Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 24 (2021) 192–204

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Engineering Science and Technology,

an International Journal
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jestch

Full Length Article

Experimental study on shear strengthening of RC beams with basalt FRP

strips using different wrapping methods
Ali Saribiyik ⇑, Bassel Abodan, Muhammed Talha Balci
Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Department of Civil Engineering, Sakarya 54187, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents experimental and analytical studies on the shear strengthening of reinforced con-
Received 21 January 2020 crete (RC) beams by basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) composites. The effects of BFRP composite
Revised 3 May 2020 and wrapping methods are investigated on shear strengthening of RC beams. In addition, the calculation
Accepted 3 June 2020
methods suitable for these strengthening methods are investigated by comparing the results of the
Available online 26 June 2020
experimental study with the existing calculation methods. The beams with rectangular cross section
were produced with steel reinforcement and low strength concrete and designed to have a sufficient flex-
Keywords:
ural moment capacity but insufficient shear capacity. However, that beams with two shear regions are
Shear behavior
FRP
designed to be one side shear strength sufficient and the other side insufficient. The shear insufficient
Basalt regions of the RC beams were strengthened with BFRP composites; full wrapping, side bonding and strips
Shear strengthening methods. Specimens were tested by four-point flexural test under monotonic loading. The change in
RC beam shear strength, deflections, shear crack opening and shear deformations were investigated from the
Strip results of the experiment. According to the experimental results, the shear capacity of RC beams strength-
ened with BFRP composites increased between 43% and 100%. The best results were gained by fully
wrapped sheets and fully wrapped strips configurations among strengthening configurations. In addition,
an appropriate prediction model has been determined to the shear strengthening configurations.
Ó 2020 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction RC members produced by low shear and flexural strength are

The damage of reinforced concrete (RC) structures has been one
of the most important problems of the construction sector for
years. A large number of structures that are built in different parts
of the world using old design regulations may be structurally
unsafe according to the new regulations. Since the replacement
of such damaged or structurally unsafe structures will take a large
amount of public cost and time, the repair and strengthening of RC
elements has become an acceptable method because of its capabil-
ity of increasing the load carrying capacity of the structures and
extending their service lifetime. The repair and strengthening of
RC structures are not a new topic and several repair and retrofitting
projects have been carried out around the world over the past
three decades. In the RC structure design, vertical members (col-
umn and walls etc.) are designed more powerful than horizontal
members (beam and slab). The horizontal elements that should
take the first damage in the RC structures during the earthquake
are RC beams as claimed in design.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: alisaribiyik@subu.edu.tr (A. Saribiyik).
Peer review under responsibility of Karabuk University.
excessively encountered in the existing building stock of Turkey
[1–6]. Many cases were encountered in the columns and beams
of the damaged structures such as low strength and improperly
mixed concrete [1–5], insufficient longitudinal and stirrup rein-
forcement, and anchorage problem of reinforcement bars [2,4,6].
Various methods are used in the repairing and strengthening of
RC beams. Repair and strengthening RC beams by jacketing with
RC elements is the leading one of these methods. However, this
method, which is difficult, laborious and takes a long time, has dis-
advantages such as increasing the weight of the building signifi-
cantly, requiring additional arrangements in the building
foundation system and not allowing the use of the structure during
the strengthened. However, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) com-
posites have an alternative strengthening range for the effective
strengthening of RC elements, because FRP composites have vari-
ous attractive properties such as non-corrosion, high chemical
resistance, lightness, high fatigue resistance and ease of practice
[7]. FRP composites have been studied on the strengthening of
RC elements over the past 20 years [8–10].
The externally bonding of FRP wraps and strips with epoxy to
RC beams is a commonly used the strengthening method to
increase the shear capacity of RC beams [11–18]. For example, in

