Booklet 403610

UCLA
CHEM 14B
Winter 2024, Chapter 9 Notes
© Wizedem y Inc. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication m ay be reproduced or transm itted in any form or by any m eans, or sorted in a data base
or retrieval system , without the prior written perm ission of Wizedem y Inc.
Welcome to Wizeprep
These not es were creat ed on Apr 19t h, 2024

We're always updating our content. Check back for more.
👋 Welcome t o Your Course Not es

I'm Avneet, your Wizeprep chemistry tutor. I put these notes and the
corresponding online course together especially for CHEM 14B at UCLA. It's
formulated to tell you everything you need to know, in a quick and easy
format so you can get better grades, spend less time studying, and more time
living.
Avneet 4.7/5
BMSc HSp in Pathology
Find Your Course Online

These course notes correspond to an online course full of video lectures, practice
problems, instructor Q&A and more. Access it with this QR code or at
wizeprep.com/in-course-experience/Chem14B-ucla
98% After discovering Wizeprep at the

beginning of my second semester, my
grades have gone up significantly. I feel
Of Wizeprep so much more confident when taking
Students Get my exams.
Better Grades Emily, Undergraduat e

St udent
Your Wizeprep Resources
Get Bet t er Grades Really Underst and Concept s Cut Your St udy T ime in Half
98% of students who study Our instructors know how to Quick, curated lessons allow
with Wizeprep reported make complex topics you to focus your study time
higher grades feel simple where it matters
Find in These Course Not es Find Online
Relevant T heory Bit e-Sized Video Lessons

All the theory and expert knowledge you need to Each section corresponds to a minutes-long video
fully understand your course. explanation by your expert instructors.
Pract ice Quest ions Solut ions t o Problems

Tons of practice problems, similar to those See the solutions to the practice problems as well
expected on your exam. as a step-by-step breakdown of the answers.
Exam T ips 24/7 Inst ruct or Q&A

Unique exam writing tips proven to help you Need help clarifying a concept? You have direct
score higher. access to your instructor.
Not subscribed yet ?

Get started for free on Wizeprep.com
wizeprep.com
Table of Contents
9.5.3. Practice
Chapt er 9. Thermodynamics: Part
9.5.4. Practice
1: (0t h law, 1st law, Calorimet ry,
9.6. Calorimet ry
Ent halpy)
9.6.1. Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
9.1. Int roduct ion t o T hermodynamics 9.6.2. Example
9.1.1. Thermodynamics 9.6.3. Example
9.1.2. State Variables 9.6.4. Practice
9.1.3. Example 9.6.5. Practice
9.1.4. Extensive vs Intensive Properties 9.6.6. Example
9.1.5. Additional Terminology 9.6.7. Practice
9.2. 0t h Law of T hermodynamics 9.7. Int roduct ion t o Ent halpy Calculat ions
9.2.1. 0th Law of Thermodynamics 9.7.1. Enthalpy of Reaction
9.3. T he 1st Law of T hermodynamics and 9.7.2. Example
Work
9.8. Heat s of Format ion Met hod
9.3.1. The 1st Law of Thermodynamics
9.8.1. Heats of Formation
9.3.2. Signs of Heat and Work & Calculating
9.8.2. Example
Work
9.8.3. Practice
9.3.3. Example
9.8.4. Practice
9.3.4. Practice
9.3.5. Practice 9.9. Average Bond Ent halpy Met hod
9.9.1. Bond Energies
9.4. Relat ing Work and t he Ideal Gas Law
9.9.2. Example
9.4.1. Expansion Due to Chemical Reaction
9.9.3. Practice
9.4.2. Example
9.4.3. Practice 9.10. Hess' Law Met hod
9.10.1. Hess’ Law
9.5. Relat ing Calorimet ry t o t he 1st Law
9.10.2. Practice
9.5.1. Calorimetry
9.10.3. Practice [challenging]
9.5.2. Heat Capacity of Ideal Gases
wizeprep.com
9. Thermodynamics: Part
1: (0th law, 1st law,
Calorimetry, Enthalpy)
9.1 Introduction to Thermodynamics
9 .1 .1
Key Terms
The following lesson is low yield in terms of exams. We'll just focus on underst anding. 💡
Syst em Vs Surroundings
Syst em-reactants and products that are part of the chemical react ion
wizeprep.com
wizeprep.com
Open Vs Closed Vs Isolat ed Syst ems
Examples:
● open system → cup of coffee
● closed system → bottle of pop
● isolated system → perfect thermos
Wat ch t he video t ut orial for t his lesson (03:34)

