Pur com reviewer

- up to 7,000 different languages are spoken around

the world. 90% of these languages are used by less
than 100,000 people. Over a million people converse
in 150-200 languages and 46 languages have just a
single speaker!

 LANGUAGE - a structured system of

communication used by humans, based on
speech and gesture, sign, or often writing.

 Language is commonly defined (simply)

Communication is one of the more essential human
as “a means of communication”
activities
that enable us to make connections, create
meanings, and
 Characteristics of language
nurture understanding.
1. Language is Arbitrary - The relationship between a
“Is a process of sharing and conveying messages or
vocal symbol (form) and the entity, state, event, or
information from one person to another within and
action (meaning) of the vocal symbol cannot be
across
proved logically. Signifier and signified
channels, contexts, media and cultures”
2. Language is Social - set of conventional
- Mclornack 2014
communicative signals used by humans for
communication in a community.

- Language exists in society; it is a means of

nourishing and developing culture and establishing
human relations.

3. Language is Symbolic - Language consists of

various sound symbols and their graphological
counterparts that are employed to denote some
objects, occurrences or meaning. The language
uses words essentially as symbols for the concept
represented by them.
Ex: alphabet
4. Language is Systematic - Although language is
symbolic, yet its symbols are arranged in a
particular system.
- All languages have phonological and grammatical
systems, and within a system there are several
sub-systems.
5. Language is Vocal - Language is primarily made
up of vocal sounds only produced by physiological
articulatory mechanism in the human body.
- Writing is the graphic representation of the
sounds of the language.
6. Language is Non-Instinctive,Conventional
- Language is the outcome of evolution and
convention. Like human institutions languages also
change and die, grow and expand.
- It is non-instinctive because it is acquired by human
beings. Nobody gets a language in heritage; he
acquires it because he has innate ability.
7. Language is Productive and Creative
- The structural elements of human language can be
combined to produce new utterances, which
neither the speaker nor his hearers may ever have
made or heard before, yet both sides understand
without difficulty. Ex: sheesh, bet
 Message - Considered as the heart of the
communication process. Information conveyed
through words (speech, symbols, signs, pictures
or write-up) by the sender.
- We send messages that are received and
understood through the symbols that are used.
 Sender/Speaker/Encoder/Information Source
- A sender can send a message in multiple different
ways: it may be orally (through spoken word), in
writing, through body language, music, etc.
- Each speaker creates meaning based
on his personal experiences.
 Receiver/Decoder - It is the destination of the
message by the sender which would be the
person who is being called.
 Channels - Communication channels can refer
to the methods we use to communicate as
well as the specific tools we use in the
communication process.
Communication channels can be categorized
into three principal channels:
(1) verbal,
(2) Written
(3) non-verbal.
 A channel of communication shapes the way
we respond to the message we received. 2. Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication - The
- These channels have altered the meanings of Shannon-Weaver theory was first proposed in the
messages that are sent and received. 1948 article “A Mathematical Theory of
 Types of communication Communication” in the Bell System Technical
Journal by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver.
1. Oral communication - Anything that comes - Shannon and Weaver model is the most popular
from the mouth model of
- Features: Two-way process communication and is widely accepted all over the
- Presence of sender and receiver world.
- It cannot be erased or mended
Example of
2. Written communication - Communication that can Sender: Businessman
be expressed in written words of any language. Encoder: Telephone network company (transmitter)
Channel: Mobile network
Advantages: Noise: Missing text
- Ready reference Decoder: Mobile phone
- Legal defence Receiver: Worker
- Promotes uniformity
- Mass access

3. Non-Verbal Communication - Communication

which does not involve words.
- It is the wordless message received through the
medium of gestures, signs, body movements, facial
expressions, etc.

3. Osgood-Schramm’s Model of Communication

- communication is a two-way street, with a sender
and a receiver. Charles Egerton Osgood
popularized the notion that communication was
circular rather than linear.
- It emphasizes that the communication is incomplete
unless and until the sender receives a feedback from
the recipient.

4. Visual Communication - It is the act of using

photographs, art, drawings, sketches, charts and
graphs to convey information. Visuals are often used
as an aid during presentations to provide helpful
context alongside written and/or verbal
communication.

 Noise - Physical Noise (Outside disturbance)

Psychological noise (Inattentiveness) 4. Helical model of communication - by Frank Dance
Written noise (bad handwriting) - introduces the concept of time where
Visual noise (late arrival of students, employees) continuousness of the communication process and
relational interactions are very important.
 Communication models Communication is taken as a dynamic process in
helical model of communication and it progresses
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication with age as our experience and vocabulary
- It is the earliest model increases.
- It is mainly focused on speaker and speech
- It is a speaker centered model as the speaker has
the
most important role in it and is the only one active.
- This model was highly used to develop public
speaking skills and create a propaganda.
Lesson 3: LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS
- Improved Transport
- Economics and Trade
- Technological Advancement
- Immigration and Cultural Exchange
- Division of Labour Exploitation of Labour
- Damage to the Environment
 Globalization - It was first used in 1983 by
Theodore Levitt. He claimed that the concept of
business has become globalized therefore
changes in social behaviors and technology that
allowed companies to sell the same products
around the world.
[3] may be devoiced into [] in words such as measure
The compound (II) is pronounced as [A] in between
vowels (e.g. gorilla)
The letter "z" is usually pronounced as a "zey" /zer/.
However, in standard Philippine English, it is
pronounced as the American "zee".
Words that end in -le that succeeds a consonant
(such as Google) are generally pronounced with an
[el], except for words that end -ple, -fle or-ble (apple,
waffle and humble), which are pronounced with an
[ol].
The/1/in words such as knowledge or college, it is
pronounced as a diphthong /e1/, making it rhyme
with age.