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2020.06.003
2215-0986/Ó 2020 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 A. Saribiyik et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 24 (2021) 192–204
a study by Barrigo et al. (2014) [12], it was indicated that Full U-
wrapping with FRP sheets perform better than partial U-
wrapping and RC beams strengthened in shear with carbon FRP
(CFRP) sheets exhibited the high-strength and stiffness compared
with the glass FRP (GFRP) and FRCM (fiber reinforced cementitious
matrix) systems. Moreover, the use of anchors had only a small
impact on the behavior of full-depth strengthened beams, while
they were effective in preventing the debonding of FRP sheets in
their partial depths. In a study by Saribiyik and Caglar (2016)
[17], RC beams strengthened by using U-wrapping method with
one layer of CFRP and two layers of GFRP exhibited similar shear
and flexural strengths. Further, the brittleness increases in the
strengthened beam with CFRP, while it is less in the strengthening
with GFRP. Hawileh et al. (2015) [18] investigate the effect on the
shear strengthening of RC beams by externally bonding CFRP
sheets to the beam’s sub-surface. The increase in the shear strength
of RC beams was in the range of 10–70% compared to the control
beams. In addition, RC beams strengthened in shear with FRP has
been studied by researchers on the failure mode [9,15,16,19–22].
It is a typical failure type FRP debonding failure in RC beams
strengthened [9,22], where FRP is usually debonded from the con-
crete surface with a thin layer of concrete in shear strengthening
outside the full wrapping strips. RC beams shear strengthened with
FRP side strips or U-strips frequently fail due to the debonding of
FRP strips from the beam side edges [20,21,23]. However, the
debondig failure can be prevented by applying anchorage and /
or FRP strip head to the FRP strips ends, in case of FRP side wrap-
ping and U wrapping [15,16]. The debonding of FRP strips usually
occurs at the beam sides before the final FRP rupture failure but
after the concrete crack [24]. The strain in the FRP along the critical
shear crack can be considered to be proportional to the maximum
shear crack width [21]. In a study by Chen et al (2017) [21], the
failure of FRP wrapping types (full wrapping, side and U-strips)
in a FRP strengthened RC beams and how it affects the shear
behavior of the beam was examined by considering the shear crack
opening and tried to be determined by analytical study. In the
shear strengthening of FRP, the first crack load occurs at a higher
shear load than the control beams [19].
Researchers have shown great interest in carbon FRP (CFRP) com-
posites, taking into account their high strength and durability When
the studies are examined. In addition, FRP wrapping techniques,
mechanical anchors, various materials, configurations, have been
investigated in the strengthening of beams with FRP composites.
The development of new, alternative materials and techniques has
led researchers to explore various designs and materials to increase
the strength of RC beams [12,20,22,25–27], Externally bonded basalt
fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) strips have been found to be effec-
tive for flexural and shear strengthening of RC beams [28–31]. For
example, in the studied by Chen et al (2018) [29]. It shows that the
external attachment of BFRP strips is an effective method to increase
the flexural strength of RC beams. It has been concluded that the fail-
ure mode depends on the wrapping schemes, the degree of anchor-
age and the mechanical properties of the epoxy adhesive. In the
studied by Yuan et al (2018) [30], the effect of short steel fibers is
investigated on the inter-facial bond behavior between BFRP and
SFRC (steel fiber reinforced concrete). It was obtained bond strength
increases with the volume fraction of short steel fiber while adding
short steel fiber had no effect on the failure mode. In flexural
strengthening of RC beams basalt laminates provide ductile and
lower flexural strength compared to carbon laminate and use of
hybrid laminates provides an improved flexural strength and ductil-
ity [32]. It is understood from these studies that the use of BFRP com-
posites in shear reinforcement of RC beams is limited. However, it is
used for stirrup and flexural strengthening.
Basalt fibers are known to have better tensile strength than E-
glass fibers, have greater unit deformation than carbon fibers, are
193
resistant to chemical effects and fire [33–36], and show much bet-
ter mechanical performance than carbon[37] and glass fibers[38]
at high temperatures. The advantages of basalt fiber can demon-
strate the applicability of basalt fiber as a promising structural
strengthening. Epoxy types using in the strengthening studies with
FRP is often used for BFRP. When studies on improving basalt fiber
and epoxy interface connection are examined, in the adhesion
between the basalt fibers and matrix the flexural and tensile prop-
erties of the epoxy composite were indicated to enhance through
the addition of certain particles [39,40] material.
There are many approaches [9,13,41] and guidelines [42–45]
proposed to calculate the shear capacity of RC beams strengthened
for shear strength with FRP composites. The analytical estimation
models produced using a limited number of experimental test
results have given extremely safe and unsafe results sometimes,
and it was demonstrated that they should be verified by a suffi-
cient number of experimental tests once again [46–48]. The most
famous guidelines and models are generally the calculation of
nominal shear strength by a simple sum of the contributions of
concrete, steel and FRP. Such approaches have been studied by
researchers and have been come to the conclusion that they can
sometimes lead to unsafe results in some cases [27]. For these rea-
sons, it is important to conduct an experimental research on shear
strengthening of RC beams using different wrapping methods with
BFRP composites, to investigate the strength and behavior clearly
and to determine the prediction model to be followed. In this
study, it is aimed to strengthen RC beams for shear strength with
BFRP composite by using various methods. For this purpose, the
effects of BFRP composite and confinement methods on the
strengthening rectangular beam specimens with insufficient shear
capacity were investigated. In addition, comparative analysis of the
test results with the current calculation methods was performed.
Specimens were tested with four-point flexural test with constant
speed loading after being supported by simple beam method. Shear
strength, deflection capacities, shear crack opening values and
shear deformations of beam specimens were examined in detail.
The specific objectives of this study are: (1) strengthening RC
beams that has low strength concrete and insufficient stirrup by
using BFRP composites, (2) investigating shear strength, deflection
capacities, shear crack opening values and shear deformations of
the strengthened specimens, (3) investigating the effects of anchor
strip, angle strip and full and half confinement methods, (4) deter-
mining the suitable calculation method to the strengthening con-
figurations by following existing models and guidelines.
2. Experimental study
2.1. Design of RC beams
Eighteen RC beams were produced in this study. Three of them
were separated for control purposes and fifteen beams were
strengthened with BFRP composite. The dimension and strength-
ening plan of the beams is presented in Fig. 1. RC beams are
designed with ACI 318 [49]. One of the shear regions of the beam
specimens is designed to be strong in shear strength and the other
one to be shear deficient. The deficient region was strengthened in
shear with basalt fiber wraps in various configuration. The theoret-
ical shear strength of the RC beam is 62.5 and 240 KN in the weak
and strong region, respectively. Theoretical flexural capacity is 250
kN. The RC beams were designed to have a stronger flexural
strength than shear strength to examine shear failure forms of
FRP reinforced beams. The av =dratio is designed between 1 and
2.5 for inclined shear crack in the beams. The distance between
support and loading point (av ), the effective depth (d) and the
av =dratio are 525 mm, 210 mm and 2.4, respectively.
