;kfjse^ozr^1

B"thA iwks bJh

;?ANob p'ov nk| ;?ezvoh n?i{e/PB

gqhs ftjko, fd~bh^110092
SAHITAK RANG-1 (For Class IX)

gfjbh tko ^ 2015

w[Zb L 00$^ o[gJ/

XzBtkd
n;hA T[jBK ;ko/ b/yeK d/ fdb'A XzBtkdh jK fiBQK B/ nkgDhnK ouBktK fJ; g[;se ftZu Pkwb eoB bJh nkfrnk fdZsh.

© ;?ANob p'ov nk| ;?ezvoh n?i{e/PB, fdZbh^110092

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;?eo/Noh, ;?ANob p'ov nk| ;?ezvoh n?i{e/PB, fdZbh^110092

This book or part there of may not be reproduced by any person of agency in any manner.
 w[~y Ppd
g[;se ‘;kfjse^ozr’ ;?ANob p'ov nk| ;?ezvoh n?i{e/PB d/ T[~dw Bkb, ;hBhno
;?ezvoh iwks d/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ gkm^eqw bJh fsnko eotkJh rJh j?. fJ; g[;se
dk w[Zy we;d toswkB gfog/y ƒ fXnkB ftu oZyfdnK j'fJnK ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ
ihtB s/ ;wki d/ pdbd/ :EkoE s'A ikD{ eotkT[Dk j?. ni'e/ ;wki ftZu pVh s/Ih
Bkb spdhbhnK tkgo ojhnK jB. fJ; bJh fJ; g[;se ftZu w[ZYb/ gzikph b/yeK
d/ Bkb^Bkb Bt/A b/yeK dhnK gqshfBX ouBktK th Pkwb ehshnK rJhnK jB. fJBQK
’u gzikph ;wki^;ZfGnkuko dh j{^p^j{ s;tho T[Godh j?. gzikph d[BhnK Go ftZu
c?b/ j'J/ jB. T[j nkgD/ BIohJ/ s'A pdbd/ gzikph tosko/ ƒ fBjko e/ ouBk ou
oj/ jB. fJ; g[;se dhnK ouBktK ftu T[BQK dh fuzsk ;k| Mbedh j?. ftP/
tzB^;[tzBsk Gog{o jB. fJBQK ftZu Bkoh, d/P Grsh, ;ZfGnkuko, ftfrnkB, whvhnk
nkfd ftfPnK ƒ fPZds Bkb g/P ehsk frnk j?. ;kvh g[oI'o e'fPP ojh fe n;hA
frnkB s/ wB'oziB Gog{o ;kwZroh nkgD/ ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ go';hJ/. fJ; bJh nfijk
ezw fJZe Nhw fpBk BjhA j' ;edk. \[Pfe;wsh Bkb w/oh g{oh Nhw jh pj[s fwjBsh
j?. fJ; B/ fdB^oks fJZe eoe/ fJ; nekdfwe ezw ƒ f;o/ uVQkfJnk j?. fJ; ;zrqfj
ƒ jo soQK Bkb gqshfBX pBkT[D bJh fiBQK p[ZXhihthnK B/ ;fj:'r fdZsk j?, n;hA
T[BQK d/ XzBtkdh jK.
w?A T[BQK ;ko/ gzikph wkfjoK dk XzBtkd eodh jK fiBQK B/ fJ; g[;se ƒ fsnko
eoB ftZu ;kvh ;jkfJsk ehsh j?. w?A vkH ;kXBk gokPo, gqw[Zy (nekdfwe f;ybkJh,
BthA ekY s/ y'i, ;?ANob p'ov nk| ;?ezvoh n?i{e/PB) ns/ ;qh nb fjbkb nfjwd,
i[nkfJzN vkfJo?eNo, (GkPktK), ;?ANob p'ov nk| ;?ezvoh n?i{e/PB, fdZbh dh
XzBtkdh jK, fiBQK dh gq/oBk ns/ ;jh fBod/PB Bkb n;hA fJ; g[;se ƒ fsnko eoB
ftZu ;cb j'J/ jK. w?ƒ Go';k j? fe fJ; GkPk ƒ gVQB tkfbnK ƒ fJ; dk Gog{o
bkG j't/rk.
g[;se d/ ;[Xko tk;s/ nfXnkgeK ns/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;[MktK s/ gqshfeqnktK
dk ;[nkrs j?.

vkH ;spho p/dh

(u/nogo;B)
;kfjse^ozr^1

;hHphHn?Z;HJhH ;bkjeko ew/Nh L

vkH ;spho p/dh
u/nogo;B, ;hHphHn?~;HJhH, fdZbh
vkH ;kXBk gqkPo
vkfJo?eNo (nekdfwe f;ybkJh, BthA ekY s/ y'i) ;hHphHn?~;HJhH, fdZbh

;zgkdeh wzvb L
vkH gowihs e"o — nf;;N?AN gq'c?;o, r[o{ BkBe ykb;k ekbi, d/t Bro, BthA fdZbh
gqekP f;zx fr~b — ghHihHNhH, r[o{ jfofeqPB gpfbe ;e{b, b'Bh o'v, Pkjdok, fdZbh
XzBk okw — ghHihHNhH, r"ofwzN ;ot'fdnk pkb ftfdnkbk, nP'e Bro, BthA fdZbh
sfozdo e"o — NhHihHNhH, r[o{ jfofeqPB gpfbe ;e{b, t;zs ftjko, BthA fdZbh
;[Bhb e[wko p/dh — NhHihHNhH, n?;He/HthH, e/Pt g[ow, BthA fdZbh

yoVk ohftT{eko L
vkH fgqEth oki Ekgo — nf;;N?AN gq'c?;o, fdnkb f;zx (JhH) ekbi, b'Xh o'v, BthA fdZbh
vkH gowihs f;zx — nf;;N?AN gq'c?;o, g';N ro?i{J/N ;oekoh ekbi, ;?eNo^11, uzvhrVQ
shoE f;zx uzdh — NhHihHNhH, nko gh th th, f;ftb bkJhB, fdZbh
;oBihs e"o — NhHihHNhH, ;qh r[o{ s/r pjkdo \kb;k p[nkJ/I ;hBhno ;?ezvoh ;e{b, d/t Bro, BthA fdZbh
i;ftzdo e"o — ghHihHNhH, r[o{ jfofeqPB gpfbe ;e{b, fJzvhnk r/N, BthA fdZbh

gqki?eN^n|;o L
;qh nb fjbkb nfjwd — i[nkfJzN vkfJo?eNo (GkPktK), ;hHphHn?~;HJhH, fdZbh
 Hkkjr dk lafo/kku
mís f 'kdk
ge Hkkjr ds yksx] Hkkjr dks ,d 1 ¼lEiw.kZ izHkqRo&laiUu lektoknh iaFkfujis{k yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT;½ cukus ds fy,] rFkk mlds
leLr ukxfjdksa dks %
lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd U;k;]
fopkj] vfHkO;fDr] fo'okl] /keZ
vkSj mikluk dh Lora=krk]
izfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lerk
izkIr djus ds fy,]
rFkk mu lc esa
O;fDr dh xfjek vkSj 2 ¼jk"Vª dh ,drk
vkSj v[k.Mrk½ lqfuf'pr djus okyh ca/kqrk c<+kus ds fy,
n`<+ladYi gksdj viuh bl lafo/kku lHkk esa vkt rkjh[k 26 uoEcj] 1949 bZ0 dks ,rn~}kjk bl lafo/kku dks vaxhd`r]
vf/kfu;fer vkSj vkRekfiZr djrs gSaA
1- lafo/kku ¼C;kyhloka la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1976 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk ¼3-1-1977 ls½ ^^izHkqRo&laiUu yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT;** ds
LFkku ij izfrLFkkfirA
2- lafo/kku ¼C;kyhloka la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1976 dh /kkjk 2 }kjk ¼3-1-1977 ls½ ^^jk"Vª dh ,drk** ds LFkku ij izfrLFkkfirA

Hkkx 4 d
ewy dÙkZO;
51 d- ewy dÙkZO;&&Hkkjr ds izR;sd ukxfjd dk ;g dÙkZO; gksxk fd og&&
¼d½ lafo/kku dk ikyu djs vkSj mlds vkn'kksZa] laLFkkvksa] jk"Vª /ot vkSj jk"Vª xku dk vknj djs]
¼[k½ Lora=krk ds fy, gekjs jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dks izsfjr djus okys mPPk vkn'kksZa dks ân; esa latks, j[ksa vkSj mudk ikyu djsa]
¼x½ Hkkjr dh izHkqrk] ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dh j{kk djsa vkSj mls v{kq..k j[ksa]
¼?k½ ns'k dh j{kk djsa vkSj vkg~oku fd, tkus ij jk"Vª dh lsok djsa]
¼M½ Hkkjr ds lHkh yksxksa esa lejlrk vkSj leku Hkzkr`Ro dh Hkkouk dk fuekZ.k djs tks /keZ] Hkk"kk vkSj izns'k ;k oxZ ij
vk/kkfjr lHkh HksnHkko ls ijs gksa] ,slh izFkkvksa dk R;kx djs tks fL=k;ksa ds lEeku ds fo:) gSa]
¼p½ gekjh lkekfld laLd`fr dh xkSjo'kkyh ijaijk dk egRo le>s vkSj mldk ijh{k.k djs(
¼N½ izkd`frd i;kZoj.k dh ftlds varxZr ou] >hy] unh vkSj oU; thou gSa] j{kk djsa vkSj mldk lao/kZu djsa rFkk izk.kh
ek=k ds izfr n;k Hkko j[ksa
¼t½ oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k] ekuookn] vkSj KkuktZu rFkk lq/kkj dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djsa]
¼>½ lkoZtfud laifÙk dks lqjf{kr j[ksa vkSj fgalk ls nwj jgsa]
¼×½ O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd xfrfof/k;ksa ls lHkh {ks=kksa esa mRd"kZ dh vksj c<+us dk lrr~ iz;kl djsa ftlls jk"Vª fujarj
c<+rs gq, iz;Ru vkSj miyfC/k dh ubZ ÅpkbZ;ksa dks Nw ys(
¼V½ ;fn ekrk&firk ;k lja{kd gS] Ng o"kZ ls pkSng o"kZ rd dh vk;q okys vius] ;FkkfLFkfr] ckyd ;k izfrikY; ds fy;s
f'k{kk ds volj iznku djsA
1- lafo/kku ¼N;klhoka la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 2002 dh
/kkjk 4 }kjk ¼12-12-2002½ ls var% LFkkfirA
 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PREAMBLE
WE, THE POEPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a1 (SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST
SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC) and to secure to all its citizenes :
JUSTICE, social economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, experssion, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the2 [unity and integrity of the Nation];
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixty day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT,
ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

1. Subs by the Consitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976, sec. 2, for "Sovereign Democratic Republic (w.e.f. 3.1.1977)
2. Subs by the Consitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976, sec. 2, for "unity of the Nation (w.e.f. 3.1.1977)

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Chapter IVA
Fundamental Duties
ARTICLE 51A
Fundamental Duties—It shall be the duty of every citizen of India—
(a) to abide the Consititution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National
Anthem ;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom ;
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
(e) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending
religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities ; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity
of women ;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wild life and to have
compassion for living creature ;
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
(j) to strive towards excellence in all shperes of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly
rises to higher levles of endeavour and achievement.
1
(k) Who is a parent or gaurdian to provide apportunities for aducation to his/her child or, as the case may be,
ward between age of six and forteen years.
1. Ins. by the constitution (Eighty-Sixth Amendment)
Act. 2002 A.4 (w.e.f. 12.12.2002)
 sseok

w[Zy Ppd L vkH ;spho p/dh 5

1H ;zs'y f;zx Xho 9

fJZe ;XkoB nkdwh (ejkDh)

2H pzs f;zx uZmk

gqd/; Bk sz{ s'ohA pkpbk (ejkDh) 19

3H vkH dbhg e"o fNtkDk

;shnK ;/Jh (ejkDh) 26

4H pfuzs e"o
d[ZX s/ g[Zs (ejkDh) 34

5H vkH jouoB f;zx

feos dk ;fseko (fJeKrh) 40

6H r[ofdnkb f;zx
eoskok e"seh (fJeKrh) 50

7H vkH jopz; f;zx uktbk

eosko f;zx ;okGk (ihtBh) 60
8H ;[Bhb e[wko p/dh
g[bkV dh goh ^ ebgBk uktbk (ihtBh) 67

9H ;toB f;zx
wdB bkb YhArok (ihtBh) 75

10H vkH fgqEth oki Ekgo

wbNh^whvhnk (b/y) 84
 fJe ;XkoB nkdwh
;zs'y f;zx Xho

P\;hns s/ ouBk
;zs'y f;zx Xho dk iBw 2 d;zpo, 1920 ƒ ;ojzd
B/V/, nkgD/ BkBe/ xo, p;h gmkDK fty/ j'fJnk.
T[BQK dk gkbD^g';D BkBfenK s'A E'VQh d{o, nkgD/
dkde/ fgzv vvj/Vh fty/ j'fJnk.
;zs'y f;zx Xho gzikph d/ f;ow"o b/ye ;B.
eftsk, Bktb, b/y, ;|oBkwk s/ ;t?^ihtBh brGr
jo ftXk ftZu T[BQK B/ nkgDh ebw ubkJh j?.
;zs'y f;zx Xho ƒ ;kfjs nekdwh fJBkw, ;'thns d/P Bfjo{ fJBkw,
e?B/vk ns/ gzikph ;kfjs nekdwh, :{He/H (bzvB) fij/ uofus fJBkwK Bkb
;BwkBs ehsk frnk. nkg 1994 s'A gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh gfNnkbk d/ nkihtB
|?b' oj/.

fJe ;XkoB nkdwh n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

v"o^G"o LxpokfJnk,
gzikj toQ/ dh T[wo ftu ihT{D/ B/ e[Zs/ d/ th ;'Nh BjhA ;h wkoh p/u?B
ed/, go nZi nukBe T[; d/ jZE'A nkdwh esb j' frnk. j[D T[j v"o^G"o v?Apfonk Le[M th
;wM Bk
;h. xkpfonk s/ v?Apfonk.
nkT[Dk
ft;ky dk wjhBk ;h. eDeK tZYhnK rJhnK ;B. ewkdK ƒ s/ rzfYnK ewkdK LrzB/ d/ y/s
ƒ gkDh d/D d/ fdB ;B. sVe/ d' iK fszB ti/ ihT{D/ B/ pbd y'bQ/ s/ jh;K f;zMD LgkDh d/Dk
tkb/ y{j T[s/ ewkd f;zMD nk frnk. nZi T[BQK dh tkoh ;h. Bkb T[; dk BZe/ SZvD LgkDh w'VBk
S'Nk GkJh puB f;zx th nkfJnk ;h. BZe/ SZvD tk;s/.
y{j fBnkJhA ftu ;h. fgzv dh fcoBh Bkb jh. y{j s'A E'VQh d{o jh,

9
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE e'Jh ;" e[ rI d/ |oe Bkb, nekbhnK dk xo ;h s/ ;Zdk f;zx nekbh i'
nVp LfIZdh
y{j dk fjZ;/dko ;h s/ wzfBnk j'fJnk nVp th, nkgD/ xo d/ ftjV/ ftu
i'VB LubkT[D
vzroK bkr/ fgnk ;h. T[; dk efjDk fJj ;h fe nZi T[BQK dh tkoh j?. ihT{D/
ykb Ly/s ’u
pDkJh gkDh j'ohA y{j Bk i'VB. i/ T[j c/o th i'VBr/ sK T[j nk e/ o'e/rk.
dh Bkbh ihT{Dk y{j i'VB bZrk. puB f;zx ejh Bkb ykb ;[nkoB bZr fgnk.
ftVe LnktkI E'VQk^E'VQk d'jK ƒ jh ;Zdk f;zx dk PZe ;h fe T[j o'eD nkt/rk. go T[j
fgzvk L;oho d't/A u[Zg ;B.
S/V S/V/rk LPokos
fNeh, ;[zBh oks ;h. ;Zdk f;zx dk ezB th ;wM' y{j tZb bZrk j'fJnk
eo/rk
nZyV LwB woIh ;h. jh;K tkb/ y{j T[s/ id y{j i[VB dh ftVe j'Jh sK ;Zdk f;zx ikr fgnk
eoB tkbk s/ wzi/ T[s'A T[m e/ T[j y{j tZb ƒ s[o fgnk. T[; dk fgzvk Bzrk ;h. f;o
Bo'nk Lskesto s/ g?o th Bzr/ ;B. f;o| fuZNh eZS jh T[; B/ s/V gfjBh j'Jh ;h.
ftZY L;oho dk uzB^ukBDh oks ;h. g{oBwkPh bzfxnK ni/ fszB fe uko fdB j'J/ ;B.
c?bkn
ihT{D/ j'oK B/ d/fynk fe ;Zdk f;zx nk fojk j?. PZe sK ;h jh T[BQK ƒ.
pkjmK L62 dk
nKeVk T[j ;ktXkB fij/ j' rJ/ s/ Bkb/ e[M^e[M ezpD bZr/. T[BQK ƒ gfjbK jh gsk
e"V Le"V/ (nVp) ;h fe nZi T[j S/V S/V/rk.
;[Gkt tkbk ihT{D/ j'ohA Bow ;B. ;Zdk f;zx nZyV. ;oho dk th ;Zdk f;zx Bo'nk
o/p LGhVh
ns/ seVk ;h. bzwk eZd, y[ZbQk ftZY, gfjbtkBK tork i[Z;k. ed/, fe;/ IwkB/
nZr dh Bkb Lpj[s s/I
ftu, T[j gfjbtkB th fojk ;h. Gkt/A j[D T[j pZ[Yk ;h—;ZmK pkjmK tfoQnK
d/j L;oho
fjzv LfIZd
dk—go Sksh j[D th u"Vh s/ v"b/ wZShnK tkb/ ;B. gZNK T[s/ SZbhnK s/
gfjo/ L;w/A fgziDhnK wIp{s ;B. fujok Gydk bkb ;h. tZv/^tZv/ jZE s/ g?o.
j[s Lp'b ikt/ d/yD ftZu ;Zdk f;zx Poh| BIo nkT[Adk ;h. e"V iK bVkek BjhA.
o/p eZS gkT[Adk s/ f;o T[s/ S'Nh fijh ghbh gZr pzBQdk jz[dk. fit/A rzqEh j[zdk
j?. r[Nek th T[j gVQdk ofjzdk. fJ; eoe/ b'e T[; ƒ “GkJh ih” th efjzd/
;B. go ikDB tkb/ efjzd/ ;B fe T[; ftu pj[s r[Z;k ;h s/ fBoh nZr dh
Bkb ;h. jwhA th ;h T[jd/ ftu. T[; ƒ nkgDh skes dk s/ d/j dk pj[s
wkD ;h. fiE/ th nV iKdk ;h, nkgDh fjzv g[rkT[Adk ;h. Gkt/A nkgDh
}bsh j[zdh.
j[D sK c/o th xZN ;h, i[nkBh gfjo/ pj[s ;h. id'A ukj/, fi; dk woIh,
y{j S[vtk fdzdk ;h. i[V/ pbd y[bQtk fdzdk. fe;/ dh skes BjhA ;h fe T[;
d/ ;kjwD/ j[s eo ikt/. ;ko/ T[; s'A vod/ ;B.
fezBh tkoh ihT{D/ dk jh T[; B/ y{j S[vtkfJnk ;h s/ i[V/ pbd y[bQkJ/

10
;B. ihT{Dk vo e/ u[Zg eo iKdk. e'Jh n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
SZgk LdfjPs
th p'bdk BjhA ;h. ;Zdk f;zx dk fJe soQK
j/u Ls[S
Bkb SZgk p?fmnk j'fJnk ;h.
sVQh Lo'jp
;Zdk f;zx ƒ nkT[Adk d/y puB f;zx
E'vh Ls[jkvh
th ykb SZ v e/ y{ j T[ s / nk BkY{ Lu"Xoh
frnk ;h. ejh T[; d/ e'b ;h. d't/A th jZeD Ls'oB
T[ j ;Z d k f;z x d/ ;kjwD/ ;wM' fNuekoh Lpbd s'oB
j/u ;B. bJh
ntkI eZYDh
;Zdk f;zx s[odk^s[odk y{j d/ B/V/ nk
Sksh skD L;hBk skD
frnk s/ nkT[Adk jh T[j nkyD bZrk L YkeK Lewo
“y{j Bk ubkfJU pJh `” T[; dk p'b vKNtK s/ sVQh Bkb Gfonk j'fJnk ;h. w{johnK Lgj[zu/
“feT[A Bk ubkJhJ/ y{j HHH<” ihT{D/ j'ohA nkyD bZr/. vo ns/ xpokjN vZe Lo'e
Bkb T[j XZe^XZe eo oj/ ;B. p"bd Lpbd

“p;, w?A E'ƒ efj ’sk. y{j Bk ubkfJU nZi. nZi ;kvh tkoh n?.”
“E'vh pkoh feE/ j? ` nZi ;kvh pkoh n? `”
“p;, w?A E'ƒ efj ’sk. y{j Bk ubkfJU.”
“nk frnk fJj BkY{ yK HHH” ihT{D/ j'ohA p[Vp[VkJ/.
pbd i[V/ yVQ/ ;B. sd/ pbd jZeD bJh ihT{D/ B/ fNuekoh wkoh.
;Zdk f;zx T[;/ ;w/A pbdK nZr/ nk frnk s/ Sksh skD yb' frnk L “ubkU
fet/A ubkT[B/ UA `” T[; B/ okj o'e fbnk.
;Zdk f;zx, nkokw Bkb, YkeK T[s/ jZE oZyhA, pbdK nZr/ yVQk ;h. T[;
dk g/N tfXnk s/ r'v/ sD/ j'J/ ;B i' o/p eZS dhnK w{johnK EZb/ T[; ƒ
u[Zeh yVQ/ ;B. f;o E'VQk rzik ;h i' uzB^ukBDh oks ftu uweK wko fojk
;h. g?oK EZb/ SK ;h, go fJj SK ;Zdk f;zx ƒ BIo BjhA nk ojh ;h, feT[Afe
Sksh sDh s/ X"D T[~Goh j'Jh ;h. ekbh^fuZNh oks ftu T[j fJT[A BIo nk
fojk ;h fit/A d?As yb'sk j't/.
ihT{D/ j'ohA nkyD bZr/ L
“GkJh ih, sz{ ufbnk ik, y{j Bk ;kvk vZe sz{, n;hA bVkJh BQhA eoBk
ukjz[d/.” vo ns/ ewI'oh Bkb T[j T[~uh p'b oj/ ;B.
“p"bd y'bQ' p"bd nkgD/. w?A BQhA ikDdk pj[shnK rZbK.”
“fejVk ybQkT{ p"bd ;kv/ HHH.”

11
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE “w?A ybQkT{A w?A—ihjB/ nZr/ ybQkJ/ B/.”
fGVk LNeokn ;Zdk f;zx ;'Nh se th b? e/ BjhA nkfJnk ;h. Bk jh T[; ƒ b'V ;h.
dpekJ/ LvokJ/
ihT{D/ j'oK d'jK ƒ T[j ;wMdk jh eh ;h < ykXh ghsh o'Nh. i/ T[j ukj[zdk,
nV yb'D LfNe ;eD
d'jK ƒ jh f;o fGVk e/ wko fdzdk. nZr/ T[jB/ fezBh tkoh T[j dpekJ/ j'J/
s[odk Lubdk
ybQko Lo'e ;B. T[BQK dh skes eh ;h fe T[; d/ ;kjwD/ nV yb'D < T[; ƒ nkgDh
j?AeV Lx[wzv skes T[s/ g{ok^g{ok Go';k ;h.
;kT{ LPoh| ihT{D/ j'ohA ;Zdk f;zx d/ d[yh ehs/ gJ/ ;B. o'I szr eodk s/ s[odk
nZr pr{bk Lr[Z;/ ’u ezw ybQko fdzdk. oZp jh pfDnk j'fJnk ;h. ;Zdk f;zx B/ j?AeV Bkb p'b
nkT[Dk
jh wz{j'A eZfYnk ;h fe bZy ;kT{nK dk ;kT{ ihT{Dk nZr pr{bk j' frnk s/
uzvkb Lr[Z;/ ftZu
y|k j'Dk
vo dh nzBQh Pesh Bkb ekbk efjo pD frnk. T[; B/ ejh u[Zeh s/ fpibh
x[w/NDh LuZeo torh skes Bkb ;Zdk f;zx d/ f;o ftu wkoh. “y{j S[vkT{ ;kvk fJj ` p"bd
cKe^cKe LN[eV/^N[eV/ y'bQ' p"bd `” T[j dzd eohu fojk ;h s/ bZyK^eo'VK ;ZgK fizBh Ifjo Bkb
J/eD LfJ; soQK Go frnk ;h. j[D T[j fJe uzvkb ;h. T[; dhnK nZyK bN^bNk e/ ekbh
bZE^gZE Lbj{ Bkb nZr pD rJhnK ;B.
fbpV ikDk
ejh tZiD ;ko jh ;Zdk f;zx xw/NDh yk e/ Xosh T[s/ fvr fgnk. gkDh
sshohnK LXkoK, fBPkB
SkJhA^wkJhA LrkfJp
th T[; wzfrnk BjhA. T[; dk f;o \op{I/ tKrz{ cKe^cKe j' frnk ;h. ejh
X"b LXZe/ J/eD tZih ;h fit/A fe T[j f;o ftu BjhA, fwZNh d/ GKv/ ftu tZih j't/ `
XZc/ LXZe/ fuZeV tKrz{ T[; dk fujok bZE^gZE j' frnk ;h. bj{ dhnK sshohnK T[;
j/o^c/o Lu[;s^ dh fuZNh eZS se gj[zu rJhnK.
ubkehnK
fJe gb bJh ihT{D/ ƒ nzsK dh s;Zbh j'Jh. T[; dk wB y[P ;h. go
tkjDk LubkT[Dk
nrb/ gb jh fJj s;Zbh SkJhA^wkJhA j'D bZrh. T[; ƒ nk; jh BjhA ;h
r'vh Lozp/ iK
y[ogh nkfd fe T[; s'A fJj j' ikt/rk. T[; B/ ejh ;Zdk f;zx ƒ wkoB bJh BjhA wkoh
Bkb |;b ;h, ;fji^;[Gk jh wkoh ;h. X"b tKr iK XZ|/ tKr. go T[j J/eD tZih fe
ftu'A eZy ;Zdk f;zx wo frnk s/ Xosh T[s/ fvr fgnk. j[D T[j wfonk fgnk ;h.
nkfd eZYD/
T[; d/ jZE'A esb j'fJnk `
MZyV^MKik Lw[;hpsK
ihT{Dk fJe f;ZXk^;kdk ns/ ;kXkoB iZN ;h. j/o^c/o iK br^brkU T[;
ƒ BjhA nkT[Ad/ ;B. whAj dh ;[Zuh eDh tKr, fijVh ni/ nzpo d/ ftueko
jh yVQh j[zdh j?, T[; dk fdb gftZso ;h. T[; ƒ fJj' gsk ;h fe nzB g?dk
eoB bJh jb fet/A tkjDk iK r'vh fet/A eoBh j?. |;b T[~rh d/y e/ T[j
\[P j'D tkbk s/ MZyV^MKik d/y e/ T[j d[yh j'D tkbk ;h. i/ e'Jh d[y iK
;[y j[zdk sK tkfjr[o{ ƒ :kd eodk.

