IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2016

ground motion may cause liquefaction or excessive damping, given by expressions below:
total and differential settlements. Such sites should be a) For use in equivalent static method
avoided preferably for locating new structures, and [see Fig. 2(a)]:
should be avoided for locating structures of important
projects. Otherwise, settlements need to be  2.5 0 < T < 0.40 s
investigated, and appropriate methods adopted of For rocky 
or hard  1 0.40 s < T < 4.00 s
compaction or stabilization to achieve N values soil sites  T
indicated in Note 4 of Table 1. Alternatively, deep pile  0.25 T > 4.00 s
foundations may be adopted and anchored at depths 
well below the underlying soil layers, which are likely  2.5 0 < T < 0.55 s
For med- 
to liquefy or undergo excessive settlements. Sa  1.36
= ium stiff  0.55 s < T < 4.00 s
Also, marine clay layers and other sensitive clay layers g soil sites  T
are known to liquefy, undergo excessive settlements or  0.34 T > 4.00 s
even collapse, owing to low shear strength of the said 
 2.5 0 < T < 0.67 s
soil; such soils will need special treatment according For soft 1.67
to site condition (see Table 2).   0.67 s < T < 4.00 s
soil sites  T
A simplified method is given in Annex F, for evaluation  0.42 T > 4.00 s
of liquefaction potential. 
b) For use in response spectrum method
6.4 Design Acceleration Spectrum [see Fig. 2(b)]
6.4.1 For the purpose of determining design seismic  1 + 15T T < 0.10 s
force, the country is classified into four seismic zones  
as shown in Fig. 1. For rocky2.5 0.10 s < T < 0.40 s
or hard  1
6.4.2 The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah for a soil sites  0.40 s < T < 4.00 s
structure shall be determined by:  T
 0.25 T > 4.00 s

 Z   Sa   1 + 15T T < 0.10 s
2  g 
Ah =
    For med- 2.5 0.10 s < T < 0.55 s
R Sa  
 
I
= ium stiff 1.36
g soil sites  0.55 s < T < 4.00 s
where   T
Z = seismic zone factor given in Table 3;  0.34 T > 4.00 s

I = importance factor given in IS 1893 (Parts 1  1 + 15T T < 0.10 s
to 5) for the corresponding structures; when  2.5 0.10 s < T < 0.67 s
not specified, the minimum values of I shall  For soft 
soil sites  1.67
be,  T 0.67 s < T < 4.00 s

a) 1.5 for critical and lifeline structures;  
 0.42 T > 4.00 s
b) 1.2 for business continuity structures; and
6.4.2.1 For determining the correct spectrum to be used
c) 1.0 for the rest. in the estimate of (Sa/g), the type of soil on which the
R = response reduction factor given in IS 1893 structure is placed shall be identified by the
(Parts 1 to 5) for the corresponding classification given in Table 4, as:
structures; and a) Soil type I — Rock or hard soils;
 Sa 
 g  = design acceleration coefficient for different
  b) Soil type II — Medium or stiff soils; and
soil types, normalized with peak ground
acceleration, corresponding to natural period c) Soil type III — Soft soils.
T of structure (considering soil-structure In Table 4, the value of N to be used shall be the
interaction, if required). It shall be as given weighted average of N of soil layers from the existing
in Parts 1 to 5 of IS 1893 for the corresponding ground level to 30 m below the existing ground level;
structures; when not specified, it shall be here, the N values of individual layers shall be the
taken as that corresponding to 5 percent corrected values.

