2.

Basis of Structural Design

to EN 1990:2002

Prof Tan Kang Hai

Email: D-PTRC@ntu.edu.sg

Director of Protective Technology Research Centre (PTRC)

School of Civil & Environmental Engineering

1
QUIZ

• How many Eurocodes in total? What are they for?

• Explain persistent/transient/accidental/seismic design

situations

• What are characteristic, combination, frequent and

quasi-permanent value of variable actions?

• What are the different failure conditions in ULS of

EC2?

2
Overview of Eurococe
List of Structural Eurocodes

EN 1990 … Eurocode : Basis of Structural Design EC0

EN 1991 … Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures EC1

EN 1992 … Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures EC2

EN 1993 … Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures EC3

EN 1994 … Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures EC4

EN 1995… Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures EC5

EN 1996 … Eurocode 6: Design of Masonry Structures EC6

EN 1997… Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design EC7

EN 1998 … Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance EC8

EN 1999 … Eurocode 9: Design of Aluminum Structures EC9

3
Scope of this course

EC0

EC1

EC7 EC8

EC2 EC3 EC4

EC5 EC6 EC9

4
 EN 1990: Basis of Structural Design (EC0)

EN 1991: Actions on Structures (EC1)

EN 1991-1 EN 1991-2 EN 1991-3

Traffic loads Actions induced
on bridges by cranes & machinery

EN 1991-1.1 EN 1991-1.2 EN 1991-1.3 EN 1991-1.4 EN 1991-1.5 EN 1991-1.6 EN 1991-1.7

Density, Actions on Snow Wind Thermal Actions Accidental actions
self-weight structures loads loads actions during due to impact
& imposed loads exposed to fire execution and explosion

EN 1992: Design of Concrete Structures (EC2)

EN 1992-1 EN 1992-2 EN 1992-3

Bridges Liquid retaining and

containment structures
EN 1992-1.1 EN 1992-1.2
Common rules for Structural
Buildings and civil Fire
Engineering structures Design

Outside the scope of this

course 5
 National Implementation and Annex
EN 1990:2002 BS EN 1990:2002 NA to BS EN 1990:2002
Basis of Eurocode - Basis of UK National Annex for EC0
Structural Design Structural Design
NA to SS EN 1990:2008
Singapore National Annex for EC0

EN 1991-1.1:2002 BS EN 1991-1.1:2002 NA to BS EN 1991-1.1:2002

Density, Eurocode1: Part 1-1: General Actions – UK National Annex for EC1
Self-weight Densities, self-weight
& imposed loads & imposed loads for buildings NA to SS EN 1991-1.1:2008
Singapore National Annex for EC1

EN 1992-1.1:2004 BS EN 1992-1.1:2004 NA to BS EN 1992-1.1:2004

Common rules for Eurocode 2: Design of concrete UK National Annex for EC2
Buildings and civil structures – Part 1-1: General rules
Engineering structures and rules for buildings NA to SS EN 1992-1.1:2008
Singapore National Annex for EC2

Structural Eurocodes are accepted from 1 Apr 2013, and co-exist for two years with the
current Singapore/British Standards. Structural Eurocodes will be the only prescribed
structural design standards from 1 Apr 2015. At the end of the two-year co-existence
period on 1 Apr 2015, the SS/BS will be withdrawn from the Approved Document.

6
National Implementation and Annex
Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs)
1500 NDPs in the Eurocode suite
355 NDPs in EN 1991

7
Outline

1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
2. BS EN 1991-1.1:2002 (EC1)

8
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
Section 1 General
Section 2 Requirements
Section 3 Principles of limit states design
Section 4 Basic variables
Section 5 Structural analysis assisted by testing
Section 6 Verification by the partial factor method
Annex A1 Application for buildings
Annex A2 Application for bridges
Annex B Management of Structural Reliability for Construction
Works
Annex C Basis of Partial Factor Design and Reliability Analysis
Annex D Design Analysis by Testing

9
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
Section 1 General
1.3 Assumptions
DESIGN EXECUTION SUPERVISION QUALITY CONTROL

of STRUCTURES

ARE APPROPRIATETLY CONDUCTED by

QUALIFIED EXPERIENCED SKILLED

PERSONEL / ENGINEERS

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH ENs 1991 TO 1999

ADEQUETLY MAINTAINED

THE STRUCTURES WILL BE

USED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS

10
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
Section 1 General

1.4 Distinction between Principles and Application Rules

- Principles (prefix P following the number): no alternative is permitted;

- Principles comprise:

+ General statements and definitions for which there is no alternative

+ Requirements and analytical models for which no alternative is

permitted unless specifically stated.

