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P-ISSN 0974-6846 E-ISSN 0974-5645

Indian Journal of Science and Technology

Indian Journal of Science & Technology

Indian Journal of Science and Technology is an open-access journal publishing full-length research papers and review articles covering
subjects that fall under the wide spectrum of science and technology. The journal is dedicated towards dissemination of knowledge
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Indian Journal of Science & Technology

Editor : Prof. Natarajan Gajendran Ph.D

Print ISSN : 0974-6846

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P-ISSN 0974-6846 E-ISSN 0974-5645

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THE EDITOR AND FOUNDER OF INDIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND

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Dr. Kumaravel M.D. Ph.D.

Editorial Board Member
Head, Registered Toxicologist Cambridge, UK
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Dr. Jolius Gimbun Ph.D.

Associate Editor
Dept. Chemical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang
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Associate Editor
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Dr. Dai-Viet N. Vo
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Dr. Ha�z Suleria Ph.D.

Editorial Board Member
Food Science and Nutrition Department of Agriculture and Food Systems The University of Melbourne Australia
Subject & Specialization: Food Science and Nutrition

Dr. Mohammad Reza Alizadeh Ph.D.

Editorial Board Member
Associate Professor (Biosystems Engineering) Department of Agricultural Engineering Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII)
Subject & Specialization: Design and development of agricultural machinery, mechanization of crop production and post- production, physical and
mechanical properties of agricultural products, and precision agriculture.

Prof. Kewen Zhao

Editorial Board Member
Institute of Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences: Qiongzhou University, Sanya, China
Subject & Specialization: Combinatorial Algorithms, Graph Algorithms, Interconnection Networks, Wireless Networking, and Discrete structure

Dr. R. B. Dubey, Professor (EEE)

Editorial Board Member
SRM University, Plot No.39, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, P.S.Rai, Delhi-NCR, Sonepat, Haryana 131029

Prof. Dr. Ignacy Kitowski DSc

Editorial Board Member
State School of Higher Education in Chelm, Pocztowa 54, PL 22-100 Chelm, Poland
Subject & Specialization: Animal ecology, bio-indication, ornithology, ecological security

Dr. Nihal Ata Tutkun

Editorial Board Member
Hacettepe University Department of Statistics 06800, Beytepe Ankara/Turkey
Subject & Specialization: Survival analysis (event history analysis) and applied statistics

Prof Dr Ravinder Rena B.A., M.A., (Eco),B.Ed., LL.B., M.Phil., Ph.D. (Eco)
Editorial Board Member
Professor of Economics and Internationalization Project Leader NWU Business School North West University- Mahikeng Campus Private Bag X 2046
Mmbatho 2745 South Africa
Subject & Specialization: Economics of Education, Micro Finance and Entrepreneurship, BRICS and African Economy, Globalisation and Developing world

Dr. S.S.Murugan Ph.D.

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Executive Director, GLR Laboratories Pvt. Ltd Madavaram Milk Colony, Chennai- 600 0059, India
Subject & Specialization: Animal Science, Toxicology

Prof. Dr. Himanshu Pandey

Editorial Board Member
Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Director, UGC-HRDC D.D.U.Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur-273009(UP)
Subject & Specialization: Mathematics

Prof. Dr. Rajeev K Puri

Editorial Board Member
Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
Subject & Specialization: Theoretical Nuclear Physics, Intermediate energy physics, computational Physics

Prof. Dr. Bashar H. Malkawi

Editorial Board Member
Dean, College of Law, University of Sharjah P.O Box 27272 Sharjah UAE
Subject & Specialization: Law

Dr. Kusum Yadav

Editorial Board Member
Program Coordinator (SWE) Coordinator (Scienti�c Research ) College of Computer Engineering & Science University of Hail Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Subject & Specialization: Science

Dr. V. Ananthaswamy
Editorial Board Member
Assistant Professor Research Centre & PG Department of Mathematics The Madura College (Autonomous) Madurai - 625 011. Tamil Nadu, India.
Subject & Specialization: Applied Mathematics especially Differential equations, Mathematical modeling, Mathematical biology

Dr.V S Sarma
Editorial Board Member
Retired Chief Scientist, NGRI, Hyderabad
Subject & Specialization: Geophysical Electrical Resistivity and IP studies, Groundwater Hydrology, Tomography.

Dr. Karthik Rajendra

Editorial Board Member
Professor & Dean (R&D) Dept. of Electronics & Communication, MLR Institute of Technology Laxman Reddy Avenue, Dundigal, Quthbullapur Mandal,
Hyderabad-043, Telangana, India.
Subject & Specialization: Nanoelectronics, Modeling and reliability study of High-k materials and Optoelectronic material based devices, VLSI
Engineering.