https://www.wizeprep.com/in-course-experience/Chem14B-ucla?
activity_id=65653&activity_type=CourseLesson
wizeprep.com
9 .1 .2
State Variables
St at e variable (aka state function): is a variable that depends only on the current state of a system,
NOT on the path taken to that state.
Example:
Is t he dist ance t ravelled or change in alt it ude a st at e funct ion?
Solution available online

wizeprep.com
9 .1 .3
Example: State Variables

Which of the following variables are state variables? Label each as yes or no.
a) mass
b) temperature
c) work
d) pressure
e) volume
f) density

wizeprep.com
9 .1 .4
Extensive vs. Intensive Proper ties

Ext ensive propert ies: depend on the ext ent (or amount ) of a substance
Examples: mass, volume, amount of heat released in a combustion reaction
wizeprep.com
Int ensive propert ies: does not depend on the amount of substance
Examples: melting point, boiling point, density
Think* no matter how much water you are boiling in a pot, water will always boil at 100oC and melt
at 0oC!
When we t ake a rat io of 2 ext ensive propert ies what do we get ?
Example: mass/volume=density

wizeprep.com
9 .1 .5
Additional Terminology
Reversible Process: The system is at equilibrium (and the reaction can go in either direction).
Example: N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
Irreversible Process: The system is not at equilibrium and proceeds in one direction only. This
reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction.
Example: C3 H8 (g) + 5O2 (g)

→ 3CO2 (g) + 4H2 O (g) (combustion reaction)

Spont aneous Process: An irreversible process that has a predetermined direction.
Example: An egg shell breaks during birth
wizeprep.com
Isot hermal: There is no change in temperature for the system

ΔT = 0
For Ideal Gases: ΔU = 0, ΔH = 0
Isobaric: There is no change in pressure

Δp = 0
Isochoric: There is no change in volume

ΔV = 0
Adiabat ic: No heat exchange (no heat enters or leaves the system)
q=0
Exot hermic: A Process in which heat is (absorbed/released) to the

(system/surroundings)
q<0
Endot hermic: A Process in which heat is (absorbed/released) into the the

(system/surroundings)
q>0
St andard Condit ions: Pressure of all gases is 1 atm, all solutions have 1M concentration, and
temperature is 298K (25C). This is denoted as Ho So Go etc.

wizeprep.com
9.2 0th Law of Thermodynamics
9 .2 .1
0th Law of Thermodynamics
● 0t h law: If a body, A, is in thermal equilibrium with a second body, B, and that body is in thermal
equilibrium with a third body, C, then A and C are in t hermal equilibrium.
● If two bodies/systems are in t hermal equilibrium with one another, it means they are at the
same t emperat ure!
wizeprep.com
What is t he difference bet ween t hermal equilibrium and t emperat ure?
T hermal equilibrium: When two substances are in physical cont act and exchange no heat energy
with one another.
Temperat ure: A measure of the average kinet ic energy of the particles in a sample of matter
Increasing the temperature means that average kinetic energy of the particles will (increase/decrease)
.
Photo by CNS Openstax / CC BY

wizeprep.com
9.3 The 1st Law of Thermodynamics and

Work
9 .3 .1
The 1st Law of Thermodynamics
● 1st Law of T hermodynamics: The energy of an isolated system is constant, ΔE = 0.
○ Sometimes this is re-worded as "energy cannot be created or destroyed".
● E is very difficult to measure so instead we measure changes in E indirectly
● The change in energy can be considered as a sum of heat and work done on and by the system.
ΔE is a state function, qand w are not.
ΔE = q + w
ΔE is the change in Energy

q is heat (in J)
w is work (in J)
WI Z E T I P
Some profs write Δ E and others write Δ U. They mean the same thing! Both are referring to the
internal energy of the system!
wizeprep.com
From the 1st law of thermodynamics we can see that change in energy for system and surroundings
must be equal in magnitude because the change in int ernal energy of t he universe must be equal
t o zero.
ΔEuniv = ΔEsys + ΔEsurr = 0

