surface.
 In an exposure devise, the outlet nipple end of the device traditionally has a
highest reading
 Sealed source are required to be leak tested at intervals not exceed 6months
by use wet cotton.
 Complete Service in accordance with the manufactures recommendations
"Radiographic Exposure Device Maintenance" shall be performed at intervals
not exceeding 12 months or 1 Year.
 Each radiographer is responsible for checking his own radiographic
equipment (projectors, control (crank) unit, guide tube, and extensions) prior
to each day's assignment.
 Any equipment that fails a daily inspection should be removed from service
 Guide tube: inspect guide tube that will be used for cuts, inward dents by
hand
 Crank unit (control unit) : check the freedom of movement of the control
cable
 In addition to daily inspection, inspection & maintenance of radiographic
equipment (Crank Unit, Guide Tube, extension) is required at intervals not
exceed three months.
 Collimator: A radiation shield made of lead or other heavy metal which is
used to limit size, shape and direction of the primary radiation beam(For
application of Ir-192 gamma-ray radiography, only Tungsten Collimators shall
be used).

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 Radiation Detectors

1. Thermoluminescence Dosimeter (TLD)

 TLDs are used to accumulate an individual’s permanent dose record , and are
also used as back-up for dosimeter should it go off scale for any reason
 The TLD shall be worn at chest level and care shall be taken that it is correctly
positioned so that the front of the TLD is facing out.
 Possession of a TLD shall not be considered as authorization to use
radioactive materials.
 Light, heat &mechanical pressure as well as radiation can effect TLD.
 When not in use, TLD badges shall be stored in a radiation free location.
 Anytime there is reason to believe that the TLD has been exposed to
radiation other than normal usage (e.g., accidentally dropped in an exposure
area), all work will cease immediately, equipment secured and returned to
storage and concerned personal of high exposure are ceased from work, The
individual will not resume duties associated with radioactive material until
cleared to do so by RPU/EPD.
 TLD must be proceed at intervals not exceed one month

2. Electronic Pocket Dosimeters (EPD)/ Personal Radiation Alarm.

 Dosimeter accumulative doses or quantities of gamma &X-ray radiation over

some short period of time (usually hours).
 Electronic Pocket Dosimeters shall be calibrated at intervals of not greater
than one year.
 Dosimeter reading are required at end of each shift (frequently Check)
 Pocket dosimeters must be zeroed at the beginning of each day.

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  Read Pocket dosimeters having a range of 0 to 2 mSv, 0 to 2000 µSv (0 - 200
mRem).
 Acceptable dosimeters must read within ± 20% of calibration levels.

If an individual’s Electronic Pocket Dosimeter displays a dose

greater than the investigation level dose or dosimeter is off scale

 work will cease immediately.

 An immediate radiation survey of the area and equipment
shall be performed

If the source is in the shielded position

If the radiation source cannot be shielded &confirm by radiation survey that there is
no release of radiation

 insure access into the area is restricted to  secure equipment

prevent a radiation hazard.  notify the Area RPO
 notify the RPO.  Work is not to resume until the malfunctioning
 Exposed TLD badge(s) will be processed as soon dosimeter has been replaced and the Area
as possible. Coordinator or RPO has approved
 All personnel associated with the radiation
incident shall not be allowed to return to work
until the results of the TLD badge evaluation are
received

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 3. Radiation Survey Meters (Rate Alarm Meters):

 Survey meter is a device that indicates the immediate dose rate& the of the
strength radiation intensity (radiation level).
 Radiation survey Meters shall be Geiger Mueller type with a measurement
range from 2 µSv/hr (0.2 mRem/hr) to at least 10 mSv/hr (1000 mRem/hr).
 Usage - Each radiographic technician shall have in use a radiation survey
Meter during all aspects of use, handling or storing radioactive material.
 At least two radiation survey meters shall be in use during the
transportation of radioactive material.
 An operational test of the survey meter shall be performed each day prior to
the commencement of work. This operational test shall include a "battery
check"& Physical damages& if it properly to detect radiation.
 All Radiation survey meters issued for use shall have been calibrated within
the past six (6) months.
 If for any reason, one survey meter is inoperable or considered to be
malfunctioning, radiographic operations shall cease immediately and shall
not be resumed until the survey meter is replaced.
 In the case where all survey meters are inoperable or considered to be
malfunctioning, the area shall be considered as a radiation incident, and the
Controlled Area maintained until a working survey meter can be obtained
and used to verify the radiation condition.
 Dose Limits:
 Annual dose limit
Annual Dose limit
Application
Occupational Public
Effective dose(whole 20mSv(2Rem) 1mSv(0.1Rem)
body ) Not exceed 100msv per 5 years Not exceed 5msv per 5 years
Lens of the eye 150mSv(15Rem) 15mSv(1.5Rem)
The Skin 500msv (50Rem) 50mSv(5Rem)
The Head-Feet 500msv (50Rem) 50mSv(5Rem)

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  Investigation Level Dose:
 Daily dose in excess of 500 μSv (50 mR)(0.5mSv)
 Monthly dose in excess of 1000 μSv (100 mR)(1mSv)