- Application Rules: generally acceptable methods which follow Principles.

- Alternative Rules: comply with principles and are equivalent with regard to
safety, serviceability and durability.

11
 1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
Section 1 General
1.5 Terms and conditions
New definitions are provided:

Clause Traditional definitions New definitions

1.5.3.1 Forces (load)/ imposed deformations Actions

1.5.3.2 Shear force, moment, stress, strain Action effects or load effects

1.5.3.3 Dead loads (DL) Permanent actions (Gk)

1.5.3.4 Live loads (LL), wind loads Variable actions (Qk)

Live loads Imposed loads

12
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
Section 2 Requirements

13
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
Section 2 Requirements

14
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
Section 3 Principles of limit states design
3.1 General

- Distinction made between ULS and SLS

- Design situations

3.2 Design situations

- Persistent/transient/accidental/seismic design situations

15
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
Section 3 Principles of limit states design
3.3 Ultimate limit state
- Loss of equilibrium of the structure or part of it (objective)
- Instability of the structure or part of it
- Sudden change of the structural system to a new system
3.4 Serviceability limit state
- Requirements of the client and users (subjective)
- Reversible (cracks in prestressed concrete) and irreversible SLS
- Appearance of non-structural elements or machine characteristics
- Comfort of people

16
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
LIMIT STATES

These refer to states beyond which the structure infringes an agreed performance criterion

Ultimate Limit States (ULS) Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

(1) collapse or failure, and generally govern the
strength of the structure or components;
(2) loss of equilibrium or stability of the structure
as a whole*.
(*): As the structure will undergo severe
deformations prior to reaching collapse conditions,
these states are regarded as ultimate limit states.
These refer to conditions of the structure in use,
including deformations, cracking and vibration
which:
(1) damage the structural or non-structural
elements (finishes, partitions, etc.) or the contents
of buildings (such as machinery);
(2) cause discomfort to the building occupants;

ULS is governed by strength, stability and loss of (3) affect adversely appearance, durability or
equilibrium of structures or members. water and weather tightness.

SLS is generally governed by stiffness of the

structure and detailing of reinforcement.

17
 1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
DESIGN SITUATIONS

Persistent Situations Transient Situations Accidental Situations Seismic Situations

These refer to These refer to These refer to

Refer to exceptional
conditions of normal exceptional conditions
temporary conditions of
use. e.g. due to fire, conditions applicable to
the structure, in terms of
Normal use includes explosion, impact or
its use or its exposure, the structure when
possible extreme local failure.
loading conditions from e.g. during construction Refer to relatively very subjected to seismic
wind, snow, imposed or repair. short period.
loads, etc events.
Much shorter than the
Related to the design design working life
working life of the
structure.

FUNDAMENTAL COMBINATIONS FAILURE MODES AT ULS: EQU, STR, GEO, FAT

18
 1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)

MAJOR FAILURE MODES at ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES TO BE CONSIDERED FOR A DESIGN SITUATION:

EQU STR GEO FAT

Loss of static Internal failure or Failure or excessive Fatigue failure of the

equilibrium of the
excessive deformation deformation of the
structure or any part of it structure or structural
of the structure or ground where the
considered as a rigid
structural members, strength of soil or rock members.
body, where:
(1) minor variations in including columns, are significant in
the value or the spatial footings, piles, providing resistance;
distribution of actions
basement walls, etc.,
from a single source are
where the strength of
significant, and
(2) the strengths of construction materials of
construction materials the structure governs;
or the ground do not
govern.