194 A. Saribiyik et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 24 (2021) 192–204
Fig. 1. Geometric sizes and reinforcement layout of RC beams.
2.2. Materials
Compressive strength test of concrete samples was carried out
according to BS EN 12390-3 [50]. The 28-day compressive strength
of three standard cylinder concretes of 150 mm diameter and
300 mm length was 16.9 MPa on average at a test speed of
0.5 MPa/sec according to the code and their standard deviation
was 2.35. Steel reinforcements with diameters /8, /16 and /18
is used in RC beams. Mechanical properties were determined by
tensile testing on four steel samples according to BS EN10002-1
[51]. While the mechanical properties of the steel reinforcement
vary according to the reinforcement diameter and their yield
strength was found as 363.3, 509.8 and 591.7 MPa and their tensile
strength as 498.2, 652.8 and 725.8 MPa, respectively using the
nominal diameter in the reinforcements. The standard deviations
of /8, /16 and /18 steel rebar was 12.1, 7.6 and 2.4 at yield
strength, and 7.7, 5.1 and 3.9 at tensile strength, respectively. With
regard to the BFRP composite used in the shear strengthening, ten-
sile strength was 3115 MPa, elongation at break was 3.5%, and
modulus of elasticity was 89 GPa, web thickness was 0.14 mm,
specific gravity was 2.8 g/cm3, and with regard to the epoxy, ten-
sile strength was 30 MPa, modulus of elasticity was 4500 MPa,
elongation at break was 0.9% and specific gravity was 1.3 g/cm3.
2.3. The strengthening configurations
External strengthening was performed on the beam specimens
by using BFRP composite with eight different confinement meth-
ods at three different fiber angle directions. The widths of the BFRP
composite used on strengthening, the details of the angles of the
fibers, the confinement methods used in the beams and the names
of the beams are presented in Table 1. In the beams US45, FWS45
and USH45, the BFRP strips were cut in a parallelogram and
Table 1
Wrapping methods of the specimens.
Specimens Wrapping width (mm)
Control – –
FWS45 75
FWS90 75
US45 75
USA90 75
USH45 75
USHA90 75
FWCS90 500
SB90/0 500
bonded to the two opposite sides of the beam in the same direction
and the ends of both opposing strips were bonded on top of each
other, forming the U shape on the lower surface of the beam. At
a 45° angle, the full confinement strips were bonded to the two
opposite sides of the beam in the same direction, and the ends of
the two opposing strips were bonded on top of each other, forming
full confinement strips on both the lower surface and the upper
surface of the beam. Side confinement with BFRP wrap and full
confinement at a 90° angle were cut in fiber rectangular shape in
both continuous sheet and strip and anchor U confinement meth-
ods at a 90° angle. The fan anchors were prepared from basalt fiber
strips and attached to the fiber ends (see USA90 and USHA90). The
configuration of strengthened specimens is illustrated Fig. 2.
The lower corners of the beam specimens were rounded to a
radius of 20 mm from the length and the negative impact of the
beam corners on the strengthening was eliminated. The upper cor-
ners of the beams, which will be strengthened with basalt fiber
wrap with full confinement, were rounded to a radius of 20 mm
from the length. After this process, the surfaces which prevent
the adhesion were cleaned by surface grinding method and the
dust formed was separated from the surface with the help of air
spray gun and clean cloth. Epoxy was prepared by mixing four
units of component A and one unit of component B for each beam
with an electric mixing apparatus. The basalt fibers applied to the
beams were stretched and bonded to the beam surfaces so that no
air was left under the wrap. One more epoxy layer was applied on
the bonded wraps and saturated with the resin.
2.4. Test setup
Flexural test frame with a capacity of 300 kN was used for the
experimental studies. In the Frame, one of the two support was
fixed and the other was movable and distance between two
Strip Spacing (mm) Fiber direction angle
–
50 45°
50 90°
50 45°
50 90°
50 45°/0°
50 90°/0°
– 90°
700 – 90°/0°
 A. Saribiyik et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 24 (2021) 192–204
Fig. 2. The configuration of strengthened specimens.
supports was set to 1600 mm. Four-point Flexural test method was
used in the beams. A reaction beam with two simple supports with
a spacing of 550 mm was placed on the top surface of the beams.
The hydraulic cylinder pump was loaded from the middle region
of the reaction beam at an average speed of 0.005 MPa/sec. The
loading started from zero and continued until the beams failed.
Electronic load cell was used to read the change of load data. The
shear opening in the loading setup prepared is 525 mm. The data
read by the load cell was recorded by the data logger. Electronic
displacement meter LVDT (linear potentiometer) with a precision
of 0.01 mm was placed under the beam at the same point of the
load to measure the displacement under the P/2 load to be applied
in the insufficient shear strength region. In order to determine the
width of the shear crack to be formed in the FRP strengthened
region of the beams, an electronic LVDT potentiometer was placed
on the side surface of the beam at a 30° angle. The loading setup
and placement of the measuring instruments are given in Fig. 3.
3. Test results
All beam specimens were tested with Four-point flexural test
under constant speed loading until beams were failure. The results
of the average load–displacement and load-crack width of the
beam samples are presented in Table 2.
The Failure modes and strengthening material deformations of
the beam Specimens given the average test results were examined
in detail. All of the Specimens were failed by shear failure as
designed.
Data readings could not be obtained in one of the control beams
due to the error caused by the loading test. Shear load carrying
capacities were 55.1 kN in control 1 specimen and 62.3 kN in con-
trol 2 specimen, 88.20 kN in USA90-1 specimen, 79.6 kN in USA90-
2 specimen, 89.35 kN in USHA90 specimen, 96.2 kN in FWS90-1
specimen and 99.2 kN in FWS90-2 specimen, 92.2 kN in US45-1
195
specimen and 96.75 kN in US45-2 specimen, 101.5 kN in USH45-
1 specimen, 100.9 kN in USH45-2 specimen, 104.7 kN in FWS45-
1 specimen, 117 kN in FWS45-2 specimen, 125.2 kN in FWCS90-
1 specimen, 110 kN in FWCS90-2 specimen, and 101.60 kN in
SB90/0 specimen.
Shear strengths of FWCS90, FWS45, SB90/0, USH45, FWS90,
US45, USHA90 and USA90 beams increased by 100%, 89%, 73%,
72%, 67%, 61%, 52% and 43% respectively. Significant increases in
shear load carrying capacities have been achieved in all RC beams
using BFRP Composites compared to control beam specimens
(Fig. 4).
The biggest increases in shear load carrying capacities were
obtained in FWCS90 and FWS45 which were strengthened by full
confinement methods. Furthermore, the shear load carrying capac-
ity of the FWCS90 beam specimen was 13% higher when these two
beams were compared. In the specimens strengthened with 90°
and 45° strip shape, the minimum shear strength increase was
obtained in USA90 and US45 beam specimens, respectively.
The reason of this; BFRP strips are separated from the beam by
debonding of the concrete on the side surfaces of the beam before
reaching its final (effective) strength. This problem was tried to be
eliminated by bonding additional horizontal FRP strip. USH45
specimens showed 8% improvement over US45 beam specimens
and USHA90 specimens showed 7.6% improvement compared to
USA90 beam specimens. Although the shear strength of US45
and SB90/0 specimens improved significantly compared to control
specimens, they showed 9% and 8% less strength than FWS45
beams, respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded
that the use of U-shaped confinement and side confinement meth-
ods in the flanged and anchored way will be advantageous since
the application of full confinement methods to the paved beams
will be difficult and laborious in terms of structure. It also proves
that beams strengthened with BFRP composites may have alterna-
tive properties compared to beams strengthened with other FRP
composite materials (e.g., GFRP and CFRP) [17,22,52].
196 A. Saribiyik et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 24 (2021) 192–204