9
IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2016

7.7.5.1 Natural modes of oscillation ωi = circular natural frequency in mode i.

Undamped free vibration analysis of the entire building b) Alternatively, the peak response quantities
shall be performed as per established methods of may be combined as follows:
structural dynamics using appropriate mass and elastic 1) If building does not have closely-spaced
stiffness of the structural system, to obtain natural modes, then net peak response quantity
periods Tk and mode shapes {φ}k of those of its Nm λ due to all modes considered shall be
modes of oscillation [k ∈(1,Nm)] that need to be estimated as:
considered as per 7.7.5.2.
Nm

∑ (λ )
2
7.7.5.2 Number of modes to be considered λ= k
k =1
The number of modes Nm to be used in the analysis for where
earthquake shaking along a considered direction,
λk = peak response quantity in mode k,
should be such that the sum total of modal masses of
and
these modes considered is at least 90 percent of the
total seismic mass. Nm = number of modes considered.
2) If building has a few closely-spaced
If modes with natural frequencies beyond 33 Hz are to
modes, then net peak response quantity
be considered, the modal combination shall be carried
λ∗ due to these closely space modes alone
out only for modes with natural frequency less than
shall be obtained as:
33 Hz; the effect of modes with natural frequencies more
than 33 Hz shall be included by the missing mass λ * = ∑ λc
correction procedure following established principles c
where
of structural dynamics. If justified by rigorous analysis,
designers may use a cut off frequency other than 33 Hz. λc = peak response quantity in closely
spaced mode c. The summation is
7.7.5.3 Combination of modes for closely spaced modes only.
The responses of different modes considered shall be Then, this peak response quantity
combined by one of the two methods given below: λ∗ due to closely spaced modes is
combined with those of remaining
a) Peak response quantities (for example, member well-separated modes by method
forces, displacements, storey forces, storey described above.
shears, and base reactions) may be combined
7.7.5.4 Simplified method of dynamic analysis of
as per Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC)
buildings
method, as given below:
Regular buildings may be analyzed as a system of
Nm Nm
masses lumped at the floor levels with each mass
λ = ∑∑
i =1 j =1
λ i ρij λ j
having one degree of freedom, that of lateral
displacement in the direction under consideration. In
where such a case, the following expressions shall hold in the
computation of the various quantities:
λ = estimate of peak response quantity;
λi = response quantity in mode i (with sign); a) Modal mass — Modal mass Mk of mode k is
given by:
λj = response quantity in mode j (with sign);
ρij = cross-modal correlation co-efficient  n 
2

 ∑Wiφik 
8 ζ 2 (1 + β ) β1.5 M k =  in=1 
= ;
g∑Wi (φik )
2
(1 − β )
2 2
+ 4 ζ 2β (1 + β )2 i =1
where
Nm = number of modes considered;
g = acceleration due to gravity,
ζ = modal damping coefficient ratio which
φik = mode shape coefficient at floor i in
shall be taken as 0.05; mode k,
ωj Wi = seismic weight of floor i of the structure,
β = natural frequency ratio = ω ; and
i

ω j = circular natural frequency in mode j; and n = number of floors of the structure.

24
 IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2016

b) Mode participation factor — Mode where

participation factor Pk of mode k is given by: e si = static eccentricity at floor i,
n
= distance between centre of mass and centre
∑W φ i ik
of resistance, and
Pk = n
i =1

b i = floor plan dimension of floor i, perpendicular

∑ W (φ )
2
i ik
i =1
to the direction of force.
c) Design lateral force at each floor in each The factor 1.5 represents dynamic amplification factor,
mode — Peak lateral force Qik at floor i in mode and 0.05b i represents the extent of accidental
k is given by: eccentricity. The above amplification of 1.5 need not
Qik = Akφik PkWi be used, when performing structural analysis by the
Time History Method.
where
A k = design horizontal acceleration spectrum 7.9 RC Frame Buildings with Unreinforced Masonry
value as per 6.4.2 using natural period Infill Walls
of oscillation Tk of mode k obtained
7.9.1 In RC buildings with moment resisting frames
from dynamic analysis.
and unreinforced masonry (URM) infill walls, variation
d) Storey shear forces in each mode — Peak of storey stiffness and storey strength shall be
shear force Vik acting in storey i in mode k is examined along the height of the building considering
given by: in-plane stiffness and strength of URM infill walls. If
n
storey stiffness and strength variations along the
Vik = ∑Q
j = i +1
ik
height of the building render it to be irregular as per
e) Storey shear force due to all modes Table 6, the irregularity shall be corrected especially in
considered — Peak storey shear force Vi in Seismic Zones III, IV and V.
storey i due to all modes considered, shall be 7.9.2 The estimation of in-plane stiffness and strength
obtained by combining those due to each of URM infill walls shall be based on provisions given
mode in accordance with 7.7.5.3. hereunder.
f) Lateral forces at each storey due to all modes 7.9.2.1 The modulus of elasticity E m (in MPa) of
considered — Design lateral forces Froof at roof masonry infill wall shall be taken as:
level and Fi at level of floor i shall be obtained
as: Em = 550 fm