12
 MrV/ ns/ bVkJh^|;kd T[; ƒ p[o/ bZrd/ ;B. fiE'A se j[zdk, T[j fJBQK n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
rZbK s'A d{o ofjzdk. feT[Afe T[; ƒ gsk ;h fe MrVk p[ok j[zdk j?. bVkJh xV/ gkDh
BjhA ofjzdk Le[M BjhA
dk wz{j ekbk j?. fiE/ bVkJh jz[dh j?, xV/ gkDh BjhA ofjzdk. pudk
fiE/ ihT{Dk bVkJh s'A iK j'o rZbK s'A vodk ;h, T[E/ T[; ƒ g[fb; s'A c{; T[vkJ/ Lxkj
th pj[s vo bZrdk ;h. T[; B/ ;[fDnk j'fJnk ;h fe g[fb; p[oh j[zdh fyzfvnk
j?. ;Zu/ ns/ M{m/ ƒ th g[fb; BjhA d/ydh. g[fb; bJh ;Zuk ns/ M{mk fJe^ e/; Lf;o d/ tkb
u'G/ Lu[GkJ/
pokpo j?.
ybtkVk LT[j EK
c/o, T[; ƒ gsk ;h, g[fb; id'A e[ZNdh j? sK wZeh tKrz{ e[ZNdh j?. wko^ fiE/ dkD/
wko e/ nkdwh d/ jZv GzBQ/ iKd/ s/ c{; T[vkJ/ iKd/ jB. wzi/ j/mK jZE d/ e/ fJeZm/ ehs/
T[s/ pzd/ p?md/ s/ T[; ƒ d[Zy fdzd/ jB. ed/ wzik bkT[Ad/ s/ ed/ T[; d/ iKd/ jB
wfjc{i L;[oZfyns,
e/; pzBQ e/ SZs Bkb Nzr fdzd/ jB. g?oK dhnK sbhnK ftu p?As wko/ iKd/
mhe^mke
s/ Bj[znK ftu ;{JhnK iK fgzB u'G/ iKd/ jB. pZeok th e;kJh e'b J/Bk d[yh
gZsk^gZsk
BjhA j[zdk, fizBk pzdk g[fb; e'b. SkDdh Ljo EK
y{j s'A E'VQh d{o jh fJe eDe dk ybtkVk ;h. ihT{Dk T[E'A d"fVnk s/ bZGDk

eDe d/ ybtkV/ ftu GkoK T[jb/ b[e frnk. fJE/ T[j wfj|{i ;h. e'Jh BjhA yz{ik^yz{ik Ljo EK
tZYK LeZNh j'Jh
;h d/ydk `
|;b tkb/
go, ihT{Dk nrb/ gb jh EZb^gEZb j' frnk. T[; ƒ u?B BjhA ;h. T[; y/s
ƒ nkgD/ uko^u[c/o/ g[fb; jh g[fb; fdZ;D bZrh. g[fb; id'A nkT[Adh j? sK u[Zxh Lj"dh, u[pZuk
gZsk^gZsk SkDdh s/ yz{ik^yz{ik N'Ajdh j?. pzdk Gkt/A fes/ j't/, g[fb; Gkb b?Adh
j?. ihT{Dk T[E'A T[fmnk s/ c/o pkjo nk frnk. ybtkV/ ftu b[fenk T[j ;G
ƒ BIo nkT[Adk ;h.
T[E'A E'VQh d{o jh PjhdK tkbk y{j ;h. ihT{Dk T[E'A s[fonk s/ tZYK ftu'A
d"Vdk PjhdK tkb/ nk frnk.
PjhdK tkb/ y{j T[s/ fJe u[Zxh
pDh j'Jh ;h. u[Zxh ekch vz{xh
;h. nkw eoe/ u[Zxh ftu gkDh
iwQK ofjzdk ;h. go nZi T[j
\kbh ;h. E'VQk^pj[s fuZeV iK
fJZNK tZN/ j'Dr/. ihT{Dk J/Bk
xkpfonk s/ J/Bk vfonk j'fJnk
;h fe nkgDk nkg b[ekT[D

13
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE bJh T[j u[Zxh ftu jh pfj frnk s/ u[Zxh ftu jh g{oh soQK wfj|{I ;wMD
EZb^gEZb Lpd^jtk;
bZr fgnk. jkbKfe fJj }bs ;h. u[Zxh ftu p?mk pzdk ;kc BIo nkT[Adk
fxoDk LB|os
;h. nkdwh d/ BjkT[D bJh jh u[Zxh pDh j'Jh ;h. pj[sh vz{xh BjhA ;h.
tkfe| LikD{
go, ihT{Dk u[Zxh ftu th EZb^gEZb j'D bZrk. fJj th mhe BjhA ;h.
fNzvK Ly{j ’u'A
gkDh eZYD fJE/ th T[j b[fenk j'fJnk iK wfjc{I BjhA ;h, ;G ƒ BIo nkT[Adk ;h.
tkb/ vZp/, y{j d/ fpoS^p{N/ T[; ƒ ofj^ofj e/ x{o oj/ ;B s/ T[; ƒ fxoDk eod/
posB
;B. y{j th, Gkt/A u[Zg ;h, go ;koh rZb s'A tkfe| ;h. fNzvK th s/ gkVSk
gkVSk Lfi; ftu
fNzvK dk
th ;koh rZb s'A ikDz{ ;B. u[Zg^u[ghsh fNeh oks th ;koh rZb dh G/sD ;h.
gkDh nzpo T[s/ sko/ th, i' NZ;^NZ; eo oj/ ;B, ;kok e[M jh ikDd/ s/ ;r'A
fvrdk j? w[;eokT[Ad/ ;B. uzB ƒ ;kok gsk ;h.
G/sD LikD{
nk\o ihT{Dk u[Zxh ftu th PKs j' e/ pfj Bk ;fenk. MZN jh pkjo
NZ;^NZ; Luwe oj/
nk frnk. j[D ihT{Dk feE/ ikt/ < T[; ƒ gsk BjhA ;h.
gZpK Gko
T[~uk LfJE/ fdB
fizBk fuo oks ;h, ihT{Dk ;wM fojk ;h, jo e'Jh T[; ƒ d/ydk s/ T[;
uVQB dk dk fgZSk eodk j?. id'A ;t/o j'Jh s/ gZpK Gko T[~uk j' e/ ;{oi T[; tZb
Gkt d/yD bZrk, ihT{Dk ;'uD bZrk fe j[D T[j b[fenk j'fJnk j?. d[Bhnk ftu
f;zi e/ LgkDh d/ e/
e'Jh th j[D T[; ƒ BjhA d/ydk. ihT{Dk xo nkfJnk s/ nk e/ J/eD pfj
u?B LPKsh
frnk fit/A |;b f;zi e/ iK r'vh eoe/ nkfJnk j't/. j[D T[j fpbe[b mhe
sfjnK LX[o nzdo
;h. T[; d/ nzdo g{oh^g{oh u?B BIo nk ojh ;h.
;sfj LT[go'A
nZuth Lp/u?Bh go fJj u?B, n;b ftu, p/u?BhnK dh f;\o ;h. T[; d/ wB dhnK
N/e Lnkokw, u?B sfjnK ftu s{|kB nkfJnk j'fJnk ;h. f;o| ;sfj u[Zg ;h. T[; B/ gZr
ftnke[b Lp/u?B T[skoh s/ ezxk eoBk P[o{ ehsk. c/o gZr T[skoh s/ c/o e/; tkj[D bZrk.
nZb^gNZb Lp/soshp tko^tko ihT{Dk gZr T[skodk s/ e/; tkj[zdk. T[; d/ wB ftu nZuth iK nrBh
x'o :[ZX LfGnkBe
bZrh j'Jh ;h. bkNK GVe ojhnK ;B. fezBh tko ihT{D/ B/ w[V^w[V
bVkJh
nkgD/ e/; tkj/. T[; ƒ N/e BjhA ;h. gko/ tKrz{ T[; dk wB nPKs iK
d[fpXk Ld[fuZsh
ftnke[b ;h.
ihT{Dk o'Nh ykD bZrk. g?oK Gko p?mk T[j J/eD o'Nh yKdk ;h fit/A j[D
T[j fJE/ BjhA, j'o jh d[Bhnk ftu ;h. pNo^pNo sZedk T[j nkgD/ wz{j
ftu nZb^gNZb p[oehnK gk fojk ;h. T[; dhnK nZyK nKfvnK tKrz{ rbh tZb
fbPe ojhnK ;B.
ihT{D/ nzdo ;Zu s/ M{m x'o :[ZX eo oj/ ;B. ;Zu T[; ƒ nkgD/ tZb
s/ M{m nkgD/ tZb fyZudk. ihT{Dk d[fpXk ftu ;h. ;r'A T[; B/ ;Zu s'A nkgDk

14
wz{j G[nkfJnk j'fJnk ;h. ;Zu p/PZe uzrk s/ UVe fiZsD tkbk ;h, go T[; n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
ƒ M{m uzrk s/ bkj/tzdk fd;dk ;h. fezB/ b'ehA M{m p'b e/ ;k| poh j' iKd/ G[nkfJnk Lc/fonk
UVe Lnkfyoeko
jB. ;Zu/ wko/ iKd/ s/ M{m/ SZv/ iKd/ jB. T[; ƒ ;k| gsk ;h fe T[; B/
bkj/tzdk LckfJd/tkbk
esb ehsk j?l T[; dk fdb efjzdk ;h fe T[; B/ esb ehsk j?l go T[j
poh LS[ZN ikDk
fJ; ;ZukJh e'b'A d{o BZ;Dk ukjz[dk s/ M{mk j[zdk j'fJnk th T[j ;Zuk j'Dk ukjz[dk MZcD Le[M efjD,
;h. T[; ƒ M{m uzrk s/ ;Zu p[ok bZrdk ;h. ;Zu T[; tZb wz{j nZv e/ MZcD ykD ƒ g?Dk
ƒ nk fojk ;h. M{m PoB fdzdk ;h. ihT{Dk nkgDh fet/A Bk fet/A ikB pukT[Dh c'V/ tKrz{ Lu[ZGthA ghV
tKr
ukj[zdk ;h.
Gzftnk Lx[zfwnk,
go, d[yKs fJj ;h fe ihT{Dk uzrk pzdk ;h. M{m Bkb T[j pj[sk fuo w[fVnk
r[Ikok BjhA eo ;edk ;h. ;{bh T[s/ Nzfrnk th T[j J/Bk d[Zy wfj;{; Bk nkg^w[jkok LnkgD/ nkg
eodk, fizBk T[; ƒ j[D ;h. T[; dk fdb c'V/ tKrz{ NZ;^NZ; eo fojk ;h. w[Zeodk LfJBeko
nk\o c'Vk c[ZfNnk s/ T[; ƒ e[M nkokw nkfJnk. Nh;h T[s/ gj[zu pZMk LiefVnk
j'fJnk
e/ id ghVK f;yoK S[jD bZrhnK, ihT{D/ dk wz{j Gzftnk s/ ;Zu d/ gk;/ j'
frnk. ihT{Dk p[Vp[VkT[D bZfrnk L “w?A wkfon?, w?A wkfon?, w[Zeodk BjhA,
w?A wkfon? `” tko^tko T[j nkg^w[jkok fJj' nkydk iKdk ;h. T[; d/ fdb
ƒ jbeh^jbeh mzY wfj;{; j' ojh ;h.
nkf\o g[fb; nkJh s/ T[; ƒ cV e/ b? rJh. jZEeVhnK ftu pZMk
id g[fb; nZr/ s[odk ihT{Dk EkD/ tZb ik fojk ;h, sd th fJj efj
fojk ;h L
“w?A wkfon?, w??A wkfon?, w[Zeodk BQhA, w?A wkfon? `”
T[; dhnK nZyK j"bh^j"bh uwedko j' ojhnK ;B.

fN~gDh
fJ; ejkDh ftZu ihT{Dk fJZe ;kXkoB nkdwh ;h. T[; dh T[wo gzikj
;kb ;h. gzikj ;kb dh T[wo se T[; B/ ed/ e[Zs/ d/ th ;'Nh BjhA ;h wkoh.
go nukBe T[; d/ jZE'A nkdwh dk esb j' frnk. ft;ky dk wjhBk ;h.
eDeK dh eNkJh j' u[Zeh ;h. ewkdK s/ rzfYnK ƒ gkDh d/D d/ fdB ;B.
ihT{D/ ns/ nekbh ;Zdk f;zx dk y{j ;KMk ;h. ihT{Dk ns/ T[; dk Gok puB
f;zx y{j i'VB bZrk sK y{j dk fjZ;/dko ;Zdk f;zx T[BQK ƒ o'eD bJh nk
frnk. ukBDh oks ;h. ;Zdk f;zx Bzr/ fgzv/ jh wzi/ s'A T[~m e/ y{j tZb nk
frnk ;h. ;Zdk f;zx dk gfjbtkBK tork ;oho ;h. ihT{D/ d/ pbd i[V/ yVQ/

15
;B. ;Zdk f;zx pbdK nZr/ yVQk j' frnk ;h. ihT{Dk efj fojk ;h fe y{j
ubkT[D dh nZi w/oh tkoh j?. go ;Zdk f;zx efj fojk ;h fe nZi T[; dh
tkoh j?. d'jK fXoK ftZu MrVk tXdk ik fojk ;h. T[j fJe d{i/ ƒ XZe/ wkoB/
P[o{ j' rJ/ ;B. ;Zdk f;zx gfjbK th eJh tko ihT{D/ j'oK ƒ szr eo u[Zek
;h. r[Z;k uzvkb jz[dk j?. ihT{D/ e'b ejh ;h fi; Bkb T[; B/ ;Zdk f;zx s/
tko eo fdZsk. ejh f;o ftZu tZih s/ ;Zdk f;zx bj{ Bkb bZE^gZE j' e/ Xosh
’s/ fvZr fgnk s/ wo frnk. ihT{D/ d/ jZE'A esb j' frnk ;h. ihT{Dk gfjbK
fJZe ;kXkoB nkdwh ;h i' bVkJh ns/ g[fb; s'A pj[s vodk ;h. j[D T[;
ƒ M{m uzrk s/ ;Zu p[ok bZrdk ;h. ihT{Dk fJZe uzrk pzdk ;h. ihT{D/ s'A ;Zu
S[gkfJnk Bk frnk s/ ;Zu d/ gk;/ j' frnk, “w?A wkfon?, w?A wkfon?, w[Zeodk
BjhA, w?A wkfon? `” fJ; ejkDh ftZu fJZe ;kXkoB ftnesh e'b'A esb j' ikD
T[gozs ;Zu s/ M{m ftueko ePweP dh wkBf;esk ƒ fusfonk frnk j?.

nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) ihT{Dk gfjbK fej' fijk nkdwh ;h <
(ii) fBnkJhA tkb/ y{j d/ fjZ;/dko e"D e"D ;B <
(iii) ihT{D/ d/ Gok dk eh BK ;h <
(iv) ;Zdk f;zx dh w"s fe; y/sh d/ ;zd Bkb j'Jh <
(v) ihT{D/ ƒ g[fb; feT[A cV e/ b? rJh ;h <

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/

TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) gb Go dk r[Z;k fIzdrh ƒ popkd eo ;edk j?. fJ; s'A puD
bJh eh e[M ehsk ik ;edk j? < ftuko g/P eo'.
(ii) eh s[jkƒ ed/ r[Z;k nkfJnk j? < T[; r[Z;/ ekoB s[jkvk iK fe;/
j'o dk e'Jh B[e;kB th j'fJnk j? < nfijh jkbs ƒ nkgD/ PpdK
ftZu fby'.
(iii) y/sK ftZu j[D y{j BjhA oj/. fJBQK dh EK f;zikJh d/ j'o ;kXB
gqXkB j' rJ/ jB. fJZe ukoN okjhA f;zikJh d/ ;kXBK dh ftek;
:ksok do;kT[.

16
 (iv) fe;kB d/ ihtB pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j' < T[; tZb'A ehs/ ikD tkb/
ezwK ns/ ;zdK d/ fuZsoK Bkb t/otk g/P eod/ j'J/ fJZe gq'i?eN
fsnko eo'.
(v) eh s[;hA ed/ M{m p'fbnk j? < fJ; Bkb Pofwzdrh dk ;kjwDk
eoBk fgnk j't/rk. gSskt/ Gfonk fJZe b/y fby'.

nH j/m fby/ PpdK ƒ P[~X eoe/ fby' L

(i) e/jVk HHH
(ii) eBe HHH
(iii) n'jbk HHH
(iv) g?bQtkB HHH
(v) ;ktdkB HHH
(vi) ;?ji HHH
(vii) ftnkeb HHH
(viii) Mrvk HHH
(ix) eZvDk HHH
(x) wzxDk HHH

JH j/m fbfynK ft~u'A ftP/PD u[D' L

(i) ihT{Dk fJZe ;kXkoB ftnesh ;h.
(ii) ;Zdk f;zx nZyV ;[Gkn dk wkbe ;h.
(iii) T[; dhnK nZyK bN bNke/ ekbh nZr pD rJhnK ;B.
(iv) esb eoB wro'A ihT{Dk pj[s fInkdk fuzsk eoB bZr fgnk.
(v) T[E'A E'VQh d{o jh PjhdK tkbk y{j ;h.

;H j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u tos/ rJ/ gVBktK dhnK fe;wK d~;' L
(i) fe;/ IwkB/ ftZu T[j gfjbtkB fojk ;h.
(ii) w?A d/yz{rk fe w/o/ pbd e"D y[bQkT[rk <
(iii) ejh bZrD ;ko jh T[j xw/NDh yk e/ IwhB T[~s/ fvZr fgnk.
(iv) ;Zdk f;zx B/ fejk p; s[jkƒ efjsk nZi y{j Bk ubkfJU.
(v) nk\o c'Vk c[ZfNnk s/ T[; ƒ e[M nkokw nkfJnk.

17
jH beho/ PpdK d/ ekoeK dh gSkD eo' L
(i) ihT{Dk y{j ubkT[Adk j?.
(ii) ihT{D/ B/ ;Zdk f;zx ƒ ejh Bkb wkfonk.
(iii) ihT{Dk g[fb; s'A puD bJh b[e frnk.
(iv) ;Zdk f;zx B/ fejk nZi w/oh tkoh j?.
(v) ihT{Dk b[eD bJh u[Zxh ftu p?m frnk.

eH j/m fby/ w[jktfonK d/ noE d~; e/ tke pDkT[ L

nZr dh Bkb, bZE gZE j'Dk, nZr pr{bk j'Dk, gZsk^gZsk SkBDk

18
 gqd/; Bk sz{ s'ohA pkpbk
pzs f;zx u~mk

P\;hns s/ ouBk
pzs f;zx uZmk dk iBw 4 wJh, 1947 ƒ fgzv G[Zu'A
ebK, fIbQk pfmzvk, gzikp fty/ fgsk dbhg f;zx
d/ xo wksk r[od/t e"o dh eZ[y'A j'fJnk. T[j fJZe
gqf;ZX rbgeko jB. T[BQK d/ ejkDh^;zrqfj jB—
‘r[bkp d/ c[Zb’, ‘sz{ M{m p'fbnk ;h’, ‘Pfjo Bk
ikj’, ‘d[gfjo/ Yfbnk ;{[oi’ ns/ ‘rzXb/ gkDh’.
T[BQK B/ Bktb th fby/ jB, fit/A—‘Bdh tfjzdh
ojh’, ‘jB/oh oks d/ sko/’ s/ ‘fszB e[VhnK’. ‘;[ji ;t/ok’ T[BQK dh ;t?^ihtBh
j?. uZmk B/ b/yK dh f;oiBk th ehsh j?. ‘XhnK fpBK BjhA shnK’ T[BQK dh
tkose g[;se j?. fJ; ouBk^gqfefonk dh pd"bs T[BQK ƒ pj[s ;ko/
wkD^;BwkB fwb u[Ze/ jB.

gqd/; Bk sz{ s'ohA pkpbk

w?A th T[BQK wkfgnK torh ;'u dk XkoBh ;h i' nkgD/ w[zv/^e[VhnK ƒ
gqd/; s'o e/ nkgD/ gfotko ƒ nkofEe s"o s/ y[Pjkb t/yDk ukj[zd/ jB.
w/oh Xh okDh B/ n?~wHJ/H eoe/ phHn?~vH th eo bJh ;h. nkgD/ d/P ftZu
XhnK dh p/o[Irkoh ƒ t/y e/ w/oh gsBh B/ w?ƒ ;bkj fdZsh fe^“nkgK th
okDh bJh e'Jh ftd/P frnk w[zvk bZG e/ fJ; ƒ ijkI ;Zs^;w[zdo'A gko jh
uVQk d/JhJ/. nkj nkgK o'I jh \poK gVQd/ ;[Dd/ jK fe Y/o ;koh iwksK
gVQhnK e[VhnK nkgDh jh o'Nh^o'Ih bJh p/o[Irko j'JhnK fcodhn?. id'A
T[j ;w/A dhnK ;oekoK s'A B"eohnK wzrdhnK sK T[BQK ƒ g[fb; tZb'A vKrK