ΔEsurr = −ΔEsys

Examples:
● If the system gains 5 J of energy, the surroundings (gains/loses) 5 J of energy.
● If the system loses 10 J of energy, the surroundings (gains/loses) 10 J of energy.
wizeprep.com
Int ernal Energy of Ideal Gases
The internal energy of an ideal gas is only dependent on temperature:
ΔE (T )
So for any Isothermal process involving an ideal gas,
ΔE = 0

wizeprep.com
9 .3 .2
Signs of Heat and Work & Calculating Work

Recall the equation for the first law of thermodynamics:
ΔE = q + w
ΔE is the change in Energy

q is heat (in J)
w is work (in J)
Photo by CNS Openstax / CC BY
In chemistry everyt hing is wit h respect t o t he syst em so the following conventions exist:
WI Z E C O N C E P T
w > 0 if the surroundings do work on the system

w < 0 if the system does work on the surroundings
q > 0 if heat moves from the surroundings to the system
q < 0 if heat moves from the system to the surroundings
wizeprep.com
When the external pressure is constant we can calculat e work using the following equation:
w = −Pex ΔV
w=work (J)
Pext=constant external pressure (in kPa)
ΔV=Vf-Vi (in L)

wizeprep.com
9 .3 .3
Example: Work Heat and Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas
20 L of an ideal gas isothermally expands to 40 L against a constant external pressure of 1 atm.

Calculate w , q, and ΔE for this process.

wizeprep.com
9 .3 .4
A system composed of 4.50 L of N2 in a cylinder expands against an external pressure of 300 kPa
until its volume is 6.30 L.
a. What is the value of w for this process?
b. What would the value of w be if the external pressure was 0 kPa?
a)
b)
View Solut ions on Wizeprep.com

Solutions to these questions, as well as step-by-step breakdowns of the answers at:
activity_id=70842&activity_type=QuizQuestion
wizeprep.com
9 .3 .5
Fill in the following blanks!
How to fill in this table:

For the first column we have ∆U. Your options are temperature is constant, temperature increases, or
temperature decreases
For the second column we have q. Your options are no heat is exchanged, heat enters the gas, or heat
exits the gas
For the third column we have w. Your options are the volume is constant, the gas is compressed, or the
gas expands.
∆U (Change in Internal
q (heat): w (work):
Energy):
Is positive
when...
Is negative
when...
Is 0 when...

wizeprep.com
9.4 Relating Work and the Ideal Gas Law
9 .4 .1
Expansion Due to Chemical Reaction

When a chemical reaction takes place where the number of moles of gas changes, expansion can
occur. Typically this would happen with a reaction in a balloon, but this also happens for a reaction
happening in an open vessel.
Example:
Calcium carbonate decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide as shown below. If 12g of
calcium carbonate are placed into a vessel open to the atmosphere at room temperature and the
reaction takes place, how much work is done on/by the system?
The flask is open to the atmosphere so the expansion is taking place against a constant external
pressure of 1 atm, however we don't know the change in volume.
w = −Pex ΔV
wizeprep.com
Using the Ideal gas law,
nRT ΔnRT
V = and ΔV =
P P
substituting we get,
ΔnRT
w = −Pex ΔV = −Pex (
) = −ΔnRT

We can find the number of moles of gas produced by the reaction, Δn, by examining the
stoichiometry in the question.
Example:
Calcium carbonate decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide as shown below. If 12g of
calcium carbonate are placed into a vessel open to the atmosphere at room temperature and the
reaction takes place, how much work is done on/by the system?
nCaCO 3 = MmW = 100.0912g gmol−1 = 0.12 mol

nCO 2 = nCaCO 3 × 11 = 0.12 mol

We can now solve for the work done by this chemical reaction,
w = −ΔnRT
w = −(0.12mol)(8.314J mol −1 K −1 )(298K) = −297 J

wizeprep.com

wizeprep.com
9 .4 .2
Example: Relating Work and the Ideal Gas Law
For t he following react ion at 25oC, Δ Hrxn=-405kJ/mol what is Δ Urxn?
SO2 (g) + V2 O5 (s) → SO3 (g) + 2V O2 (g)