Froof = Vroof , and where fm is the compressive strength of masonry prism

(in MPa) obtained as per IS 1905 or given by expression:
Fi = Vi – Vi+1.
f m = 0.433 f b0.64 f mo
0.36
7.8 Torsion
7.8.1 Provision shall be made in all buildings for increase where
in shear forces on the lateral force resisting elements fb = compressive strength of brick, in MPa; and
resulting from twisting about the vertical axis of the fmo = compressive strength of mortar, in MPa.
building, arising due to eccentricity between the centre
of mass and centre of resistance at the floor levels. The 7.9.2.2 URM infill walls shall be modeled by using
design forces calculated as in 7.6 and 7.7.5, shall be equivalent diagonal struts as below:
applied at the displaced centre of mass so as to cause a) Ends of diagonal struts shall be considered
design eccentricity (as given by 7.8.2) between the to be pin-jointed to RC frame;
displaced centre of mass and centre of resistance.
b) For URM infill walls without any opening, width
7.8.2 Design Eccentricity
wds of equivalent diagonal strut (see Fig. 7) shall
While performing structural analysis by the Seismic be taken as:
Coefficient Method or the Response Spectrum Method,
the design eccentricity edi to be used at floor i shall be wds = 0.175α h−0.4 Lds
taken as: where
1.5esi + 0.05bi  E t sin 2θ 
edi = 
 esi − 0.05bi α h = h  4 m 
 4 Ef I c h 
whichever gives the more severe effect on lateral force
resisting elements;
25
IS : 1893 - 1904

3.4 Design Seismic Coefficient for Different Zones

3.4.1 For the purpose of determining the seismic forces, the country is
classified into five zones as shown in Fig. 1.
3.4.2 The earthquake force experienced by a structure depends on its
own dynamic characteristics in addition to those of the ground motion.
Response spectrum method takes into account these characteristics and is
recommended for use in case where it is desired to take such effects into
account. For design of other structures an equivalent static approach em-
ploying use of a seismic coefficient may be adopted.
3.4.2.1 Unless otherwise stated, the basic seismic coefficients ( a,, )
and seismic zone factors ( F, ) in different zones shall be taken as given
in Table 2 and Appendices E and F.
TABLE 2 VALUES OF BASIC SEISMIC COEFFICIENTS AND SEISMIC
ZONE FACTORS IN DIFFERENT ZONES
(Clauses 3.4.2.1, 3.4.2.3 and3.4.5)
ZONE No. METHOD
i%. r---- ---_---h-__-_-_---_~
Seismic Coefficient Response Spectrum Method
Method ( see Appendix F )
r___h-_-Y r----- h_____~
Basic horizontal Seismic zone factor for
seismic coefficient, average acceleration
a0 spectra to be used
with Fig. 2, F,
(1) (2) (3) (4)
i) V 0’08 0’40
ii) IV 0’05 0.25
iii) III 0’04 0’20
iv) II 0’02 0.10
v) I 0’01 0’05

NOTE - For under ground structures and foundations at 30 m depth or below,

the basic seismic coefficient may be taken as 0’5 a,; for structures placed between
ground level and 30 m depth, the basic seismic coefficient may be linearly inter-
polated between a,, and 0.5 a,.
The seismic coefficients according to 3.4.2.1 for some important towns and cities
are given in Appendix E.