19
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE Bkb e[ZfNnk iKd?. u"eK ftZu XoB/^w[IQko/ eodhnK dhnK r[ZsK gZNhnK iKdhn?A.
xVhf;nk Lx;hfNnk
bZsK^pkjK s'A cVQe/ xVhf;nk iKd?. eJh tkoh p/o[Irko e[VhnK dk ’eZm gkDh
E'ƒ Ls[jkƒ
tkbhnK N?AehnK s/ uVQ e/ nksw^jZfsnktK eoB bJh wIp{o j' iKd?. nkgD/
g?o iZ[sh
nkg ƒ nZrK ftZu th ;kV b?Adhn?A. w?A sK E'ƒ n?; vo'A efjzBh fe n?Bh gVQk
Bk gkT[Ad/ LS/sh eod/
nzrbh^;zrbh LfoPs/dkoh, fbyk e/ fes/ e[Vh s'A jZE Bk X' bJhJ/.”
;ke^;ehoh fJZSk sK Gkt/A w/oh gfjbK th ;h. j[D nkj gsBh dh vokT[Dh fijh rZb
e'o{z dk \IkBk Lpj[s tZvk ;[D e/ w/ok th gZek wB pD frnk ;h. w?A ;'funk fe n?Bh ;'jDh s/ gVQh,
\IkBk
fbyh w/oh Xh ƒ ftd/P b? e/ ikD s'A Gbk e'Jh fet/A BKj eo{. w/oh Xh s/
gzvK pzBQD LtX/o XB
ewkT[D dkI ƒ t/y e/ nrb/ feT[A SZvDr/ fJj foPsk.
ekdh Lfe; rZb dh ;' fJ; ftuko ƒ b? e/ w?A ns/ gsBh B/ gZek fJokdk pDk fbnk ;h fe
;zr LPow e[Vh gqd/; G/i e/ jh ;kvh fJ; ;wki ftu PkB^P"es pD/rh. j[D id'A th
skfpnkdkoh LnXhBrh, e'Jh w[zvk eB/vk, nwohek iK fe;/ j'o d/; s'A nkT[Adk sK n;hA g?o i[Zsh Bk
efjDk wzBDk
gkT[Ad/. nzrbh^;zrbh T[BQK Bkb eZY e/ nrb/ d/ nZr/^fgZS/ fcod/. j[D ;kvh
nKY^r[nKY dhL nk;^gk;
iK w[jZb/ d/
fJZSk bkbu ftu th pdb rJh ;h fe nkgDh bVeh dk ftnkj gqd/; rJ/
b'eK dh bVe/ Bkb eo d/Dk. sK e[Vh d/ ftnkj fgZS'A n;hA ;kok NZpo jh ftd/PK
fenk;^okJhnKL nzdkIk ftu ;?~N j' iktKr/. w?A ns/ w/o/ w[zv/ T[E/ pkjo ikD dh y[Ph ftu ;ko/ NZpo
bkT[Dk
dh oksK dh BhAd T[~v rJh ;h. j[D ;kƒ ;kvh okDh Xh e'oz{ dk \IkBk bZr
fBZs Lo[IkBk
ojh ;h. j[D sK T[E/ ik e/ p;^gzvK pzBD dh ekjb jh sK ;h.
ehVk Lbkbu
y'v Lw'oh eoBk
j[D w?A T[BQK b'eK dh Gkb eoe/ fwZso pBkT[D dh e'fPP eodk fiBQK d/
ekrs^gZuo Lg/go, g[Zs iK foPs/ ftZu'A gqd/; rJ/ j'J/ ;B. T[BQK dh ukgb{;h eodk. Iwho wko
d;skt/I e/ th w?A T[BQK d/ bJh ‘nDukj/’ ezw eodk. w?ƒ c/o Pow th ekdh ;h id'A
;[yh Ld[yh w/oh ;zr jh bfj rJh ;h. w?A j[D T[BQK b'eK iK nKY^r[nKY dh skfpnkdkoh
G?n Lvo
th eodk fiBQK dh w?A ed/ fgZm sK eh wz{j th BjhA t/fynk ;h.
nDh^gNZe/ LnukBe
;kv/ gfotko ftZu fBZs dhnK fenk;^okJhnK eoe/ fdwkr ftZu fJjh
GZi^BZm LfwjBs
‘ehVk’ y'v gk fojk ;h. ed'A ;kvh okDh ijkI uVQ/. fco n;hA th fdBK
doQK LdotkI/,
dfbjhI s/ wjhfBnK ftZu ekrs^gZuo pDk e/ T[Xo ekoK ’s/ M{N/ b?Ad/ n?; ‘;[yh’ ihtB
s'A S[Nekok gk btKr/. go okDh Xh Bkb n;hA ed/ e'Jh rZb ;KMh Bk
eod/. gsk BjhA ;kƒ T[; s'A feT[A e'Jh ‘G?n’ fijk brdk.
fJe fdB nDh^gNZe/ eB/vk ftZu'A ftnkj eotkT[D bJh w[zvk gzikp
nkfJnk. GZi^BZm eoe/ f;|koPK Bkb n;hA T[BQK sZe gj[zu ehsh. w?A fe;/
fwZso ƒ b? e/ T[BQK d/ doQK ’s/ gj[zfunk sK T[; ekek ih ƒ t/ye/ w/ok wB

20
eZuk fijk j' frnk. p; T[; n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
ekek ih LbVe/ bJh
php/ bVe/ dh T[wo ukbh e[
ftnzrkswe
tfoQnK dh ni/ w;K jh j'Jh Ppd
j'Dh n?. w?A sK t/y e/ u[Zg jh w;K LpVh w[Pfeb
fojk. w/ok fwZso T[BQK d/ xo Bkb

tkfbnK Bkb w/o/ xo dh ns/ eZuk Lwk:{;,

fBokP
e[Vh dh tfvnkJh eodk ‘;"dk’
;"dk Lyohd'
sfj eoe/ rZb w[ekT[D dh th co'\s,
ekjbh eo fojk ;h. foPsk
eokT[D bJh
w?A T[;ƒ gk;/ fbik e/ e[Vh ns/ w[zv/ dh T[wo dk fdB^oks dk |oe
fxoDkiBe
dZf;nk. T[;B/ w?ƒ ;wMkfJnk fe, “t/y :ko sz{ sK iwK Jh ewb?. nZi^eZbQ Ppd
gzskbh ;kbK dh th e'Jh tZvh T[wo j[zdh n?. gqd/;h rJ/ w[zfvnK dhnK T[woK fdB^oks Lpj[s
sK n? Jh bzx iKdhn?.” fInkdk
T[;dh nkj ukbh s'A gzskbh ;kb dh rZb ;[D w/ok fujok ghbk g? frnk iwK Jh Lfpbe[b

;h. w?A T[;ƒ BKj eo fdZsh ;h. fwZso w/o/ f;o nfj;kB eodk j[D efj ewb? Lp/te{|,
Bk;wM
fojk ;h, “:ko ` sz{ feZdB dk w?ƒ sgk fojk ;h. i/ w?A j[D J/BQK Bkb gZeh
nkj LfJj
rZb eoh ikBK sK sz{ nkj T[wo dk ckBK vQksk. n?A sK ;G rZbK w/b BhA feZdB LfezB/ fdBK s'A
yKdhnK j[zdhnK. j[D sz{ BzBk Bk gk. w?A sK J/BQK Bkb ;koh rZb sfj eoe/ ckBK vQksk LnVuD$
gZeh jK jh eosh n?.” o[ektN gk
T[;dh dpkn tkbh rZb j/m w?A dp e/ ofj frnk ;h. w?A w{zj'A e[S fdZsh
BzBk LBKj eoBh
Bk p'fbnk.
sgk Lszr, gq/PkB
T[; fwZso B/ T[BQK wz[v/ tkfbnK ƒ w/o/ xo nkT[D dk ;Zdk d/ fdZsk. Pkw
w/b yKdhnK LfwbdhnK
ƒ xo nk e/ w?A nkgDh gsBh Bkb rZb ehsh fe w[zv/ dh T[wo gzskbh^gzikj
mZg d/JhJ/ L\sw eo
;kbK ƒ Y[Zeh j'Jh n?. nkgK rZb n?E/ jh mZg d/JhJ/. pE/o/ w[zv/ j'o fwb d/JhJ/
ikDr/. w?A rZb tXk e/ dZ;h. nZyK u
gsBh B/ w/oh rZb ƒ Bk r"bd/ j'J/ fejk^“pkjo rJ/ w[zfvnK dhnK T[woK x;[zB d/ d/ Lpj[s
fInkdk
sK s[od/ fcofdnK dh bzx jh iKdhnK. nkj nkgDh okDh dh T[wo th sK
j[D gZuh dh j'i{ n?; dhtkbh ƒ.”
w?A r[Z;/ Bkb fejk, “feZE/ gZuh s/ feZE/ gzikj. s?ƒ J/; T[wo dk coe
Jh BhA brdk fes/ < nkgK feT[A Xh ƒ y{j ’u XZek fdzB/ nK. e[Vh B/
T[jd/ Bkb uko fdB BhA eZND/ T[E/ ik e/. c/o nkgK Jh nZyK ’u x;z[B d/
e/ o'tKr/ fgZS'A.”

21
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE nkgDh wK ƒ Bkb b? e/ gqd/;h ekek ;kv/ xo nkfJnk. w/ok fwZso T[BQK
jKwh LjK
dh jo rZb dk jK ftZu jh T[~so d/ fojk ;h. n;hA th d't/A gsh^gsBh T[BQK
Gkw/A LGkt/A
e'b ik p?m/. ni/ rZbKpksK j' jh ojhnK ;B. ;kv/ e'b okDh dhnK ;j/bhnK
fJT[A LfJ; soQK
e[Zeh s/ Pwh nkJhnK. e[Zeh B/ w?ƒ fejk, “nzeb ` Iok nzdo nkfJU Bk.”
itkp LfJBeko
wB'A LwB s'A w?A T[BQK wfjwkBK ftZu'A T[~m e/ nzdo e[VhnK e'b frnk. okDh B/ o'Adh
p[Vk LpI[or fijh nktkI ’u fejk, “v?vh ` w?A Bh ikDk pkjo^p{jo. nkj nZi dh
jZm LfIZd n\pko gVQ'.”
UXo Lgqd/; e'b yVQhnK e[VhnK B/ jkwh Goh, “jK nzeb ` n\pko ftZu nZi pVh
rzdk LwoB dk G?Vh \po n? fe fe;/ w[zv/ B/ eB/vk b? e/ ikD dk pjkBk bk e/ gzi bZy o[gJ/
Gkt
dkI ’u b? e/ n?Xo e[Vh Bkb ftnkj eotk fbnk. uko ;kb j'r/ ftnkj
gZEo L\kw'P
MZN LfJedw j'J/ ƒ. T[j w[V e/ BjhA gofsnk. e[Vh s/ T[;d/ wkg/ T[vhe oj/ n? fe T[j
nkVh LfwZso, d';s ed'A nkT{.”
N{b L;kXB, w?A \po ;[D e/ xpok sK frnk ;h. go T[BQK dk wB fNekT[D bJh e[VhnK
iohnk, ƒ fejk, “\po sK Gkw/A mhe n?. go jo/e w[zvk fJT[A BhA eodk fcodk.”
t;hbk
okDh B/ gZeh fId jh eo bJh fe w?A pkjob/ d/; BhA ikDk. v?vh s[;hA
d[ZX tork
fuZNk itkp Le'oh BKj, fJzBQK ƒ itkp d/ fdT[. wB'A sK w?A Xh dh rZb Bkb ;fjws j' frnk ;h fe
;gPN i/ okDh dk ftnkj j' frnk sK p[Vk eh J/BQ/ c{eD?. go T[sb/ wB'A w?A dZf;nk,
fJBeko
“fJj pzd/ pj[s uzr/ n?. sz{ p/Nh jZm Bk eo. n;hA s/o/ fIzw/tko wkg/ jK.
i/VQh LfijVh
UXo ik e/ sz{ w"iK eo/Arh.”
e[Vh B/ w/o/ tZb bkb nZyK eZYdh B/ fejk, “s[;hA w?ƒ ‘N{b’ pDk e/ nkg
sK ;kok NZpo ftd/P ikD d/ wko/ w?ƒ p[ZY/ d/ bV bk oj/ j'. w?A e'Jh y{j^N'Gk,
rzdk eodz{.”
e[Vh dh f;o/ tkbh rZb ;[D e/ w?A fit/A gZEo jh pD e/ ofj frnk j'tK.
MZN w/o/ fJe wk;No nkVh dh e[Vh :kd nkJh. fi; B/ eB/vk ofjzdh B/
;j[fonK s'A szr j' e/ ;[wzdo ftZu Skb wko e/ y[de[Ph eo bJh ;h.
w?A nkgDh okDh Xh ƒ p[Zeb ftu fbnk s/ fejk, “p/Nh s?ƒ w?A j[D ed/
th pkjo ikD bJh szr BjhA eoKrk. sz{ p/fceo j' ik.”
w?A T[E'A pkjo nk e/ xo p?m/ pzfdnK Bkb o;whA fijhnK rZbK ehshnK.
id'A T[BQK B/ bVeh t/yD bJh rZb s'oh sK w?A gsBh s/ w/o/ fwZso ƒ b? e/
pkjo nkfJnk. n;hA fszB/ ewo/ ftZu p?m rJ/. w?A fwZso ƒ d[ZX tork fuZNk
itkp d/ fdZsk fe, “t/y GkJh ` s?ƒ i/VQh sebhc n;hA fdZsh n?. s?E'A wk|h

22
wzrd/ nK. go ;kvh Xh efjzdh n? fe i/ w/ok J/; p[VQ/ Bkb f;o^BoV eo'r/ n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
f;o^BoV Lftnkj
sK w?A gfjbK jh y[de[Ph eobz{.”
w/jD/ Ld'P, skjB/,
n;hA J/E/ foPsk BhA eoBk.
u[ZGthA rZb
w/oh gsBh d/ th e'Jh uzrh ;'u wB ’u nk rJh ;h. T[; B/ w/oh jK ;Zb Ldod
’u jK fwbk fdZsh ;h. fJXo Ld/;$Gkos
“s[;hA ;ko/ pkjo ikD d/ wko/ w?ƒ N{b pDk e/ tos oj/ j'. w?ƒ s[;hA ftu

pVQ/ d/ rb bk oj/ j'.” Xh d/ wko/ ‘w/jD/’ w/o/ ;hB/ ;Zb eo rJ/ ;B. w?A mZrh^m'oh Lj/ok^c/oh
pN'o Lb?Dk
j[D gZek c?;bk eo fbnk ;h fe w?A nkgDh Xh dk ftnkj fJZXo jh eoKrk.
oh; LBeb
;'funk ;h ub' fe w?A sK J/E/ fIzdrh wkVh^uzrh eZN bJh n?. nkj e[Vh
;kbK pZXh LeJh ;kbK
d/ pjkB/ d'tK w[zfvnK ƒ th ftd/P G/i fdnKrk. fJ; d/; ftZu'A yg^yg woB se
Bkb'A sK T[~Xo ezw eod/ pzd/ dh ikB ;"yh sK ofjzdh n?. efjzd/ n?^T[Xo T[vhe LfJzsIko
pzd/ d/ ehs/ ezw dh fwjBs ƒ cb brd?. nVh LfIZd
n;hA sK T[BQK b'eK dh oh; eo oj/ ;K fiBQK b'eK e'b n?Xo ;"^;" feb/ egkN Lfdwkr
jofrI Lfe;/ th
IwhB n?. uzr/ ezw^Xd/ j'o th ubd/ n?. T[j th nkgDhnK XhnK ƒ
ehws s/
ftd/PK ftu ftnkj fdzd/ n?. T[j th b'e i/VQ/ n?Xo w"iK wkDd/ n?. T[Xo
ik e/ ‘;?~N’ j'D dhnK ;ehwK pDkT[Ad/ n?.
nkj n\pkoK ftZu nkw jh nkgK mZrh^m'oh dhnK \poK gVQd/ jK fe n?E'A
rJ/ w[zv/ nkg ;?~N j'D d/ wko/ w/wK Bkb coIh ftnkj eotk b?Ad/ n?. pZu/
th j' iKd/ n?. fco n?Xo d/; ftZu nk e/ uzrhnK gVQhnK^fbyhnK e[VhnK
Bkb ftnkj eotk e/ dki pN'o e/ bZyK o[gJ/ b? iKd/ n?. e[Vh ftukoh ;kbK
pZXh T[jdh T[vhe eodh fe;/ gk;/ i'rh Bh ofjzdh. i/ nfij/ bkbuh ftnkj
eotk e/ e[Vh ƒ Bkb b? th iKd/ n? sK T[Xo fbik e/ SZv fdzd/ jB.
jK ` w/oh Xh B/ gqd/; Bk ikD dh nVh eoe/ w/o/ egkN y'bQ fdZs/. w?A
nkgDh okDh Xh ƒ gqd/; BjhA G/iKrk. edh BjhA ` jofrI BjhA.

fN~gDh
T[go'es ejkDh fJ; ;wZf;nk ƒ T[Gkodh j? fe eJh b'e nkgD/ w[zv/
e[VhnK ƒ gqd/; s'o e/ nkgD/ gfotko ƒ nkofEe s"o s/ y[Pjkb d/yDk ukj[zd/
jB. b/ye ns/ T[; dh gsBh B/ gZek fJokdk pDk fbnk ;h fe nkgDh e[Vh
gqd/; G/ie/ jh ;kvh ;wki ftZZu PkB^P"es pD/rh. jkbKfe T[BQK dh Xh okDh
n?~wHJ/H eoe/ phHn?~vH eo u[Zeh ;h. go fco th T[j nkgDh bVeh ƒ

23
eB/vk, nwohek iK fe;/ j'o d/; G/iDk ukjz[d/ ;h. T[j ;'ud/ ;B fe i/ e[Vh
dk ftnkj gqd/; rJ/ w[zv/ Bkb j' ikt/ sK ftnkj fgZS'A ;kok NZpo ftd/; ftZu
;?~N j' ikt/rk. fJZe w[zvk nukBe eB/vk s'A ftnkj eotkT[D bJh nkfJnk.
w[zv/ Bkb ftnkj dh rZb, fe;/ okjhA j'Jh. go T[; dh T[wo ukbh^gzskbh
;kb ;h. T[Xo Xh B/ pkjo Bk ikD dh gZeh fIZd eo bJh feT[Afe T[; B/
\poK gVQhnK s/ ;[DhnK j'JhnK jB fe fe; soQK pkjo tkb/ T[~E/ ftnkj eok
e/ X'y/ Bkb fJZXo'A th e[nkohnK e[VhnK ƒ ftnkj e/ b? iKd/ jB. wkfgnK
e'b'A bZyK o[fgnk e?P dki d/ o{g ftZu jVZg eo iKd/ jB. bVeh T[Xo p[bkT[D
d/ bko/ eoe/ jw/Pk T[vhedh ofj iKdh j?. ejkDheko B/ fJ; ejkDh okjhA
gotk;h w[zfvnK d/ fybtkV dk godk |kP ehsk j?.

nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) okDh fezBh gVQh fbyh e[Vh ;h <
(ii) eh ejkDh dh gkso okDh gqd/; ikDk ukj[zdh ;h <
(iii) fijVk w[zvk okDh d/ ftnkj bJh t/fynk, T[; dh T[wo
fezBh ;h <
(iv) eh b'e nkgD/ pZfunK ƒ ftd/P G/i e/ ;zs[PN jB <
(v) ftd/PK ftZu ofj oj/ gzikphnK pko/ ejkDh d/ nXko ’s/ nkgD/
ftuko gqrN eo'.
(vi) ftd/PK ftZu ofj oj/ w[zfvnK ƒ o'Ih^o'Nh ewkT[D bJh feBQK^feBQK
w[PebK dk ;kjwDk eoBk g?Adk j? < gq'i?eN fsnko eo'.

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/

TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) eh s[;hA fe;/ nfij/ ftnesh ƒ ikDd/ j' fi; B/ ftd/P ik e/ fJXo
dh e[Vh Bkb ftnkj eotk e/ T[; ƒ X'yk fdZsk j? < nfijh xNBk
ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.
(ii) eh s[;hA nkg ftd/P ikD ’u o[uh oyd/ j' < i/eo s[jkv/ ;kjwD/
ftnkj Bkb ;zpzXs e'Jh u[D"sh nk ikt/ sK s[;hA T[; Bkb
fet/A BfiZm'r/ < ftuko g/P eo'.

24
 (iii) s[jkv/ uku/ dk w[zvk ftd/P ik e/ T[E/ ftnkj eotk u[Zek j?. go T[j
Gkos ftZu nk e/ dki bJh fJZe j'o e[Vh Bkb ftnkj eotkT[Dk ukj[zdk
j?. s[;hA T[; ƒ fJzi eoB s'A o'eD tk;s/ fJZe fuZmh fby'.

nH fbzr pdb' L
(i) gsBh HHH
(ii) w[zvk HHH
(iii) Xh
(iv) fwZso HHH

JH fto'Xh Ppd fby' L

(i) ;'jDh HHH
(ii) nZrk HHH
(iii) ekjbh HHH
(iv) e[nkoh HHH

;H j/m fby/ PpdK ƒ P[~X eoe/ fby' L

(i) e[fVnK HHH
(ii) wkghnK HHH
(iii) n'vhe HHH
(iv) ;Q/bhnK HHH

jH j/m fby/ tkeK ftu'A ekoe u[D e/ T[BQK dk BK fby' L

(i) fgsk Xh bJh foPsk t/yD ik fojk j? HHH
(ii) wkfgnk B/ e[Vh bJh fdB oks fJZe eo fdZsk HHH
(iii) nkgK feT[A e[Vh ƒ y{j ftZu XZek fdzB/ nK HHH
(iv) b/ye B/ fwZso okjhA foPsk bZfGnk HHH

eH j/m fby/ tkeK ftu'A ftP/PD u[D e/ T[BQK dhnK fe;wK d~;' L
(i) okDh Y/o ;kohnK iwksK gVQh j'Jh ;h HHH
(ii) w[zvk ;Zs ;w[zdo'A gko s'A nk fojk ;h HHH
(iii) s[jkv/ w[zv/ dh T[wo pj[s fInkdk j? HHH
(iv) fJj bVek pj[s bkbuh j? HHH

25
 ;shnK ;/Jh
vkH dbhg e"o fNtkDk

P\;hns s/ ouBk
gzikph ;kfjs dh f;ow"o ejkDhekok vkH dbhg e"o
fNtkDk dk iBw 4 wJh, 1935 JhH ƒ fgzv oZp'A,
fIbQk b[fXnkDk, gzikp fty/ fgsk ekek f;zx d/ xo
wksk uzd e"o dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk. T[j gfNnkb/ Pfjo
ftZu T[~u ftZfdnk jk;b eoe/ gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh
gfNnbk ftu'A gq'|?;o ;/tk^w[es j'J/. T[BQK B/ gzdoK
Bktb, nZm ejkDh^;zrqfj s/ nkb'uBk dhnK g[;seK
s'A fJbktk ;t?^ihtBh s/ eJh j'o g[;seK gzikph wK^p'bh dh M'bh gkJhnK
jB. T[BQK ƒ eJh wkD^;BwkB fwb u[Ze/ jB.
T[BQK e'b ejkDh efjD dh ebk j?. T[j ejkDh ftZu Y[Zet/A PpdK dh u'D
eoe/ nkgDh BjhA pbfe fJZe n"os wB dh pks gkT[Ad/ jB. T[BQK dhnK
ejkDhnK gzikp d/ wkbtk \/so dh Mkeh g/P eodhnK jB. T[BQK d/ gkso
wbtJh GkPk p'bd/ fdykJh fdzd/ jB.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE ;shnK ;/Jh

j'tD tkbh Lj'D tkbh
Bko LgsBh “id'A tho Grs f;zx dZs ƒ,
nzBQk LB/sojhD, fdZsk cK;h dk j[ew ;[Dk.
;{odk; T[jdh j'tD tkbh Bko ƒ,
wzrsk LfGykoh
fe;/ fgzv ftu dZf;nk ik HHH.”
rZvh ftu nzBQk wzrsk rk fojk ;h HHH fco HHH w?A wzrs/ d/ wz{j tZb sZfenk
go ;N/PB nk ikD eoe/ T[j T[; vZp/ ftu'A T[so e/ d{i/ ftu ik ufVQnk.

