Forms of corrosion

There are many different types of corrosion, each of which can be classi ied by the cause
of the metal's chemical deterioration. This article explains 10 common types of
corrosion, including galvanic corrosion and low-assisted corrosion.
Some of the below forms of corrosion are unique, but all of them are more or less
interrelated.

Uniform corrosion
Uniform or general corrosion are de ined as a type of corrosion attack that is more or
less distributed over the entire exposed surface of a metal. Uniform corrosion is a
common form found in ferrous metals and alloys not protected by surface coatings
and/or cathodic protection.

Galvanic corrosion
Galvanic corrosion is the accelerated corrosion of a metal because of contact with a more
noble metal in an electrolyte, Galvanic series of metal and alloys is used for predictions
of this type of corrosion.

Concentration cells
Concentration cell is a form of galvanic corrosion. Just as two dissimilar metals joined
cause corrosion, so do dissimilar condition within the electrolyte. The corrosion occurs
when two or more areas of the same metal surface are in contact with electrolytic
solutions of different concentrations. The same metal has different electrical properties
in the presence of different concentrations of the same electrolyte.
Differential aeration (oxygen concentration cell) and ion concentration (salt
concentration cells) create dissimilar polarities (anodic and cathodic areas). Differences
in dissolved oxygen concentration lead to localized corrosion of metal in hidden areas as
under deposits or in crevices.

Crevice corrosion
Crevice corrosion is a localized attack on a metal adjacent to a crevice between two
joining surfaces (two metals or metal-nonmetal crevices). It is considered good design
practice to avoid, if possible, all shapes and joints that form crevices into which oxygen
does not have ready access. Various factors in luence crevice corrosion are:

- Metal alloy composition, metallographic structure.

- Environmental conditions such as pH, oxygen concentration, chloride concentrations
and temperature.
-Geometrical features of crevices, surface roughness

Pitting corrosion
Pitting corrosion is a localized phenomenon con ined to smaller areas. Pitting corrosion
are normally found on passive metals and alloys such as aluminium alloys, stainless steel
and alloys when the oxide ilm is chemically or mechanically damaged and does not re-
passivate. The resulting pits can be narrow and deep which can rapidly perforate the wall
thickness of a metal. Pitting tendency can be predicted through measurement of pitting
potentials, and be prevented by proper selection of materials, control chloride
concentration and cathodic protection.

Selective corrosion
The internal structure of a metal or alloy sometimes in luences corrosion and lead to
selective corrosion attack. Examples are dezinci ication, dealumini ication and
intergranular corrosion. Localised attack at or nearer to grain boundaries in a metal or
alloy can be termed as intergranular corrosion.

Erosion corrosion
Erosion corrosion is the deterioration of metals and alloys due to relative movement
between metal surfaces and corrosive luids. Depending on the rate of this movement,
abrasion takes place. This type of corrosion are characterized by grooves and surface
irregularities. Means of limiting erosion-corrosion and abrasion-corrosion are to choose
a more resistant material and improve the design.

Cavitation corrosion
Cavitation corrosion is a particular form of erosion caused by the “implosion” of gas
bubbles on a metal surface which cause pits on the metal surface. It is often associated
with sudden variations in pressure related to the hydrodynamic parameters of the water
(e.g. propeller blades). Although the collapse of a small cavity is a relatively low-energy
event, highly localized collapses can erode metals over time. The pitting caused by the
collapse of cavities produces great wear on components and can dramatically shorten a
propeller’s or pump’s lifetime. Even though cavitation is slightly reduced by cathodic
protection the main measures to eliminate cavitation erosion is to ensure good surface
conditions and proper water low.

Flow-assisted corrosion
Flow-assisted corrosion, or low-accelerated corrosion, occurs when a protective layer
of oxide on a metal surface is dissolved or removed by wind or water, exposing the
underlying metal to further corroding and deteriorate.

Stress corrosion
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) refers to failure under simultaneous presence of a
corrosive medium and a tensile stress.

Dynamics of Rigid Bodies Terms

Centrode – the locus of points that momentarily act as the center of instantaneous zero
velocity for the entire rigid body during its motion.
Axode – the locus of points that momentarily act as the axis of instantaneous zero angular
velocity for the entire rigid body during its motion.
Instantaneous Center of Rotation – refers to a speci ic point within the body that, at a
particular instant in time, acts as the center of rotation for the entire body.
Translation – refers to the movement of a rigid body where all its points undergo the
same displacement in the same direction.
Rectilinear Translation – refers to the motion of a rigid body where all its points move
along straight lines in the same direction.
Curvilinear Translation – refers to the motion of a rigid body where all its points follow
identical curved paths in space.
Circular Motion – refers to the motion of a rigid body where all its points rotate about a
ixed axis in a circular path.
Projectile Motion – refers to the motion of an object under the in luence of gravity,
neglecting air resistance. The object follows a parabolic path.
Rotation – referes to the motion of a rigid body where all its points rotate abour a ixed
axis.
Revolution – refers to the circular motion of a rigid body around an external point or axis.
This point is not part of the body itself.
D’Alembert’s Principle – For a system of mass of particles, the sum of the difference of the
force acting on the system and the time derivatives of the momenta is zero when
projected onto any virtual displacement.
Inertial Force – a force opposite in direction to an accelerating force acting on a body and
equal to the product of the accelerating force and the mass of the body.

Engineering Graphics Terms

Emgineering – is an applied science, and communication of physical facts must be
complete and accurate.
Drawing – are made up of lines that represent the surfaces, edges, and contours of
objects.
Freehand Drawing – is done by sketching the lines with no instruments other that pencils
and erasers.
Instrument Drawing – is the standard method of expression.
Delineation of the shape of a part, assemble, or structure – is the primary element of
graphic communication.
Pictorial Representation – designates the method of projection resulting in a view that
shows the object approximately as it would be seen by the eye.
Axonometric, Oblique, Perspective – three main division of pictorial projection.
Axonometric Projecttion – is projection in which only one plane is used, the object being
turned so that three faces show.
Isometric, Dimetric, Trimetric – main axonometric positions.
Oblique Projection – is a pictorial method used principally for objects with circular or
curved features only on one face or on parallel faces; and for such objects, the oblique is
easy to draw and dimension.
Perspective Projection – gives a result identical with what the eye or single lens camera
would record.
Design – is the process of developing plans, schemes, directions and speci ications for
something new.
Writing of Archimedes – where the earliest records of the screw are found (278 to 212
BC)
Sir Joseph Whitwort – made the irst attempt to set a uniform standard in 1841.
Working Drawing – is any drawing used to give information for the manufacture or
construction of a machine or the erection of a structure.
Drawing Surface – may be the table top itself, or a separate board.
Drawing Paper – is made in a variety of qualities and any be had in sheets or rolls.
Tracing Papers – are thin papers, natural or transparentized, on which drawings are
traced, in pencil or in, and from which blueprints or similar contact print scan be made.
Tracing Cloth – is used for inked tracings and specially made pencil drawings or tracings.
Drawing Plate – is usually attached to the drawing board by means of Scotch drafting
plate, with a short piece stuck across each corner or with tape along the entire edge of
the paper.