Fig. 3. Arrangement and loading device of measuring instruments.

Table 2
Test results.

Specimens Shear load (kN) Deflection at ultimate load (mm) crack width (mm) Percent increase over control (%) Failure mode
Control 58.7 9.3 4.0 – Shear
USA90 83.9 13.4 3.0 43 Shear – debonding/rupture
USHA90 89.4 13.4 4.5 52 Shear – rupture
US45 94.5 8.3 2.6 61 Shear – debonding
FWS90 98.1 13.3 6.5 67 Shear – rupture
USH45 101.2 6.6 2.2 72 Shear – debonding
SB90/0 101.6 9.0 1.0 73 Shear – debonding
FWS45 110.9 8.2 2.0 89 Shear – rupture
FWCS90 117.6 11.1 2.7 100 Shear – rupture

behavior up to a shear load of 85 kN (Figs. 5 and 6), the USA90,

USHA90 and FWS90 beams strengthened methods with 90-
degree angled strips exhibited an elastic behavior up to a shear
load of 80 kN (Figs. 7 and 8), and the fully confined beams showed
elastic behavior up to a shear load of 123 kN (Figs. 9 and 10). After
these loads the specimens began to lose the elastic behaviors,
although the shear load carrying capacity increased, and the brittle
fractures were observed when the beam specimens reached their
final shear strength. The first concrete cracks at the shear load of
35–45 kN were determined during the test and this change is also
seen in the shear strength-crack opening graph (Figs. 6, 8 and 10).

Fig. 4. Average shear strength changing graph.