How are ΔH and ΔU related?
ΔH = ΔU + Δ(P V )

wizeprep.com
9 .4 .3
M AR K Y O U R S E L F Q U E S T I O N
1. Grab a piece of paper and try this problem yourself.
2. When you're done, check the "I have answered this question" box below.
3. View the solution and report whether you got it right or wrong.
A 10.0 g piece of Mg(s) is deposited in a container with a vast excess of HCl(aq). A reaction takes
place forming hydrogen gas and Magnesium Chloride.
a) Write a balanced chemical reaction for the transformation
b) Calculate the work done by the system as a consequence of the reaction, if P ex = 1.1 atm and T =
298.15 K. You may assume ideal behaviour.
I have answered this question

wizeprep.com
9.5 Relating Calorimetry to the 1st Law
9 .5 .1
Calorimetr y
● We use calorimetry to measure the heat flow of a system. The following equation can be used to
calculate heat flow using given that C is the heat capacit y of the calorimeter
q = CΔT
● Heat capacity, C , is dependent on the substance and is different depending on whether the
calorimetry is performed at constant volume,CV or constant pressure,CP
● Specific heat capacity is expressed as a function of mass ( Cs or c )
● Molar heat capacity is expressed as a function of the number of moles ( Cm ).
wizeprep.com
Case 1: Const ant Volume Process, ΔV =0
ΔV = 0 ∴ w = 0 ∴ ΔU = qv
T2
ΔU = qv = ∫

nCV ,m dT = nCV ,m (Tf − Ti )

T1
Note that we can use the exact same equations if we are told there is free expansion into a vacuum:
● When expanding freely into a vacuum there is no ext ernal pressure
● Since w=-P ΔV and P=0, then w=0
pex = 0 ∴ w = 0

ΔU = q + w ∴ ΔU = qv
wizeprep.com
Case 2: Const ant Pressure Calorimet ry, Δp =0
We need to define a new state function to keep track of heat exchange at constant p
H = U + pV
T2
ΔH = qp = ∫

nCp.m dT = nCp,m (Tf − Ti )

T1
It can be shown that

Cp,m = CV ,m + R
wizeprep.com
Case 3: Isot hermal Condit ions
Under isothermal conditions (constant temperature), ∆T=0
WI Z E T I P
∆U in the equation: ∆U= q + w, depends only on t emperat ure!

So when there is no t emperat ure change under isothermal conditions, there is no change in U (
∆U=0)
Not e: because it’s isothermal, ∆U=0
ΔU = q + w = 0 ∴ q = −w

wizeprep.com
9 .5 .2
Heat Capacity of Ideal Gases
● It can be shown that
Cp,m = CV ,m + R

● For an ideal monoatomic gas
3 5
CV ,m = R Cp.m = R
2 2

● For an ideal diatomic gas
CV ,m = 52 R Cp.m = 72 R

The following is low yield info that can help you memorize these equations (but they will most likely
be provided to you on a formula sheet).
● Monoatomic gases have 3 degrees of freedom (they are able to move in 3 directions)
● While diatomic gases have 5 degrees of freedom (they are able to move in 5 directions)
○ The degrees of freedom matches the numerator of the Cv equation for each!

wizeprep.com
9 .5 .3
The enthalpy of combustion for ethanol C2H5OH is -1370.7 kJ/mol. Calculate q and ΔH when 45 g of
ethanol are burned at 1 atm and 298 K.
a. q (kJ)
b. deltaH (kJ)
(Don't include units in your answer and round to the nearest whole number)
a.
b.

wizeprep.com
9 .5 .4
Practice: Isothermal Expansion

4 moles of neon was confined to a 8L flask initially at room temperature underwent an isothermal
expansion into a vacuum at 348K. Calculate ∆𝑈, ∆𝐻, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 for this process.

wizeprep.com
9.6 Calorimetry
9 .6 .1
Heat Capacity and Calorimetr y

● Heat capacit y (C): has units of J/oK or J/oC and describes the amount of heat needed to heat up
the substance or object by one degree
● Specific heat capacit y (c): has units of J/goK or J/goC and described the amount of heat required
to heat up 1g of a substance by one degree.
● We also have a molar heat capacit y (units J/Kmol, or J/Cmol), which is the amount of heat
required to heat up 1 mol of a substance by one degree).
q = C (ΔT ) or q = mc (ΔT ) or q = nC (ΔT )

q is heat (in J)
C is the heat capacity (J/oK or J/oC)
c is the specific heat capacity (J/goK or J/goC)
m=mass (in g)
ΔT=change in temperature (T2-T1) in oK or oC
n=moles
Not e: mc=C
wizeprep.com
General Int roduct ion t o Calorimet ers
Calorimet ers come in t wo general variet ies:
● Simple "coffee cup" calorimeters

● And bomb calorimeters
Left Photo by Community College Consortium for Bioscience Credentials / CC BY, right photo by Lisdavid89 / CC BY
What is a calorimet er?
● A calorimeter is just a container that is insulated. It holds a liquid that is usually water inside of it
and you can have reactions happening inside of it as well.
● For a calorimeter, the wat er is t he surroundings and t he react ion is t he syst em.
● A thermometer will be able to read the temperature changes of the water.

