iDaie:

uait - I

Signal
AA signal is deined any phyicol duotity
that Vaies
time, spae other independrd
Vaniable Vati ables Some signalh in daily ie
Music, speech , pidune & video Aignal.
Examples
S, (t) =5t
Se (t)= 2042 (2)

(4) vanies lineany

ineanly wi tRindependent Vaxiable
(2) Ynies
quodzaticaly itht

3) de)Cbe) a Aignas too indepeaderd Vaiable &

Aouseen Hheneae Cade hexe unctinal xelatimahip
nknotn Aighy complicated to

acticle U e
Fox exaple speechigaal

Att Sin fzFitt+e tt

bhere beti time
amplitudes e Brayunciea, & þhase
the Ainusoids
xespectiveyo
ECG (Electrocandiagsn)signal ptovidea. a dacto inqomalib
about cendition bodientls hennd
Che
EEG( Electaoencephalogzam)iyn ahsut hnain
actiity
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Date: Pae:

Syatem
Signal genration Coiated Aytem
that espondes to
A system may ice
physica devite be deined
Aigaal thadþenpen am
yama an cpehati erm

Clasaigicaticn
(i) Mutichannel or
cii) Coninuaus -Time Mutdiameni nal
CiH) CntinusA Valued
iscreto íme
iy e tenminiatic
Siscnete yaued
Rancl oxn
cy) Enengy &Power Sigaal
Non- Peiccic sigaa
Mwtichannel Signala
Thene ean
Genenated
be
lay muttiple boutces
xepresent d in Vecto
Esamples ignal epreAeting ground acceleNatin dudue
to
ensthquakKe (3-Choanel)
(3d l2 chaanel )

MutidineAsicnal Signal
ene dimensionajSignal
M
!Funcion idep aziable
M
TayyExample
Bl
Hctune signall Tios dimensi enal )
TÝ pictuxe dipat l3D) (ao a funn 4
fsylst)1Cslsun 3- Chonnel
brigrdne)
3 dimeSinae
totnytH
 9300 72027
FRIENI S
(Date: Paçe: 03

CentinGWs Time & isele Time

DG, Ct) Cos TIt
-lt|
e

Centinueus Time &igeals Aseal agigral deyinad

yalue ti me

Jo.gn

otherise
Oi sorete
at cextoin speciic
deincd omy
Value time This time istant need nct to be euilistune

(ii) Continuaug -VaLued Aiscrete Vaued

The ValueA Can be coiucw
disonete Aigna take all poible aes
Called n . TT
aye
aiguol
the signal tokes yau e tìnite AQt
4 peAible value to

ADT ignol Kaxing Ad ciscrete ValueA

coled
digital sigmal
oedenmínistic & Roademiqral
Ang iga that
explict mathemati cal
Can be
aijuay descibed
pressio1 table data
wel deyinedJule caled dadeinistic.
Ihe aat, hacgent Value

Knagn
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Date : Page:

descibedto
cannot be
The signals that eitheT
by mathematico)
teosmable degzee
Auch
acauag
desoip ti m too complisoted
to be ny aical uge Caled Kondta

nose gnerataSeismic signal speech sigal

Eaengt
The enengy
&
E dignal deyined
Ettfdt t Contiaucá Tine
-

lac2 dt Joles.

dejnedad
To 2TJ Time

+N
=i
AikneteATina
tinite
tite
Pouen Aiggal
 Cencept f Fxedueny
gCntiu sus Tine binus cí da Signata

= ACos(2T-ftto)

shene
Exequeny (ad | se)
o ’ Phage Yad)
A ’ Amplitude Binuacid Zt)

Laspextie, A T
=)
periocic

2) Cntinusun time sinusid

distint f diterens
in mean OAillatn
the
dignal
Fer complex erponeni signal
T )=A ed(tta)

Cos J Sin

A ut t0)
2 2
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mution
ve Counde clock oise Angulan
Ve
Clocko0e

Lb) iete Tme

n) Acos (on e),

n) ACos(2Tn )

f+ ycles þen sonple Ln)

A

System Attibutes l

"A
MemoA
aptem to be
its ole memogleng
the nindeptnd t
ent Vaiahle
time
the
dapendent
Bame time

BiniladyResta
Tdenit sytem yee)
 Prestige Institute of Enoineeringand Science, Indore

Dnit AampleAoduene Unit Tmpulse i Sun)

Stn n=o

nfo
| o 23 n

nz0
n<o

Ramp Signaliz Uy n)
nzo
ttrtny 3
h<o

-3 -2-lo i 2 3 4 n
4. Erpenentialignali
)a eal
iy real
ia real

az}

a<-|
 Prestige Institute of Engineering and Science, Indore
b) a iÀ cemplex

=r(cos On t sin ©n)

As complex Valu ed

Y=0·9

Amplitude unctimizn)) = Acn) =rh

Phase Funtin

foy Y=0:9 Phne linean with n.

tosevey phaseis dinad oYeY the interival-< < IT

cuwaltely QYeY the

Atn)
Relati beteen
unit Tmpulae k Chit step
itteae

ConYersey Hhe nnig the

Ruang
Put k= n-m

K=0

k=o

8. T.

Phyical systemsin the bxoadest an inencmneci

Cmpnenta deyices
Ta the Contet Auhaystems.