Dr. Hakeem Ullah Jan PhD, MPhill, M.Sc, B.Sc, F.Sc

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Editorial Board Member

Department of Mathematics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
Subject & Specialization: Advanced Numerical Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations, Advanced Partial Differential Equations, Advanced
Functional Analysis, Newtonian Fluid,

Dr. R.Anandan B.E., M.S.,Ph.D.,MIE, MISTE, MIACSIT, MIAENG.MCSTA,MCSI,FBSS

Editorial Board Member
Department of Computer Science and Engineering Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies.
Subject & Specialization: Arti�cial intelligence

Prof. Dr. Srikumar Chakravarthi M.D., Ph.D.

Director, Postgraduate Studies, Research and Innovation, MAHSA University, Malaysia
Subject & Specialization: General Medicine, Medical education, Cancer biology.

Dr. S. Yamini sudha Lakshmi M.Phil., Ph.D.

Editorial Board Member
Assistant Professor in Medical Biochemistry, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
Subject & Specialization: Nanotechnology, biotechnology, toxicology, nutraceuticals

Dr. Prabhakar Puttachandra Ph.D.

Editorial Board Member
Scienti�c Research Solution Pvt Ltd, Mysore, India
Subject & Specialization: Molecular Biology, Neuroscience, Genetics

Prof. M. Nageswara Rao

Editorial Board Member
Professor Department of Computer Science and Engineering, KL University-India
Subject & Specialization: Data Mining, Data Analytics, Machine Learning, Software Engineering

Dr. Vijay Rakesh Reddy S Ph.D

Editorial Board Member
Scientist, Indian Institute of Horticulture Research (ICAR-IIHR)
Subject & Specialization: Horticulture/Agriculture

Prof.Dr. Alireza Valipour Baboli Ph.D

Editorial Board Member
Technical and Vocational University, Iran
Subject & Specialization: Mathematics

DR. DIPANKAR PAL

Assistant Professor
Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Petroleum & Energy, India
Subject & Specialization: Chemical Engineering

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Removal of Cr (VI) from Aqueous Solution using Orange Peel-based Bi...

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Somaris E. Quintana and L.A. García-Zapateiro
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Keiby Barreto, Claudia Pachón, Liliana Rodríguezand Meryene Barrios
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 ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 11(13), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2018/v11i13/92794, April 2018 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645

The Future Quality of Natural Fibre – Matrix for

Green Composites: An Environmental Credential
Flora Elvistia Firdaus*
Department of Chemical Engineering, Jayabaya University, Jakarta – 13201, Indonesia; flora_elvistia@yahoo.com

Abstract
Objectives: The use of green composite on this study has faced poor compatibility of natural fibre to the matrix. Fibre
surface modification is done to enhanced adhesion of epoxidized bio-resin vegetables oil based onto bamboo fibre.
Methods: Alkylation is the method was used to modify fiber surface by soaking the bamboo fiber into NaOH solutions
under designated varied of concentration and time. The goals are to get rough surface to enhanced adhesion and improved
mechanical strength of green composite. Findings:The optimum concentration of alkylation to fibre volume fraction are
complementary influenced the green composite mechanical properties. Applications: The products obtain can be used in
wide ranging of applications. The low cost of production may have great opportunity for developing countries.

Keywords: Alkilation, Bamboo Fibre, Environmental, Epoxy Resin, Green Composite

1. Introduction Table 1. The chemical composition of natural fibres3

Fibres Microfibril Cellulose Lignin (%)
The interest of using bio-derived products has been angle (deg) (%)
driven the need for replacing petroleum based1,2. These
Coir 30-49 53 45
tendencies of using matrix and reinforcement material
Banana 11 65 5
from sustainable products.
Vegetable oil represent a renewable resources which Sisal 20-25 70 12
can be used as reliable material to access new products Jute 8.1 63 11.7
with wide array of many structural and functional. Bamboo 2.0-10 60.8 32.2

1.1 Theory of Composite
The term composite generally refers to high performance,
extremely strong, and light materials injected with epoxy
resin. The functions of matrix are to transfer load, to pre-
vent mechanical, and environmental damages in the form
of thermosetting and thermoplastics. It may be derived from
vegetable epoxidized resin which reinforced by bamboo,
jute, or sissal fibres. One major drawback of using vegetable
oil for bio-based resins is lead to low crosslink density exis-
tence network compared to petroleum based3. The Chemical
composition of natural fibre can be seen in Table 1.
The disadvantages of using bio-fibres are due to high
moisture content, especially cellulosic fibres which lead
to poor dimensional stability and process ability, porous
issues, and as if exposed outdoors may bio-degrade by
ultraviolet light, the dispersion of natural fibres which
affected by strong inter fibre bonding, and incompabil-
ity between hydrophobic polymer matrix and hydrophilic
natural fibres. These may lead to poor matrix-fibre bond
which overall are related to material performances. Alkali
treatment can overcome and minimalized problems by
modifying fibers surface4–6. The property of selected natu-
ral fiber can be seen in Table 2.