○ If the thermometer measures an increase in temperature, that means the water went up in
temperature.
○ If the water went up in temperature then that means it gained all of the heat from the
system (or the reaction taking place inside the calorimeter). It didn't gain the heat from
anywhere else because the calorimeter is insulated!
○ This means the system/reaction lost heat and is endothermic/exothermic:
wizeprep.com
In general:
qwat er =-qrxn where q=mcΔ T
wizeprep.com
Coffee Cup Calorimet ers
Essentially it's an open styrofoam cup with a thermometer.
These are most frequently used to measure the temperature change of an aqueous reaction under
constant conditions.
ΔH= ΔE + P ΔV
ΔH= q + w -w
Δ H=qp (under constant pressure conditions)
In general:
qsyst em(sample) = -qsurroundings(H2O)
using q=mcΔ T :
(mass of sample)(c of sample)(Δ T of sample) = -(mass of H2O)(c of H2O)(Δ T of wat er)
wizeprep.com
Bomb Calorimet ers
Typically these consist of a sealed reaction vessel loaded with a combustible material and filled with
oxygen placed in a surrounding water bath.
A combustion reaction is performed under constant conditions and the resulting change
in temperature of the water bath is measured.
ΔE= qv + w
ΔE=qv -P ΔV
(ΔV=0) so w=0
Δ E=qv
For bomb calorimet ers, we will see t wo t ypes of problems:
1) Sometimes we evaluate the heat capacity for the entire calorimeter (the q of the calorimeter
represents bomb and the water bath)
2) Sometimes we evaluate the heat capacity of the bomb and water separately (qtotal=qbomb + qwater
bath)
WI Z E T I P
Read the question carefully to figure out which one of these types of problems we are looking at!
wizeprep.com
In general:
qrxn = -qcalorimet er
Can usually use q=CΔ T for the bomb calorimeter

wizeprep.com
9 .6 .2
Example: Copper Weight Calorimetr y
A copper weight (52.3 g) is heated by a flame from room temperature (25° C ) to a temperature of
189° C . The specific heat capacity of copper is 0.385 J g−1 K −1
a) What is ΔH for t his process?
wizeprep.com
b) T he block is t hen allowed t o cool in some wat er unt il t he t emperat ure of t he block is 75° C ,
what is ΔH for t his process?
wizeprep.com
c) What is t he ΔH from part b) wit h respect t o t he wat er ?

wizeprep.com
9 .6 .3
Example: Calorimetr y
A block of 20 g lead cube (cp = 0.128 J g−1 K −1 ) is heated to 145° C . The cube is then submerged

into a Styrofoam cup containing 500 g of water at room temperature (cp = 4.18 J g−1 K −1 ). After

the water and the lead cube come to thermal equilibrium, what is the final temperature of the water?

wizeprep.com
9 .6 .4
The temperature of a 12.58 g sample of calcium carbonate (CaCO3(s)) increases from 23.6oC to
38.2oC. If the specific heat capacity of calcium carbonate is 0.82 J/g K. How many joules of heat are
absorbed?
151 J
5.0 J
7.5 J
410 J
0.82 J

wizeprep.com
9 .6 .5
The ΔHsoln for the process when solid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissolves in water is 44 kJ/mol.
When a 10.0 g sample of NaOH dissolves in 250.0 g of water in a coffee-cup calorimeter, the
temperature increases from 23.0oC to _______oC. Assume that the solution has the same specific heat
as liquid water, i.e. 4.18 J/gK.
35.2
24.0
33.5
40.2

wizeprep.com
9 .6 .6
Example: Bomb Calorimetr y

When 2g of rocket fuel, N2H4 is burned inside of a bomb-calorimeter, the temperature of the water
rises from 22oC to 29oC. If there is 0.9kg of water and the heat capacity for the bomb is 822J/oC,
what is the heat of the combustion for one mole of N2H4 in the bomb calorimeter?
a) 5000 J
b) -51 000 J
c) -513 kJ
d) -573 kJ
Solut ion available online