3.1. Load-displacement and crack opening behavior

Significant improvements were observed in flexural stiffness

and shear strength of beam specimens strengthened with BFRP
composites compared to control beams. The beams were divided
into 3 groups as 45-degree angled strips, 90-degree angled strips,
and side confinements and full confinements on the surface in
order to make reasonable comparisons between strengthening
methods and to better understand the behaviors. In terms of shear
load - displacement under load and shear load - crack opening, the
US45, USH45 and FWS45 beam specimens strengthened with 45-
degree angled strips with BFRP composites showed an elastic Fig. 5. Shear load – Displacement for the wrapping group with 45° angle.
 A. Saribiyik et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 24 (2021) 192–204
Fig. 6. Shear load – Crack Width for the wrapping group with 45° angle.
Fig. 7. Shear load – Displacement for the wrapping group with 90° angle.
Fig. 8. Shear load – Crack Width for the wrapping group with 90° angle.
3.2. Load-displacement and crack opening
When the maximum shear load- displacement under load val-
ues of the beam specimens were examined, the displacement
under load values decreased in all RC beams compared to the con-
trol beams, except USA90, USHA90, FWS90 and FWCS90 specimens
(Fig. 11).
Among the control beams and strengthened specimens, the lar-
gest under load displacements were observed in the USHA90 and
FWS90 specimens. The smallest displacement was observed in
the USH45 specimen. The control beam has a lower under load dis-
placement of about 3% to 11% lower than the FWS45, US45 and
197
Fig. 9. Shear load – Displacement for SB and Complete Wrapping.
Fig. 10. Shear load – Crack Width for SB and Complete Wrapping.
Fig. 11. Displacement and crack width graph.
SB90/0 beams. As a result, it was found that FWS45, US45 and
SB90/0 specimens achieved maximum shear strength with less dis-
placement and also improvement was observed in flexural stiffness
of beams. Except for the USHA90 and FWS90 specimens, crack
opening values of all the strengthened concrete beams decreased
compared to the control beams. Among the beams, the largest
crack opening was found in the FWS90 specimen and the smallest
crack opening was found in the SB90/0 specimen. It is understood
that fiber confinement in two directions to the beam side surfaces
198 A. Saribiyik et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 24 (2021) 192–204
will contribute positively to the beam behavior. In terms of crack
opening corresponding to the maximum shear load, FWS90 and
USHA90 specimens showed an increase of 62.5% and 12.5% com-
pared to the control beam, while SB90/0, FWS45, USH45, US45,
FWCS90 and USA90 specimens showed a decrease of 75%, 50%,
45%, 35%, 32.5% and 25% respectively. FWS45 and FWS90 speci-
mens had the smallest crack opening among the specimens
strengthened by strip methods.
3.3. Shear load and fracture shapes
Fracture shapes and reinforcement material deformations of
beam specimens were examined in detail. All of the strengthened
specimens failed with shear fracture as designed (Fig. 12). In the
FWS45, FWCS90, FWS90 and USHA90 specimens, fiber was broken
in BFRP composites(Fig. 12b,c,e,i) In the SB90/0, US45, USH45 and
USA90 specimens, the BFRP composites were separated from the
beam side surface by debonding the concrete(Fig. 12d,f,g,h). As
the loading increases in the US45 beams, shear cracks were formed
and the BFRP strips in the shear region were separated from the
concrete surface by tearing the concrete due to the deformation
of the beams (Fig. 12g). Due to the formation of shear cracks in
the USH45 beams, it was observed that the U strips with horizontal
strips were separated from the concrete surface by tearing the con-
crete from the surface starting from the region close to the support
(Fig. 12h). When the FWS45 specimen reached its final strength in
Fig. 12. Failure shapes of specimens.
the beams, the strips on the side shear surfaces were abruptly bro-
ken from the central region of the strip. In addition, in one of the
FWS45 specimens, the concrete cover was cast in the tensile region
and the tensile reinforcement was stripped together with the con-
crete cover (Fig. 12i). In addition, one of the FWS45 beam speci-
mens was examined by removing the concrete cover in the
tensile region and it was observed that the pulling reinforcement
was stripped together with the concrete cover.
In the SB90/0 beam, BFRP wrap was separated by tearing the
concrete from the concrete surface starting from the upper surface
of the beam in the region close to the support due to the formation
of shear cracks as the loading increased during the test, and there
was no stripping of the BFRP wrap in the lower beam region
(Fig. 12d). In FWCS90 beams, no cutting cracks or strip stripping
were observed. But, when the beams reached their final strength,
some of the fibers on the side surfaces were ruptured due to con-
crete cracking/ disintegration and the others were broken and the
shear fracture and sudden shear failure occurred. Shear crack slope
was also observed in increased vertical cracks. Here it is considered
that the stripping of the tension reinforcement was effective
(Fig. 12e).
It was observed that BFRP strips were separated from the con-
crete surface by tearing the concrete due to the formation of shear
cracks and anchor breakage as the loading increased in the USA90
beam (Fig. 12f). In the FWS90 beams, during the test, as the loading
increased, concrete shear crack occurred in the beam shear region
 A. Saribiyik et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 24 (2021) 192–204 199

and BFRP strips were ruptured. The concrete cover of the beams
was examined by removing the concrete cover and it was seen that
the tensile reinforcement had lost adherence and shear cracks
(Fig. 12b). As the anchoring application in the USHA90 specimen
formed a unity, the fibers on the side surfaces ruptured from the
lower draw region of the beam close to the support (Fig. 12c).
4. Theoretical analysis on the shear capacity of RC beams
strengthened by BFRP
4.1. Analytical study
There are many methods studied for shear strengthening with
FRP strips. However, some of these methods have been generally
accepted and entered into regulations. The side bonding, U-
jacketing and wrapping schemes used to increase the shear
strength of rectangular beams are illustrated in Fig. 13. The dimen-
sional variables used in shear strengthening calculations for FRP
strips are illustrated in Fig. 14.
The experimental results are compared with the prediction
models of Chen and Teng [9], Khalifa et al. [41] and the design
equations proposed in FIB-2001 [42], ACI 440.2R-17 [43], TEC-
2018 [44] and British code [45]. The prediction models and the
design equations used in this study were summarized Table 3.
Generally, the nominal shear strength for a RC member exter-
nally strengthened with FRP materials can be determined by
means of adding the contribution of the FRP external shear rein-
forcement to the contributions from the concrete and the reinforc-
ing steel (Eq. (1)). In the case of ACI 440.2R Regulations an
additional reduction factor wf is applied to the contribution of
the FRP system. Where V c and V s are the concrete and internal
reinforcing steel contributions to shear capacity calculated using
the provisions of ACI 318. The additional reduction factor value
wf that is applied in ACI 440.2R regulations should be 0.95 for com-
pletely wrapped members and 0.85 for U Jacketing and two side
bonding cases.
Vn ¼ Vc þ Vs þ Vf ð1Þ
In the American Concrete Institute (ACI 440.2R-17) [43] guide-
line the shear contribution of the FRP shear reinforcement V f is
then given by Eq. (2.1) where the area of FRP external reinforce-
ment Afv and the effective stress in the FRP; stress level attained
at section failure ffe are given by Eq. (2.2) and Eq. (2.3) respectively.
The effective strain level in FRP reinforcement efe value for the fully

Fig. 13. Typical wrapping schemes for shear strengthening of RC beams using FRP strips.

Fig. 14. The dimensional variables used in shear strengthening calculations for FRP strips.
 200
Table 3
The prediction models and the design equations.

