Digital Image Processing

2nd Edition
S. Sridhar

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 Chapter 9

Image
Segmentation

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 Image Segmentation

• Segmentation is the process of partitioning a

digital image into multiple regions and
extracting meaningful regions known as
regions of interest (ROI) for further image

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Formal Definition of Image Segmentation

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CLASSIFICATION OF ALGORITHMS

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 Types of Segmentation Algorithms

• Contextual (region-based or global) algorithms

• Non-contextual (pixel-based or local)
algorithms

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DETECTION OF DISCONTINUITIES- Point
Detection

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 Point Detection

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 Line Detection

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 Illustration

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EDGE DETECTION

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Stages in Edge Detection

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 Edge Detection

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Types of Edge Detectors

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First-order Edge Detection Operators

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Roberts operator

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 Prewitt

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 Sobel

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 Kirsch

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 Frei-Chen

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 Frei-Chen

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Second-order Derivative Filters

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Laplacian of Gaussian (Marr–Hildrith) operator

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Difference of Gaussian filter

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Canny edge detection

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 Algorithm
• First convolve the image with the Gaussian filter.
Compute the gradient of the resultant smooth
image. Store the edge magnitude and edge
orientation separately in two arrays, M(x, y) and
a(,)xy, respectively.

• The next step is to thin the edges. This is done using

a process called non-maxima suppression.

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 Algorithm

• Apply hysteresis thresholding. The idea behind

hysteresis thresholding is that only a large
amount of change in the gradient magnitude
matters in edge detection and small changes
do not affect the quality of edge detection.

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Pattern fit algorithm

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 Edge Operator Performance
1. Missing valid edge points
2. Classifying the noise points as valid edge
points
3. Smearing edges

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Pratt figure of merit

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Edge Linking Algorithms

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Edge relaxation

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Graph theoretic algorithms

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 Algorithms

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HOUGH TRANSFORMS AND SHAPE
DETECTION

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Modified Algorithm

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Circle Detection

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CORNER DETECTION

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Circle Detection Algorithm

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 Harris Corner

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PRINCIPLE OF THRESHOLDING

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Effect of noise over threshold
process and peakiness test

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Thresholding Algorithm

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Global Thresholding Algorithms

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A variation of Global thresholding
Algorithm

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Global Thresholding

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Multiple Thresholding

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Adaptive Thresholding Algorithm

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Optimal Thresholding Algorithms

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Non-Parametric – Otsu Algorithm

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PRINCIPLE OF REGION-GROWING

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Split-and-merge Algorithm

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 Algorithm

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Split-and-merge Algorithm using
Pyramid Quadtree

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DYNAMIC SEGMENTATION
APPROACHES

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Active contour models

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VALIDATION OF SEGMENTATION
ALGORITHMS

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 Metrics

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