*Author for correspondence

 The Future Quality of Natural Fibre – Matrix for Green Composites: An Environmental Credential

Table 2. Property of selected natural fiber4 and strong composite, the fibre surface are chemically
Property Hemp Flax Sisal Jute modified with NaOH in order to enhance bonding com-
patibility between fibre and matrix.There concentration
Density(gr/cm3) 1.48 1.4 1.33 1.46
prepared are; 5 10, 15, 20, and 25 % (v/v). The 0% (v/v)
Modulus (GPa) 70 60-80 38 10-30.0 are used for control variable.
Tensile Strenght 550-900 800-1500 600-700 400-800
(MPa)
2.4 Composite Preparation
Elongation to 1.6 1.2-1.6 0.2-0.3 1.8
Failure (%) Bamboo is an ancient woody grass widely distributed in
tropical, subtropical, and mild temperate zones. There are
about 1200 species of bamboo in some 90 genera. The
occurrence of bamboo in Indonesia is recorded about 135
2. Materials and Methods species. Bamboo forest are found in East Java, some spe-
cies grows dominantly in Kalimantan and Sulawesi7. The
bamboo fibre used in this research was string bamboo,
2.1 Material
the scientific named known as Gigantochloa Apus. It cul-
The vegetable oil was obtained from local grocery; soy- tivated in Eastern part of Bogor in West Java, Indonesia.
bean oil was manufactured by Salim Ivomas Jakarta, and The ingredients of the matrix; epoxy of vegetable based
canola oil was produced by Switzerland AG Coda. The are blends to epoxy resin and hardener and were mixed in
epoxidized of vegetables oil were synthesized in situ by laboratory glassware, then stirred. The products obtained
using peracetic acid.The product obtained perform as are known as resin, are then poured onto fiber surface
bio-resin, with ratio (2:1) are blended to epoxy resin and where are previously treated with NaOH.
hardener; a product of Polychem Jakarta. The curing pro-
cess observed is achieved in the shortest amount of time. 2.5 Testing of the Composite
The test samples were cut out then tested according to
2.2 Methods
ASTM standard. The tensile strenght was done as per
The matrix used are manufacture from soybean oil and ASTM D3379 using a universal Shimadzu with cross-
canola oil. They are respectively in the form of epoxide- head speed of 2 mm/minute. Bending strenght was done
based resin which are considered to be potential material by ASTM D3379 with pressure rate 1.651 mm/minute.
for substituting petroleum based. For this, the composite Compressive strenght was done by ASTM D3039 with
were made by hand lay-up technique. pressure rate 1.3 mm/ minute. The cellular images was
The important aspect of producing green composite done after tensile test is achieved using Philip SEM-DX
are to be considered; the adhesion between matrix and XL30 with ASTM D3036.
fibre which can be effected to some numerous mechanical
properties.
The variables which directed to the toughnesses 3.Results and Discussion
of composite is the Weight fraction (Wf) and Volume
fraction (Vf). The balanced performance are needed to
prevent the fibre damage leading to composite failures.
3.1 Tensile Strenght vs Volume Fraction
The objective of this research is to produce tough com- The tensile properties of bamboo/epoxy bio-composites
posite with good mechanical properties. In accordance were reveal the effects of volume fractionof bamboo fiber
with the obtained results, good adhesion between fibre and its alkali treatment on bamboo/epoxy interface and
and matrix. tensile strenght. Tensile of untreated alkali of corn oil
based resin are eventually higher than sunflower, canola,
2.3 Alkali Preparation and soybean based-resin8. As the volume fraction of fibre
The presence of lignocellulosic in the fibre are chemically increase to 79.7 % (v/v),the tensile strenght of composite
strong bonded by non covalent forces. This lignocel- using soybean-based resin is higher among others. The
lulosic makes them partially degraded. To obtain good tensile declined from 10% (v/v) of alkali treatment.