wizeprep.com
9 .6 .7
Practice: Bomb Calorimetr y

A fuel compound was burned in oxygen in a bomb calorimeter with a combined heat capacity of 56.5
k]/K (Bomb assembly and water). The temperature of the surrounding water bath increased from 23.5
to 34.6 °C as a result. What was the value of qsys for this process?
A) +333 kJ
B) -333 kJ
C) +627 kJ
D) -627 kJ

wizeprep.com
9.7 Introduction to Enthalpy Calculations
9 .7 .1
Enthalpy of Reaction (ΔHorxn)

Ent halpy (H): is a measure of the energy associated with breaking or forming bonds
● Breaking bonds (requires/releases) energy

○ Therefore, this is (endothermic/exothermic)
○ *Think: you need to be strong to break bonds!
● Forming bonds (requires/releases) energy

○ Therefore, this is (endothermic/exothermic)
○ *Think: bonds want to form if they are stable and lower in energy!
In summary: breaking bonds requires energy & forming bonds releases energy!
We will soon look at t he different ways t o calculat e Δ Horxn:
T he Heat s of Format ion Met hod (Δ Hof)
Average Bond Ent halpy Met hod (BDE)
Hess' Law of Format ion Met hod

wizeprep.com
9 .7 .2
Example: Calculating Enthalpy of a Reaction

2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) Δ H=-572kJ/mol
1. How much heat is produced when 72g of wat er gas is produced?
2. Is t he react ion endot hermic or exot hermic?
wizeprep.com
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) Δ H=-572kJ/mol
3. We are t old t hat O2(g) is t he limit ing reagent of t his react ion. How many moles of O2(g) are
used if t he react ion releases 286kJ of heat ?

●
●
●

wizeprep.com
9.8 Heats of Formation Method
9 .8 .1
Heats of Formation
Heat of format ion is the amount of heat that is required to form 1 mole of a compound from it s
const it uent element s in t heir nat ural/st andard st at e (the state they are in under standard
conditions: P= at m, T = oC, M concent rat ion, pH .
The ΔHof=0 for an element in standard state.
WI Z E T I P
**The following elements in their standard state should be memorized and the phase they are in
is important too!
C(s) as graphite is in standard state.

I2(s)
Br2(l)
Hg(l)
Diatomic molecules (BrINClHOF)

Examples:
Cl2(g), H2(g), O2(g)
WAT C H O U T !
If you are shown O(g) on your exam, t his is NOT oxygen in it s st andard st at e. Remember
oxygen in its standard state has to be gaseous AND diatomic! O2(g) would be in st andard
st at e.
wizeprep.com
Example: The format ion react ion for C4H10O(l) would be:
4C(s) + 5H2(g) + 12 O2(g) → C4 H10 O(l)

The enthalpy of formation for this compound is -327kJ/mol.
wizeprep.com
Calculat ing t he Ent halpy of React ion Using Heat s of Format ions
If you know the enthalpies of formation for each reactant and product in any chemical equation, you
can find the enthalpy change for that reaction:
ΔH o rxn = [(∑ nΔH o fproducts ) − (∑ nΔH o freac tan ts )]

In other words, Δ = Final - Init ial

wizeprep.com
9 .8 .2
Example: Calculating the Enthalpy of a Reaction
Calculate ΔHorxn for the following reaction:
2NO(g) + O2 (g) ⇋ 2NO2 (g)

ΔHof(NO(g))=90.75kJ/mol
ΔHof(NO2(g))=33.18kJ/mol
ΔHof(O2(g))=
View t his lesson online

wizeprep.com
9 .8 .3
Practice: Formation Reaction

Write a reaction for the heat of formation for dimethylaminopyridine, (CH3)2NC5H4N.

wizeprep.com
9 .8 .4
Practice: Calculate the Enthalpy of the Reaction
Find ΔHorxn for the following reaction at 25°C:
C6 H10 O3(l) + 7O2(g ) → 6CO2(g ) + 5H2 O(l)

Given the following data:
A) -4220 kJ
B) -3150 kJ
C) -2250 kJ
D) +1220 kJ

wizeprep.com
9.9 Average Bond Enthalpy Method
9 .9 .1
Bond Energies
Enthalpy (H) is the energy stored in bonds.
Bond dissociat ion energy (BDE) is the energy needed to break a chemical bond.
ΔHrxn = [(∑ nHbonds broken ) − (∑ nHbonds f ormed )]