19
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
Section 3 Principles of limit states design
3.3 Ultimate limit states: Three common states

20
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
Section 4 Basic variables
4.1 Actions and environmental influences

- Classification of actions: permanent actions (G), variable actions

(Q), and accidental actions (A)

- Characteristic values of actions

4.2 Material and product properties

4.3 Geometrical data

21
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)

BASIC VARIABLES

Design for Ultimate Limit States (ULS) Design for Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

The structure to be designed to satisfy: The structure to be designed to satisfy:

Ed  Rd Ed  Cd

Actions and Environmental Influences Material and Product Properties

22
 1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS:

Permanent Actions G Variable Actions Q Accidental Actions A Prestressing P

G acts throughout a Q varies in magnitude A is of short duration P classified as a

reference period and
the variation in with time and is not but of significant permanent action
magnitude with time is monotonic. magnitude, unlikely to caused by either
negligible, and
monotonic in direction occur on a given controlled forces and/or
e.g. structure during the controlled deformations
e.g.
- Self-weight of - Imposed loads on design working life, imposed on a structure.
structures; building floors e.g.
- Indirect actions caused
by uneven settlement. - Wind actions; - Accidental gas
- Snow loads. explosion;
- Impact from vehicles;

Characteristic values and other Representative values

23
 1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF ACTIONS (Sub-Index k):
Permanent Actions Gk
(1) if the variability of G
is small (COV=0.05-
0.10), use one single
value Gk;
(2) if COV of G exceeds
0.10, use two values:
an upper value Gk,sup
(95%) and a lower value
Gk,inf (5%).
Variable Actions Qk
Qk is defined as either :
– an upper value with a
probability of not being
exceeded, or a lower
value with a probability
of being achieved,
during a specific
reference period; or
– a nominal value which
is specified where a
statistical distribution is
not known.
EC0 4.1.2(7)P
Accidental Actions Ak Prestressing Pk
For accidental actions The characteristic
the design value Ad values of prestress, at a
should be specified for given time t, may be an
individual projects. upper value Pk,sup(t) and
(See also EN 1991-1-7); a lower value Pk,inf(t).
For seismic actions the For ultimate limit states,
design value AEd should a mean value Pm(t) can
be assessed from the be used.
characteristic value AEk (outside the scope of
or specified for this course!)
individual projects.
(See also EN 1998)
24
 1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF ACTIONS (Sub-Index k):

Permanent Actions Gk Variable Actions Qk Accidental Actions Ak Prestressing Pk

The normal (Gaussian) distribution is

generally assumed for self-weight.

For self-weight with low COV, apply a

single value of Gk equal to the mean
value μG.

When two values are to be used (clause

4.1.2(2)P and clause 4.1.2(4)), a lower
value Gk,inf and an upper value Gk,sup,
representing the 0.05 or 0.95 fractiles
should be used respectively, as shown
in Fig. 4.1.

25
Source: Designers’ guide to EN 1990 – H. Gulvanessian et al. (2002)
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF ACTIONS (Sub-Index k):

Permanent Actions Gk Variable Actions Qk Accidental Actions Ak Prestressing Pk

The probability p of the characteristic value

not being exceeded and the reference

period  are linked by the equation:

T   / ln(1-p)   / p

where T is the return period (expected

period between two subsequent
occurrences of the characteristic value
being exceeded) of the value
corresponding to probability p.

For p=0.02 and a reference period of  = 1

year, the return period is T1/0.02=50
years.)