26
go w?ƒ w[V^w[V f\nkb nkD bZrk fe id'A fe;/ B/ fgzv ftu ik e/ dZf;nk n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
j'Dk J/A, eh r[Ioh j'T{ Grs f;zx dh wzr/so d/ fdb s/ HHH < w?A vZp/ dh pkoh LfyVeh
w[V^w[V Ltko^tko
pkoh ftu'A pkjo sZeD bZrh. fJT[A brdk ;h fit/A ;kjwD/ y/s, y/sK ftu
wzr/so Lfi; Bkb
T[~rhnK |;bK s/ doZ\sK dhnK eskoK BZmhnK ik ojhnK j'D. T[~Bh jh ftnkj j'Dk
s/Ih Bkb f\nkb w/o/ fdwk} ftu BZmD bZr/. w/oh ebgBk d{o HHH fd;jZd/ gZek j'fJnk
j't/
s'A th d{o fgzv d/ fJe eZu/ e'm/ ftu p?mh uo\k eZsdh fJe ;[BZyh fJ;sqh sZeD Lt/yD
ƒ bZGD bZrh. u[Zg^ukg w?A T[jd/ w{zj tZb sZeD bZrh. BZmhnK LGZihnK, d"VhnK
“eh nkjBh J/A HHH <” T[j p'bh. ;[BZyh L;'jDh
fd;jZdk LfiE'A sZe
“sz{ fet/A T[wo r[Ikoh <” w?A g[fSnk.
BIo nkT[Adk
“w?ƒ T[jdh fJZIs dk gk; ;h. b'eK efjDk ;h, fJj Grs f;zx dh j?
wzr/so J/—w?A fet/A ;kj; SZvdh < fwjBs wI{oh ehsh, b'eK dhnK egkjK nkjBh Lefjzdh
wI{oh LwId{oh
u[ZrhnK, eZsDk eZfsnk, ghjD/ ghm/, e'm/ fbZg/, xkj y's/ HHH s/ vzr NgkfJnk.”
y's/ Lg[N/, y[ou/
“feT[a, s/o/ wkfgnK ƒ s/ok f\nkb BjhA ;h <” w?A g[ZfSnk. ghjD/ ghm/ LjZEK Bkb
“fejVk ;kb Sh wjhB/ dh rZb ;h fe w?A T[BQK ’s/ p'M pDh ofjzdh < uZeh ubkJh
fJj sK T[woK d/ wkwb/ ;B. Bkb/ T[jBK T[jƒ jh e';Dk ;h fijVk nkgD/ e'm/ fbg/ LeZu/ wekBK
ƒ fwZNh dh
|oIK ƒ ftu/ jh SZv frnk ;h.” fbgkJh ehsh
“sz{ ;oeko e'b'A wdd wzr b?Dh ;h.” w?A T[dk; j' e/ nkfynk. vzr NgkfJnk Lr[Ikok ehsk
“w?A T[jdh wzr/so j' e/ fe;/ nZr/ jZE nZvdh—fJj w?E'A j' BjhA ;fenk.” f\nkb LfXnkB
Sh LS/
T[jdk f;de, T[jdk ;kj;, T[jdk f;oV d/y, w/ok fdb eo/ fJ; wjkB
e';Dk Lp[ok Gbk
n"os d/ g?o S{j btK. T[woK d/ fSZbV bkj T[j Go^itkB e[Vh pD w/oh efjDk
:kd ftu T[xV yb'sh. jZE nZvdh LjZE c?bkT[Adh,
Ghy wzrdh
“;[fDnk J/A T[jd/ fgzv T[jdh :kd wBk oj/ B/. sz{ ikJ/Arh <” w?A g[ZfSnk.
f;de L;po, ftPtk;,
“w?A HHH w?A T[jd/ fgzv Gbk fet/A ik ;edh jK < T[; tid/ tkfinK Go';k
Bkb f;jo/ pzBQ e/ w?ƒ b?D nkT[Dk ;h. T[j nkfJnk BjhA. fco w?A fet/A ik ;kj; Lfjzws, j"A;bk
;edh jK <” f;oV LjZm, fJokdk,
fdqVQsk
“fJj s/ pVh g[okDh rZb j' rJh J/.” w?A nkfynk.
fSZbV bkj Lgos, o{g
“s?ƒ g[okDh brdh j'T{. w?ƒ sK fJT[A brdh J/ fit/A jkb/ eZbQ dh rZb pdb e/
j't/—id'A fJe fdB dht/ fwbfdnK Bkb T[j ;kv/ fgzv nkfJnk ;h. pkjo T[xV LgqrN
dht/ fwbfdnK LPkw t/b/
y{j ’s/ yb', fJe fBnkD/ jZE w?ƒ ;[B/jk G/i fdZsk. w?A fMiedh fMiedh ;G
fBnkD/ LpZu/, i[nke
s'A u'oh T[E/ nk rJh. p'fbnk, ‘sz{ f|eo Bk eohA. ni/ w?ƒ Io{oh ezw ;[B/jk L;zd/P
B/. id'A ftnkj ehsk w?A s/o/ Bkb jh eoKrk—w?A S/sh jh nktKrk HHH.’ fMiedh L;ze'udh

27
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE T[j ufbnk frnk s/ w[V ni/ sZe
o{;h Lo{; d/P dk
BjhA nkfJnk HHH.”
J/vh LfJzBh
T[; t/b/ w?ƒ fJe o{;h rhs :kd
c/ok LnkT[Dk
nkfJnk fe ‘;kvk xo ;iBhJ/ J/vh
T[vehdh LfJzsIko
ghVK Ld[y^dod d{o sK BjhA ;h fe T[wo Go c/ok Bk
;ko Lgsk j'Dk gkfJnk.’ fJBQK b|IK dh sVg T[jd/
ezfvnkbh LezfvnK wz{j s'A bZGdh ;h fijVh fIzdrh Go
tkbh T[jƒ T[vhedh ojh, fijB/ w[V ed/
po/s/ Lo/s dh
c/ok Bk gkfJnk.
fe;w
e[wbkJ/ Lw[oMkJ/ j'J/ “sz{ fJBQK ghVK dh ;ko eh
sqGeh Lj?okB j'Jh, ikD/ <” T[j nZyK Go e/ p'bh. d' jzM{
vo Bkb tfj s[o/. w?ƒ bZfrnk fit/A T[j efj ojh j't/, “fJj fejh t/ Xos ezfvnkbh,
ezph
fJj fej/ t/ ihtB d/ po/s/ —w/o/ ;kj ;[ed/ ik oj/ B/.”
eo[Dk LdodBke
“oZp s?ƒ bzwh T[wo pyP/ `” T[jd/ e[wbkJ/ wz{j tZb sZe e/ w?A nkfynk.
ukj LfJZSk
w[ed/ L\sw
T[j fJT[A sqGeh fit/A w?A T[jd/ ug/V eZY wkoh j't/. fco eo[Dk^Goh
;[jD/ Luzr/ nktkI ftu efjD bZrh, “w/ohJ/ jwdodD/, bzwh T[wo bJh w/oh ukj BjhA.
MZb/ L;fjD, T[wo d/ sK fJj fdB th BjhA w[ed/ gJ/.”
podkPs T[jdh T[dk;h w/o/ e'b'A d/yh Bk rJh. rZb pdbD bJh w?A nkfynk,
xVh gb LE'VQh d/o
“sz{ w/o/ Bkb Pfjo uZb. w/oh G?D dk ftnkj J/, d' uko fdB ;[jD/
uwe Lnk; dh
feoB
bzx ikDr/.”
“BjhA, w?A ftnkj BjhA ik ;edh.” T[j p'bh.
“feT[a HHH <” w?A g[fSnk.
“\[PhnK d/ w"e/ w/o/ e'b'A MZb/ BjhA iKd/. nfij/ w"fenK s/ w?A pVh EZe
iKdh jK. w/o/ e'b'A nkgD/ }w j[D xVh gb bJh th d{o BjhA ehs/ iKd/.
w?ƒ fJBQK d/ Bkb ofjD dh nkds g? rJh j?. fJe rZb d;/Arh <” T[jB/ nk;
Bkb w/o/ tZb sfenk.
“jK g[ZS”, w?A nkfynk.
“eh ;Zuh^w[Zuh e'Jh nrbk iBw th jz[dk J/ <”
“ftukoh HHH” w/o/ fdb B/ nkfynk.
“jK Io{o j[zdk J/.” w?A efj fdZsk. fJj ;[D T[jdhnK nZyK ftu fJe
uwe nkJh s/ T[j w[;eqk gJh.

28
 “eh ni/ she th T[j s?ƒ :kd J/ <” w?A g[fSnk. n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
w[V nkt/ Ltkg; nk
“jK HHH jo xVh, jo gb T[j w?ƒ :kd ofjzdk J/. ed/ ed/ sK pVk
ikt/
wB eodk J/ fe e'Jh nk e/ nky/, ‘BjhA T[j wfonk BjhA, T[jƒ cK;h BjhA sedhoK Lfe;wsK,
fdZsh rJh, T[j fiT{Adk J/.’ edh edh ;'udh jK i/ feXo'A T[j ;Zuh w[uh w[V b/y
nkt/. w?A T[jƒ nkyK—‘ej[ t/ J/BQK sedhoK ƒ, fJT[A Bk d{o yb'D—w?A th yb'D Lyb's/ ofjD
dk Gkt
fe;/ dh Xh t/ w?A th fe;/ dh G?D’—go j[D fJBQK sedhoK e'b w/o/ i'rk j? i'rk Ltk;s/, bJh
eh J/”—T[j T[dk; j' e/ p'bh. toQk L;kb
“j[D sK Grs f;zx d/ ;[gB/ g{o/ j' oj/ B/. d/y, d/P fet/A soZeh tZb fjZ; L;z[rVBk
N[o LfBeb
ik fojk J/, sz{ th e'Jh fjZ;k gk. d/y, BtK toQk nkfJnk J/, e'Jh BtK edw
w[Bh LfoPh w[zBh
u[e.” w?A nkfynk. ;okfgnk Lfi; ƒ pd^
T[jdk wz{j fjZ; frnk s/ T[j u[g^ukg w/o/ tZb sZeD bZrh, fit/A d[nk bZrh
j't/
efjzdh j't/ L
tks Lpks,
“fgSbk toQk o' e/ N[o ufbnk, jkb^ukb
nrbk th yVQk T[dk;. BhAdoK LBhAdK
fejV/ t/ w[Bh ;okfgnk, fdjz[ LfdB
T[bKG/ LfPekfJsK
sz{ w[V Bk g[ZSh tks.”
y'JhnK Lr[nku rJhnK
“sz{ eh ;'u ojh J/A”, w?A g[ZfSnk. T[; B/ fJe j"ek Gfonk fit/A efjzdh jz[rkok Ljkwh GoBh,
j't/, ‘oks dh okDh w?ƒ g[Sdh, feE/ sK rJhnK Bh s/ohnK BhAdoK, fdjz[ th fe;/ dh rZb
tZb fXnkB
T[bKG/ fdzdk, feE/ sK y'JhnK s/ohnK ;{osK—w?A w[V w[V s?E'A g[Sdh, e"D Go{ d/Dk
t/ w/oh ejkDh dk jz[rkok, e"D pDz{ t/ w/o/ d[yK dk ;hoh—<’ s?E'A Ls/o/ e'b'A
w?A T[jd/ wz{j tZb sZfenk, ‘BkBe ;shnK ikDhnfB fi fpoj/ u'N ;hoh LGkJhtkb,
;KMhtkb
wozfB HHH’ fJ; eEB nr/ w?A f;o M[ek fdZsk—T[jdh N[ZNh j'Jh i[Zsh ’s/
fpoj/ LftS'Vk,
w/oh BIo g? rJh. w?A fXnkB Bkb d/fynk, T[jdh ewhI ƒ th NkehnK brhnK ft:'r, i[dkJh
j'JhnK ;B. w?ƒ XZek bZrk. u'N L;ZN
“sz{ T[jƒ t/fynk ;h <” T[j ni/ th T[jd/ pko/ jh ;'u ojh ;h. NkehnK LcZN/ egV/ ƒ
j'o egV/ dh
“BjhA”, w?A nkfynk. ekso brk
“T[j pVk ;'jDk ;h—;kv/ fgzv dhnK ;kohnK e[VhnK d/ gokj[fDnK Bkb'A e/ f;T[Dk
gokj[fDnK LgshnK
;'jDk” s/ HHH nZr'A T[jdk rbk Go nkfJnk s/ fco fit/A nkgD/ nkg rZbK
okjhnk Lo;s/ ftu
eoB bZrh L ikD tkb/
“nkT[Ad/ iKd/ okjhnK d/ w??A wz{j tb sedh e'Jh eo/ t/ s/oh rZb. b'eK
xZb LG/i
w?A ezfBnk e[nkoh yVQh T[vhedh t/ ed/ sK ;[B/jk xZb.”

29
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE “eh ;'u ojh J/A ;'jDhJ/A <” w?A g[ZfSnk. T[j nkgD/ jZEK dhnK behoK
b/y Lfe;ws
tZb fXnkB Bkb sZeD bZrh fit/A efj ojh j't/, ‘wK nkgDh ƒ w?A g[ZSdh Xh
bkN LnZr dh b'n
d/ fej/ b/y fbykJ/.’
efjo Lr[Z;k,
eo'gh, eq'X w?A T[jd/ tZb sZedh ojh. fJe bkN pbdh ;h T[jdhnK BIoK ftu, fJe
c[zeko L;Zg dh P{eD efjo ;h, T[jdh sZeDh ftu. w?ƒ bfrnk fit/A, T[j fJe BkrD pD e/ c[zeko
dh ntkI ojh j't/. Grs f;zx d/ eksbK ƒ fit/A j[D/ vZ; b?Dk b'udh j't/. fit/A ;G
vZ; Lvzr wkoBk e[M GzB s'V w;b d/Dk ukj[zdh j't/. fco T[jB/ gbeK M[ek bJhnK fit/A efjzdh
b'udh Lukjz[dh
j't/ ‘w?A Gbk eh eo ;edh jK—’
jzM{ LnZEo{, nK;{
“sz{ fBok; Bk j'. Grs f;zx f;o| s/ok jh BjhA ;h. T[j ;kvk ;kfonK
Xos nzpo LXosh s/
nekP dk ;h. T[jdh w"s dk d[Zy s?ƒ jh BjhA—;ko/ d/P ƒ j?—n;hA T[jƒ G[Zb/ BjhA,
;kƒ sz{ Gh :kd J/A.”
fJj ;[D T[jdhnK nZyK Go nkJhnK s/ jzM{ e/o, T[j w/oh ebgBk ftu'A
w[V uZbh. w?ƒ bZfrnk, ‘Xos nzpo th ;'ud/ eh d/D s;Zbh.’
fJzB/ ƒ fJe M{N/ Bkb rZvh ;N/PB T[s/ nkD yVh j'Jh. T[j wzrsk
c/o vZp/ nZr'A dh rkT[Adk ik fojk ;h L
“id'A tho Grs f;zx dZs ƒ,
fdZsk cK;h dk j[ew ;[Dk.
T[jdh j'tD tkbh Bko ƒ,
fe;/ fgzv ftu dZf;nk ik.”

fN~gDh
vkH dbhg e"o fNtkDk B/ fJ; ejkDh okjhA fJZe nfij/ fJfsjk;e gkso
ƒ u[fDnk j? i' Pjhd Grs f;zx dh wzr/so j?. ejkDh dk xNBk eqw fJZe
;N/PB T[~s/ nzBQ/ wzrs/ d/ p'bK s'A P[o{ j[zdk j?. ‘w?A^gkso’ rZvh ftZu ;|o
eo ojh j?. T[E/ fJe wzrsk Grs f;zx pko/ rhs rk e/ T[; ƒ ;'uD bJh
wip{o eo fdzdk j?. T[j egbBk ftZu jh T[; n"os d/ fgzv gj[zu iKdh j?.
T[~E/ T[; B/ ;koh T[wo b'eK d/ xoK ftZu fwjBs^wId{oh ehsh. go ftnkj
BjhA eotkfJnk. ;koh T[wo Grs f;zx dh wzrs/o ejkT[Dk |\o tkbh
rZb ;wMh.
Grs f;zx B/ T[; ƒ e[M Io{oh ezw eoe/, S/sh nk e/ T[; Bkb ftnkj
eokT[D dk tuB fdZsk ;h. T[j fJBQK tuBK dh bki oZydh j?. fJZe' fJZe

30
:kd d/ ;jko/ f;de fdbh Bkb fIzdrh fiT{D bJh ;sh j'D dh fw;kb j?.
nfijh wjkB n"os dh ejkDh gVQ e/ gkme dk f;o Bw;eko bJh M[e iKdk
j?. ejkDh fpBK fe;/ tkX{ ft;sko d/ r[opkDh d/ “BkBe ;shnK ikDhnB
fi fpoj/ u'N wozfB” tkb/ f;XKs s'A th ikD{ eokT[Adh gkme wB ƒ Mzi'V
e/ oZy fdzdh j?. fJj fJ; ejkDh dh \{p;{osh ejh ik ;edh j?.

nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) ‘;shnk ;/Jh’ ejkDh ftZu nzBQk wzrsk fe; pko/ rhs rk fojk j?<
(ii) b/fyek ebgBk okjhA fe; d/ fgzv gj[zu iKdh j? <
(iii) Grs f;zx B/ nkgDh wzrs/o Bkb fejVk tkndk ehsk ;h <
(iv) r[opkDh nB[;ko ;shnk fJ;sohnK e"D j[zdhnK jB <
(v) eh ;w/A dhnK ;oekoK B/ T[; wjkB n"os pko/ ;'funk <

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/

TH gkm s'A n~r/
(i) Grs f;zx ns/ T[BQK d/ ;kEh Gkos ƒ nIkd eok e/ fej' fij/
d/P dk fBowkD eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B < nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.
(ii) eh s[;hA fe;/ nfijh n"os ƒ ikDd/ j' fi; B/ gsh s'A fpBQK ;koh
fIzdrh nkgD/ nkg fpskJh j't/ < T[; dhnK jK^gZyh rZbK ƒ
T[Gkod/ j'J/ fJZe b/y fby'.
(iii) n"os f;de fdbh Bkb gsh fpBK fIzdrh fiT[A b?Adh j?. eh
s[;hA fe;/ nfij/ nkdwh ƒ ikDd/ j' i' nkgD/ f;de T[go
ekfJw ofj e/ nkgDk ihtB fBopkj eo fojk j't/ < T[; dhnK
gq/oDkdkfJe rZbK dk fIeo eod/ j'J/ nkgD/ fwZso ƒ fJZe
fuZmh fby'.
(iv) Gkos ftZu ;sh gqEk pko/ s[;hA eh ikDd/ j' < fJ; ƒ \sw eoB
bJh j'J/ isBK dh uouk eo'.
(v) n"os d/ ;[yh ;z;ko pko/ ebgBk eod/ j'J/ ft;sko ftZu fJZe GkPB
fsnko eo'.

31
nH tuB pdb' L
(i) rZvh HHH
(ii) pkoh HHH
(iii) |;b HHH
(iv) b|I HHH
(v) f;jok HHH
(vi) esko HHH
(vii) doZys HHH
(viii) ;N/PB HHH
(ix) nzpo HHH
(x) vZpk HHH

JH j/m fby/ tkeK ftu'A fefonk u[D e/ T[BQK dhnK fe;wK fby' L
(i) Grs f;zx dh wzrs/o B/ egkjK u[rD dk ezw ehsk. HHH
(ii) ;N/PB T[go nzBQk, Grs f;zx dk rhs rkT[Adk j?. HHH
(iii) ejkDheko B/ wzrs/o pko/ ebgBk ehsh. HHH
(iv) wzr/so ƒ brdk j? fe Grs f;zx nk ;edk j?. HHH
(v) w?A T[jd/ tZb sZedh ojh.

;H j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u beho/ PpdK dhnK fefonk ftP/PD dhnK fe;wK d~;'L
(i) Grs f;zx Io{o nkt/rk. HHH
(ii) Grs f;zx dh :kd wzr/so ƒ tko^tko ;skT[Adh j?. HHH
(iii) wzr/so ƒ fwjBs eoBh gJh feT[Afe T[; dk gsh BjhA nkfJnk. HHH
(iv) nzBQk j"bh^j"bh rkT[Adk j?. HHH
(v) T[j fMiedh fMiedh ;G s'A u'oh T[E/ nk rJh.

jH j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u ekb dhnK fe;wK gSkD e/ fby' L

(i) T[j pVk ;'jDk ;h.
(ii) wzr/so B/ e'mk fbZg fbnk ;h. HHH
(iii) Grs f;zx nk fojk j?. HHH
(iv) b/fyek ebgBk eo ojh j?. HHH
(v) n;hA T[; ƒ G[Zb/ BjhA ns/ sz{ th ;kƒ :kd J/A.

32
eH j/m fby/ nykDK d/ noE d~; e/ tke pDkT[ L
(i) nkg eki, wjK eki HHH
(ii) T[~ybh ftZu f;o fdZsk sK w'jfbnK dk eh vo HHH
(iii) Jh;pr'b s/ e[M Bk c'b HHH
(iv) ;" ;[fBnko dh fJZe b[jko dh HHH
(v) jzekfonk ;' wkfonk HHH

yH j/mK fby/ pj[^noEe PpdK d/ tke pDkT[ L

(i) wzr HHH
(ii) MZb/ HHH
(iii) bktK HHH
(iv) tko HH
(v) vzr HHH

33
 d[~X s/ g[~s
pfuzs e"o

P\;hns s/ ouBk
pfuzs e"o dk iBw 8 cotoh, 1940 JhH ƒ fgzv GV',
BkGk gzikp ftZu j'fJnk. fIzdrh ftZu id'^ ifjd
eofdnK n?~wHfcbH sZe T[~u ftZfdnk jk;b ehsh.
pfuzs e"o B/ gzikph ;kfjs irs d/ ejkDh^y/
so ftZu wjZstg{oB :'rdkB gkfJnk j?. T[BQK B/
doiB s'A tX ejkDhnK dhnK g[;seK wK^p'bh
gzikph dh M'bh gkJhnK jB. fit/A L ‘wzIb’, ‘;{jk
ozr f;nkj ozr’, ‘G[Zpb dh nZr’. ‘fenkoh b"ArK dh’ g[;se ƒ 1982^83
dk gzikph nekdwh, fdZbh tb'A ;ot'sw g[;se^;BwkB fwfbnk. T[BQK B/
ejkDh s'A fJbktk Bktb, ;t?^ihtBh, ;|oBkwk s/ pkb^g[;seK th fbyhnK
jB. pfuzs e"o dhnK ejkDhnK dh P?bh ;ob s/ ;zy/g j?. T[BQK dhnK
ejkDhnK nzro/Ih, fjzdh s/ j'o GkPktK ftZu nB[tkd j' u[ZehnK jB. T[BQK
dhnK ejkDhnK nfij/ ftP/ ƒ g/P eodhnK jB i' gkme wB ƒ N[zpdk j?.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE d[~X s/ g[~s

\k;h Lpj[s
Xod/ L;[Dd/ wJh dh gzi sohe j' u[eh ;h. go pkp/ pko{ ƒ Bk e'Jh pkjob/ xo'A
G'ok Lfpbe[b th b?D nkfJnk, s/ Bk jh T[j nkg ikD bJh fsnko ;h. ftfdnk j[D T[; Bkb
ihn Lfus, wB \k;h n"yh j' e/ p'bdh ;h. pZu/ th nZi ebQ pkp/ dh fe;/ rZb s/ ezB BjhA
;B Xod/. go c/o th pkp/ pko{ B/ fjzws eo e/ nkgD/ g[Zso eosko f;zx
ƒ efj jh fdsk, “g[so skfonk w?A pkjob/ xohA BjhA ikDk. w?ƒ nkgD/ e'b
jh ofjD d/. w/ok pkjob/ xohA G'ok th ihn BjhA bZrdk.”

34
 “ihn dk Gbk eh wsbp J/ pkg{, id wK d/ ‘tkoQ/’ tkb/ fdB gzi GkJhnK n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
tkoQ/ LtZvk eoBk,
ftu fJj c?;bk j'fJnk j?, fe n;hA gzi GkJh s[jkƒ fszB^fszB wjhB/ o'Nh
pI[or dh
d/tKr/. tkoh d/ w[skpe gfjbh sohe s'A s[jkv/ fszB wjhB/ J/E/ g{o/ j' u[e/ nzsw
jB. j[D s[jkƒ gqhs{ d/ xo ub/ ikDk ukjhdk j?.” pkpk nZr'A e[M th T[~so fefonk
Bk d/ ;fenk. t/b/ dh
o;w
nk\o pkp/ pko{ ƒ pkjob/ xo gqhs{ e'b nkT[Dk jh fgnk. Gkt/A nzdo'A
tZYh o{j BjhA
T[; dh tZYh o{j BjhA ;h eodh J/E/ nkT[D ƒ, go wodk eh Bk eodk.
;h eodh Lfpbe[b
eosko/ B/ fszB wjhB/ fgS'A ;k| efj i' fdsk ;h, “pkg{ j[D sz{ gqhs{ d/ xo wB BjhA
ubk ik.” ;h eodk
gqhs{ dh tj[Nh pzs pkp/ pko{ dh ;/tk ftu e'Jh e;o Bk oydh. j|s/ e;o LxkN
nkED LPkw t/bk
ftu d' tkoh T[; d/ egV/ X' d/Adh, ukj^gkDh ;w/A f;o pkp/ ƒ fsnko eoe/
ntk^stk LT{b^ib{b,
d/ fdzdh. nkgD/ pZfunK ƒ th T[; B/ ;wMk ofynk ;h fe “s[;hA fizBh pkp/
p/wsbp
dh ;/tk eo'r/, s[jkƒ T[~Bk jh nZSk |b fwb/rk. tZfvnK dh nkswk \[P oZyD wzih g{iDh Lftnzr Bkb
’s/ oZp th \[P ofjzdk j?.” ;/tk eoBh
go n?Bk e[M eoB ’s/ th pzs dh nkgDh nkswk ƒ ed/ PKsh BjhA ;h s'A Gkt
p/gsh Lp/fJIsh
fwbdh. T[; dk gsh Pokph ;h. id'A th nkED ƒ T[j xo nkT[Adk sK
p[s dk p[s L;[zB, \kw'P
nkT[AfdnK jh ntk^stk p'bDk P[o{ eo fdzdk. fe;/ Bk fe;/ pjkB/ pzs Bkb
MrVk eodk. pZfunK ƒ T[uh^T[uh rkbQK eZYD bZr g?Adk. i' e'Jh th T[;
dh rZb ƒ Bk T[bNkT[Adk, T[j ik e/ pkp/ pko{ d/ d[nkb/ j' iKdk. s/ T[; dh
wzih ƒ m/vk wko e/ efjzdk, “pkg{ ni/ fezBk fuo j'o fJj wzih g{iDh j?
w?A.” fJj rZb ;[D e/ p[ZY/ pkp/ dk ;kok ;oho ezpD brdk s/, nzdo'A nzdoh
T[j o' T[mdk. T[; ƒ ;koh d[Bhnk jB/oh ikgD bZr g?Adh. T[; d/ nZ;h ;kb
g[okD/ jZv fit/A T[; ƒ fwZNh
pD/ BIo nkT[Ad/.
T[; dk Pokph g[Zso T[;
d/ ;fseko dh EK T[; ƒ th
ntk^stk p'bD'A BjhA ;h
fMiedk. fezBh p/gsh eodk
;h gqhs{, pkp/ pko{ dh. Pokph
g[Zs dhnK rZbK ;[D e/ T[j p[s
dk p[s pD e/ ofj ikdk.