Or (an easier way to think about it):
ΔHrxn = [(∑ nBDEreactants ) − [(∑ nBDEproducts )]
ΔHrxn = enthalpy change for the reaction (kJ/mol)

BDE = bond energy per mole of bonds (kJ/mol), always positive
wizeprep.com
ΔHrxn = [(∑ nBDEreactants ) − [(∑ nBDEproducts )]
Photo by Rice University / CC BY

wizeprep.com
9 .9 .2
Example: Using Bond Dissociation Energies to Calculate

Enthalpy of a Reaction
What is ΔHrxn for the following reaction?
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2 O (g)

Bond Bond Energy (kJ/mol)

H-H 436
O=O 499
O-H 463
View t his lesson online

wizeprep.com
9 .9 .3
Practice: Calculating the Enthalpy of a Reaction Using Bond

Energies
Use the table of average bond energies to calculate theΔHfor the following reaction:
H − C ≡ C − H → H2 C = CH2
Bond Bond Energy (kJ/mol)
H−H 432
H−C 413
H−I 295
I−I
149
C−I 240
C−C 347
C=C 614
C≡C 839
A) -601 kJ
B) +601 kJ
C) -323 kJ
D) +323 kJ

wizeprep.com
9.10 Hess' Law Method
9 .1 0 .1
Hess' Law
If a reaction is carried out in a series of steps, ΔH for the overall reaction can be found from the sum of
the enthalpy changes of the individual steps.
This is because enthalpy (H) is a state function and when it changes, it does not depend on the
pathway taken!
Δ Hrxn = Δ H1 + Δ H2 + Δ H3 + …
Example:
What is the ΔH for the reaction?
CO(g) + ½ O2(g) → CO2(g)
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH = -393.5 kJ
2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g) ΔH = -221.1 kJ
wizeprep.com
The two things you need to remember for this method are:
1) Whenever we want to look at a react ion in reverse, we must mult iply Δ H by -1
2) Whenever we want to mult iply a react ion by a coefficient , we must mult iply t he Δ H of t hat
st ep by t hat same coefficient !

wizeprep.com
9 .1 0 .2
Practice: Calculating the Enthalpy of a Reaction Using Hess'

Law
What is the ΔHrxn for the following reaction?
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) --> 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
1) 2C + 3H2 --> C2H6 Δ H=-84.68kJ
2) C + O2 --> CO2 Δ H=-394kJ
3) H2 + 1/2O2 --> H2O Δ H=-286kJ
-3200 kJ
-3000 kJ
-1800 kJ
1400 kJ

wizeprep.com
9 .1 0 .3
Given that the Δf H 0 of ozone O3(g) is 142.67 kJ mol −1 and the reaction shown below, calculate

the enthalpy for the unknown reaction
3/2 O2 + I−
(aq)
IO−
3(aq)
ΔH 0 = −202 kJ mol −1

IO−
3(aq)

I−
(aq)

+ O3(g)
ΔH 0 =???
106 kJ/mol
196 kJ/mol
344 kJ/mol
426 kJ/mol

Thanks for Studying With Us
Good Luck!
Find this, and much, much more on

Wizeprep.com
Bit e-Sized Video Lessons Solut ions t o Problems 24/7 Inst ruct or Q&A
Each section corresponds to a See the solutions to the Need help clarifying a concept?
minutes-long video practice problems as well as a You have direct access to your
explanation by your expert step-by-step breakdown of instructor.
instructors. the answers.
Also on Wizeprep.com
Crash Courses
A live review of all testable concepts, exam-like practice problems, tips & tricks, and Q&A.
Led by an instructor who is an expert on your course.
Live Online Session Booklet Solutions Recording
Weekly Tutorials
A weekly, live review of lecture topics led by an instructor who knows your course inside
and out.
First week free!
Mock Exam Walkthroughs

A realistic practice exam based on past exams from your course. An instructor experienced
with your course will walk through the solutions.
Wizeprep MCAT
Biology Chemistry Org Chem Biochem Physics CARS Psych
Two Plans Bot h Plans Include...
ELIT E 515 LIVE 144 hrs of expert All AAMC materials

