Seen in coastal areas

Parent Rock
Has organic matter/humus Marshy/Peaty soil Factors for Climate
It is seen in regions of formation of soil
high humidity & high rainfall Time
High humus is seen Montane soil
Seen in extremely low rainfall areas (<50 cm) -
Western Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana Desert soil Covers 40% area of India
(In India, most fertile type of soil)

Covers 4.3% area of India Found in Northern Plains + Deltas of

Covers 15% area of India
It is formed due to eruption of lava
Found in North Western part of Peninsular
Plateau - Maharashtra, Gujarat
Also known as Regur
Found in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala
Clayey in nature
It is formed by leaching process
(where important minerals such as Silica
washes away with the soil)
Found in regions of high temperature & high
rainfall
It is known as Brick Soil
Good for Cashew growth & cultivation
Peninsular rivers
Alluvial soil eg - Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam
Rich in Potash & poor in Phosphorus
Laterite soil
Formed due to sediments deposited by rivers
Khadar - New Alluvium, more fertile
Type
Bhangar - Old Alluvium, less fertile
Covers 18% area of India

It is impermeable soil Formed by the weathering of the metamorphic

(high water holding capacity) Black soil rock

Self-ploughing characteristics (develops It is red due to presence of Iron Oxide

cracks when dry & sticky when moist)
Red soil Changes colour to yellow on hydration
Most suitable soil for cotton cultivation
(requires 210 frost free days)
Soil It is found in water deficit region - Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Piedmont Zone of
Western Ghats
rich in Iron, lime, Alumina

Loamy Soil - sand content is more In low rainfall areas

Extended to 3 states
Nilgiri
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka

Great Rann of Kutch

Sundarban Nilgiri Biosphere Reserves - 1st Biosphere

Reserve in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
Nanda Devi

Nokrek

Panchmarhi
12 UNESCO Biosphere Reserves: Man and
Simplipal Largest - Great Rann of Kutch
Biosphere programme (MAB), 1971
Chattisgarh-Madhya
Achanakmar-Amarkantak
Pradesh border

Great Nicobar

Agasthyamalai

Highest mixed & first

Kangchenjunga
World Heritage Site Biosphere Reserves (Total: 18)
latest added 1Panna