26
Source: Designers’ guide to EN 1990 – H. Gulvanessian et al. (2002)
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)

Fig. Representative values of variable actions

Instantaneous value of Q

Characteristic value Qk

t 1 t 2 t 3

Combination value  0Qk

Frequent value  1Qk

Quasi-permanent value  2Qk

Time

27
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)

Combinations of actions for the Serviceability Limit State

Combination Permanent action Gd Variable action Qd

Leading Others
Characteristic Gk,j Qk,1 0,iQk,i
Frequent Gk,j 1,1Qk,1 2,iQk,i
Quasi-permanent Gk,j 2,1Qk,1 2,iQk,i

28
Crack width limit w  wmax

UK Annex Table NA.4 Recommended values of wmax (mm)

Exposure Reinforced members and Prestressed members

prestressed members without with bonded tendons
bonded tendons (quasi- (frequent load
permanent load combination) combination)

X0, XC1 0.3a 0.2

XC2, XC3, XC4 0.3 0.2b
XD1, XD2, XD3, XS1, XS2, XS3 0.2 and decompressionc
a For X0, XC1 exposure classes, crack width has no influence on durability and this limit is set to produce acceptable
appearance. In the absence of specific requirements for appearance this limit may be relaxed.
b For these exposure classes, in addition, decompression should be checked under the quasi-permanent combination of loads.
c wmax = 0.2 mm applies to parts of the member that do not have to be checked for decompression.

29
 1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
OTHER REPRESENTATIVE VALUES OF VARIABLE ACTIONS:

Combination Value 0Qk Frequent Value 1Qk Quasi-permanent Value 2Qk

For: For: For:

1) ULS involving accidental actions, 1) ULS involving accidental
1) ULS and
and actions, and
2) Irreversible SLS 2) Reversible SLS 2) Reversible SLS

3) Apply to non-leading variable
actions
(consider the reduced probability
simultaneous occurrences of two or
more independent variable actions.)
3) Apply to leading variable actions
(e.g. for buildings, the frequent value is
of chosen so that the time it is exceeded is
0.01 of the reference period of 50
years)
3) Used for calculation of long-
term effects.
(e.g. for loads on building floors, the
quasi-permanent value is chosen
so that the proportion of the time it
is exceeded is 0.50 of the reference
period.)

30
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF MATERIAL AND PRODUCT PROPERTIES (Sub-Index k):

4.2(1) Properties of materials (including soil and rock) or

products should be represented by characteristic
values (see 1.5.4.1).
(2) When a limit state verification is sensitive to the
variability of a material property, upper and lower
characteristic values of the material property should be
taken into account.
(3) Unless otherwise stated in EN 1991 to EN 1999 :
– where a low value of material or product property is
unfavourable, the characteristic value should be defined
as the 5% fractile value (eg. concrete tensile strength)
(4)P Material property values shall be determined from

Illustration of lower (Xk,inf) and upper (Xk,sup) standard tests performed under specified conditions.

characteristic values of a material or product Property

31
Source: Designers’ guide to EN 1990 – H. Gulvanessian et al. (2002)
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)

Section 6 Verification by the partial factor method

6.1 General
- No relevant limit state is exceeded
- Statistically determined design values shall correspond to at least
the same degree of reliability
6.2 Limitations
- Verifications are limited to static loading condition, not dynamic
6.3 Design values
- Design values of actions
- Design values of effects of actions
- Design values of material or product properties
- Design resistance

32
 1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
DESIGN VALUES (Sub-Index d):

of Actions Fd of Effects of of Material of Geometric Data of Resistance Rd

Actions Ed Properties Xd ad

Fd = f Frep Ed = Sd Ef,i Frep,i Xd =  Xk/m ad = anom  a Rd = RXd,i; ad/Rd

Fd = f (Fk) ; a d} (e.g. fcd=ccfck/c)
ad: design value of : the mean value anom: nominal Rd : partial factor
f: partial factor geometric data; of the conversion (reference) value; covering uncertainty
(possibly of factor (volume, in the resistance
Sd: partial factor a: takes account
unfavourable scale effects etc); model, plus
taking account of of:
deviations of the geometric
uncertainties: m: partial factor - Possibility of an deviations of these
action values from taking account of:
- In modelling the unfavourable are not modelled
the representative
effect of actions; - The possibility of deviation from anom; explicitly;
values); an unfavourable
- In modelling the - Cumulative effect Xd,i : design value of
deviation from Xk;
actions of a simultaneous material property i
 is either 1.0, 0,
- The random part occurrence of
1, or 2 of  several geometric
deviations