 Philippine English
- A national variety called Philippine English, with its
beginnings as English in the Philippines, has evolved
tremendously and arguably one of the fastest to
develop in the postcolonial world. - Its origins as an
English spoken by a large segment of the Philippine
population could be traced all the way to the
American introduction of public education, as
characterized to be taught in English.

 This period was popularly marked to have begun

upon the arrival of the Thomasites in 1901.
Some hints for Philippine English Pronunciation

 5 LANGUAGE REGISTERS
1. Frozen: This form is sometimes called the static
register because it refers to historic language or
communication that is intended to remain
unchanged, like a constitution or prayer.
Examples: The Bible, the United States Constitution,
the Bhagavad Gita, "Romeo and Juliet."
2. Formal: Less rigid but still constrained, the formal
register is used in professional, academic, or le
settings where communication is expected to be
respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained. Slang is ne
used, and contractions are rare.
Examples: a TED talk, a business presentation, the
Encyclopaedia Brittanica, "Gray's Anatomy," by
Henry Gray.
3. Consultative People use this register often in
conversation when they're speaking with someone
who has specialized knowledge or who is offering
advice. Tone is often respectful (use of courtesy title
but may be more casual if the relationship is
longstanding or friendly (a family doctor.) Slang is
sometimes used, people may pause or interrupt one
another.
 Bias-free Language: RACIAL AND ETHNIC
IDENTITY
AP revised its entry on "Indians" to refer to "Native
Americans" Colored is outdated; People of color is
more acceptable
Racial and Ethnic groups are designated by proper
nouns
Ex. Black and White
 Do not use hyphen (-)in multiword names even
they act as a modifier. Ex. Asian American and
African American
 Avoid identifying people by race or ethnic group
unless it is relevant
Andrew Young, the black mayor of Atlanta, cast his
vote.
Dapat: Andrew Young, the mayor of Atlanta, cast his
vote.
- Be sensitive to religion when referring to various
ethnic groups. Don't make assumptions.
 For instance, just as not all Arabs are Muslims,
most nationalities and ethnicities will embody
different religious practices. Avoid stereotyping a
race, nationality or ethnic group with a specific
religion.

Examples: the local TV news broadcast, an annual

physical, a service provider like a plumber.

4. Casual: This is the register people use when

they're with friends, close acquaintances and co-
workers, and family. It's probably the one you think of
when you consider how you talk with other people,
often in a group setting. Use of slang, contractions,
and vernacular grammar is all common, and people
may also use expletives or off-color language in
some settings.
 Bias-free Language: SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Examples: a birthday party, a backyard barbecue. - Use non-gendered words like "partner" instead.
- Avoid the term Homosexual instead be specific
5. Intimate: Linguists say this register is reserved for (bisexual, queer, lesbian)
special occasions, usually between only two people
and often in private. Intimate language may be - Bias-free Language: GENDER
something as simple as an inside joke between two
college friends or a word whispered in a lover's ear The language we use reflects the values of the
society in which we live. The English language has
 Bias-free Language developed in a male-dominated, male-centered
society.
 Bias-free language - means using terms that
treat people with respect. Most of us have no - avoid man as generic term
desire to offend anyone, but we occasionally do
it unintentionally.

We must be aware of the need to use a language

that recognizes our diversity and does not offend or
exclude people on the basis of:

• Gender
• Sexual Orientation
• Racial and Ethnic Identity
• Disabilities
Many professions and roles were originally referred
to in terms that ended with the generic man (e.g.
fireman, policeman, mailman, businessman,
firefighter, police officer, mail carrie
- terms that do not show a gender biases in the
profession or role.
- AVOID SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPING
 Stereotyping - is assuming that certain trains,
wirys of behaving, interacting with other with
others, working. etc are naturally associated with
each sex.
 Our language reflects our notions of appropriate
behaviour for each sex. However we need to
move away from narrow and limiting behaviour
models for people
3. Eliminate sexual stereotyping of roles by:
a. using the same terms to both genders such as
stewardess to flight attendant; congressman to
representatives; businesswoman to business
executive; anchorwoman to anchorperson
b. treating women and men in a parallel manner such
as man and wife to husband and wife or spouses
c. avoid language that reinforces stereotyping of
images
girl Friday to assistant; man's job to big job
Let's try!!

A brilliant female researcher. Dapat : A brilliant If a student wants a good grade, he must study for
researcher. several hours per day.
 Guidelines for Non-Sexist Writing
If students want good grades, they must study for
1. Eliminate the generic use of he, his, him, unless several hours per day.
the antecedent is obviously male by:
If a student has a question

a. Using plural forms If your secretary needs time off, tell her to fill out the
- The lawyer uses brief to guide nim The lawyers use appropriate
their briefs to guide them. forms.
b. Rewording the sentence and deleting the he, his,
him Secretaries should fill out the appropriate forms if
- No one can be a technical writer unless without a they need time
fair degree of writing skills. off.

c. Substituting articles the, an, a for his, and who for

he

The writer should know his readers - The writer

should know the readers.

d. Substituting one, we or you rewording to delete

pronouns altogether

- As someone grows older, he becomes more

reflective. As one grows older, one becomes more
reflective.

e. Minimize use of indefinite pronoun (someone,

everyone, everybody)

Someone was here and left his baggage - A person

was here and left a baggage.

f. Substituting nouns for pronouns

Take seriously what your official say about energy
conservation. He knows the ill effects of abuse in
energy consumption.

Take seriously what your official say about energy

conservation. This person knows the ill effects of
abuse in energy consumption.

2. Eliminate sexism in symbolic representations of

gender in substance

Feelings of brotherhood to feelings of kinship;

founding brothers to founders or founding leaders,
mother of invention to leader of inventors