 Restricted Areas:

1. Controlled Area
 Radiation levels at the Controlled Area boundary shall not exceed a
measured 7.5 μSv/hr (0.75 mRem/hr).
 A radiation survey shall be conducted as soon as the source is exposed to
confirm correct barrier radiation limits.
 The radiographer must complete a radiation survey at each radiographic
work location.
 Access to the controlled area is restricted to authorized radiation workers
only.
 Anytime control of this area cannot be maintained, all work is to cease
immediately and shall not be resumed until control is regained.
 If any unauthorized person enters the radiation area the source will be
retracted and no exposures made until the area is cleared.
2. Supervised (Observed) Area:
 The Supervised Area is based on an estimated distance where the dose level
averaged over one hour will not exceed 2.5 μSv/hr (0.25 mRem/hr). Though
it is not required to establish a barrier at this limit.

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3. Controlled Area Warning Signs and Barrier Tape or Rope:

 Minimum of four (4) free-standing radiation warning signs shall be posted at

the Controlled Area boundary so that warning is provided for all
approachable directions.
 When the radiographic exposure device is elevated such as on a platform, in
a confined space, or in a ditch, an additional sign shall be placed at the point
of entry.
 Signs shall have a minimum height of 1 meter. Radiation warning shall be in
both Arabic and English languages and have the international radiation trefoil
symbol.
 In remote areas where there is a limited or no presence of personnel other
than the radiographic crew, such as pipeline work, barrier tape or rope is not
required unless even with limited other personnel, such personnel could
interfere with the radiographic operations.
 Where radiography is being conducted in "multi-story" applications and
access to the level (and above or below) where the work is conducted,
additional barricades shall be established at each accessible level.
 Barrier tape, if used, shall include wording in Arabic and English languages
and the trefoil radiation symbol continually printed long the length of the
tape. Tape shall have a yellow background with wording and symbols
including stripes, if present, with black print.

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  Barrier Rope, if used, shall be bright orange in color and shall have approved
radiation warning pennants spaced every 3 meters or less.

 Work Permit:
 At least one member of a Radiographic crew should be in possession of a
valid Work Permit Receiver's card.
 Only Hot Work permits shall be used unless all equipment including the
Survey Meter is certified intrinsically safe.
 Work Permit is a permission issued by the Inspection Department to a
contractor on a project basis.
 Radioactive Source Storage:
 The design of all radioactive storage facilities (permanent and temporary)
must be approved by RPU/EPD as SAEP1141.
 Radiation Warning signs (in Arabic and English) should be displayed on all
doors, cover of the pit and fences of all types of the storage facilities.
 The Contractor shall maintain a utilization log, The log shall be kept at the
storage pit and shall show as a minimum provided date, time, and who a
source was issued to, where it is located at all times, and when returned and
by who.
 Permits for temporary storage facilities are issued for a period not to exceed
6 months.
 The maximum allowable sources in the pit is 3 sources by 200Ci strength.
 Radioactive materials use for industrial radiography offshore shall be limited
to Ir-192, strength not exceeds 30 Ci.

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 Transportation :

Label Surface Radiation level Radiation level at 1meter

White I label

0
≤0.5mRem/hr (0.005mSv/hr)

Yellow II label

>0
>0.5mRem/hr(0.005mSv/hr but
but ≤ 1mRem/hr
≤ 50mRem/hr(0.5mSv/hr)

Yellow III label

>50mRem/hr(0.5mSv/hr)
But
≤200mRem(2.0mSv/hr) > 1mRem/hr

 Transport Index: is a number representing the maximum radiation dose in

mrem unit (or μSv/10) at a distance of 1 m from the surface of the package.
 Vehicles used for the transport of radioactive material used for industrial
radiography shall be equipped with a storage compartment designed for that
purpose. The storage compartment SHALL be securely affixed to the vehicle.
 The maximum Transport Index does not exceed the requirements of Yellow
Label II which is 0.5 mSv/hr (50 mRem/hr) at the surface and 0.01 mSv/hr (1

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 mRem/hr) at one meter. Further, the dose level at any occupant position or
exterior surface of the vehicle shall not exceed 7.5 μSv/hr (0.75 mRem/hr).
 "Danger Radiation" signs on the front and rear of the vehicle shall be fixed
During the radioactive material transport.
 An Emergency Contact information card shall be prominently displayed
within the passenger compartment of the vehicle clearly identifying that in
the event of an emergency.
 The emergency procedure to be followed should be available in the
passenger compartment.
 All personnel must have in use required personal dosimetry and survey
instrumentation at all times when radioactive materials are stored or
transported in the vehicle.
 The maximum permissible speed for vehicular transport of radiographic
projectors is 90 km/hr.
 For air transportation of radioactive isotopes, the shipper must follow the
requirements of (IATA).
 Radioactive sources transported by boat (Water Transportation) must be
secured in a Type B transport container having a maximum "Yellow Label-II"
transport classification.
 Package include radioactive material must be have warning labels place on
four sides and show content, weight, activity &transport index

 Handling Sealed Sources:

 The primary responsibility of radiographer is to protect themselves & other
from radiation exposure.
 RT Level II technician must have a minimum of 3 years field experience to be
assigned to work with Trainees and RT Level I technicians.
1. Dosimetry:
 Verifies correct dosimetry is in use and if start of day, zeros pocket
dosimeter,
 Verifies survey meters (minimum one per radiographer) are on, calibrated
and functioning properly.
2. Receives radiographic exposure device (projector):
 Together with the designated Issuer/Receiver, collects the projector from the
storage cell/pit.
 Verifies Source Serial Number.