2 Vol 11 (13) | April 2018 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 Flora Elvistia Firdaus

3.2 Elongation at Break vs Volume Fraction 3.3 Compressive Modulus, Compressive

The elongation at break of composite using vegetable oil Strenght
based resin; soybean and canola are found has resulted The compressive strength resists compression to being
different responses to the varied volume fraction of fiber, pushed together. Canola based resin resulted the highest
which met its optimal volume fraction for soybean oil in compression strenght amongst other oil by 5% (v/v) of
the range of 76.7-78.6 (%) and for soybean in the range of alkali treatment, though its quite similar to without alkali
80-80.9(%).This volume fraction are complementary syn- treatment.
ergized to the concentration of alkali treatment to fibre The compressive strength of the material correspond
surface. It is found the soybean based resin has reached to the stress value of material. In a compression test, there
its highest level by 5 % (v/v) of alkali treatment; the elon- is a linear region where the material follows Hooke’s Law.
gation was 7.58% and the tensile strength is 208.74 MPa. The material deforms elastically and returns to its original
While for the same concentration of the alkali treat- length when the stress is removed. Overall, the compres-
ment, the elongation of canola based is 3.32 % and tensile sive of composite are lower at any kind of resin based
strength 81.88 MPa. As compared to the same concentra- and any concentration of alkali treatment than its tensile
tion of alkali applied onto fiber with sunflower and corn strenght as summarized in Table 4.
based resin the result are respectively for elongation at
break declined to 3.06% and corn based resin was 2.96% Table 4. Compressive strenght vs alkali treatment
where the alkali treatment are negatively impacted to its Compressive Compressive
mechanical properties, as can be noted for any concen-
Type of Oil Alkali Strength [MPa] Modulus
tration of treatment the composite obtained has poor
(%,v/v) [GPa]
mechanical properties8. Conversely happened to soybean
Soybean 0 37.2 2.24
and canola based resin, as can be seen in Table 3.
5 30.62 2.8
Table 3. Tensile strenght and elongation of composite 10 27.15 4.14
25 18.27 2.52
Type of Oil Fiber Tensile Elongation
surface Strength Vf Canola 0 39.68 2.76
Alkylation [MPa] [%] [%] 5 39.03 2.44
(%,v/v) 10 11.98 2.87

Soybean 0 49.04 3.15 25 21.9 2.52

76.7
Soybean 5 208.74 7.58 79.7
Soybean 10 93.93 4.14 78.6
3.4 Bending Strenght, Bending Modulus
Soybean 25 90.62 1.62 76.4
The bending strength would be the same as the tensile
Canola 0 106.68 7.15 80
strength if material were homogeneous. The small or large
Canola 5 81.88 3.32 76.8 defects will concentrate stresses locally, which effectively
Canola 10 109.54 7.59 80.3 caused tolocalized weakness. If free from defects, the flex-
Canola 25 43.45 1.16 73.7 ural strength will be controlled by the strength of those
intact fibers. The material which subjected to only tensile
Overall, the tensile strenght and elongation at break of forces test then at the same stress and failure will initiate
bio-composite with treated alkali are only recommended when the weakest fibre reaches its limiting tensile stress.
for soybean for concentration 5% (v/v) and canola with Bending strenght of PLA/ bamboo alkali treated is 98 and
concentration 10% (v/v). The treatment causes fibre non treated is 8215. In this research we found the bending
roughness which increases the effective of surface avail- reached the highest 105.5 MPa using canola based resin
ability to be perfectly wetted by the matri9–14. with 10% (v/v) of alkali treatment but lower than its ten-

Vol 11 (13) | April 2018 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3
 The Future Quality of Natural Fibre – Matrix for Green Composites: An Environmental Credential

(a)

(b)

(c)
Figure 1. Scanning electron microscopy tensile fracture surface of soybean with 25% of alkali treatment a) Compression of
surface of using canola with 25 % of alkali treatment b) Compression of plain bamboo fibre without matrix and alkali treatment.
sile strength. The soybean has reached its highest bending Table 5. Alkilation treatment to composite Bending
strength which is 105.98 with the treatment of 25% (v/v) strength
of alkali as can be seen in Table 5. Type of Oil Alkylation (%) Bending Strength
This can be some defects at the surface or inhomo- [Mpa]
geneous surfaces. Because in common bending strengths
Soybean 0 20.46
are higher than tensile strengths for the same material as
Soybean 5 NI
depicted on Figure 1.

4 Vol 11 (13) | April 2018 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology

Soybean 10 95.84
Soybean 25 105.98
Canola 0 28.87
Canola 5 90.99
Canola 10 105.05
Canola 25 57.08
*NI: not identified
4. Conclusion
The mechanical properties of bio-composites are influ-
enced by matrix of the composite, volume fraction of
fibre, typed of epoxide vegetables based resins, and con-
centration of Alkali. It is found the alkali treatment for
soybean and canola based resin is much effected to the
good mechanical properties of the composite. Conversely
may happen to other kind of vegetables oil. The Alkali
treatment may caused to the inhomogenity of fibre sur-
face which effected to its mechanical properties.The alkali
concentration recommended for the fibre surface modi-
fication is 5% (v/v) for epoxide soybean based resin and
10% (v/v) for epoxide canola based resin.
5. Acknowledgement
The author gratefully acknowledges the support of
the Indonesia Ministry of Research and Technology,
Department of Higher Education as funding the research
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