35
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE c/o ;'uK jh ;'uK ftu T[j nkgD/ gziK g[ZsK d/ xoK s/ UjBK d/ pZfunK
fNfenk L;fEo
ƒ goydk. nk\o T[; dk wB efj T[mdk, wBk eosko/ e'b i/ fNfenk ofj
o[bdk LyZib^\okp
;e/ sK jh uzrh rZb j?. go T[j th sK oZy/ <
j[zdk
go';dh Lfdzdh j[D pkp/ dh tkoh sb'e/ d/ xo ikD dh ;h. sb'ek ;Zuh^w[ZuhA nkgD/ fgU
r[r/ dh g{ik L;Zg dh g{ik d/ p[Ykg/ ƒ fJ; soQK o[bdk BjhA ;h d/y ;edk. id'A pkpk sb'e/ d/ xo j[zdk
vzr LvZ;Dk sK sb'e/ dh tj[Nh ;G s'A gfjbK pkp/ ƒ o'Nh go';dh. ;G s'A gfjbK pkp/
;'bK nkB/ mhe Lfpbe[b mhe ƒ ukj fdzdh. J/; xo pkp/ d/ egV/ X' e/ o'I pdb/ iKd/ ;B. sb'ek T[;
t/b/ f;o L;w/A f;o dh y[Ph dk g{ok^g{ok fXnkB oydk, go fco th pkp/ ƒ fJT[A brdk
u[ZGthA rZb LskjBk^
fit/A e'Jh r[r/ dh g{ik j' ojh j?. r[r/ Bkb Gbk fe;/ ƒ eh fgnko j' ;edk
fwjDk
v{Y ;" o[gJ/ L150 o[gJ/ j? < T[; dh g{ik vzr d/ vo s'A jh ehsh iKdh j?.
T[X/Vp[D Lp/ f;ZNk rZb, rZb th fJj ;'bK nkB/ mhe ;h. sb'ek pkp/ dh ;/tk ftu nkgDh tj[Nh
f\nkbh ;'u ’s/ ;\s BIo oZydk ;h. fi; eoe/ T[; dh tj[Nh t/b/ f;o pkp/ d/ ;ko/
btk d/tK LBK btk d/Dk, ezw eo fdzdh, o'I egV/ X'Adh, ukj gkDh ;w/A f;o d/ fdzdh, T[; dk wzik
BK eo d/Dk
fp;sok ;k| oydh. go nkT[Adh iKdh T[j pkp/ ƒ e'Jh Bk e'Jh u[ZGthA rZb
;jko LpodkPs
eoBk, ;fjDk Io{o ;[Dk iKdh. “pkg{ sz{ Gbk ;koh T[wo ftu eh ehsk j? nkgD/ g[soK bJh.
Bhns fcZNh fgzv ftu ;G s'A E'VQh IwhB j? ;kv/ e'b. s/oh e'Jh ;/tk eo/ sK Gbk
gJh j? Lp/JhwkB j' fet/A eo/.” pkpk ƒjK dhnK u[GthnK rZbK ;[D e/ nzdo' nzdoh o' T[mdk.
ikDk
ihn eodk gziK ƒ SZv^Svk e/ feXo/ d{o ubk ikt/. go fJ; ftu sb'e/
jfEnkT[D LepI/ ftu
eoB dk eh e;{o, Bk T[j sb'e/ ƒ e[M d;dk, Bk ƒj ƒ e'Jh itkp fdzdk. pkpk
o'Djkek Lo'D torh BjhA ;h ukjz[dk fe xo ftu T[; d/ fgS/ bVkJh j't/.
jkbs c/o nkg jh ;'u e/ wB ƒ s;Zbh d/ b?Adk, mhe jh sK efjzdh j? sb'e/ dh
pj{. sb'e/ dh sBykj th sK v{Y ;" o[g? jh j?. T[; B/ pZu/ th gkbD/ jB.
J/;/ soQK pkpk pko{ ;kok fdB ;'uK dh T[X/Vp[D ftu T[bfMnk ofjzdk. ed/ ;'udk
nZXh IwhB sb'e/ d/ BkT[A btk d/tK. pkeh sK nkgD/^nkgD/ xo ;ko/ uzrk
yKd/^ghAd/ jB. fJ;/ dk r[Ikok w[Pfeb j?. go fJj rZb T[; d/ d{i/ g[Zso
fet/A ;jko ;ed/ jB. T[j sK g{o/ fjZ;/ bJh woB^wkoB ƒ fsnko j' ikDr/.
Bkb/ fdnkbk i' j[D ;koh IwhB ƒ tkj[zdk phidk j? T[j ed'A wzBD
bZfrnk, J/; rZb ƒ. T[; d/ xo oZp dk fdsk d[ZX^g[Zs ;G' e[M j?. go
c/o th T[; dh Bhns fcZNh gJh j?. nzdo'^nzdoh T[j gNtkoh Bkb fwb e/
nZr/ dh ;koh IwhB jfEnkT[D ƒ fcodk j?. skjhUA sK T[j pkp/ pko{ ƒ fgzv
ftu p[bk e/ y[P BjhA.

36
 ;'u^;'u pkpk o'Djkek j' iKdk. n?vk tZvk gfotko ;h T[; dk fe b'e n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
Bho/ nkb/
fgzv ftu T[; ƒ tv/ gfotko tkbk efj e/ p[bkT[Ad/ ;B. id'A ed/ T[j
nzdo Ls{Vh nkfd
;ko/ g's/^g'shnK ftu p?mk j[zdk ;h sK T[; ƒ eJh tko fJj th G[Zb iKdk
gP{nK d/
fe fejVk g[so fdnkb/ dk s/ fejVk gqhs{ dk j?. go e'Jh T[; dh pks uko/ tkb/
BjhA g[Sdk. ewo/ ftZu

id'A T[; dh gsBh fiT{Adh ;h sK T[j fgzv jh ofjzdk ;h. s/ fdnkb/ vkj LftSk
XZeD LG/iD
B/ T[; dh wzih Bho/ nkb/ nzdo vkj oyh ;h. go id T[j wo rJh sK T[;
szdK LMw/fbnK,
dh wzih dk e'Jh th fNekDk BjhA ;h fojk. T[bMDK
gfjbk d{i/ tZb, d{ik shi/ tZb, shik u"E/ tZb XZeD ƒ fsnko ofjzdk o[yh^;[yh L;kdh o'Nh
;h. fizBk tvk T[; dk gfotko ;h, T[~BhnK jh szdK ftu T[j T[bfMnk fgnk Gkoh Lp'M
;h. eJh tkoh pj[sk d[yh j' e/ T[j nkgDh ;tortk;h gsBh ƒ efj T[mdk, frbk LfPetk,
BokIrh
“d/y GkrtzshJ/, sz{ efjzdh j[zdh ;h fizB/ g[Zs pj[s/ j'Dr/ T[~Bk jh pj[sk ;[y
fJeb"s/ LfJeZb/,
fwb/rk p[Ykg/ ftu. ed/ Gbk fe;/ ƒ d[ZX s/ g[Zs th pj[s/ bZr/ jB < nZi fJe' fJe
w/oh jkbs d/y Iok nk e/. w?A fezBk d[yh jK. w/oh o[yh^;[yh th ;G ƒ Gkoh pNtko/ Ltzv, fjZf;nK
bZrdh j?.” ftZu tzvDk
c/o fJe tko T[; B/ gziK g[ZsoK s/ BIo d"VkJh. go gzitK sK ni/ c'bdk L;KMk eodk

ftnkfjnk th BjhA. Bkb/ T[j sK pkjo B"eoh eodk j?. w/o/ e'b'A gzi ;" whb
d{o, T[; Bkb Gbk w/ok eh frbk.
j[D ;kb dk nzs nk frnk ;h. j[D c/o pkp/ dh tkoh eosko/ d/ xo
ikD dh nk rJh. pkpk pko{ nzdo'^nzdoh y[P j' fojk ;h. feT[Afe eosko/
d/ xo d/ Bkb jh T[; dk S'Nk Gok nkgD/ fJeb"s/ gZ[so e'b ofjzdk ;h, fi;
ƒ fe;/ pNtko/ dh b'V BjhA ;h ;skT[Adh. s/ pkpk pko{ fezBk fuo nkgD/
S'N/ Gok e'b p?mk nkgDk d[y^;[y c'bdk ofjzdk ;h.

fN~gDh
‘d[ZX s/ g[Zs’ ejkDh ftZu b/fyek B/ pI[or gkso pkp/ pko{ dh d[Zy Goh
dk;skB fpnkB ehsh j?. T[; d/ gzi g[Zso—eoskok, gqhs{, sb'ek, fdnkbk
s/ pkjob/ d/; ofjD tkbk g[Zs ;B. T[BQK B/ nkgDh wK d/ woB s'A pknd
G'r s'A pknd sfj ehsk fe pkg{ ƒ T[j fszB^fszB wjhB/ nkgD/^nkgD/ xo
oZyDr/. pkg{ dk wB nkgD/ iZdh xo fJe' g[so eosko/ e'b ofjD ƒ eodk
j?. T[; dhnK ƒjK f;o| fJZe ƒ SZv e/ rZb^rZb ’s/ pkg{ ƒ skjB/^fwjD/

37
fdzdhnK jB fe T[; B/ Bk sK e'Jh uzrh IwhB ikfJdkd pDkJh j?, ns/ Bk
jh ;'B/ d/ rfjD/ T[BQK ƒ ftok;s ftZu fdZs/ jB. d{i/ gk;/ pkp/ pko{ d/ Gok
dk fJZe'^fJZe g[Zso j? i' nkgD/ wkfgnK dk nkfrnkeko g[Zso j?. pkpk pko{
nkgDh 80 ;kb dh T[wo tZb d/ye/ e';dk j? fe ;wK fezBK pdb frnk j?.
xotkbh d/ woB s'A pknd T[; dh fezBh p/edoh j' ojh j?. i' nkgD/ g[ZsoK
’s/ pj[s wkD eodh ;h.
ejkDhekok pfuzs e"o fJ; ejkDh okjhA fJZe ;zd/P d/ ojh j? fe tZv/
gfotko d/ wK^pkg nkgD/ pZfunK ƒ ed/ p'M BjhA ;wMd/ ;B. go pZu/ nkgD/
fgsk ƒ o'Nh d/D bJh EK^EK G/i d/D bJh wIp{o eod/ jB. fJ; bJh pkg{
pko{ ;'udk j? fe ‘d[ZX s/ g[Zs’ fcND bZfrnK ed/ d/o BjhA bkT[Ad/. b/fyek
nfij/ ;wki ’s/ fsZyk ftnzr eodh j?. fJZE/ g?;k Gko{ j'D eoe/ B?fse edoK^
ehwsK ƒ Ykn bZr ojh j?. wkfgnK dh p/edoh ejkDh dk w[Zy ftPk j?.

nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) ‘dZ[X s/ g[Zs’ ejkDh ftZu pkp/ pko{ d/ fezB/ g[Zso jB.
(ii) fJ; ejkDh ftZu pkg{ nkgD/ wB dh rZb fe; ƒ d;dk j?.
(iii) wK d/ woB s'A pknd g[ZsoK B/ eh |?;bk ehsk.
(iv) pkp/ pko{ gqsh T[; d/ gqhs{ g[Zso dk fej' fijk ftjko j?.
(v) fJ; ejkDh d/ f;ob/y s'A eh Gkt j?.

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/

TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) s[;hA nkgD/ wkfgnK bJh eh eoBk ukjz[d/ j'. y[ZbQ e/ fpnkB eo'.
(ii) nZi eZbQ wkfgnK s/ pZfunK ftZu tX ojh d{oh d/ ekoB dZ;'.
(iii) j[D gsh^gsBh s/ pZfunK dk fJeZm/ ofjD dk fotkI P[o{ j' frnk
j?. fJ; wkj"b ftZu pI[orK dh j' ojh p/edoh T[go o"PBh gkT[Adk
fJZe b/y fby'.
(iv) BthA s/ nkgDh ghVQh ftZu B/Vsk fbnkT[D bJh ;[Mkn fdT[.
(v) fvgNh efwPBo ƒ fJZe gZso fby e/ pI[orK dh ;[oZfynk tXkT[D
dh p/Bsh eo'.

38
nH tuB pdb' L
(i) eZgVk HHH (ii) pZuk HHH
(iii) skok HHH (iv) rZb HHH
(v) wzih HHH (vi) sBykj HHH
(vii) fp;sok HH (viii) szd HHH
(ix) IwhB HHH (x) u'DthA HHH

JH j/m fby/ pj[^noEe PpdK d/ tke pDkT[ L

(i) T[~so HHH
(ii) do HHH
(iii) cb HHH
(iv) tZYh HHH
(v) tzv HHH

;H j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u'A beho/ fefonk ftP/PDK dhnK fe;wK d~;' L
(i) T[; dh fJj rZb ;'bK nkB/ mhe ;h.
(ii) sb'ek nzdo jh p?mk ;h.
(iii) fgzv ftZu ;kv/ e'b E'Vh IwhB j?.
(iv) T[; dk gzitK g[Zso B"eoh bJh d{o frnk j'fJnk ;h.HHH
(v) rZbK eodk eodk T[j nuBu/s o' fgnk.HHH

jH j/m fby/ tkeK ftu'A fefonk dh u'D eo' L

(i) ƒj B/ pkp/ ƒ skjB/^fwjD/ fdZs/. HHH
(ii) g[Zso B/ fgsk ƒ gkDh fgnkfJnk. HHH
(iii) pkpk sz{ ;koh T[wo ;kv/ bJh e[M BjhA pDkfJnk. HHH
(iv) gsBh d/ woB wro'A pkp/ dh d/y^Gkb j'Dh ukjhdh ;h. HHH
(v) pkp/ B/ g[Zso ƒ nPhotkd fdZsk. HHH

eH j/m fby/ tkeK ƒ toswkB ekb ft~u pdb e/ fby' L

(i) ftfdnk j[D T[; Bkb \k;h n"yh j' e/ p'bdh ;h.
(ii) eosko/ B/ pkg{ ƒ gqhs{ d/ xo ikD bJh efj fdZsk ;h.
(iii) pkp/ dh rZb ;'bK nkB/ mhe ;h.
(iv) sb'ek pkg{ d/ p[Ykg/ ƒ o[bdk BjhA d/y ;edk ;h.
(v) fdnkb/ d/ xo oZp dk fdZsk ;G e[M ;h.

39
 feos dk ;fseko
vkH jouoB f;zx

P\;hns s/ ouBk
vkH jouoB f;zx gzikph ;kfjs^irs d/ gqf;ZX
BkNeeko jB. T[BQK B/ tZvh frDsh ftZu fJeKrh
fby/ jB. T[BQK d/ gqf;ZX fJeKrh ;zrqfj jB—‘;gs
foPh’, ‘gzi rhNVk’, ‘w[Ve/ dh y[Pp'’ s/ ‘gzu
gqXkB’. T[BQK B/ pj[s ;ko/ BkNe th fby/ jB. T[BQK
B/ gfjbh tkoh nkgDh Xow gsBh Xow e"o s'A
nfGB? eotkfJnk. fJ; Bkb gzikph BkNeK ftZu
fJ;soh^gkso dh ;wZf;nk dk jZb th j' frnk. T[BQK d/ BkNeK d/ ftP/ nkw
s"o ’s/ wB[Zyh edoK^ehwsK Bkb ;zpzXs j[zd/ jB.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE feos dk ;fseko

ekjb Ls/ih ftZu
;wK L ;zB 1955
w[BPh Lfj;kp oZyD
tkbk,
;EkB L fdZbh dh fJZe p;sh
nekT{AN?AN t/bk L ;t/o/ 10 ti/
jZ; s[; Lw[PebK MKeh L fdZbh dk fJZe pZ; nZvk. fszB pzd/ ns/ fJZe fJ;soh pZ;
Bkb
dh T[vhe ftZu yVQ/ jB. T[BQK ftZu'A fJZe w'Nk Gkok ;/m
j?, fi; B/ d[ZX^fuZNh N'gh ns/ P[ZX yZdo d/ eZgV/ gkJ/ j'J/
jB. T[j e[M ekjb s/ xpokjN ftZu ikgdk j?. T[; d/
Bkb T[; dk w[BPh j?. shik e/;o BK dk fJZe pzdk j?,
i' rZbK s'A y[bQ/ ;[Gkn dk gqshs jz[dk j?. fJj T[BQK E'VQ/ pzfdnK
ftZu'A j?, i' fIzdrh dk jo gb jZ; s[; e/ r[Ikod/

40
 jB. nkX[fBe ozr^Yzr dh fJ;soh th jk;/ wy"b ƒ p[ok n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
wy"b LwIke
BjhA ;wMdh.
esko Lgzesh
;tkoh L (;kj' ;kj) nkj pZ; fejV/ Bzpo dh ;h <
(bkJhB)
e/;o L s[jkƒ fejVh ukjhdh ;h <
ekjb/ Libdh ftZu
;tkoh L s/oK Bzpo dh. G[zi/ bZE/ Lgo/PkB j'Dk
e/;o L pZ; Ujh ;h, n?Xo nk ikU esko ftZu, ;kj eZY bU. nV LnNe ikDk
;tkoh L t/y' ih, fezBk Io{oh ezw ;h. yNhnK LewkJhnK
;/m L iBkp, n;hA sK s[jkv/ Bkb'A th ekjb/ nK. ;kvk jIkoK dk yNhJ/ LewkJhJ/

B[e;kB j' fojk J/. ekfJb LwzBD tkb/

dwVh Lg?;k
e/;o L ;/m ;kjp sK G[zi/ bZE/ j'J/ B/. t/ydk BjhA ftuko/ fezB/ p/u?B
B/. fJBQK dh X'sh g?o ftZu nV rJh BjhA sK fJBQK B/ ezveNo
T[~s/ jh uVQ ikDk ;h.
;/m L s[jkƒ rZbK ;[ZMdhnK B/. ezw e'Jh BjhA Bk j'Dk.
e/;o L ;/m ih, pZ; B/ nkgD/ NkJhw ’s/ nkT[Dk, xpokT[D Bkb
S/sh BjhA nk ikDk.
;/m L iBkp, n;hA sK s[jkv/ Bkb'A th ekjb/ nK. ;kvk jIkoK dk
B[e;kB j' fojk J/.
;tkoh L nrbh pZ; ed'A e[ nkt/rh <
e/;o L e'Jh fBPfus ;wK BjhA.
fJ;soh L ;qhwkB ih, xpokU Bk, pkp{ b'e ;G nkg'^nkgD/ d|soK ftZu
ub/ rJ/ B/, j[D ;kvh Jh tkoh J/.
e/;o L phph ih, s[jkv/ j[zfdnK xpokjN feZdK j' ;edh J/. fiE/
iBkBh j't/ fJT[A brdk, fit/A gotko ftZu p?m/ j[zd/ nK. w?A
sK efjzdk Gkt/A Pkw sZe Bk nkt/.
;/m L eh fejk, Pkw sZe BjhA nkT[Dh <
e/;o L ;/m ih, i/ s[jkƒ pj[s ekjbh J/, sK N?e;h feT[A BjhA
eo b?Ad/.
;/m L GkJh ;kjp, i/ n;hA o'I N?e;hnK ’s/ uVQhJ/ sK c/o yNhnK
fet/A yNhJ/.
e/;o L ;/m ;kjp sK fJ; n;{b d/ ekfJb B/ —uwVh ikJ/ go dwVh
Bk ikJ/.

41
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE ;/m L GkJh ;kjp, ikB wko e/ g?;k ewkJhdk J/.
ikB wkoe/ LfwjBs
e/;o L d{i/ dh ikB wko e/ fe nkgDh <
eoe/
pj[fVnk LnkfJnk
(;ko/ jZ; g?Ad/ jB)
T[vhe LfJzsIko ;/m L e'Jh BjhA ikB wkodk nZi^ebQ fe;/ ykso. b'e pV/ f;nkD/
nkjo/ Lezw^Xzd/ j' rJ/ B/.
fbP^fbP LuweD w[zvk L p{N gkbP eotk bt', pkp{ ih p{N gkbP.
r{m/ Lnzr{m/ e/;o L b? gJh sz{ uzrk t/b/ f;o pj[fVnk J/A.
d{D ;tkfJnk Ld[rDk, tXDk
fJ;soh L fJj pV/ j[fPnko j[zd/ B/, fiE/ b'eh T[vhe ftZu j'D T[E/ Io{o
g[Zid/ B/.
e/;o L uzrk ;r'A ftjb/ pzfdnK ƒ nkjo/ bkJh oZyd/ B/. T[vhe
wfj;{; BjhA j'D fdzd/.
w[zvk L phph ih, ;?Avb gkbP eotk bU, fbP^fbP eoB bZr g?Dr/.
fJ;soh L fezB/ g?;/ bt/Ark <
w[zvk L i' woIh d/ d/Dk.
fJ;soh L gfjb'A dZ;, s[;hA b'e fgZS'A MrVk eod/ U.
w[zvk L ;ko/ fJZe' fij/ BjhA j[zd/ phph ih.
e/;o L fJBQK dh ;?Avb nZXh ;tkoh J/. uwV/ tZb sK d/y Iok e[
nZvh e'b J/ iK c/o E'VQk fijk r{m/ gk;.
;/m L ;kok g?o Bzrk ofjzdk J/. (u'o nZy Bkb fJ;soh tZb
t/ydk j?.)
e/;o L G?D ih, fJBQK g?;/ X/b/ ƒ jtk BjhA bZrD d/Dh.
;/m L Gfbnk b'ek g?;k e'b oZyhdk jh BjhA ;G fpiB?; ’s/ bk
Svhdk J/.
e/;o L nzdo'A nzdoh d{D ;tkfJnk j[zdk ofjzdk J/.
;/m L nk\o g?;/ B/ jh
g?;/ ƒ ewkT[Dk J/A.
fJ;soh L (g?o nZr/ eodh
j'Jh) pj[s uzrk
gkbP eodk J/A.
d/y' wz{j ftu'A fd;D
bZr fgnk J/.

42
e/;o L PhPk sK fwb Jh frnk J/. s[;hA j[D w/eng P[o{ eo fdU. n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
X/bh LnmZBh
(;ko/ jZ; g?Ad/ jB. fJ;soh th e/;o tZb t/y e/
(gzikj g?;/)
w[;eokT[Adh j?)
i'r/ Lr[Iko/
fJ;soh L pj[s fwjBsh w[zvk J/. fezB/ e[ g?;/ ewk b?Adk J/A < bkfJe
wz[vk L fJj' ih o[fgnk^X/bh. f;T[A Lf;bkJh
fJ;soh L p;. noIh LfpB/^gZso
T[dwh Lfjzwsh
wz[vk L w?A pj[sk bkbu BjhA eodk ih, p; ch; ’s/ feskpK i'r/ ewk
w[beK Ld/;K
b?Adk jK. o'Nh i'r/ wK eZgV/ f;T[A e/ ewk b?Adh J/.
d[nkBh Ld' nkB/
fJ;soh L (jwdodh Bkb) s/ok fgT[ e'Jh BjhA < (o[gJ/ dk
w[zvk L BjhA ih gkfe;skB ;w/A esb j' frnk ;h. nZmtK fjZ;k,
fJZe nkB/
e/;o L pj[s ;wMdko bVek J/.
ftZu S/ g?;/
fJ;soh L fejVh iwks ftZu gVQdk J/A. j[zd/ jB)
w[zvk L B"thA iwks ftZu ih. Gkn Lehws, w[Zb
fJ;soh L fejV/ ;e{b ftZu. uoph Lwk;
w[zvk L (jZE Bkb fJPkok eoe/) n"j J/ ih ;kjwD/ ;e{b.
fJ;soh L sz{ |h; wk| eotk b?Dh ;h.
w[zvk L noIh fdZsh j'Jh J/ gfjbK sK wk| ;h.
e/;o L pVk T[dwh bVek J/.
w[zvk L pkjob/ w[beK ftZu ftfdnkoEh nkg ewk e/ gVQd/ B/. phph
ih, ;kv/ d/; ftZu ni/ ezw dk ;fseko BjhA.
fJ;soh L s/o/ tor/ j'Djko pZu/ Io{o eo d/Dr/ fJE/ th, PkpkP.
w[zvk L bU d/y bU phph ih.
fJ;soh L (go; ftZu'A g?;/ eZY e/) nkj b? d[nkBh.
w[zvk L fwjopkBh ih.
fJ;soh L fwjopkBh fejVh rZb dh, sz{ ezw eoe/ g?;/ ewkJ/ B/.
;/m L j?A ` d[nkBh ` phph ih s[;hA sK Gkn ftrkV fdZsk J/. w?A
nkg p{N gkbP eotkD/ ;B.
fJ;soh L ;/m ih, fdb tZvk oZyDk ukjhdk J/.
e/;o L fdb j? Jh feZE/, uoph ftZu ;kok b[fenk fgnk J/.
w[zvk L ;/m ih, g?o nZr/ eo', i' woIh d/ d/Dk. (;/m d/ p{NK ƒ jZE
bkT[Adk j?)

