READING COMPREHENSION

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

From a theoretical perspective, creativity and innovation is a process of search and

combination. We start from one piece of knowledge and connect it with another piece of
knowledge into something that is new and useful. In principle, this is also something
that can be done by machines – in fact, they excel at storing, processing and making
connections within data.

But even if machines can create innovations from data, this does not mean that they are
likely to ______(A)_______ of human creativity any time soon. Innovation is a problem-
solving process – for innovation to happen, problems are combined with solutions.
Humans can go either direction – they start with a problem and solve it, or they take a
solution and try to find new problems for it.

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Using data as an input and code as explicit problem formulation, machines can also
provide solutions to problems. Problem finding, however, is hard for machines, as
problems are often out of the boundaries of the data pool that machines innovate upon.
What’s more, innovation is often based on needs we didn’t even know we had. Think of
the Walkman. Even if no consumer ever uttered the wish to listen to music while
walking, this innovation was a huge success. As such latent needs are hard to formulate
and make explicit, they are also unlikely to find their way into the data pool that
machines need for innovation.

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Humans and machines also have different raw material that they use as input for
innovation. Where humans draw on a lifetime of broad experiences to create ideas from,
machines are largely restricted to the data we feed them. Machines can quickly generate
countless incremental innovations in forms of new versions based on the input data.
Breakthrough innovation, however, is unlikely to come out of machines as it is often
based on connecting fields that are distant or unconnected to each other. Think of the
invention of the snowboard, which connects the worlds of skiing and surfing.

Also, creativity isn’t just about novelty, it is also about usefulness. While machines are
clearly able to create something that is incrementally new, this does not mean that
these creations are useful. Usefulness is defined in the eye of those potentially using
innovations and is hard to judge for machines. Humans, however, can empathise with
other humans and understand their needs better.

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Finally, creative ideas generated by AI may be less preferred by consumers simply
because they have been created by a machine. Humans might discount ideas from AI
since they feel these ideas are less authentic or even threatening. Or they might simply
prefer ideas of their kind, an effect that has been observed in other fields before.
As of now, many aspects of creativity remain uncontested terrain for machines and AI.
However, there are disclaimers. Even if machines cannot replace humans in the creative
domain, they are great help to complement human creativity. For example, we can ask
new questions or identify new problems that we solve in combination with machine
learning. In addition, our analysis is based on the fact that machines mostly innovate on
narrow datasets. AI could become much more creative if it could combine big, rich and
otherwise disconnected data.

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1) Which of the following is not an assumption that supports the
arguments presented in the 4th paragraph?

A. Machines' ability to process data faster than humans make them

capable of connecting distant information.
B. Raw input materials are essential in order to create something new.
C. Machines do not have the ability to record experiences.
D. Innovations by machines are limited by the data humans feed them.
E. None of the above

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2) Given below is a possible inference that can be drawn from the facts
stated in the sixth paragraph. You have to examine the inference in the
context of the passage and decide upon its degree of truth or falsity.

“The usefulness of an innovation is often overlooked in favour of its

novelty.”

A. Definitely true
B. Probably true
C. The data are inadequate
D. Probably false
E. Definitely false

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3) Which of the following statement (s) is/are NOT TRUE in accordance
with the information provided in the passage?

I. Machines are more efficient at connecting various pieces of

knowledge.
II. The ability to combine problems with solutions make machines
innovative.
III. Humans only innovate to find solutions for the pre-existing
problems.

A. Only I
B. Only III
C. Both II & III
D. Both I & II
E. All are correct
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4) Which of the following the author is most likely to disagree
with?

A. Machines can only complement human creativity not

replace it.
B. Both C & D
C. Familiarity of an innovation decreases trust of the
consumers.
D. A machine's ability to innovate is permanently stunted.
E. None of the above

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5) Which of the given options can be used to complete the blank
labelled (A) in the most appropriate way, contextually and
grammatically?

A. steal all the spark

B. spark everything off
C. steal anyone blind
D. not a spark of decency
E. steal a march over

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6) Synonym :

“Excel”?

A. Undermined
B. Inferior
C. Superior
D. Ordinary
E. All of the above

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Parajumble
A. If China is the world’s factory, India has become the world’s outsourcing center – keeping in
line with this image

B. But India’s future depends critically on its compete fully in the creative economy – not just in
technology and software, but across design and entrepreneurship; arts, culture and
entertainment; and the knowledge-based professions of medicine, finance and law.

C. While its creative assets outstrip those of other emerging competitors, India must address
several challenges to increase its international competitiveness as the world is in the midst of a
sweeping transformation.

D. This transformation is evident in the fact that the world is moving from an industrial economy
to a creative economy that generates wealth by harnessing intellectual labour, intangible goods
and human creative capabilities.

E. Its software industry is the world’s second-largest, its technology outsourcing accounts for
more than half of the $300 billion global industry, according to a technology expert.

F. If the meeting of world leaders at Davos is any indication, India is rapidly becoming an
economic ‘rock star’.

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