3.4.2.2 The design seismic forces shall be computed on the basis of

importance of the structure and its soil-foundation system.
3.4.2.3 The design values of horizontal seismic coefficient, CQ-,
in the
Seismic Coeficient and Resflonse Spectrum methods shall be computed as given
by the following expressions:
a) In Seismic Co@cient Method the design value of horizontal seismic
coefficient Mh shall be computed as given by the following
expression:
clh = p I&,
IS:1893 - 1984

0 96 DAMPING
2 vi

NATURAL PERIOD OF VIBRATION IN SECONDS

Fro. 2 AVERAGE ACCELERATIONSPECTRA

3.4.5 The vertical seismic coefficient where applicable ( see 3.1.5 ) may
be taken as half of the horizontal seismic coefhcient as indicated in 3.4.2.
In important structures where there is a possibility of amplification of ver-
tical seismic coefficient, dynamic analysis is preferable. In that case F,
values in Table 2 should be multiplied by 0.5.
4. BUILDINGS
4.1 Design Live Loads
4.1.1 For various loading classes as specified in IS : 875-1960*, thehori-
zontal earthquake force shall be calculated for the full dead load and the
percentage of live loads as given below:
Load Class Percentage of Design
Live Load
200, 250 and 300 25
400, 500,750 and 1 000 50

*Code of practice for structural safety of buildings : Loading standards (revised ).

18
 IS : 1893 - 1984

TABLE 3 VALUES OF f3 FOR DIFFERENT SOIL-FOUNDATION SYSTEMS

( Clause 3.4.3 )

SL TYPE OB SOIL VALUES OF @ BOR

No. MAINLY r---------- *_-----_----_~
CONSTITUTING Piles Piles Not Raft Combined Isolated Well
THEFOUNDATIO~~ Passing Covered Founda- or Isolated RCC Founda-
Through Under tions RCC Footings tions
Any Soil, Co1 3 Footings Without
but Rest- with Tie Tie Beams
ing on Soil Beams or Unrein-
Type I forced Strip
Founda-
tions

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

i) Type I Rock or 1’0 - 1.0 1’0 1’0 1’0
hard soils
ii) Type II Medium 1-O 1’0 1’0 1.0 1.2 1.2
soils
iii) Type III Soft 1.0 1.2 1-o 1’2 l-5 1’5
soils

NOTE - The value of 3 for dams shall be taken as 1’0.

TABLE 4 VALUES OF IMPORTANCE FACTOR, Z

( Clauses 3.4.2.3 and 3.4.4 )

SL STRUCTURE VALUEO~ IMPORTANCE

No. FACTOR, Z
( see Note )

(1) (2) (3)

i) Dams ( all types ) 3.0
ii) Containers of inflammable or poisonous gases or 2’0
liquids
iii) Important service and community structures, such l-5
as hospitals; water towers and tanks; schools; im-
portant bridges; important power houses; monu-
mental structures; emergency buildings like tele-
phone exchange and fire bridge; large assembly
structures like cinemas, assembly halls and sub-
way stations
iv) All others 1’0

NOTE - The values of importance factor, Z given in this table are for guidance.
A designer may choose suitable values depending on the importance based on eco-
nomy, strategy and other considerations.

19
IS : 1893 - 1984

4.3 Type of Construction - For different types of construction adopted

the constructional details and the appropriate design criteria to be adop-
ted shall be according to 5 of IS : 4326-1976*.
4.4 Miscellaneous
4.4.1 Towers, tanks, parapets, smoke stacks ( chimneys ) and other
vertical cantilever projections attached to buildings and projecting above
the roofs shall be designed for five times the horizontal seismic coefficient
specified in 3.4.2.1. However, compound walls need not be designed for
increased seismic coefficient except where the environmental circumstances
indicate that their collapse may lead to serious consequences,
4.4.2 Ail horizontal projections like cornices and balconies shall be
designed to resist a vertical force equal to five times the vertical seismic
coefficient specified in 3.4.5 multiplied by the weight of the projection.
NOTE - The increased seismic coefficients specified in 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 are for
designing the projecting part and its connection with the main structure. For the
design of the main structure such increase need not be considered.