Flexible live schedules, face-time with instruction
Personalized study plan
our MCAT instructors. 15 full-length practice
515+ performance guarant ee exams 6 top-quality textbooks
SELF-PACED 100+ practice passages Unlimited Q&A with

MCAT experts
Watch 144 hours of expert MCAT 405+ passage-based
instruction whenever you have time. questions
Performance Guarant ee
The Elite 515 program promises you a score of at

least 515 on the MCAT or money back. A 515
puts you within the top 2% of scores!
Find Free MCAT Resources on Wizeprep.com/MCAT
Free Live Event s Free Diagnost ic Exam Free Trial

Learn about the med school Predict your MCAT score and Don’t just take our word for it.
application process and assesses strengths and Try out the first few lessons
more. weaknesses. yourself.
Other Courses at UCLA
PHYSICS 5A MATH 31A

Physics for Life Sciences Majors: Differential and Integral Calculus
Mechanics and Energy
LIFESCI 7B
STATS 10 Genetics, Evolution, and Ecology
Intro to Statistical Reasoning
LIFESCI 7A
ECON 1 Cell and Molecular Biology
Principles of Economics
PHYSICS 1A
CHEM 14A Physics for Scientists and
General Chemistry for Life Engineers: Mechanics
Scientists I
CHEM 20A
CHEM14C Chemical Structure (Gen Chem I)
Structure of Organic Molecules
Find more on Wizeprep.com

Booklet 403610

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Booklet 403610

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Booklet 403610

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UCLA

These not es were creat ed on Apr 19t h, 2024

👋 Welcome t o Your Course Not es

Find Your Course Online

98% After discovering Wizeprep at the

Students Get my exams.

Better Grades Emily, Undergraduat e

Find in These Course Not es Find Online

Relevant T heory Bit e-Sized Video Lessons

Pract ice Quest ions Solut ions t o Problems

Exam T ips 24/7 Inst ruct or Q&A

Not subscribed yet ?

Open Vs Closed Vs Isolat ed Syst ems

● open system → cup of coffee

● closed system → bottle of pop

● isolated system → perfect thermos

Wat ch t he video t ut orial for t his lesson (03:34)

Is t he dist ance t ravelled or change in alt it ude a st at e funct ion?

Solution available online

Wat ch t he video t ut orial for t his lesson (03:03)

Example: State Variables

Wat ch t he video t ut orial for t his lesson (02:28)

Extensive vs. Intensive Proper ties

Examples: mass, volume, amount of heat released in a combustion reaction

Examples: melting point, boiling point, density

When we t ake a rat io of 2 ext ensive propert ies what do we get ?

Wat ch t he video t ut orial for t his lesson (02:20)

Example: N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)

Example: C3 H8 (g) + 5O2 (g)

Spont aneous Process: An irreversible process that has a predetermined direction.

Example: An egg shell breaks during birth

Isot hermal: There is no change in temperature for the system

Isobaric: There is no change in pressure

Isochoric: There is no change in volume

Exot hermic: A Process in which heat is (absorbed/released) to the

Endot hermic: A Process in which heat is (absorbed/released) into the the

Wat ch t he video t ut orial for t his lesson (05:17)

9.2 0th Law of Thermodynamics

0th Law of Thermodynamics

What is t he difference bet ween t hermal equilibrium and t emperat ure?

Photo by CNS Openstax / CC BY

Wat ch t he video t ut orial for t his lesson (02:50)

9.3 The 1st Law of Thermodynamics and

The 1st Law of Thermodynamics

● 1st Law of T hermodynamics: The energy of an isolated system is constant, ΔE = 0.

○ Sometimes this is re-worded as "energy cannot be created or destroyed".

● E is very difficult to measure so instead we measure changes in E indirectly

ΔE is the change in Energy

ΔEuniv = ΔEsys + ΔEsurr = 0

● If the system gains 5 J of energy, the surroundings (gains/loses) 5 J of energy.

● If the system loses 10 J of energy, the surroundings (gains/loses) 10 J of energy.

Int ernal Energy of Ideal Gases

The internal energy of an ideal gas is only dependent on temperature:

So for any Isothermal process involving an ideal gas,

Wat ch t he video t ut orial for t his lesson (07:24)

Signs of Heat and Work & Calculating Work

ΔE is the change in Energy

Photo by CNS Openstax / CC BY

nCp.m dT = nCp,m (Tf − Ti )