AT ULS
COMBINATION OF ACTIONS
33
AT SLS
 1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
COMBINATION OF ACTIONS FOR DESIGN AT ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES (ULS)

FUNDAMENTAL COMBINATIONS

Persistent Situations Transient Situations Accidental Situations Seismic Situations

For EQU, STR, GEO: For EQU, STR, GEO:

Equation (6.10) Equation (6.10)
For STR, GEO: For STR, GEO: Equation (6.11b) Equation (6.12b)

Equation (6.10a) & Equation (6.10a) &

Equation (6.10b) Equation (6.10b)

COMBINATION OF ACTIONS FOR DESIGN AT SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES (SLS)

Characteristic Combination Frequent Combination Quasi-permanent Combination

Equation (6.14b) Equation (6.15b) Equation (6.16b)

Note: Fatigue verification (FAT) is not included in EC0 Clause 6.4 34

 1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
COMBINATION OF ACTIONS FOR DESIGN AT ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES (ULS)

Permanent Variable Action Variable Actions Prestress Accidental

Actions (leading) (accompanying) Actions Actions

Eq. (6.11b) (for accidental design situations)

  Gk,j “+” 1,1 or2,1 Qk,1 “+”  2,i Qk,i “+” Pk “+” Ad

Eq. (6.12b) (for seismic design situations)

  Gk,j “+” 2,1 Qk,1 “+” 2,i Qk,i “+” Pk “+” AEd

Notes: (1) j is sub-index for permanent action, j1; i is sub-index for accompanying variable actions, i>1;
(2) The symbol “+“ implies “to be combined with”;
(3) The symbol  implies “the combined effect of”;
35
 1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
COMBINATION OF ACTIONS FOR DESIGN AT ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES (ULS)

Permanent Variable Action Variable Actions Prestress Accidental

Actions (leading) (accompanying) Actions Actions

Eq. (6.10) (for EQU, STR, GEO of persistent and transient design situations)

  G,j Gk,j “+” Q,1 Qk,1 “+” Q,i 0,i Qk,i “+”   P Pk “+”

Eq. (6.10a) (for STR, GEO of persistent and transient design situations )

  G,j Gk,j “+” Q,1 0,1Qk,1 “+” Q,i 0,i Qk,i “+”   P Pk “+”

Eq. (6.10b) (for STR, GEO of persistent and transient design situations)

  j G,j Gk,j “+” Q,1 Qk,1 “+” Q,i 0,i Qk,i “+”   P Pk “+”

Notes: (1) j is sub-index for permanent action, j1; i is sub-index for accompanying variable actions, i>1;
(2) The symbol “+“ implies “to be combined with”;
(3) The symbol  implies “the combined effect of”;
36
(4) The symbol  is a reduction factor for unfavourable permanent action G,  = 0.925 for UK NAD;
(5) The less favourable of Eq.(6.10a) and Eq.(6.10b) is used for STR and GEO design situations.
 1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
COMBINATION OF ACTIONS FOR DESIGN AT SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES (SLS)

Permanent Variable Action Variable Actions Prestress Accidental

Actions (leading) (accompanying) Actions Actions

Eq. (6.14b) (Characteristic combination)

  Gk,j “+” Qk,1 “+” 0,i Qk,i “+” Pk “+”

Eq. (6.15b) (Frequent combination)

  Gk,j “+” 1,1 Qk,1 “+” 2,i Qk,i “+” Pk “+”

Eq. (6.16b) (Quasi-permanent combination)

  Gk,j “+” 2,1 Qk,1 “+” 2,i Qk,i “+” Pk “+”

Notes: (1) j is sub-index for permanent action, j1; i is sub-index for accompanying variable actions, i>1;
(2) The symbol “+“ implies “to be combined with”;
(3) The symbol  implies “the combined effect of”; 37
 1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
DISTINCTION BETWEEN Eqs. (6.10), (6.10a) and (6.10b)