4.4.3 For industrial structures and frame structures of large spans and
heights, modal analysis using response spectrum method is recommended.
5. ELEVATED STRUCTURES
5.1 General
5.1.1 The elevated structures covered by these provisions include eleva-
ted tanks, refinery vessels and stacklike structures, such as chimneys of
normal pro.portions. In the case of the elevated structures of unusual
proportions, more detailed studies shall be made.
5.2 Elevated Tower-Supported Tanks
5.2.1 For the purpose of this analysis, elevated tanks shall be regarded
as systems with a single degree of freedom with their mass concentrated
at their centres of gravity.
5.2.2 The damping in the system may be assumed as 2 percent of the
critical for steel structures and 5 percent of the critical for concrete
( including masonry ) structures.
5.2.3 The free period T, in seconds, of such structures shall be
calculated from the following formula:

*Code ofpractice for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings (Jrsl
revision ) .

28
 IS: 1893.1984

where
A = the static horizontal deflection at the top of the tank
under a static horizontal force equal to a WCight W acting
at the centre of gravity of tank. In calculating the period
of steel tanks, the members may be assumed to be pin-
joined with only the tensile members of the bracing
regarded as active in carrying the loads. No pre-tension
shall be assumed in the bracing rods; and
g = acceleration due to gravity.
5.2.4 The design shall be worked out both when the tank is full and
when empty. When empty, the weight W used in the design ( see 5.2.3 )
shall consist of the dead load of the tank and one-third the weight of the
staging. When full, the weight of contents is to be added to the weight
under empty condition.
5.2.5 Using the period T as calculated in 5.2.3 and appropriate damp-
ing, the spectral acceleration shall be read off from the average accelera-
tion spectra given in Fig. 2. The design horizontal seismic coefficient, Q
shall be calculated as in 3.4.2.3 (b).
5.2.6 The lateral force shall be taken equal to:
UbW
where
alI - design horizontal seismic coefficient as given in 5.2.5, and
W = weight as defined in 5.2;4.
Thisforce shall be assumed to be applied at the centre of gravity of
the tank horizontally in the plane in which the snucture is assumed to
oscillate for purposes of carrying out the lateral load analysis.
5.2.7 E?_ydodyrzamic Pressure in Tanks
5.2.7.1 When a tank containing fluid vibrates the fluid exerts im-
pulsive and convective pressures on the tank. The convective pressures
during earthquakes are considerably less in magnitude as compared to
impulsive pressures and its effect is a sloshing of the water surface. For the
purpose of design only the impulsive pressure may be considered.
5.2.7.2 Rectangular container
The pressure at any location x ( see Fig. 6 ) is given by:

29
IS : 1893- 1984

t‘-----” ------j

RECTANGULAR TANK (PLAN)

CIRCULAR TANK (PLAN)

(
+----
x

21 OR 2R-------4
E LE VAT ION
FIQ. 6 RECTANGULAR AND CIRCULAR WATER TANKS
30
 IS :1893 -1984

The pressure on the wall would be:

The pressure on the bottom of the tank would be:

where

x, y, 1 and h are as defined in Fig 6 and w is the unit weight of

water, and a1 for tanks located on towers is to be taken as per
response spectrum method and for those located on ground
corresponding to seismic coefficient method [ see 3.4.2.3 (a) 1.

5.2.7.3 Circular container - The pressure on the wall would be :

PI = ah wh ~/~cosI$’ [$-+(f)“]tanh,/r(%), and

The pressure on the bottom of the tank on a strip of width 2 I! ( see

Fig. 6 ), would be:

where

x, y, I’, R and h are as defined in Fig. 6 and w and ah are as

defined in 5.2.7.2.

5.3 Stacklike Structures

5.3.1 Stacklike structures are those in which the mass and stiffness is
more or less uniformly distributed along the height. Cantilever structures
like chimneys and refinery vessels are examples of such structures
( see Note).

NOTE - Such structures will not include structures like bins, hyperbolic cool-
ing towers, refinery columns resting on frames or skirts. Modal analysis will be
necessary in such cases.

31