Design General expression U jacketing + side bonding Full wrapping Continuous, Strips Comments
guide
qffiffiffiffiffiffi
ACI440.2R- Vf ¼ Afv f fe ðsinaþcosaÞdfv
sf (2.1) efe ¼ kv efu 6 0:004(2.3), efe ¼ 0:004 6 0:75f u (2.4) sf ¼ wf (2.9) 0
V s þ V f < 0:66 f c bw d
17[43] k1 k2 Le

A. Saribiyik et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 24 (2021) 192–204
Afv ¼ 2ntf wf (2.2), kv ¼ 11;900efu 6 0:75 (2.5),
f fe ¼ efe Ef (2.3) Le ¼ 23;300
(2.6),
ðnf tf Ef Þ0:;58

0 2=3
fc
k1 ¼ 27 (2.7),
( dfv -Le
forðUÞ
dfv
k2 ¼ dfv -2Le (2.8)
forðSBÞ
dfv
8  2=3 0:56  0:30
FIB-TG 9.3 V fd ¼ 0:9efd;e Efu qf bw dðcoth >
> 0 0 2=3 sin a
qf ¼ 2tf (3.4) Efu ðGPaÞ
> f
< 0:65 Efuc qf  103 ; ef d;e ¼ 0:17 fc
 efu (3.3)
b w


[42] þcotaÞsina(3.1) Efu qf
efd;e ¼ min  2=3 0:30 (3.2) qf ¼ 2 bw bsff (3.5)
tf
>
> 0
>
: 0:17 Efuc q
f
efu
f

TEC-18 Vf ¼ 2nf tf wf Ef ef d
Sf (4.1) – efe 6 0:004(4.2) sf ¼ w f This regulation does not count the fiber angel
[44] efe 6 0:5efu (4.3) direction nor the side bonding configurations
hfrp;e ðcothþcotaÞsina
( ) rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Chen and V f ¼ 2f frp;e tf wf (5.1)
hfrp;e hfrp;e ¼ Zb  Zt Zt ¼dfrp;t Zb For fiber debonding conditions; Efrp t f
sf Lmax ¼min sina U jacketing 8 9 k ¼ Lmax
Le ; Le ¼
p ffiffiffiffi
0
ffi
Teng [9] hfrp;e ¼ 0:9 d  ðh  dfrp Þ < f frp = f c
f frp;e ¼ Dfrp rfrp;max sina side bonding
rfrp;max ¼ min
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffi (5.2) rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi n o
: 0:315bW bL Efrp f c
; 2w =ðs sin aÞ
tf bW ¼ 1þwff =ðsff sin aÞ,bL ¼ sin1k1 pkk<1
2

For fiber rupture conditions;

8 9
< 0:8f frp f frp 6 emax =
rfrp;max ¼ min Efrp
: 0:8f Efrp f frp > emax ;
frp Efrp
(5.3)



Khalifa Vf ¼ Af f fe ðsinasfþcosaÞdf (6.1) qf ¼ 2 btwf wf
sf (6.2) – sf ¼ wf when fibers are continuous R value should be taken as the smallest limit
et al. sf and wf can should be determind as between the following:
f fe ¼ Rf fu wfe ¼ df  Le (U-jacketing) (6.3)
2

[41] Fig. 14 shows (when fibers are in the
wfe ¼ df  2Le ðside bondingÞ (6.4) R1 ¼ 0:5622 qf Ef  1:2188 qf Ef þ 0:778
shape of stirps)
L ¼ e6:1340:58lnðtf Ef Þ
e
(6.5)
0:0042ðF 0 c Þ
2=3
w
R2 ¼ 0:58
fe
. (6.6)
ðEf tf Þ efu df
R2 This approach isn’t suitable for full
wrapping applications. R3 ¼ 0:5
qffiffiffiffiffiffi
TR55 [53] ðdf v 3nlt;max Þ n ¼ 1forUjacketingn ¼ 2forsidebonding n = 0 for a fully wrapped sf ¼ 1forcontinuesfiber E t
Vf ¼ Ef efe Af sf ðsina þ cosaÞ(7.1) lt;max ¼ 0:7 f f f (7.2)
elements 8 ctm efd
>
< 2qffiffiffiffiffiffi
efe ¼ min 0:64 Ef ctmt (7.3)
>
: f f
0:004

d: effective depth for RC beams; h: angle of diagonal crack with respect to the member axis; a: angle between the principal fiber orientation and the longitudinal axis of the member; n: number of FRP sheets/strips layers; d_f:
effective depth of the FRP strengthening, measured from the top of the FRP to the tension reinforcement; f_c^’: concrete cylinder compressive strength; L_e: active bond length for FRP composite; D_FRP: stress (or strain)
distribution factor.
 A. Saribiyik et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 24 (2021) 192–204
covered (wrapped) elements should be equal to the accepted limit
‘‘0.00400 which it indicated by Eq. (2.4), for the U jacketing and two
side bonding cases its limit should not exceed the accepted limit
”0.00400 which it indicated by Eq. (2.3). The bond-reduction coeffi-
cient (ky) can be computed from Eq. (2.5) through (2.8). It is also
should be noted that in the cases of continues fiber wrapping the
value of FRP spacing Sf should be equal to the value of the Fiber
width Wf as it is shown in Eq. (2.9).
In the Provisions of fib-TG 9.3 (2001) [42] on shear strengthen-
ing of RC beams the shear capacity of the strengthened element
can be calculated as it shown in Eq. (3.1). The design value of effec-
tive FRP strain efd,e for FRP fully wrapped configurations can be cal-
culated as it shown in Eq. (3.3), also for Side or U-shaped FRP
jackets configurations can be calculated as it shown in Eq. (3.2).
The FRP reinforcement ratio qf for continuously bonded shear rein-
forcement of thickness tf can be computed as it’s shown in Eq. (3.4),
For FRP reinforcement in the form of strips or sheets of width bw at
spacing Sf the previous value can be computed by Eq. (3.5). It is also
should be noted that the elastic modulus of the FRP in the principal
fiber orientation (Efu) in GPa.
In the TEC-18 (Earthquake Building Code) [44], the shear contri-
bution of the FRP shear reinforcement Vf is then given by Eq. (4.1),
where nf is the number of FRP winding layers on a single concrete
surface, t f Effective thickness of FRP layer, wf Width of FRP strip, Ef
FRP Elasticity modulus, ef effective unit elongation limit, d element
useful height, sf is the FRP ranges of strips from Axis to Axis. As the
same as ACI 440, in the cases of continues fiber wrapping the value
of FRP spacing Sf should be equal to the value of the Fiber width Wf.
The effective unit elongation ef value should be taken as the small-
est of the values determined by Equation (4.2) and Equation (4.3).
It should be noted that this in regulations the only accepted wrap-
ping technique is the full wrapping technique. Also, it does not take
into account the direction of the fiber angle (fiber direction always