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 Verifies that the vehicle has the required associated equipment, radiographic
accessories, and safety equipment.
 With the Issuer/Receiver conducts a "Daily Inspection" of the projector and
conducts radiation survey.
 Assures that the Issuer/Receiver has logged out the projector with the
correct data and destination.

3. Prepares/confirms transport vehicle requirements:

 Attaches the required radiation warning signs to the transport vehicle (front
& rear sides) prior to loading of the projector.
 Assures that current revision of the Radiation Protection procedure is in the
vehicle and readily accessible for reference.
 Assures that emergency contact information is readily available and visible
not only to himself but in the event of an emergency, to response personnel.

4. Loads Projector:
 Secures the projector as required by the Protection procedure and any
current Radiation Protection (Safety) Advisories in the transport vehicle.
 Performs a survey of the exterior of the transport box, exterior of the vehicle
and the passenger compartment.
 Transports the projector to the designated work assignment site without
detour or route deviation not exceeding 90Km/hr.

5. Site Setup and Exposure:

 Establishes barrier to projected distances. Assures that the minimum
numbers of warning signs (4) are sufficient to cover all possible areas on
ingress.
 Performs set-up of the projector and associated equipment in accordance
with the radiation Protection procedure and current Radiation Protection
Advisories.
 Upon connection of the controls, performs a check of the projector selector
ring and controls. Any indication of malfunction or sluggish operation shall
give cause for immediate stop of work and return of the projector to the
point of issue.
 Performs radiographic assignment.
 Conducts a verification exposure to evaluate dose levels at the established
barrier limits and adjust distances where required.

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  Frequently monitors pocket dosimeter throughout the performance of
radiography.
 When performing radiographic operations a radiation survey shall be made
after each exposure to determine that the radiation source has been
properly returned to its shielded position. The survey shall continue as the
radiographer approaches the projector with readings taken at all sides of the
projector to assure proper retraction. A survey of the projector starts from
the back(connector end ) &he will continue moving the survey meter around
the projector completing a 360 degree survey of the projector

6. Completion of Assignment:
 Secures all equipment and loads transport vehicle.
 Performs a survey of the exterior of the transport box, exterior of the
vehicle and the passenger compartment.
 Verifies that required vehicle warning signs are in place.
 Transports the projector to the next assigned work site or point of issue
without detour or route deviation not exceeding 90Km/hr.
7. Return of Projector to the storage site:
 Returns the projector to the designated Issuer/Receiver.
 Together with the Issuer/Receiver, performs a survey of the projector as
well as a visual inspection.
 Assures that the source is logged in by the Issuer/Receiver with the correct
data.
 With the Issuer/Receiver, stores the projector in the appropriate cell/pit.
 Records dosimetry data.
8. Source surveys should always be made before, during and after each
exposure and when loading and/or unloading a radiographic projector.

 Emergency cases:
I. Fire involving Radioactive Source: immediately call firefighting department
&inform them the radioactive source involved in the fire.
II.Radioactive source could not be fully retracted into projector (source stuck):
 Try to re-track the source back to the safe container
 If source did not back to safe position conduct area survey & reset the
controlled area if needed.
 Secure &monitoring the area, evacuate any near area effected by radiation.

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 III. Road accident while carrying radioactive source: conduct area survey &put
barricades to prevent people from coming near the source.

 Radiation Safety Regulations in Industrial Radiography

1- Radiation safety Officer (RSO): An individual technically competent in radiation
protection matters relevant to a specific radiation practice. This individual is designated
by the user organization, licensed by the government regulatory authority (KACARE) of
radiation protection and approved by Radiation Protection Unit (RPU) of Environmental
Protection Department (EPD).
2- RPP: Radiation Protection Permit (permission for individuals to conduct radiography)
issued by Radiation Protection Unit of Environmental Protection Department for
industrial radiographers working on Saudi Aramco properties. The RPP is obtained after
passing an exam by RPU/EPD and it is valid for three years.

3- Radiation workers must be Received training in radiation protection each 12 months.

4- RPU: Saudi Aramco Radiation Protection Unit of Environmental Protection

Department/EPD.

5- EPD: Saudi Aramco Environmental Protection Department.

6- High Radiation Area: Any area, with levels of radiation in which a major portion of the
human body could receive a dose in excess of 1 mSv/hr (100 milli-Rem / hour).

7- King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy K.A.CARE( previously KACST) :
National authority responsible for radiation protection in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).

8- Safety procedure that should be followed for radiation protection inside ARAMCO
projects is SAEP 1141 and GI 150.003.

9- ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable).

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