1. In Eq.(6.10a), leading & accompanying variable actions are multiplied by combination values 0,1 and 0,i;

2. In Eq.(6.10b), Q1 is identified as a leading action (Qi are taken into account as accompanying actions), but a
reduction factor j is applied to unfavourable permanent actions Gj; j = 0.925 for UK NAD;

3. Eqs. (6.10a) and (6.10b) will always give a lower design value for load effect than the use of (Eq.6.10);

4. These equations are based on Reliability Methods

38
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
RELIABILITY METHOD

E: Effect of action with mean E and standard deviation E These are cumulative and
mutually independent variables
R: Resistance with mean R and standard deviation R with normal distribution

g=R-E: Performance function  g is also the reliability margin with normal distribution
g = R -E : mean; g = (R2 + E2 )1/2: standard deviation;  = g /g : reliability index

Ps=P{g>0}: Survival probability

Pf=P{g0}: Failure probability

Pf=(-g /g)=(-)

Pf: Failure probability can be determined

using transformation of g to the
standardized normal variable with
= g /g
Normal distribution of the reliability margin g
39
 1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
DISTINCTION BETWEEN Eqs. (6.10), (6.10a) and (6.10b) using RELIABILITY METHODS

An example was conducted for an RC element at STR limit state, with permanent load G, imposed load Q
(dominant), and accompanying wind load W (0=0.5). The variation of reliability index  is dependent on the
load ratio 

50 years reference period

ULS  =3.8 for RC2
SLS =1.5 for RC2

 = (Q+W) / (G+Q+W)

[1] : Designers’ guide to EN 1990 – H. Gulvanessian et al. (2002)

40
 1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
DISTINCTION BETWEEN Eqs. (6.10), (6.10a) and (6.10b) using RELIABILITY METHODS

1. Eq. (6.10) gives for most practical cases of load ratio  reliability levels above those desired (=3.8) when used
with the partial factors recommended by EN 1990.
The use of Eqs (6.10a) and (6.10b) gives lower reliability levels than obtained with Eq. (6.10), but still in most
cases above those desired ( =3.8);

2. Modified Eq. (6.10a) used together with Eq. (6.10b) from EN 1990 leads to a lower reliability level than desired
( =3.8), particularly when the load ratio  is less than 0.5,

3. The combination rules in BS 5950 and BS 8110 lead to similar results as obtained with Eq. (6.10) from EN 1990,
when considering one variable action only.
However, the use of the UK combination rules when two variable actions are being considered together leads to a
substantially lower reliability than EN 1990 Eq. (6.10) or Eqs. (6.10a),(6.10b), in particular for low load ratios ;

4. The use of Eq. (6.10a) together with Eq. (6.10b) leads to a more uniform distribution of  , as the function of the
load ratio , than Eq. (6.10);

5. Qk,i in Eq. (6.10a) is multiplied by combination value 0 and Gk,j in Eq. (6.10b) is multiplied by  such that their
values are smaller than respective characteristic values in Eq. (6.10).

6. Eq. (6.10a) will be more unfavourable when Q>G while Eq. (6.10b) will be more unfavourable when G>Q.

[1] : Designers’ guide to EN 1990 – H. Gulvanessian et al. (2002) 41

1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
Annex A1. Application for buildings
NA to BS EN 1990:2002

42
 For verifying static

1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0) equilibrium for building

structures

Annex A1. Application for buildings

NA to BS EN 1990:2002

43
 For design of structural

1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
members (not involving
geotechnical actions)

Annex A1. Application for buildings

NA to BS EN 1990:2002

Gk is single source – no
pattern loading for STR/GEO

44
1. BS EN 1990:2002 (EC0)
For sizing of foundations
that involve geotechnical
actions (Approach 1)

Annex A1. Application for buildings

NA to BS EN 1990:2002

Gk is single source – no
pattern loading for STR/GEO

45
REFLECTIONS

• How many Eurocodes in total? What are they for?

• Explain persistent/transient/accidental/seismic design

situations

• What are characteristic, combination, frequent and

quasi-permanent value of variable actions?

• What are the different failure conditions in ULS of

EC2?

46
Thank You!

47