43
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE ;/m L (g?o fgZS/ jNk e/) jN, g?oK ƒ jZE Bk bk, gkg uVQdk J/.
i'V/ Lp{N, i[Zsh
w[zvk L ;/m ih, i'V/ ;k| eoB Bkb ;r'A gkg bZEd/ B/. wB ftZu
bZEd/ LT[sod/
fBwosk t;dh J/. r[odtko/, wzdo BjhA iKd/ s[;hA <
jZEhA LjZEK Bkb
fBowb L;k| ;/m L fijV/ gkg eod/ B/ T[j' wzdo^r[odtko/ iKd/ B/ gkg pyPkT[D.
fjodk Lfdb wz[vk L ;/m ih jZEhA ezw ehs/ fpBK wB fBowb s/ fjodk P[ZX BjhA
o'eVh Loew, g?;/ j' ;edk.
BfVBt/A d/ r/V Lu[ok;h d/
r/V, ;'uK
fJ;soh L fezBK ;wMdko bVek j?.
MZr/ ftu'A Le[Vs/ dh e/;o L ;/m ih, eo fdU g?o nZr/ fejVh o'eVh you j'D
i/p ftZu'A bZrh J/.
ezNo'b Lehws s?n
;/m L sz{ gfjb'A fJBQK d/ gkbP eo d/ w?A ;'u btK.
j' ikDh
SDed/ Lykbh iK e/;o L ;/m ih, s[;hA fejV/ BfVBt/A d/ r/V ftZu g? rJ/ U. MZr/ ftZu'A
ezrkb j' fJZe d[nkBh d/Dh g?Dh J/A.
ikJhJ/
;/m L d[nkBh < uKdBh u"e ftZu w?A o'I d' g?;/ d/ eotkT[Bk tK.
ekw/ Lezw eoB
tkb/ e/;o L go s[jkv/ p{N gkbP j'fJnK ƒ sK wjhBk j' frnk brdk J/.
wI{oh LwId{oh w[zvk L ;/m ih, d[nkBh dh s/ gkbP Jh br ikDh J/.
wzrs/ LfGykoh
;/m L d' g?;/ b?D/ B/ sK eo d/, BjhA sK w"i eo.
e/;o L ;/m ih, j[D sK ezNo'b pD frnk J/, d[nkBh Jh d/Dh gT[.
;/m L c/o s[;hA feT[A BjhA eotkT[Ad/ <
e/;o L n;hA s[jkv/ tKr ;'uK E'Vk ;'uDhnK B/, b? gJh gfjb'A w/o/
eo d/.
w[zvk L fJZE/ oZy' ih.
;/m L i/ n;hA b'e s[jkv/ tKr |I{o youh eohJ/, c/o sK SDed/
fcohJ/.
w[zvk L ;/m ih r[Z;k Bk eoBk, s[;hA b'e Xow fgZS/ dkB eo fdzd/
U, go fJZe ekw/ ƒ T[jdh wI{oh BjhA d/ ;ed/.
;/m L UfJ, sz{ p{N gkbP eodk J/A fe pfj;.
fJ;soh L ;/m ih, ;Zuh rZb dk r[Z;k Bk eo'. s[;hA b'e dkB g[zB eoe/
wzrs/ g?dk eod/ U, go fJZe wId{o ƒ T[jdh wId{oh d/D
ƒ fsnko BjhA U.

44
w[zvk L ;/m ih, fJj ezw wzrD Bkb'A jIko doi/ uzrk J/. n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
tkj Ltk;sk
(;/m r[Z;/ Bkb wz{j d{i/ gk;/ eoe/ yVQk j' iKdk j?)
y?o y?ohns L;[y ;Kd
e/;o L ;/m ih, n?Xo d/y' Iok, fet/A PhP/ tKr uweD bZr gJ/
g[rdk LwBI{o
B/, s[jkvh N'gh fJ; ftZu'A ;kc fdZ;D bZr gJh J/.
bfji/ LnzdkI
;/m L (Iok j"bh) feZE/ w{oyK Bkb tkj g? frnk. tkfenk Jh Ln;b ftZu
e/;o L (;[DB fgZS'A ftnzr Bkb) ;/m ih B/ Io{o 1947 s'A pknd N'gh bkfJe L;wMdko
gkT[Dh P[o{ ehsh j't/rh. uzrk n;{b J/, rzrk rJ/ sK rzrk g?;k X/bk Lg?;k, XB
dk;, iwBk rJ/ sK iwBk dk;. yh;/ Li/p

;/m L Gfbnk b'ek, fJ; N'gh dh \?o^\?ohns Bkb jh sK ;ko/ tgko jtk Bk btkULyou Bk eo'
y?jVk LfgZSk
cbd/ B/ nZi^eZbQ.
e/;o L ;/m ih fJ; N'gh Bkb s[;hA g{o/ d/;^Grs bZrd/ U.
w[zvk L d/y bU ih p{N.
e/;o L pj[s y{p ` b? cV d[nkBh.
w[zvk L P[eohnk ` s[;hA th eotk bU ;/m ih.
;/m L Uj PkfJd p; nk rJh J/.
w[zvk L d/y bU ih p{N.
e/;o L T[j sK NoZe J/ ;/m ih ` eok bU p{N Bkb/ bVe/ dh wdd
j' ikt/rh.
;/m L feT[A gJh g[rdk Jh ;"dk.
e/;o L ;/m ih jo rZb tgkoh bfji/ ftZu eod/ B/.
w[zvk L ub' ;/m ih i' woIh J/ d/ fdU.
;/m L (y[P j' e/) fJj bVek tkfenk Jh pj[s bkfJe J/. uzrk
tgkoh pD/rk. fpiB; dk f;ZXk n;{b J/, i' g?;k^X/bk
nkt/, p; yh;/ ftu gkT[D dh eo'.
e/;o L p; i/p ftZu gkJh ikU, jtk Bk btkU.
wkJh L phph, w/o/ pZu/ fszB fdB d/ G[Zy/ B/.
fJ;soh L (go; ftu'A g?;/ eZY e/) b? wkJh.
wkJh L phph, s/ok pZuk iht/. (wkJh ;/m nZr/ jZE eodh j?)
;/m L wk| eo wkJh, y?jVk th SZv.
w[zvk L b? wkJh fJZe nkBk.
w[zvk L d/y bU ih p{N.

45
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE e/;o L pVk cI{b you eodk J/ bVek.
T[~ek Lfpbe[b
w[zvk L fJZe rohp jh rohp dk d[Zy ;wM ;edk J/.
wko bZr rJhLw[;hps
n\pko tkbk L g/go b? bt', nZi dk g/go.
g? rJh
;/m L e'Jh gzikph dk g/go ftyk.
yokfJs LGhy
e;{sk Lp[oh soQK (;/m n\pko b? e/ Gkn tkbk gzBk t/yD bZrdk j?)
;/m L UJ/ u[zBh bkb.
u[zBh bkb L j[ew ;/m ih.
w[zvk L d/y bU ih p{N.
;/m L wko/ rJ/, T[~ek jh wko/ rJ/.
u[zBh bkb L ;'B/^uKdh d/ Gkn fvZr gJ/.
e/;o L ;/m ih, fJj ;kok s[jkvk e;{o J/, s[;hA y[d Gkn
frokfJnk J/, s[;hA w[zv/ ƒ d[nkBh fdU, ;'B/^uKdh d/ Gkn
th uVQ ikDr/.
;/m L b? pJh gkbP eo d/.
w[zvk L g?o fJXo oZy' ih.
fJ;soh L 27 Bzpo dh pZ; nk rJh.
;/m L 13 Bzpo dh pZ; ƒ eh wko bZr rJh J/.
w[zvk L ;/m ih g?;/ fdU.
;/m L (fJZe nkBk fdzdk j'fJnk) b? gJh ekek.
w[zvk L ;/m ih yokfJs BjhA wzr fojk, fwjBs wI{oh ehsh J/,
nkgDk jZe wzr fojK.
;/m L jZe dk pZuk eoB/ p{N gkbP s/ p'bDk T[~uk. ikj bk b?
fijVk s/ok I'o brdk J/, BjhA fdzdk.
(wz[v/ d/ p{N e;{sk bZrdk J/ T[j o'D bZrdk J/)
e/;o L fJjB/ eh ftrkfVnk J/ s[jkvk.
fJ;soh L e[M j'P s'A ezw b?Dk ukjhdk J/.
;/m L s[;hA u[Zg oj' ih.
(fJzB/ ƒ ;e{b dk wk;No s/ d'^fszB w[zv/ y/vD tkbh :{Bhckow
ftZu fBebd/ jB.)
wk;No L fePB o'Adk feT[A J/A < eh rZb J/ <
fePB L fJjBK B/ w?ƒ wkfonk.

46
;/m L s[jkvk fJ; Bkb eh tk;sk. n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
j'Djko Lj[fPnko
wk;No L fJj w/o/ ;e{b dk j'Djko bVek J/.
r[;sk\ Lubke,
;/m L fJj pj[s r[;sk\ J/.
Yhm,
w[zvk L w?A nkgDk jZe wzfrnk ;h. wz{j cN
e/;o L fJBQK ƒ fJ; rZb dh ;Ik fwbDh ukjhdh J/. joi LB[e;kB
wk;No L s[jkvk tes dk joi j't/rk, w/o/ Bkb Iok g[fb; ;N/PB se mkD/ Lg[fb;
;N/PB,
ub'. (ub' ;/m ;kjp)
EkD/
;/m L ;kv/ sK fgU^dkd/ B/ mkD/ dh Peb BjhA d/yh. X{ e/ Lx;hN e/
bVe/ L wk;No ih j[ew eo' n;hA X{ e/ b? ubhJ/ < BfiZmh LfBp/Vh
;/m L wk;No ih w[nkc eo', i' wdd ukjz[d/ j' bVeh dh eoB ƒ gzuK dk fejk
fsnko jK. f;o wZE/ LgqtkB
cs{jh LewhI
e/;o L wk;No ih fijVh rZb gzukfJs sZe BfiZmh ik ;e/ T[j mkD/
fyvk Ly/vDk
ndkbsK ftZu BjhA g[ukDh ukjhdh.
ez{vk LB[e;kB
wk;No L gzuK dk fejk f;o wZE/.
e/;o L ub' ;/m ih bVe/ dh fJZe ;kb dh ch; d/ fdU.
;/m L e[M sK fonkfJs eo', ub' nZX'^nZX ;jh.
fJZe w[zvk L T[j f;gkjh nk fojk fJZXo.
;/m L (cs{jh ftu'A ;" dk B'N eZYdk j'fJnk) w/o/ e'b sK pZ; fJj
jh j?.
wk;No L fePB cV b? o[gJ/.
fJ;soh L wk;No ih, fJj pj[s j'Djko bVek j?, fXnkB oZyDk.
wk;No L uZb gJh fePB s?ƒ fyvk fbnkJhJ/.
;/m L uZb gJh u[zBh bkb, xo ubhJ/. nZi fdB wzdk J/, ;t/o/^
;t/o/ Gkn fvr gJ/ s/ J/Xo ez{vk j' frnk.
(;ko/ jZ; g?Ad/ B/)

fN~gDh
fJ; fJeKrh ftZu ezi{; s/ y[ZbQ/ ;[Gkn tkb/ ftnesh dh wkBf;esk ƒ
g/P ehsk frnk j?. b/ye B/ fJj dZf;nk j? fe fe; soQK Bkb fwjBs eoB
tkb/ bVe/ ƒ T[; dh fwjBs dk cb BjhA fdZsk iKdk. d{i/ gk;/ ;wki d/
T[~u tor dh gqshfBXsk eodk j'fJnk ;/m id'A nkgD/ Xzd/ ftZu B[e;kB j[zdk

47
t/ydk j? sK d'BK jZEK Bkb nkgDk f;o fgNDk P[o{ eo fdzdk j?. id'A ;ko/
b'e T[; bVe/ dk ;kE fdzd/ jB sK fco ;/m ƒ M[eDk g?Adk J/. T[; dk wB
pdb iKdk j?. ;/m tb'A f;o| feos dk ;fseko jh BjhA ehsk iKdk ;r'A
bVe/ dh wkfJe ;jkfJsk th ehsh iKdh j?.

nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) fJeKrh ftZu e[b fezB/ gkso jB < T[BQK pko/ ikDekoh fdU.
(ii) pZ; ;Nkg dk fdqP nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fpnkB eo'.
(iii) fePB e"D j? ns/ T[j eh ezw eodk j? <
(iv) fJeKrh d/ ftP/^t;s{ pko/ dZ;'.
(v) e/;o s/ ;/m d/ ;ztkd s'A fe; soQK d/ ftukoK dk gsk brdk j?<
(vi) fJ;soh gkso dh fePB Bkb jwdodh feT[A j? < nkgDk itkp
100^125 PpdK ftZu fdU.

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/

TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) y[ZbQ/ s/ szr ftukoK dh g/Pekoh eod/ j'J/ fe;/ j'o ftP/ pko/ fJeKrh
fbyD dh e'fPP eo'.
(ii) Bkb'^Bkb gVQkJh s/ feos eoB dh fw;kb g?dk eoB tkb/ fe;/
ftnesh pko/ ikDekoh Gog{o fJZe b/y fby'.
(iii) pkb^wId{oh fJZe ekƒBh ngokX j?. fJ; d/ pkti{d pZu/ xoK,
j'NbK, ;VeK nkfd bJh ezw eoB dh wIp{oh dk fPeko jB.
pZfunK s/ wkfgnK ƒ gVQkJh tZb gq/fos eoB bJh fJZe GkPD
fsnko eo'.
(iv) nZi eZbQ g[oksB f;ZfenK dk ubD brGr \sw j' frnk j?. g[okD/
f;ZfenK ƒ fJeZso eoe/ t/ot/ ;fjs fJZe ukoN fsnko eo'.
(v) eh s[jkƒ ezw eoBk uzrk brdk j?. ftfdnkoEh ihtB ftZu ehs/
ikD tkb/ ezwK pko/ t/ot/ Bkb fJZe g'qi?eN fsnko eo'.

48
nH fbzr pdb' L
(i) w[zvk HHH
(ii) fJ;soh HH
(iii) ;/m HHH
(iv) Gok HHH

JH ;wkBkoEe Ppd fby' L

(i) wy"b HHH
(ii) T[vhe HHH
(iii) wzrsk HHH
(iv) \?ohns HHH

;H j/m fby/ tkeK ƒ P[~X eoe/ fby' L

(i) w[zvk p{N gkfbP eod/ jB.
(ii) fJ;soh B/ g[ZfSnk w[zvk fejVh iwks ftZu gVQdh j?.
(iii) ;/m ih N'gh Bkb s[;hA g{o/ d/P^Grs brdk j?.
(iv) gzukfJs ftZu jh c?;bk eo b?D/ ukjhd/ jB.
(v) wk;No ih fJj w[zvk pj[s j'Djko ftfdnkoEh jB.

jH j/mK fd~s/ tkeK ft~u'A BKt u[D e/ T[BQK dh fe;w fby' L

(i) p{N gkfbP eoB tkbk w[zvk rohp j?. HHH
(ii) wz[vk p{N gkfbP eodk j?. HHH
(iii) ;'Bk pj[s wfjzrk j' frnk j?. HHH
(iv) w[zv/ ƒ j'Djko fejk frnk j?. HHH
(v) fJeKrh ftZu nwho rohp dk |oe dZf;nk frnk j?.

eH j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u beho/ gVBKtK dhnK fe;wK fby' L

(i) ;/m ih s[;hA nkg w[zv/ ƒ g?;/ fdT[. HHH
(ii) e"D p{N gkbP eo fojk j? < HHH
(iii) T[j wId{oh eod/ jB. HHH
(iv) T[BQK dk ;e{b feZE/ j?. HHH
(v) fijV/ fwjBs eod/ jB T[j ;|b j' iKd/ jB. HHH

49
 eoskok e"seh
r[ofdnkb f;zx

P\;hns s/ ouBk
r[ofdnkb f;zx gzikph ;kfjs dh fJZe nfjw
P\;hns jB, nkg g'q|?;o d/ nj[d/ s'A ;/tk^w[es
j'J/. T[BQK ƒ ftP/P gqf;ZXh gzikph Bktb d/ y/so ftZu
fwbh. ‘wVQh dk dhtk’, ‘nDj'J/’, ‘nZX ukBDh oks’,
‘go;k’ nkfd T[BQK d/ gqw[Zy Bktb jB. T[BQK B/
fJeKrh th fby/ jB. r[ofdnkb f;zx dhnK ouBktK
d/ ftP/ wkbt/ d/ feo;kDh s/ y/sh wId{oK d/ :EkoE
Bkb ;zpzXs j[zd/ jB. T[BQK ƒ ;kfjs nekdwh g[o;eko s/ j'o wkD^;BwkB
th fwb/ B/.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

eoskok e"seh
e"seh Luwsekoh,
u'ih, e"se gkso L eoskok, gkbk, fuVhnk, G'bk s/ php'. T[wo 10 ;kb s'A 14
eoB tkbk
;kb ftueko. eoskok ;G s'A tZvk s/ php' ;G s'A S'Nh T[wo
dh j?. ;ko/ fgzv d/ ;e{b d/ ftfdnkoEh jB.
;wK L nkED t/bk
;EkB L eosko/ d/ xo dk ftjVk—godk T[mfdnK, ;Zi/ gkf;UA gkbk,
fuVhnk s/ G'bk nkT[Ad/ jB.
gkbk L U eoskfonk ` eosko ` (eoskok nzdo'A nkT[Adk j?) nZi ;e{b
y/vD BjhA uZbDk <

50
eoskok L (jZE ftZu cVh j'Jh ;'Nh T[~s/ d'J/ jZE oZy e/ T[~s/ n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
wzvh LPfjo,e;pk
m'vh fNekT[AfdnK) w/oh ;bkj n? gJh nZi xo/ jh y/vhJ/ HHH
swkPk Likd{ro dh
swkPk eohJ/.
y/v, fdyktk
fuVhnk L s/ s/oh p/p/ s/ pkg{ ih. GKv/ LposB
eoskok L T[j rJ/ B/ wzvh. oks ƒ w[VBr/. w?A s/ php' Jh xo nK. wKi e/ LX' e/
pkg{ ;kvk xo BjhA, ;kƒ fe;/ dk vo BjhA. nkJh pks ;[nko e/
;wM w/A < e"se Luwseko,
ewkb, u'i
gkbk L go xo/ eh y/vKr/ <
;kr{dkDk LykX gdkoE
eoskok L w/oh ;bkj j?, T[j' fijk swkPk eohJ/ fijVk go;'A nkgD/ fgzv
GekJh Lckbs{ p'bDk
T[j w'Nk pzdk s/ T[jd/ Bkb d/ w[zv/ ftyk e/ rJ/ ;h < BkY{ yK LwkD wZsk,
fuVhnk L go T[jBK Bkb sK fJZe e[Vh th ;h < xwzvh,
eoskok L T[j rZb th w?A ;'u bJh n?. T[j e[Vh ;kvh php' pD ikT{. njzekoh

w?A T[jƒ ;koh rZb ;wMk fdZsh ;h. T[j pZ;, GKv/ wKi e/ j[D/
nkJh ;wM'.
gkbk L s?ƒ :ko fJj' fij/ e"se ;[Md/ feZE'A B/ <
eoskok L (\[Ph Bkb f;o fjbk e/) jK, sph sK efjzd/ j?A fJ;h ek
Bkw phdkBk j? i' ;kr{dkD/ d/ ;kE ykfJnk iKdk j?HHH
jwkok BkNe HHH
gkbk L (ftZu'A N'e e/) uzrk GekJh c/o wkohA, j[D dZ; nkgK swkPk P[o{
fet/A eoB? <
eoskok L (jo/e d/ w'Y/ T[~s/ tko'^tkoh jZE bkT[AfdnK) d/y' sz{ sK pD
ikJ/A nkgD/ fgzv tkbk eogkb{ ezi{;. fJj G'bk pD
ikJ/rk puBk ekohro s/ fuVhnk j'fJnk xhbk—pZ;
swkPk HHH ;Zu GkJh swkPk BjhA BkNe, BkNe. pZ;, BkNe
fsnko ;wM'.
fuVhnk L feT[A w?A xhbk
feT[A pDK < HHH
nk rJ/ tZv/ BkY{
yK ` gkbk e'Jh
tZvh wK dk
g[Zs n?.

51
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE eoskok L UfJ w{oyk ` sz{ e'Jh ;Zuh w[Zuh xhbk pD ikJ/Ark < fJj sK
jZSk LnZSk, uzrk
BkNe n?. nkJh pks ;wM w/A <
|fonkd Lp/Bsh,
fuVhnk L ;Zuhw[Zuh Bk ;jh go fgZS'A ;ko/ w?ƒ ‘xhbk xhbk’ efj e/
nodk;,
noI'Jh S/fVnk eo'r/. w?A BjhA pDdk HHH
gkbk L uzrk, sz{ tZvk ;odko jh ;jh, w?A pD ikBK xhbk HHH c/o Bkb/
wro'A sz{ w?ƒ S/V e/ ftykJhA, i/ s/ok w[ork Bk pDk fdnK sK.
(gkbk jZ; g?Adk j? s/ Bkb d{i/ th j;d/ jB.)
eoskok L jZSk, j[D w?A j'fJnk n|;o. (nzdo ik e/ wz[i dk w{Vk u[Ze
e/ pkjo nkT[AfdnK) fJj j' rJh w/oh e[o;h. nkj j? w/oh
yz{vh. (jZE ftZu cVh ;'Nh ftyKdk j'fJnk, w{V/Q T[~s/ p?m
iKdk j?.)
gkbk L j[D w?A s/o/ e'b |fonkd eoB nktK <
eoskok L jK, pZ;, fit/A go;'A T[j w[zv/^e[VhnK eod/ ;h, i' T[jBK B/ fejk
;h, s[;hA ;kfonK B/ Ut/A eoB?, T[j' rZbK efjDhn?A.
gkbk L n;hA sK T[j nZXhnK G[Zb th rJ/.
eoskok L fijVhnK G[Zb rJ/ U T[j nkgD/ e'b'A i'V fbU. iK w?A dZ;h
ikT{A HHH w? ƒ ;kohnK :kd n?. jZSk j[D BkNe P[o{ eo' HHH nkJh
pks ;wM w/A <
gkbk L (nkgDh gZr dk bV y'bQ e/ rb ftZu gkT[Adk, d'jK jZEK
Bkb T[jƒ cV e/ jZE i'VfdnK nZr/ tXdk j?) jI{o wkJh
pkg ` HHH w/oh fJZe |fonkd n? HHH
eoskok L (ftZu'A N'e e/) UfJ rfXnk, j[D IwkBk pdb frnk. |fonkd
sK b'e okfinK w{jo/ eod/ j[zd/ ;h. sz{ f;ZXkHHH‘N/BSB’ j' e/ p'b.
nZi eZbQ n|;o b'eK d/ ;/te n?, b'e n|;oK d/ B"eo BjhA.
nkJh pks ;wM w/A < nkgDk ;ogzu ed/ t/fynk BjhA n|;oK
Bkb fet/A rZbK eodk j[zd? < n?B pokpo yV' e/ HHH
gkbk L (gZr dk bV mhe eoe/) uzrk c/o j[D t/yhA sz{ fwZsoK d/
BIko/. (gfjbK fgSKj w[V iKdk j? s/ c/o |"ihnK tKr s[odk
eosko/ d/ ;kjwD/ nk e/ pV/ o[np Bkb T[~uh p'bdk j?) UJ/
n|;ok ` J/; fuVhJ/ ikDh xhb/ B/ nZi s'A frnkoK ;kb gfjbK
w?E'A Bed ;Zs ;" o[gJhJ/ HHH

52
eoskok L Xhok j/ Xhok ` j[D sz{ w?ƒ ‘UfJ n|;ok’ efjB? wkVh fijh n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
fJZIs Bkb p'b ‘n|;o ih’ sK efj BjhA sK HHH t/yD tkb/ p{MV Lw{oy,
nfrnkBh
s?ƒ jh efjDr/ fe pVk p{MV pzd?.
gJh LpJh (fJe
gkbk L (o';/ fij/ Bkb) s/ok th :ko e'Jh gsk BjhA brdk. ed/ wo ;zp'Xeh
ik fuVhJ/ ed/ fiT[A gT[ fuVhJ/ fJj e'Jh rZb pDh < j[D Ppd)

c/o eh p'bK < fBok Lfpbe[b

ped? Lpetk;
(pkeh ;ko/ jZ; g?Ad/ jB.)
eodk j??
fuVhnk L uZb, j[D w?A P[o{ eodK. (fJZe tko fgSKj w[V e/ eosko/ d/ pmbh f;fonkLpmb
;kjwD/ nkT[AfdnK) n|;o ih ` fijVh rZb fJj gkbk ikDh tork f;o
eogkb{ ezi{; efjzd? gJh w?A fJ; s'A frnkoK ;kb gfjbK ;Zs d'J/ Ld't/A
;" o[gJhJ/ b? e/ yk frnk s/ j[D Bk fpnki d/Adk jK s/ Bk g?;/ n?t/A L|I{b jh,
p/eko
w'Vdk jK, fJj fBok M{m ped? HHH
gkbk L (gZr dk y[ZfbQnk bV NzrD bJh jZE ftZu cV e/ r[Z;/ Bkb
nZr/ tXdk j'fJnk) w?A fJj rZb ed'A nkyh n? UfJ
pmbh f;fonk <
eoskok L eo’sh Bk T[j' rZb ` UfJ w{oyk ` sz{ efjDh sK J/j' rZb ;h,
fe BjhA go;'A tkb/ BkNe ftZu T[; pzd/ B/ fit/A fejk ;h <
gkbk L go gfjbK w?ƒ efj sK b?D fdzd/. fJj, ftZu'A jh nkgDk x'Vk
Gik s[fonk. fJj eh BkNe j'fJnk c/o <
fuVhnk L uzrk gfjbK sz{ efj b? i' efjD?. (o';/ Bkb fgSKj j' iKdk j?.)
eoskok L (php' ƒ nkT[Adh t/y e/) bU, php' nk rJh. s[;hA d'J/ fgZS/
jN ikU. j[D gfjbK fJj p'b{rh.
php' L (u[zBh d/ gZb/ Bkb jZE gz{Mdh j'Jh) w?A thok eh p'bD? <
eoskok L s?ƒ dZf;nk sK ;h sVe/. fuVhnk pfDn? xhbk, s{z pD/rh
fuVhJ/ dh G?D. fit/A T[j go;'A tkb/ BkNe ftZu T[; pzd/ xhb/
dh G?D p'bdh ;h, Ut/A sz{ p'bhA ` nkJh pks ;wM w/A <
php' L (o[Z; e/ fgSKj w[Vdh j'Jh) w?A BjhA J/; wZu/^;V/ dh G?D pDdh.
eoskok L (T[~m e/ T[jƒ pkj'A cVdk s/ jZ;dk j'fJnk) j? ewbh ` nkgK
sK swkPk eod/ nK, e'Jh ;Zuh^w[Zuh dh rZb sK BjhA eod/.
nkJh pks ;wM w/A <
php' L (eosko/ s'A pKj S[vkT[D dk :sB eodh j'Jh) w?A sK n?t/A