assumed as 90 ).
In the model of Chen and Teng [9] The FRP shear strengthening
contribution to the RC member shear strength can be expressed as
it’s shown in Eq. (5.1). in this model the shear capacity evaluation
is computed according to two failure modes: fibers rupture and
fibers debonding as it is shown by Eqs. (5.2) and (5.3). when side
bonding configurations the failure mode should be applied in the
calculations, when fully (complete) wrapped configurations (in
the form of strips or continues fiber) rupture failure mode should
be applied in the calculations, whereas, for U jacketing applica-
tions, the FRP shear capacity should be evaluated according to both
modes and the smallest value between the two failure modes has
to be used in calculations. It is recommended to useemax = 1.5% if
other specific recommendations are not available. Fig. 15 shows
Notation for general shear strengthening scheme.
As it is known, the studies of Khalifa et al. [41] are the corner-
stone and the key to the studies of the American concrete Institute
(ACI 440) guideline. In the model of Khalifa et al., the shear contri-
bution of the FRP shear reinforcement V f is then given by Eq. (6.1).
The difference between Khalifa et al. study and ACI 440 is the way
Fig. 15. Notation for general shear strengthening scheme.
201
that they define the effective stress in the FRP f fe which is deter-
mined by using stress reduction factor R (Reduction Factor). They
provided three requirements for the value of the reduction factor
R. The first limit on the FRP sheet rupture takes the form of a poly-
nomial equation as it is shown in Eq. (6.5) with Eq. (6.2). The sec-
ond limit comes from bonding mechanism between FRP sheet/
strips and the concrete surface, this limit can be determined as it
is shown in Eq. (6.6) with Eqs. (6.3) and (6.4). By experience and
common practice, the last limit of the reduction factor is taken as
0.5. The reduction factor value R should be taken as the lowest
result among the three limits
The TR55 code (via British Concrete Society) [53] presents a
design and construction regulations on strengthening RC members
with FRP composites. The FRP reinforcement contribution to shear
can be determined with Eq. (7.1). Where efe is effective strain of
FRP, Af is the area of the FRP reinforcement, df v is the effective
depth of the FRP reinforcement measured from the compression
zone of the beam to the tensile reinforcement and Ef is the elastic-
ity modulus of the FRP composite. The n factor value should be
taken as 0 for fully wrapped elements, 1.0 for U jacketing configu-
rations and 2.0 when side bonding. The anchorage length required
to develop full anchorage capacity lt;max can be computed as it is
shown in Eq. (7.2). The effective strain in FRP reinforcement efe
should be computed by Eq. (7.3) and its value should be taken as
the minimum between the three limits, where the efd is the design
ultimate strain capacity of the FRP reinforcement and f ctm is the
tensile strength of the concrete.
4.2. Analytical results
The shear strength of the control beams was subtracted from
the shear strength of the beams strengthened with BFRP compos-
ites and the contribution of BFRP to shear was found (Vf; test ).
Experimental and analytical results for shear strength of RC beams
are presented in Table 4.
The proposed equations for full wrapping were used in the
shear strengthening calculation of USHA90 and USH45 specimens,
since any equation wasn’t recommended to calculate the strength-
ening configurations of these specimens in the estimation models
and the design equations (Except for Turkish Code since it only rec-
ognize full wrapping configuration). Therefore, analytical calcula-
tions of the beams (USHA90, USH45) strengthened for shear
strength by additional application of BFRP strip ends (such as strip
and anchor) were calculated by assuming as full wrapping method.
In Turkey guideline a calculation method is also not recommended
for U-wrapping and the side confinement (side bonding) methods.
The Experiment/analytical (Exp./pred.) ratio was presented in
Fig. 16 for comparison of FRP shear contribution between experi-
mental and predictions results from design guidelines and models.
The shear strength of USA90 and US45 beams (90-degree
anchor U confinement and 45°U confinement methods) was most
closely predicted by Fib-TG 9.3 regulation, the shear strength of
FWS90 beams (90-degree full confinement strip method) and
202 A. Saribiyik et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 24 (2021) 192–204

Table 4
Experimental and analytical results.

Specimens Test results Analytical Results

in Failure Shear Force V f ;test ACI 318 ACI 440-2R FIB-TG 9.3 TR55 TEC-18 Chen and Khalifa et al.
Teng
(KN) (KN) Vc þ Vf Vf;pred V f ;test Vf;pred V f ;test Vf;pred V f ;test Vf;pred V f ;test Vf;pred V f ;test Vf;pred V f ;test
V f ;pred V f ;pred V f ;pred V f ;pred V f ;pred V f ;pred

