Unit -3

The pedicate caluus

also resbuictes
ingoanee huog was
an
the &ense thai the poeises
wecos c l
statemnts The
concusien
whoe
los) stotemet Vaialo . The
siatenes pseolicate
lor)
base the wnaglicale predicate
statement

()Fist place poredicats pis Q"where

statemeni of the
y pocedicate and Pis the sujed Can be

Qenote by e(P)
bachelor
2:) Suitch is bachelor
"à a baehloY
Denote the poredicate
the pseicata taten 8.
symoicoy by
s.
"John' by
shen statemen
by
(0e (2) Can be wsitten as

BL3) and B(s) ses peetivey

-placepssdiates :
3) Jaek is taller than Till.
4) Ramesh is tallo than Raju
talle tha
The pradicata "ss tallen than Aeon plea
because Wanes of o ejed
 a

aterunt hn preAiatu

onste Jack" and I,

and
Than
dande
The statement can be banslate

) Place preics:
s) Ramesh sit bween Rayu ar ke
37l place praicate.

4) Geen n Hller
agairst Johnsen ard Suitch .
4h place predicata
V) n- plae predicaes:
n - names

inssted in
an a sdatement.The potien of thesa
ipotant. 4 s is an n- pl aa

he
plae poai ate
aemet
 ain statement funcin
statonent jundion
dajnd lo be
enpession toraisindividual
ing vaiales
an
statement gunctisn becomes
such a
uhen the vasiale is
a siatement
by the nane

delstitutisn stance

a
mortal
one Vaiae
statement juncion y nae any olject
the
statement Hla, H(6), H(..cse
we
g stadiment
Qenotes
a

eg:2
MIx): 2 is 'a H(y):y es a mortal
then we wite
a moial
man nd

Univesa quant fies:

Conside the joloing eaanles
seed this con be

des tood
We Qanste
then
 hon wwe uwite the statement
(x) (Rx0) ler) (x) (R0sPlx))
called

wnivesal qyeantijis tor this

the all 'p an Q"
statemint

than wnivesal uantijies the

tatement
Corside Gla),y): 2 es taller than y
we Can state that for any
x is taler thhan
no tue The talles than
his statement can be
grsalid
as
(x)ly ( alzy0) &nly*).

Considex the enanles

clevex Con be witen
man is a devee duch
a do intboluee the
symlol he ezist x is caled

hece is atleast
3,thee eists an
beme

cly) :y a clever
 the enistenticai quafe
Using
( ) (M Iz) A(ety ))

an n plane
in which the
Peedicates
Xg
n lae oedicale and
individual Vaiales
P(9,..... *)will be called
gpnehal
an alomie fonla of edicata caleuls.
ineludes the
9 make note that
stalemen cales
Cases loo)

enandes
seme amic
&(x) P(z,y A2,9, z), Pla, y) KAlx,a,z)

caleus oltoin bJ ing the

Ples
wel-gorm
then A
A s we
wel

A B asce wel jomed fomula (An8,

AVB, B e well joud fomula
well jonnd goma
 Feee and bound Vaile
Given forla condaining Px) d
a

P(x) and|3(x)
()
is cale bound a of the
Pat RcUece

bôn a jormlaBt and any

|beund Vaxiarle
ccwene to) any
ie) is net bound
cale a focee oceerce.

(x) P(x,g the scee

an both ecicence ae bound
hile the ceence
cwence
the 9scuscence

heorg injounee ej predicate calulas

calus as P(x)
Can be e d e e
P, P’&
0- i) Universal sne isn lus)
( )(A0 ’ Aly)
9)hivebad Grenealiyain (UG)
Aly = (x) A(x)
|Ezistenial spectiatin (Es)
 brivexsal
the jolling ang
quartfers
man
N'Fox all
M(x): man
a cleveh

(x) (M(x)’c(a))
an

A() x

(*) (A(a)Rx))
a
tallex than y y

not taller than

than u
Gly) :x is taller
4 s hot taller than x
7Gr (2):
(*)(y) (t l2.9) ’7 Glx,y))
he joloingtsing Eristential
quatigies.
eists
M()X Man

Ga) t 2)
2) Ssme Men clever

C(x):x is a cleve

(3a) (M( 2) ’ c(*))

ea numbe a ationg
3> Sse
eal n e r
 the fofouing
Poblems:

Cx)(14x ) b) Rule p

(2)
Rule (us)
(3)
Ruig (P)
(4)
Rule (u)

(P(x) - a ) a )[a(*)Rl))
ST (x) (2) (Px)Rl))

Rule P

(2) Ply)’al y
(3)| z (()R(*)) Rle P
Rle S

Rule T)
(S) Ply)’ R()

ST (32) MI*)
Poemis e (x) (4(x) -’M ()) (3 x) (H*))
Rle P

(2) Hly)’ miy) Rue ES

3) (3) (Bx) (H(x)

Hly) Rule ES

(s) Mly)
sT (3z) (P (x2 nalx)) >(3*)pt*) n(1x) ela)
show so that not tre
Conwese

Rula ES.
Ply) A eyT
Rule T T2
{3 (32
(4)
(32) Px)
Ruule EG
(6)

(o rwerse pat:

(2) (3a) P() Rule TI,

(3) (32) e(x)

4) ely)
(s) Rula t G

that vaciaes
ster

one qaial volid formalas nvelying

quastity te:
E, (tz) ln(z) B(x)J (x) a(2)v (3z)
(B («))
 T () nl) v() el) (x) latx) Vlx

(P(x) AB(x) ’( he)o()a

Tiy (h)

Eag ( 2) (AnB(x) n n(x) (B (2)

(a) A(x) B (3a) (A)8)

E3 A(*) e(x) (a) (A ’ B (

S. T

We shall use the in in dineet meth

additional peniseyi
 Rule
qatonend () t(*)p)v
(dsumed
Bemse)

(2) T()paa() Rulo T

(3)
(4) (x) (P) Pule

l6) (a) 7 62 (2)

()

7Plyv aly
1 Ply)v ly
Rule P
VS
(r2) Ply) vaty)
Py)velg)

peesan

f (ag?:
a Nother

Woite the foedicate

ohe
 -fo hece
n o dor
Predicatoe the name
pes en Cald

has a mthex
we wt to
Ohvieualy mother y and
lather o z eaist
Sach asumed that aposen
twe gmalizas. pudecale