53
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE n?t/A th fJjdh G?D BjhA pDdh. n?stko ƒ w?A fJ;s'A gVQB ƒ
fy;e Ls[o ikDk
gzithA dh g[okDh gzikph dh feskp wzrD rJh, w?ƒ efjzdk,
w'Vd? Ltkg;
‘ikj GZi ik, w/o/ e'b e'Jh feskp^es{p BjhA’, ;fVnk fijk
eodk j?
gkgbhD LegV/ dh Bk j't/.
fJe tXhnk fuVhnk L (w[;eok e/) T[j sK G?D/ w?A s?ƒ n?t/A jh efjzdk ;h. sz{
fe;w j[D Gkt/A ;kohnK feskpK u[Ze fbnkJhA. w?A T[j g[okDhnK
;ztk LpDtk e/
eh eoBhn?A <
tfoQnK L;kbK
(php' u[zBh mhe eodh w[V g?Adh j? go ni/ th fuVhJ/ tZb x{o
nB;k| LfJB;k|,
fBnK x{o e/ sedh j?. T[;/ t/b/ G'bk T[~E'A fy;e iKdk j?.)
;kr dh uhoBhL w[Zmh Go eoskok L (php' tZb sZe e/) b? G?D/ j[D sz{ j'Jh fuVhJ/ ikDh xhb/ dh G?D.
;kr w?A j'fJnk tZvk n|;o. nkJh pks ;wM w/A < w?A s?ƒ
ikDh Lgsk BjhA
g[Sd?A HHH phph fJj gkbk ikDh eogkb{ ezi{; efjzd? fe s/ok
osk LE'VQk fijk
Gok fuVhJ/ ikDh xhb/ B/ nZi s'A frnkoK ;kb gfjbK fJ; s'A
o"bk L;wZf;nk,
w;bk ;Zs ;" o[gJhnk w[zv/ d/ ftnkj tk;s/ fbnk ;h. j[D Bk T[j
g?;/ w'Vd?, Bk T[j HHH
php' L (r[Z;/ Bkb gkb/ tZb sZedh, uhethA ntkI ftZu) n?t/A
eZ[sk G"Aed?. fejVhnK fJjB/ ;Zs ;" w'joK fdZshnK ;h w/o/
tho ƒ < i/ w/ok tho ;Zs ;" o[gJhnk fbnkfJnk j[zdk sK
gfjbK w?ƒ Skg/ dh gkgbhD dk ;{N ;ztK e/ Bk fdzdk <
w/o/ f;o ’s/ sK d;K tfoQnK dh g[okDh u[zBh n?A (u[zBh dk
gZbk ;kjwD/ eo e/ ftyKdh j?.) sz{ GkJh pVk tZvk n|;o n?A.
;kv/ Bkb nB;k| eohA. J/; eogkb{ ezi{; B/ sK ;kƒ ed/
y/s'A ;kr dh uhoBh BjhA s'VB fdZsh. fJj feZXo'A nk
frnk w/o/ Gok ƒ ;Zs ;" o[gJhnk T[Xko d/D tkbk < HHH
n?t/A GekJh wkod?.
eoskok L (y[P j' e/, J/Xo UXo t/ydk j'fJnk) HHH U gJh G'bk ikDh
puBk ekohro feZXo frnk < j[D sK T[; dh p'bD dh tkoh
;h HHH php' B/ sK ewkb eo ’sh, BkNe tkbh e[Vh dk nZyo^
nZyo :kd eo fbnk. PkpkP/ G?D/ `
G'bk L (osk e[Zp eZY e/ p[ZfYnK tKr fgZS/ jZE eoe/ s[odk j'fJnk
nkT[Adk j?) jI{o n|;o ;kfjp ` w?A pkjo yVQ/ B/ ;ko/ o"bk

54
 ;[D fbnk. gkbk ikDh eogkb{ ezi{; pzdk Jh pVk wkVk j? n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
ikDh LefjD dk
ih. fJjB/ sK jI{o ni/ skJhA w/o/ jkVh dh ;/gh d/ dkD/ BjhA
Gkt, wsbp
fdZs/. s[;hA fuVhJ/ ikDh xhb/ dk nB;k| wro'A efoU, gfjbK
;/gh LnBki d/
w/ok j;kp fJjd/ Bkb eokU iBkp ` ;/tkcb
eoskok L feT[A gJh gkbk f;zx fJj G'bk ikDh puBk ekohro eh pdb/ ezw
eokT[Dk
efjzd? < nkJh pks ;wM w/A <
wi{oh LwId{oh
gkbk L (r[Z;/ Bkb) fJj feZXo eheB/ w/o/ rb gk fdZs/ sz{ HHH ;Zu G[Zb
IwkBk L;wK
frnk n|;o ;kfjp ` rZb n;b fJj j? fe fgzv d/ ;ko/ dkp/ LXwekT[Dk,
b'e nZr/ tor/ ;kT{ pzd/ BjhA oj/. nZr/ b'e fJZe^d{i/ dk ezw vokT[Dk
eod/ ;h s/ nkgDh fwjBs^wi{oh b?Ad/ ;h. j[D gsk BjhA o'eV Loew
fej' fijk IwkBk nk frnk. fJj oZp fiZv/ fiZv/ sK M{m wkod/ w[Zeodk LfJBeko

n?, Bkb/ g?;/ b? e/ w'Vdk BjhA. T[~s'A dkp/ fdzd/ n? fe n;hA

uZgD ezfBnK LuZgD tor/
s?E'A fejVh o'eV bJh ;h. fJj puBk ekohro M{m p'bdk ezBK tkbk
j?. Bkb/ xhbk w/o/ g?;/ w[Zeodk j? s/ w?ƒ vokt/ th fdzdk e[|o LM{m
ofjzdk j?. s'bd?A Lp'bdk j?A
php' L b?, ;[D b' fJjdh rZb. t/ uZgD ezfBnK ` n;hA s?ƒ fJj GkB Lg?;/
(y[ZbQ/ f;Ze/)
rZb ed'A nkyh ;h. s{z n?v/ n?v/ e[co s'bd?A, s?ƒ Pow BjhA
gkJh^gkJh LfJZe fJZe
nkT[Adh < ed'A s?E'A GkB bJh ;h s/ ed'A s?ƒ xhb/ B/ vokt/
g?;k, ;ko/
fdZs/ n?. o[gJhnk s?E'A gzi ;" fbnk ;h Io{o. s/ T[j th o[gJ/
gkJh^gkJh Bp/V fdZs/, fpnki ;D/. sz{ fbyh fcod?A ;Zs ;" s/ ;D/ L;w/s
fpnki nZv. ikj bk b? i'o. d[nkBh Bh fdzd/. nZv LtZyok

eoskok L GkJh phph PKsh eo'. jwkoh pks ;[D'. ;oeko B/ c?;bk ehsk w{b Lw{bXB, gz{ih
e"vhnK Lf;ZghnK
j? fe i/ e'Jh fe;/ ƒ eoIk d/ e/ Bi?i iK g?;/ tZX fby/rk
fpnki tZX bt/rk sK T[;ƒ ;\s ;Ik fdZsh ikt/rh Bkb/ fi;
ek eoIk d; ;kb ;/ g[okDk j' frnk j? T[; e' wkc ehsk
ikt/rk ` s/ i/ Pkj{eko B/ w{b ;/ fInkdk fpnki b/ fbnk j't/
sK tkX{ fpnki th tkg; eotkfJnk ikt/rk.
G'bk L s/ jI{o w/oh ;/gh d/ dkD/ th fdtk fdU, fJ; ezi{; s'A. w?A
sK ezw ehs? e'Jh w[|s ’u sK BhA wzrdk <
eoskok L nph mfjo', s[wkoh pks th ;[Ds/ j?A. (;'Nh T[sKj uZ[e e/)
n|;o ek j[ew ;[D'. ;ko/ u[Zg j' ikU. nkJh pks ;wM

55
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE w/A < (;ko/ u[Zg ukg esko pzBQ e/ yV' iKd/ jB) nZSk GkJh
dZ;hnK Ld; g?;/ d/
gkbk f;zx, ikDh feogkb{, J/; t/b/, s[wko/ gk; fenk j? <HHH
pj[s ;ko/
f;Ze/ jwkok wsbp j? fe e'Jh g?;k^Nek s[wkoh i/p w/A j? < HHH nkJh
gzih Lgzi g?;/ pks ;wM w/A<
;wkJ/rh LpDtkJ/rh gkbk L (i/p u"Vh eoe/ t/ydk j'fJnk) fszB d;hnK, fJZe gzih s/
e[BZyh Lu'o nZy uko e"vhnK.
Bkb t/yDk
eoskok L (rzGho j' e/) nZSk, np jwkok nB;k| ;[D'. d' d;hnK s'A sz{
r'Ad LgbkN,
:'iBk,
tkX{ bJ/ fpnki e/ pdb/, fuVhJ/ ikDh xhb/ e' fdU, fJZe d;h
soshp G'b/ ikDh puB/ ekohro e' fdU ;/gh e/ dkfDnK e/ pdb/. pkeh
i/ok L;kj;, gzih jwkoh HHH BjhA BjhA, php' ikDh xhb/ dh G?D e' fdU, fJj
fjzws,
Skg/ eh gkgbhD dk ;{N ;wkJ/rh. n"o e"vhnK jw e' fdU,
firok
wy"b LwIke,
jwko/ gk; y/vD e' BjhA j?. nkJh pks ;wM w/A < fJj e"vhnK
jk;k^mZmk, jw y/vD e/ wKrsk j?, foPts BjhA b/sk.
fNueo (fuVhnk s/ G'bk g'bk^g'bk j;d/ jB s/ php' wz{j nZr/ u[zBh
rkba L\okp
dk gZbk d/ e/, gkb/ tZb e[BZyh Mkedh jk;k o'eD dk :sB
eodh j?.)
gkbk L (o'; Bkb, i/p ftZu jZE gkJh yV'sk j?) pZb/ UfJ tZfvnk
ubkek ` fJj uzrk BkNe ouD bZr/ UA s[;hA ;ko/ r'Ad rz[d
e/. g?Ash g?;/ w?A pkg{ s'A ekgh yohdD ƒ fbnKd/ n?, s[;hA
g?f;nK d/ Bkb w/ohnK e"vhnK th y'j bU.
(;ko/ T[~uh T[~uh jZ; g?Ad/ jB)
eoskok L (j;dk j'fJnk) UfJ ik UfJ wkV/ i/o/ tkfbnk ` s?E'A sK
n?t/A n?t/A swkP/ ’u th db/oh Bk ftykJh rJh. nkJh pks
;wM w/A <
gkbk L (w[;eokT[AfdnK) w?A db/oh ftyk e/ g?Ash g?;/ mrk p?mK s/ s[;hA
eZbQ ƒ ob e/ fJjBK dhnK e[bchnK yk ikU. Bkb/ w?ƒ ;e{b
’u w\"b eo'. w/ok fdwkr \okp j'fJn? <
eoskok L (T[~m e/ gkb/ d/ w'Y/ ’s/ jZE oyfdnK) ikj :ko sz{ sK BkNe
dk ;[nkd Jh rkb fdZsk n;hA e'Jh s/o/ g?;/ ;Zuh^w[Zuh b?
iKd/ < HHH uZb' j[D y/bQ ysw s/ g?;k jIw. pkeh BkNe eZbQ
y/vKr/. (;'Nh T[sKj u[edk j'fJnk yZp/ gk;/ s[o iKdk j?.)

56
G'bk L (jZE pzBQ e/ ezpdh fijh p[ZfYnK torh nktkI ftZu) jI{o wkJh n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
tki LnktkI
pkg ` w/o/ ;/gh d/ g?;/ sK dtk ikU HHH w?A p[ZYk nkdwh eZbQ
ƒ nkNk feZE'A fbnkT{A <
php' L (u[zBh dk gZbk wz{j ftu dZp e/ j;dh^j;dh eosko/ d/ wro/
iKfdnK s/ G'b/ tZb wz{j eofdnK) thok o'Nh sz{ nZi ;kv/ xo/
yk bJhA. nkJh pks ;wM w/A.
eoskok L (c/o pkjo nk e/) s[wkok nB;k| nrbh tko nk e/
eoKr/. nrb/ wjhB/ dh ;skoK sohe e' nkT[Dk. id'A tki gt/
jkIo j'Dk. tki n?;/ gJ/rh L “G'bk ikDh puBk ekohro jkIo
j't/ pJh U HHH.” nkJh pks ;wM w/A <
(fuVhnk, G'bk s/ gkbk ;Zi/ gk;/ s[o iKd/ jB s/ php' s/ eoskok
yZp/ gk;/ ub/ iKd/ jB.)
gkbk L (iKdk iKdk) eosko/ ƒ rZb pVh ;[ZMh, w[zfvU ` sd/ fJjdk BK
;e{b ’u wk;No ih B/ e"seh oZfyn? Bk.
(T[j fszB/ fyV^fyVk e/ j;d/ jB.)
(godk fvrdk j?)

fN~gDh
fJeKrheko r[ofdnkb f;zx dk fJj fJZe pkb^fJeKrh j?. 10 s'A 14 ;kb
sZe dh T[wo tor d/ pZu/ fJ; d/ gkso jB. fJeKrh ftZu fJZe BkNe
y/vD dh i[rs okjhA fJ; ftZu jk;^o; g?dk ehsk frnk j?. fJ; dk ftPk
feo;kBh ;wki Bkb ;zpzXs j?. fJ; dk tksktoB, ;wZf;nk ns/ Ppdktbh
wkbt/ dh Mbe g/P eod/ jB. eoskok, gkbk, fuVhnk, G'bk s/ php' fJ;
d/ gzi pkb^gkso jB. T[j nkgD/ ;ztkdK okjhA fe;kB s/ wId{o tor dhnK
wIp{ohnK ƒ g/P eoB bJh ‘swkPk’ Gkt BkNe dh f;oiBk eod/ jB. w[Zy
;wZf;nk wId{oh ns/ ftnki ’s/ g?f;nK d/ b?D^d/D Bkb ;pzXs j?.

nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) fJ; fJeKrh ftZu y/v/ rJ/ BkNe d/ gksoK dh ikDekoh fdT[.
(ii) gkbk eosko/ e'b fejVh |fonkd b? e/ nkT[Adk j? <

57
 (iii) G'b/ B/ gkb/ dh eh fPekfJs ehsh <
(iv) eoskok eh fJB;k| eodk j? <
(v) php' fuVhJ/ dh G?D feT[A BjhA pDBk ukjz[dh <
(vi) gkbk Bt/A s/ g[okD/ pzfdnK dh s[bBk eodk j'fJnk eh
efjzdk j? <
(vii) G'bk fe; uhI d/ g?;/ wzrdk j? <

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/

TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) ftnki ’s/ g?;/ dk eko'pko eoB tkfbnK ƒ ne;o fuzss t/fynk
iKdk j?. fe;/ nfij/ ftnesh dk gkso^fusoB eo'.
(ii) eh s[;hA ed/ fe;/ ikd{ro dh y/v iK swkPk t/fynk j? < nfij/
fdqP ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.
(iii) i/eo s[jkƒ iZi pDB dk w"ek fdZsk ikt/ sK e/;K dk fBgNkok eoB
pko/ s[jkvk eh fdqPNhe'B j? < ftuko g/P eo'.
(iv) eh s[;hA ed/ fe;/ BkNe ftZu fjZ;k fbnk j? < nkgDk nB[Gt
g/P eo'.
(v) fe;/ nZyhA d/y/ BkNe d/ gksoK s/ wzu d/ fdqP ƒ fJZe ukoN T[go
do;kT[D dh e'fPP eo'.

nH tuB pdb' L
(i) GKvk HHH
(ii) w[zvk HHH
(iii) e[Vh HHH
(iv) w{VQk HHH
(v) rXk HHH
(vi) swkPk HHH
(vii) e[o;h HHH
(viii) wK HHH
(ix) gZr HHH
(x) ;{N HHH

58
JH j/m fby/ PpdK dk P[~X o{g fby' L
(i) nB;k| HHH
(ii) eBi{; HHH
(iii) e"YhnK HHH
(iv) p[Zvk HHH

;H j/m fby/ Xks{nK s'A fefonktK pDkT[ L

(i) yk HHH
(ii) ik HHH
(iii) ;'u HHH
(iv) oZy HHH
(v) ;[D HHH
(vi) T[~m HHH

jH j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u fefonk ftP/PDK dh gSkD eo' L

(i) php' j"bh^j"bh p'bdh j?. HHH
(ii) nrb/ wjhB/ dh ;skoK sohe ƒ fJE/ nkT[Dk. HHH
(iii) b'e feT[A o'I bVd/ jB < HHH
(iv) eoskok tXhnk fJB;k| Io{o eo/rk. HHH
(v) php' y/s ftu'A ;kr dh uhoBh S/shA^S/shA s'V ojh j?. HHH

eH j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u ekb d/ t~y'^t~yo/ o{gK dh gSkD eo' L

(i) eoskok fJB;k| g;zd nkdwh ;h. HHH
(ii) gkbk d' xzfNnK s'A fojo;b eo fojk ;h. HHH
(iii) fuVhnk nk fojk j?. HHH
(iv) xhb/ dh G?D gkgbhD dk ;{N f;bkT{rh. HHH
(v) php' BkNe ftu xhb/ dh G?D dh G{fwek fBGkT[Adh j?. HHH

yH j/m fbfynK nykDK d/ noE d~; e/ tke pDkT[ L

(i) T[j fejVh rbh fiZE/ Gkr' BjhA ybh HHH
(ii) nZyhA t/y e/ wZyh BjhA fBrbh iKdh HHH
(iii) ;kJhnK fes/ tXkJhnK fes/ HHH
(iv) fJZe u[Zg ;" ;[Zy HHHH
(v) jKvh T[pb/rh sK nkgD/ jh ezY/ ;kV/rh HHH

59
 eosko f;zx ;okGk
vkH jopz; f;zx uktbk

P\;hns s/ ouBk
f;Zy fJfsjk; ns/ pkb ;kfjs fbyD tkfbnK d'jK jh
y/soK ftZu vkH jopz; f;zx uktbk fJZe wjZstg{oB
;EkB oZyd/ jB. nkg ih dk iBw 15 ngo?b, 1937
JhH ƒ fgzv w[jktk, wzvh pjkT[dhB, fIbQk r[ioks,
sfj;hb |kbhnk (gkfe;skB) ftZu j'fJnk. nkg ih
d/ wksk ih dk BK wkfJnk d/th ns/ fgsk ih dk BK
w{bk f;zx ;h. ;qh r[o{ s/r pjkdo ykb;k ekbi,
fdZbh s'A ps"o fJfsjk; d/ gq'|?;o ;/tk^w[es j'J/. T[BQK tb'A doiB s'A tZX
g[;seK f;Zy fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzXs g[;seK, 8 ejkDh ;zrqfj ns/ 1 ekft^;zrqfj
gqekfPs j' u[Ze/ jB.

eosko f;zx ;okGk

16 Btzpo, 1915 ƒ id'A eosko f;zx ;okGk ƒ cK;h fdZsh rJh sK T[;
dh T[wo 19 ;kb ns/ e[M wjhB/ ;h. Gkos dh nIkdh bJh Pjhd j'D tkb/
B"itkBK ftZu'A T[j ;G s'A xZN T[wo dk eqKshekoh ;h. T[j }do bfjo d/
w'YhnK ftZu'A ;h, fiBQK B/ nzro/IK fto[ZX P;so eqKsh fbnk e/ d/; ƒ nIkd
eokT[D dk ;[gBk t/fynk ;h. }do bfjo dk gqXkB pkpk ;'jB f;zx GeBk,
T[; ƒ ‘pkpk ioB?b’ efj e/ p[bkfJnk eodk ;h. Grs f;zx T[; ƒ nkgDk
gq/oBk ;o's, nkgDk r[o{, nkgDk fwZso ns/ nkgDk Gok efj e/ :kd eodk
;h. id'A Grs f;zx ƒ frq|sko ehsk frnk sK eosko f;zx dh s;tho T[;
dh i/p ftZu ;h, fi; ƒ T[j jw/Pk nkgD/ e'b oZydk j[zdk ;h.

60
 ;zB 1912 dh rZb j?. 15 e[ ;kb dk n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
w'YhnK L pkBhnK
fJZe B"itkB Gkos s'A uZb e/ nwohek dh
fjzdhnK L fjzd[;skBhnK
pzdorkj ’s/ gZ[fink. ijkI d/ j'o
T[~Bsh L soZeh
w[;k|oK ƒ T[so ikD dh nkfrnk fwb
u'yh L pj[s fInkdk
rJh go Gkos s'A nkJ/ fjzdhnK ƒ o'e
fdZsk frnk. T[BQK ftZu fJj B"itkB th ;h
fijVk T[~u ftZfdnk gqkgs eoB bJh
nwohek tor/ nIkd d/; ftZu gj[zfunk
;h. fJwhro/PB nfXekoh B/ ijkI s'A
T[sofdnK jh T[; ƒ g[ZfSnk L
“s/ok BK eh j? <”
“eosko f;zx ;okGk.”
“sz{ fJZE/ eh eoB nkfJnk j?A <”
“w?A fJZE/ ftfdnk gqkgs eoB bJh nkfJnk jK.”
“eh fjzd[;skB ftZu gVQD bJh e'Jh EK BjhA ;h <”
“fjzd[;skB ftZu :{Bhtof;NhnK sK jB go w?ƒ gsk brk j? fe
nwohek ftZu pj[s uzrhnK :{Bhtof;NhnK jB, fiBQK ftZu eJh d/;K d/
ftfdnkoEh nk e/ gVQd/ jB. w?A th fJZE/ gVQBk ukjz[dk jK s/ e[M pDBk
ukjz[dk jK.”
“i/ s?ƒ fJE/ T[soB Bk fdZsk ikt/ ns/ tkg; w'V fdZsk ikt/ sK
eh eo/Ark <”
“nwohek tor/ nIkd d/; ftZu th i/ ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ o'eK gkJhnK iKdhnK
jB sK ;z;ko dh T[~Bsh fet/A j't/rh < w/oh p/Bsh j? fe w?ƒ Bk o'fenk
ikt/. eh gsk w?A fJZE'A ftZfdnk gqkgs eoe/ ;z;ko d/ Gb/ dk e'Jh wjkB ezw
eo ;eK, fi; Bkb fjzd[;skB dh jh BjhA nwohek dh th fJZIs tX ;e/.”
fJj ;[D e/ fJwhro/PB nfXekoh y[P j' frnk s/ T[; B/ ;okGk ƒ
;kB|oKf;;e' T[soB dh nkfrnk d/ fdZsh.
eosko f;zx dk iBw fgzv ;okGk, fIbQk b[fXnkDk ftZu wzrb f;zx d/
xo 24 wJh, 1896 ftZu j'fJnk. T[j oZi/ g[Zi/ fe;kB ;B. fgzv ftZu T[BQK
dh u'yh IwhB ;h. eosko f;zx ni/ pZuk jh ;h fe T[; d/ fgsk dk d/jKs
j' frnk. ;okGk dk gkbD^g';D nkg d/ dkdk puB f;zx B/ ehsk. T[BQK dh

61
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE fJj ohM ;h fe ;okGk tZvk j' e/ e'Jh tZvk ;oekoh n|;o pD/. eosko
ohM L fJZSk
f;zx dh fJZe S'Nh G?D th ;h, fi; dk BK XzB e"o ;h.
nt;o L w"ek
eosko f;zx dk pugB pV/ bkv fgnko ftZu phfsnk. gzi e[ ;kb dh
shyD L s/I
T[wo ftZu T[; ƒ ;okG/ d/ gqkfJwoh ;e{b ftZu dk\b eotk fdZsk frnk.
w[jkos L fBgz[Bsk
T[; s'A pknd wkbtk \kb;k jkJh ;e{b b[fXnkDk ftZu dk\b j' frnk. fJZE'A
T[; B/ fwvb gk; ehsh s/ fco fwPB jkJh ;e{b ’u dk\bk b? fbnk. fJZE/
gVQkJh ftZu fdb Bk brD eoe/ T[j B"thA iwks dh gVQkJh ftZu/ jh SZv e/
nkgD/ ukuk ih e'b T[Vh;k ubk frnk.
T[Vh;k ftZu ofjzfdnK T[; B/ d;thA gk; ehsh. fJBQK fdBK ftZu jh pzrkb
ns/ T[Vh;k ftZu nIkdh ;pzzXh ikrqsh g?dk j' ojh ;h. T[; B/ nzro/Ih
n\pkoK okjhA d/;^ftd/P ftZu tkgo ojhnK xNBktK pko/ gfVQnk. T[; B/
gfjbh tko fJj wfj;{; ehsk fe nzro/Ih ;kwoki fe; p/dodh Bkb
Gkostk;hnK dk bj{ u{; fojk ;h. fJZE/ T[; ƒ nrKjtX{ ;kfjs, fJfsjk;
ns/ okiBhsh Bkb ;zpzXs eJh g[;seK gVQB dk nt;o th fwfbnk. T[j
pVk ;wMdko ns/ shyD p[ZXh tkbk ftfdnkoEh ;h. T[; B/ nkgDh wks^GkPk
gzikph d/ Bkb^Bkb fjzdh, T[od{ ns/ nzro/Ih dh uzrh w[jkos jk;b eo bJh
;h. T[; ƒ c[Npkb ns/ feqeN y/vD dk th pj[s P"e ;h.
d/; ƒ nIkd eotkT[D bJh eqKshekoh ;'u oZyD tkfbnK dh fJZe BthA
;z;Ek pDkJh rJh. fJ; dk Bkw ‘dh fjzdh n?;';hJ/PB nk| g?f;f|e e';N’
oZfynk frnk. ;okGk ƒ T[; dh S'Nh T[wo eoe/ gkoNh dk e'Jh nj[dk Bk
fdZsk frnk go fJZe Btzpo, 1913 ƒ id'A ‘}do’ gou/ dk gqekPB P[o{ j'fJnk
sK T[; dh ;koh fIzw/tkoh eosko f;zx ƒ jh ;"Agh rJh. fJ; gou/ d/ BK
’s/ jh ‘fjzdh n?;';hJ/PB nk| g?f;f|e e';N’ dk BK pdb e/ ‘}do bfjo’
gqf;ZX j' frnk.
;okGk }do bJh pVhnK i'PhbhnK eftsktK fbfynk eodk ;h. id'A
gou/ dhnK ekghnK nkgD/ ;kJheb ’s/ oZy e/ T[j xo'^xohA tzvD iKdk sK
T[; d/ p[bQK ’s/ ne;o fJj gzeshnK j'fJnk eodhnK ;B L
;/tk d/P dh fizdVhJ/ pVh n"yh,
rZbK eoBhnK Y/o ;[ybhnK B/.
fiBQK d/P ;/tk ftu g?o gkfJnk,
T[BQK bZy w[;hpsK MZbhnK B/.