Commnticatins
2etomeehaai Calmetos
Aukomebile
A be vicuyed proCA eig plants
aYe proc es in Which
BystemtoinAuen treagr med y the
Ayatem
they
yeubiy

Continuouy- Time
System Sise rete -Time
System
Sinple Ezomplea q dhe
Dslt) ile Signal
lp

Rel ati on between ile olp

Fram ohm' La
ilt)

dt

duct)
dt RC RC

Muss tjet
de t

det)
Jt

dt m

QYe oYdex
n

R) ipCH) ->olp
a|b Cnstant
Time
Shiig xlt- T)
zlt+)

2 T+2 t

Ln-3)
3
2 2

2 3 4 3

-I

Time Reversal

1 23 "s3

(-t-3)
t
 2 3
3. -2 2

AmplibudeBing
= AsiH. 9L =2 ()
At.
Az

en)
orf

Tine
Time empy eroion

2
t
x(tb)
ine Eponaien

-) o 2 3 4
 Cane i = (an) BAip odd ne
Time
Aample,

3 3.

az

-3 -2 - 2 3 3.

t3

2 3

Additi en
Attt

3 4 t tt)= 2 tt) isíry oe

6 t

2.
4 t

1 2
Bigaal Muliplication
2

4 2,(6) =| Z, y=ne

Ltol.

2 St S3
2 2 ct) | to o
12t) = 2

7H 2u(t t2) - 20lt- 3 ) )zt) -rit-) -YCt-3) +rt-4)

2 3

-2u (t3)

2
 2

At) = Yt) -Y (t-1) -Y (t- 3) + Y(t-4)

2 t

n<3
-2< n<I

2)
t 3 4 t.
( 2 3

-2u(t)
-ut-4)
Staic iteni
glt)= t ) 9Lt) = (t-)
y4) = )
ytt= +tttt
yn) = 2e n)

y+) = I t - 3)
dyroi'e
3 dex)

4. ynl = 2n+)

&tatí c
6 y = 2 (n-a)+ n)

Causal Aytem to be causal the

"A syatem
bustdependh only
at time n the preitt
the
giem
paat values nt
the input
) = T (tl2)
t= -2 FoyVe Vaes t
t= 2 7uture ile. Nn-Coun e

2) yn) X(-n)
Y-2) =le)E
(-) = 2LU Non Caus al
Pr.
3)
te-2
Cowsal

t Futuye - Nen- Caucal

s)

y)sin an)
fsi)
Fshuxe Value len Cayal

6.
Cauaal

t=o yto)=() d
3
t=)A wde =
Fvye ya es

yce T)=yt
) Tine Tavaniaat &Time
°AA Aystem Aaid
Tne toVargng ytem
be time -inyaziaat
it input
a time
Gudput chaYaterlstica
shit
ot chonge
not oith
resut in
time
in the input siga
conreapindig ine shit in the output Le
yct)
ttt) t- T)

T+me tavaiant Sole

be ilp Ry) be olp ct yct)=

LO:
foy the delaysd ilp Lt- T) e get the
otput that

3. ole
Aame
amont

otheroi Se Tme theaAyatem in Time Tnarisnt

Va ytem
de)ayd olp Tine Tayd.
Bublema

the

y6T) Sia fze-T)

Olp

ytE- T) = Sin jzt- T)L

Noe,
Time Tavariantte
2)ylt) = Z)- Cos (200
(2Do TIA)

dalagsd hy dime T we
y tT) ct -T): Co(200 Tt)

y lt-T) =2lb -T). os (200 TI (t-T)

Time Varying aiem

 ) yea)nzn)
ForiIp we
4et ole

Cn-no)

Tine Varing pten

A)

ahyteda

ole

Tice \aging Aytens.

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Poyiodic &Non- Periodic Signals
ACT Signal Xt) js called periodic if
only it
{- i e o K t <4
Smallest ralue of T
is called satisfying abo ve
Fundamen kal. Time period
relatiDn

f
T

Angular Freduency T

Fundameat al. ine Peyiod. 27|

Calle d "APeriodic
A signal not satisyiag eda is
Signal.
Similazly for D.T. Sigaal
n

Anquloyfreduenynis

NoTe xCt& Zzt)

Sum of To Períodic Signals
OY not
oith peribds T A T may
Yelation bet weea
be pexiodic depending upon
signals is Pexi çdi
Sum of tao periçdlic
the ratío of theix Yespe ctiYe periods
Yational No. Y Yatio of Too ínegers.
Of
The'fund amenl periccl is
iYatiOnal No than
4
+ect) Can not be periodic
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5) Sum of Two. T. Peyío díc seduen ce is al woay

peri odici

Show that XcE) = eot i3 periodic with

juwot
Gtiy en
períodlic if
if J wot

OY
21n

Smalleat value T

Q-2) Sia (l2 TE)

x(t) Sinusoidal Periodie

2T
(2TT
 (Date : Page:
Evaluation of£ even and
oddpart ofSignal
Z t) = Xe Ct) +
oct)

t}+t 24ett}
ett 2 t+4

Eoc d T Signa

Find odd and even COmponent of

eJzt
Z(-) = eJ2t xCt) e

Rety=te'J e d z t os 2t

sinzt
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|Date: Paçe:

E-1= cos-oo t t

2
CAns

osfwot-t+ tosftwot
3

Ciii)

CI+ t) co2 (ot

t 3cos2 Iot
 Dale:
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Page:
i) zcnJ =-3, 4, 2, -4, 21

x(-2,-4, 2,

4.