Control 58.7 – 62.5 – – – – – –

USA90 83.9 25.2 62.5 6.5 3.88 20.1 1.25 9.8 2.57 – – 5.9 4.27 6 4.20
USHA90 89.4 30.7 62.5 13.2 2.33 61.9 0.50 13.15 2.33 – – 17.8 1.72 57.6 0.53
US45 94.5 35.8 62.5 7.3 4.90 25.8 1.39 11.1 3.23 – – 6.35 5.64 6.85 5.23
FWS90 98.1 39.4 62.5 13.2 2.98 61.9 0.64 13.15 3.00 13.15 3.00 17.8 2.21 57.6 0.68
USH45 101.2 42.5 62.5 14.9 2.85 75 0.57 14.9 2.85 – – 20.1 2.11 65.2 0.65
SB90/0 101.6 42.9 62.5 7.8 5.50 34.2 1.25 31.4 1.37 – 14.9 2.88 4.32 9.93
FWS45 110.9 52.2 62.5 14.9 3.50 75 0.70 14.9 3.50 10.5 4.97 20.1 2.60 65.2 0.80
FWCS90 117.6 66.5 62.5 21.9 2.69 88.5 0.67 21.9 2.69 21.9 2.69 29.6 1.99 95.9 0.69

Fig. 16. Comparison of BFRP shear contribution between experimental and prediction results.

FS45 beams (45-degree full confinement strip method) were most
closely predicted by the model of Khalifa et al, the shear strength of
SB90/0 beams (double layer 90/0°side confinement method) was
most closely predicted by Fib-TG 9.3 and TR55 codes, and the shear
strength of FWCS90 beam (90-degree full confinement continuous
fabric) was most closely predicted by Fib-TG 9.3 and the model of
Khalifa et al. According to the experimental results, the contribu-
tion of BFRP composite to shear strengthening is 3 to 5.5 times
lower in the ACI 440 guideline predictions. Therefore, ACI 440 pro-
vides a conservative estimate of the V f . The shear strength contri-
bution of the BFRP composite calculated in accordance with the fib-
TG 9.3 yielded generally close results. However, according to the
tests results, the shear strengthening contribution in the case of
full confinement continuous sheets and strips was higher. With
the calculation model of Chen and Teng, in general the contribution
of BFRP composite to shear strengthening was close in the most
cases especially in full confinement continuous sheets technique
and 90°U strips with side bonding horizontal continuous strip
technique, never the less it also can be considered as a conservative
results, but it yielded 4 to 6 times lower results in the case of U
jacketing confinement. The V f calculation model by Khalifa et al.,
on the other hand, yielded closer but higher results in all confine-
ment conditions but yielded 4 to 10 times lower results than other
confinement methods. With the V f calculation model of TR55 code,
the contribution of BFRP composites to shear in the case of side
confinement continuous sheets generally yielded better and closer
results. However, it yielded 2.5 to 3.5 times lower results than
other confinement methods. In the TEC guidelines, the analytic
results for the contribution of BFRP composite to shear strengthen-
ing is 2.5 to 5 times lower than the experimental results, which is
considered as a conservative results too.
5. Conclusions and suggestions
In this study, an experimental research was performed on
strengthening RC beams produced with low strength concrete
which are frequently encountered in Turkey’s existing building
stock. The shear strength, deflection capacities, shear crack open-
ing values and shear deformations were examined in the beams
strengthened with BFRP strips. In addition, the contribution of
BFRP strips used in strengthening to shear was investigated as ana-
lytical study. According to the results obtained;
1. The shear strengths of all specimens strengthened with BFRP
composites increased significantly compared to control beam
specimens. This increase was 100% in FWCS90 beam, 89% in
FWS45 beam, 73% in SB90/0 beam, 72% in USH45 beam, 67%
in FWS90 beam, 61% in US45 beam, 52% in USHA90 beam and
43% in USA90 beam.
 A. Saribiyik et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 24 (2021) 192–204
2. In full confinement methods the fibers studied at full capacity.
In other methods, the basalt fibers were not ruptured and were
debonded from the beam surface by tearing the BFRP composite
concrete surface. It was found that USH45 specimen had 7%
higher shear capacity than US45 specimen. The additional hor-
izontal strip prevented the debonding of the strip fibers from
the concrete surface to some extent.
3. The bonding of BFRP strips perpendicular to the shear crack
direction increased the shear strength the RC beams.
4. BFRP strips were rupture in strengthening with U-wrapping
strips with anchors and full wrapping strips. But U-wrapping
strips with anchors was not as effective as the full winding
method. This was because the anchor did not evenly distribute
the stress to the strips.
5. Flexural stiffness and initial crack strengths of RC beams
strengthened in shear with BFPR composites have increased. It
also reduced crack opening at maximum shear load. The dis-
placements of RC beam vary according to the strengthening
forms.
6. When analytical model results are examined, in terms of codes
and regulations, the shear strength contribution of the BFRP
composite calculated in accordance with the FIB-TG 9.3 regula-
tion yielded generally close results. However, according to the
tests results, the shear strength contribution in the case of full
confinement with continuous wraps and strips was higher.
7. In the model studies, With the Chen-Teng model, the contribu-
tion of BFRP composites to shear in general in full confinement
and side confinement with continuous wraps and strips was
generally better and closer and yielded 2 times lower results
in the case of U-shaped confinement.
8. Displacement values corresponding to shear strength decreased
compared to control beams and beam flexural stiffness
increased in all RC beams strengthened by BFPR composites.
9. It is understood that BFRP composites are a promising alterna-
tive material for RC beams shear strengthening. It is advanta-
geous to apply head strips and anchor on the U-shaped
wrapping and side wrapping methods since the application of
full winding methods to strengthened T beams will be really
difficult and laborious in structural terms.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
The experimental part of this study was carried out within the
scope of the project supported by the Scientific Research Project of
Sakarya University of Applied Sciences (Project title: ‘‘Repair and
Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams by Basalt Fiber
Fabrics” Project number: 2017-50-01-064. We express our grati-
tude for the support he has given to our institution.
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