62
 id'A fJj B"itkB eqKshekoh d/P ƒ nIkd eotkT[D d/ nkgD/ fwPB n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
g{osh L g{ok eoBk
dh g{osh ftZu br frnk T[d'A T[; dh T[wo e/tb 18 ;kb dh ;h. T[; dk
ikfJIk L nzdkIk,
fBZs dk gq'rokw fJ; soQK ;h fe T[j fgzvK ftZu iKdk, b'eK ƒ fwbdk, T[BQK
nB[wkB
ftZu }do dk gquko eodk ns/ b'eK ƒ nzro/IK fto[ZX fsnko j' ikD ekjb L S/sh,
bJh gq/odk. ibdpkIh
eosko f;zx ;okGk T[; ;w/A }do bfjo dh nrtkJh eo fojk ;h. rdo L ftdo'j,
prkts
T[j |"ih SkT[DhnK ’s/ jwb/ eoe/ T[~E'A e[M jfEnko gqkgs eoBk ukjz[dk ;h.
fJ; ezw bJh gkoNh d/ fIzw/tko w?ApoK ƒ tZy'^tZyohnK SkT[DhnK dk ikfJIk
b?D bJh fB:[es ehsk frnk. fJBQK ;kfonK ftZu skbw/b pDkJh oZyD dh
fIzw/tkoh eosko f;zx dh ;h fi; ƒ Bk ;w/A f;o ykD^ghD dh ftjb ;h
s/ Bk nkokw eoB dh. T[; d/ fdb'^fdwkr ’s/ p; fJZe' jh ftuko SkfJnk
j'fJnk ;h fe nkgD/ r[bkw d/P ƒ fe; soQK nIkd eotkfJnk ikt/.
}do bfjo P[o{ eoB bJh 21 cotoh, 1915 dk fdB fBPfus ehsk
frnk. fJ; bJh ;kohnK fsnkohnK th w[ezwb eo bJhnK rJhnK. }do
w/om, f|o'Ig[o ns/ whnKwho (bkj"o) s'A P[o{ j'Dk ;h. ;okGk B/ f|o'Ig[o
ns/ ftPƒ rD/P fgzrb/ B/ w/om dh ekotkJh ftZu fjZ;k b?Dk ;h. }do d/
e[M j'o gqw[Zy B/sktK B/ 20 cotoh, 1915 ƒ b'g'e/ d/ g[fb; ;N/PB ’s/ jwbk
p'b e/ 21 cotoh, 1915 ƒ bkj"o gj[zuDk ;h. go fJ; s'A gfjbK fe }do
dhnK fJj :'iBktK nwbh ikwk gfjB ;edhnK }do gkoNh d/ fJZe w?Apo
feogkb f;zx B/ fJBQK :'iBktK dh ;{uBk nzro/I nfXekohnK se gj[zuk fdZsh.
T[; ƒ gkoNh ftZu Pkwb j'J/ ni/ e[M jh fdB j'J/ ;B.
}do gkoNh d/ w?ApoK ƒ th gsk bZr u[Zek ;h fe T[BQK d[nkok fwZEh sohe
dk fe;/ soQK ;oeko ƒ gsk bZr u[Zek j?. T[BQK B/ ekjbh ftZu c?;bk b? e/
}do dh sohe d' fdB gfjbK eo fdZsh. j[D 21 cotoh, 1915 dh EK 19
cotoh ƒ }do eoB d/ nkd/P toeoK ƒ G/i/ rJ/. fJj ;{uBk th feogkb
f;zx B/ nzro/I nfXekohnK se gj[zuk fdZsh. T[BQK B/ }doh B/sktK d/ r[gs
fmekfDnK ns/ b[ethnK EktK ’s/ Skg/ wko e/ pj[s ;ko/ B/sktK ƒ frqcsko
eo fbnk s/ fJ; soQK }do P[o{ j'D s'A gfjbK jh fJZe d/P^Xo'jh eoe/
n;|b j' frnk. fJ; bfjo ƒ nk\oh MNek T[d'A bZrk id'A 2 wkou, 1915
ƒ eosko f;zx ns/ 23 wkou, 1915 ƒ ftPƒ rD/P fgzrb/ ƒ frq|sko eo
fbnk frnk.

63
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE frq|skoh wro'A eosko f;zx ƒ bkj"o ;?ANob i/bQ ftZu fbnKdk frnk.
:[ZX L bVkJh, izr
T[; T[go fJzrb?Av d/ pkdPkj fto[ZX :[ZX S/VB ns/ nzro/Ih oki dk s\sk
;zrhB L rzGho
gbND dh e'fPP tor/ ;zrhB fJbIkw brk e/ w[eZdwk ubkfJnk frnk.
w[eZdwk L e/;
eosko f;zx B/ Bk sK nkg jh e'Jh ;|kJh g/P ehsh ns/ Bk jh ndkbs
fJBebkph L eqKshekoh,
pkrh, i'Phbk tb'A Bh:s ehs/ rJ/ tehb ƒ e[M efjD fdZsk. T[j ndkbs ftZu ne;o
fejk eodk ;h fe w?ƒ ibdh cK;h fdT[ sK fe w?A fco iBw b? e/ nkgD/
nX{o/ ezw ƒ g{ok eo ;eK. T[; B/ ;oeko tb'A brkJ/ ;ko/ d'P ep{b eofdnK
fejk fe w?A i' ehsk j? T[j nkgD/ d/P ƒ s[jkvh r[bkwh s'A nIkd eotkT[D
bJh ehsk j?. w?ƒ nkgD/ ehs/ ’s/ e'Jh gSsktk BjhA.
r'oh ;oeko tb'A rfms ehsh rJh ftP/P NqkfJfpT{Bb B/ T[; ƒ ‘;G s'A
tZX \soBke fJBebkph’ eoko fdzd/ j'J/ 13 d;zpo, 1915 ƒ w"s dh ;Ik
;[Dk fdZsh. eosko f;zx ƒ 16 Btzpo, 1915 ƒ bkj"o ;?ANob i/bQ ftZu cK;h
fdZsh rJh.

fN~gDh
vkH jopz; f;zx uktbk dk eosko f;zx ;okGk pko/ fJj b/y p/jZd y'i
Gog{o b/y j?. fJ; b/y ftZu T[BQK B/ ;okG/ dh 19 ;kb dh S'Nh fijh T[wo
ftZu ehs/ pjkdoh d/ ekoBkfwnK, j"A;b/, nksw^ftPtk; s/ brB ƒ
do;kfJnk j?. fJBebkp T[; d/ \{B ftZu ;h. T[j fJBebkp bJh ihftnk
ns/ fJ;/ bJh Pjhd j'fJnk. ‘}do bfjo’ d/ nkr{nK ftZu'A PkfJd jh e'Jh
T[; tKr BkfJe pD e/ T[Gfonk j't/. T[j }do bfjo dk ;oho th ;h ns/
T[; dh nkswk th. ;okGk d/ ihtB s'A gq/oBk b? e/ nB/e B"itkBK B/ Gkos
dh nIkdh dh bVkJh bJh ikBK tkohnK. Grs f;zx ’s/ th ;okG/ dh Pjhdh
dk vz{xk n;o j'fJnk.

nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) eosko f;zx ;okGk d/ w[ZYb/ ihtB ’s/ o"PBh gkT[.
(ii) eosko f;zx ;okGk T[~u^ftfdnk jk;b eoB bJh fejV/ d/P
frnk ;h <
(iii) Grs f;zx dh i/p ftZu fe; dh s;tho ofjzdh ;h s/ feT[A <

64
 (iv) eosko f;zx ;okGk ƒ cK;h d/D bJh eh fJbIkw bkfJnk frnk <
(v) }do dh n;|bsk bJh e"D fIzw/tko ;h <
(vi) }do eoB bJh fe;^fe; eqKshekoh ƒ fIzw/tkoh ;"Agh rJh ;h.

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/

TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) Gkos dh nIkdh d/ ;zxoP ftZu Pjhd j'J/ fe;/ j'o d/P^Grs pko/
ikDekoh fdT[.
(ii) eh s[;hA fe;/ nfijh Pjhd n"os ƒ ikDd/ j' fi; B/ d/; ƒ
nIkd eokT[D bJh ikB e[opkB ehsh j't/ < T[; pko/ fJZe
b/y fby'.
(iii) }do bfjo dhnK wjZstg{oB fwshnK Bkb fJ; dhnK ;orowhnK
dh uouk eo'.
(iv) s[;hA nkgD/ d/; ƒ fezBk e[ fgnko eod/ j' < ftuko g/P eo'.
(v) PjhdK ns/ d/; Xq'jhnK pko/ fJZe gq'i?eN fsnko eo' < s;thoK
;w/s t/ot/ ;fjs ikDekoh th fdT[.

nH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) ;okG/ ƒ HHH T[soB dh nkfrnk
fdZsh rJh. ;{uBk nkIkdh
(ii) ;okG/ ftZu HHH dh u/sBk T[Vh;k ftZu
g?dk j'Jh. fJBebkph
(iii) nzro/I ;oeko B/ ;okG/ ƒ ;G s'A tX
;kBcoKf;;e' b'g'e/
ysoBke HHH eoko fdZsk.
(iv) HHH g[fb; ;N/PB T[go jwbk eoB dh
:'iBk pDkJh rJh.
(v) feogkb f;zx B/ }do dh HHH nzro/IK ƒ fdZsh.

JH j/m fby/ PpdK ƒ P[~X eoe/ fby' L

w'vhnK, ;oQkpk, fJshjk;, i{Bhtof;Nh, iPhbk

65
;H fto'Xh Ppd fby' L
(i) d/P^Grs HHH
(ii) frq|skoh HHH
(iii) nIkdh HHH
(iv) g{osh HHH

jH ;wkBkoEe Ppd fby' L

(i) jwbk HHH
(ii) w[ezwb HHH
(iii) }do HHH
(iv) ;zrhB HHH

eH j/mK fd~s/ tkeK ft~u beho/ PpdK d/ BktK dh gSkD eo' L

(i) ftPƒ rD/P fgzrb/ B/ w/om ftZu ftdo'j eoBk ;h. HHH
(ii) ;okG/ T[go nzro/I ;oeko dk s\sk gbND dk fJbIkw
bkfJnk frnk.
(iii) feogkb f;zx, ;okG/ s/ fgzrb/ Bkb'A p[Ifdb ;h. HHH
(iv) Grs f;zx, ;okG/ dh c'N' nkgDh i/p ftZu oZydk ;h. HHH
(v) ;okGk i'PhbhnK eftsktK fbydk j[zdk ;h. HHH

yH j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u'A ekoe u[D e/ T[BQK d/ BK fby' L

(i) eosko f;zx ;okGk B/ d/; bJh Pjkds fdZsh.
(ii) ;okG/ B/ T[Vh;k ftZu d;thA dh gVQkJh ehsh. HHH
(iii) ftPƒ rD/P fgzrb/ ƒ w/om s'A frq|sko ehsk frnk. HHH
(iv) ;okG/ B/ i'Phbh eftsk fbyh. HHH
(v) eosko f;zx ;okG/ ƒ bkj"o ;?ANob i/bQ ftu cK;h d/ e/ Pjhd
ehsk frnk.

66
 g[bkV dh goh ^ ebgBk uktbk
;[Bhb e[wko p/dh

P\;hns s/ ouBk
;[Bhb e[wko p/dh dk iBw 3 cotoh, 1975 ƒ fgzv
o[x{nkDk, fIbQk f;o;k, jfonkDk fty/ fgsk bkb uzd
d/ xo wksk oki e[wkoh dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk. T[BQK B/
gzikph s/ noE^Pk;so ftZu n?~wHJ/H dh gVQkJh
ehsh. g/P/ ti'A T[j nfXnkge jB. nkg gzikph
GkPk d/ gquko s/ gq;ko bJh ;orowh Bkb
tuBpZX jB.

g[bkV dh goh ^ ebgBk uktbk n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

yz{ik Le'Bk
“w?A d[BhnK d/ fe;/ fJZe yz{i/ bJh iBw BjhA fbnk. w/o/ bJh g{oh d[BhnK
wksG{wh LiBw^G{wh
jh w/oh wksG{wh j?. HHH d{i/ PpdK ftZu HHH ;w[Zuk pqfjwzv w/ok gfotko j?.” ;wZ[uk L;kok
fJj wjkB ftuko ;B g[bkV ftZu ikD tkbh gfjbh Gkosh w[fNnko vkH g[bkV LnekP,
ebgBk uktbk d/. ybkn
pugB s'A jh gZe/ fJokd/ tkbh ebgBk uktbk dk iBw 1 i[bkJh, 1961 w[fNnko Li[nkB e[Vh
e[Zy Lg/N (roG)
ƒ wK ;z:'frsk dh e[Zy'A eoBkb fty/ j'fJnk. T[; d/ fgsk dk BK pBko;h
w[ZYbk LP[o{nksh
bkb ;h. T[j nkgD/ uko G?D^GoktK ftZu'A ;G s'A S'Nh ;h. T[; ƒ ;ko/ fgnko
ojZ;wJh LG/sGoh
Bkb w'AN{ efjzd/ ;h.
ebgBk dk w[ZYbk ;wK eoBkb wkvb NkT{B tkb/ xo ftZu jh phfsnk.
xo dh SZs T[~s/ b/N/^b//N/ T[j uzB skfonK dh ojZ;wJh d[BhnK pko/ ;'udh
ofjzdh. T[; dk gfotko Xkowe ftukoK dk ;h. T[; d/ wksk^fgsk Xow
ns/ ;/tk d/ ezwK ftZu tX uVQ e/ fjZ;k b?Ad/ ;B. fJ; dk n;o fJj j'fJnk

67
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE fe ebgBk fJZe g[bkV ftfrnkBh j'D d/ Bkb^Bkb fJZe ;z;ekoh th ;h.
;zihdk LfIzdkfdb
T[j Gkos ftZu ojh iK po|hb/ ftd/Ph fJbkfenK ftZu, go ihtB Go
;z;ekoh LXkowe
Pkekjkoh ojh.
fposh tkbh
;g/; PNb Lg[bkVh ebgBk B/ u"Eh iwks ftZu ;g/; PNb dk wkvb pDkfJnk ;h ns/ fejk
ijkI fe tZvh j' e/ fJ; soQK ;g/; PNb ftZu :ksok eo/rh. T[; B/ d;thA dh
tzv LpNtkok gqhfynk N?r'o pkb fBe/sB ;e{b, eoBkb s'A gk; ehsh. fJZe gk;/ Gkos^
cbkfJzr ebZp LfiZE/ ijkI gkfe;skB dh tzv T[gozs P/y{g[ok, gzikp (gkfe;skB) s'A eoBkb ftZu nk e/
T[vkT[D dh
f;ybkJh
tf;nk ebgBk dk ;XkoB gfotko ns/ d{i/ gk;/ g[bkV ftZu ikD d/ ;[gB/
fdZsh iKdh b?D tkbh ebgBk. fJE'A d/ vhHJ/HthH robI ekbi ns/ fdnkb f;zx ekbi
j? s'A gqh^:{Bhtof;Nh (11thA) ns/ gqh^fJzihBhnfozr gk; ehsh. fJZE/ jh T[; B/
g[Pge ftwkB LS''Nk ijkI
fJZe cbkfJzr ebZp dh w?Apo pD e/ g[Pge ftwkB T[vkT[Dk ns/ rbkJhfvzr
eoBk f;Zy fbnk ;h.
T[j fJzihBhnfozr ekbi uzvhrVQ s'A p?ubo nk| fJzihBhnfozr dh fvroh
eoBk ukjz[dh ;h. fgsk nkgDh p/Nh ƒ nfXnkgB iK vkeNoh g/P/ tZb
G/iDk ukj[zd/ ;B. ebgBk B/ pVh w[Peb Bkb nkgD/ wksk^fgsk ƒ okih
ehsk. T[j fe;/ tZv/ ;[gB/ ƒ ;keko eoB bJh nZr/ tX ojh ;h. T[j
;g/; fJzihBhno pD e/ jtk ftZu T[vDk ukjz[dh ;h, g[bkV ftZu ik e/ uzB^
skfonK d/ ojZ; ikDBk ukjz[dh ;h. nkgD/ ekbi dh w?rIhB bJh b/y th
fbydh ;h. T[j ghV ƒ uho e/ nZr/ fBebDk ikDdh ;h. uko ;kb dh ;\s
fwjBs s'A pknd 1982 ftZu T[; B/ phHJhH dh fvroh nZtb doi/ ftZu gk;
ehsh. fJZE/ jh e[M ;wK T[j nfXnkgB th eodh ojh. go ebgBk dk we;d
e[M j'o ;h.
ebgBk S'N/ eZd dh T[s;kjh, fBvo ns/ pjkd[o e[Vh ;h. T[j fdqVQ
fJokd/ tkbh, fwjBsh ns/ ikro[e ;h. T[j w[zv/ s/ e[VhnK d/ fbzr^G/d ƒ
BjhA wzBdh ;h. T[; ftZu B[wkfJzdrh eoB dh ekpbhns th ;h. fJ;/ bJh
T[; ƒ ‘n?o' n?;No' ;[;kfJNh’ dh ;eZso u[D fbnk frnk ;h. T[j e[VhnK
ƒ T[~u^f;Zfynk d/D d/ jZe ftZu ;h. T[j T[BQK b'eK ƒ B|os eodh ;h
i' nkgDhnK XhnK ƒ ekbi G/iD s'A fJBeko eod/ ;h. T[j ;'udh ;h fe
n"os f;o| xo dh ukodhtkoh ftZu e?d j' e/ jh Bk ofj ikt/. T[; ƒ
xo s'A pkjo nk e/ nkgDh :'rsk ftykT[D dk w"ek fwbDk ukjhdk j?. n"os
gVQ/rh BjhA sK ;wki ftZu spdhbh fet/A nkt/rh.

68
 1982 ftZu nwohek dh n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
n?o'BkNheb LijkI
N?e;k; :{Bhtof;Nh B/ T[;
T[vkT[D dh
ƒ wk;No ^ fJB ^ n?o'BkNheb ftZfdnk
fJzihBhnfozr dh gVQkJh bJh u[D ;zi' e/ L;KG e/
fbnk. wksk^fgsk ukjz[d/ ;B T[j nZtb Lgfjb/
fJZE/ ofj e/ wk;No fvroh eo Bzpo ’s/
fpBk Bkrk Lbrksko
bt/. fJ; tko ebgBk B/ pVh
fdqVQ LgZek
id'^ifjd eoe/ nkgD/ wksk^fgsk
B[wkfJzdrh LnrtkJh,
ƒ okih ehsk. 1982 ftZu T[j nwohek ubh rJh. 1984 ftZu :{Bhtof;Nh bhvofPg,
nk| N?e;k;, nofbzrNB s'A J/no';g/; fJzihBhnfozr dh n?~;Hn?~;H dh gVQkJh gqshfBXsk
g{oh ehsh ns/ 1988 ftZu T[; B/ :{Bhtof;Nh nk| e'b'o/v' p"bdo s'A nkgDh fJB;NoeNo LnfXnkge
Bk;k Lnwohek dh
d{ih wk;No fvroh ns/ ghHn?~uHvhH dh fvroh gqkgs ehsh. fJ;/ d"okB T[;
fJZe ;z;Ek
dh fwZsosk coK;h;h B"itkB ihB ghno j?oh;B Bkb j'Jh i' ekch ;kbK s'A i' g[bkV
nwohek ftZu ofj fojk ;h. T[j feZs/ ti'A fJZe cbkfJzr fJB;NoeNo ;h. ;pzXh y'i
dk gqpzX
d'tK dhnK o[uhnK s/ wkBf;e gZXo fJZe j'D eoe/ fJj ;pzX ftnkj ftZu
eodh j?
spdhb j' rJ/.
rbkJhvo LfJziD ofjs
1988 ftZu jh ebgBk B/ Bk;k (The National Aeronautical and Space jbek ijkI
Administation) ftZu ezw eoBk P[o{ eo fdZsk. fJZE/ T[; ƒ ;ko/ e/H;hH d/ r[o{sk pb LfyZuD dh
BK Bkb p[bkT[Ad/ ;B. T[j gqwkfDs cbkJhN fJz;NoeNo ;h. T[; B/ Pesh

J/noeok|N ns/ rbkJhvo T[vkJ/. T[; e'b fJefjo/ fJziD, pj[^fJziD,

jkJhvo' gb/N ns/ rbkJhvo T[vkT[D bJh tgkoe gkfJbN dk bkfJ;?A; ;h.
T[; B/ J/no';g/; Bkb ;pzXs eJh fvrohnK jk;b eo bJhnK ;B. 1993
ftZu ebgBk Bk;k ftZu ‘Uto w?Ev; fJze’ Bkwh fwPB d/ tkJh; gq?ihv?AN
ns/ y'i ftfrnkBh ti'A i[V rJh. T[; dh fIzw/tkoh sob gdkoEK d/ rsh
ftfrnkB, Xosh s'A f;ZXh uVQkJh ns/ T[sokJh Bkb ;pzXs seBhe fsnko
eoBk ns/ T[; ƒ bkr{ eoBk ;h. g[bkV ftZu r[o{sk pb dh ewh d/ ekoB
wB[Zyh ;oho d/ nzr nkgD/^nkg feqnkPhb j'D bZr iKd/ jB. ebgBk dh
fIzw/tkoh ftu T[BQK feqnktK dk nfXn?B eoBk Pkfwb ;h. fJZE/ ofj e/ jh
ebgBk B/ Xosh s'A f;ZXh uVQkJh ns/ T[sokJh (Verticle Takeoff and
Landing) Bkb ;pzXs ezw ehsk. fJ; soQK 1995 sZe T[j Bk;k d/ n?;No'B"N
e'og; dk wjZstg{[oB fjZ;k pD u[Zeh ;h.

69
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE 1996 ftZu T[j nkgD/ ihtB d/ gfjb/ Xosh d[nkb/ :ksok fwPB ftZu
d[nkb/ Luko/ gk;/
;g/; PNb d/ wjZstg{oB w?Apo ti'A u[Dh rJh. fJj fwPB (STS-87) 19
to/rzY L;kbfrojk
Btzpo, 1997 ƒ P[o{ j'fJnk. fJ; fwPB dk T[d/P g[bkV (nzsfoeP) ftZu
c/oh L:ksok
fJe ;gkoNB ;?N/bkJhN (Spartan Sattlelite) BK d/ T[grqfj ƒ rqfjgzX ’s/
iPB Ly[Ph
wkjo LfBg[zB gkT[Dk ;h. fJ;/ ;kb Gkos nkgDh nIkdh dh 50thA toQ/rzY (r'bvB i[pbh)
tZyoh LnbZr wBk fojk ;h. fJ; :ksok d/ d"okB ebgBk pj[s y[P ;h. T[; B/ g[bkV
fwPB Lekoi, T[d/P ftu'A jh gqXkB wzsoh ;qh fJzdo e[wko r[iokb Bkb rZb ehsh ;h. T[; B/
;{yw Lpj[s S'Nk jo Gkosh Bkrfoe d/ BK ;zd/P ftZu fbfynk L “i/ s[;hA fpBK fe;/ T[d/P
(pohe)
ns/ brkU d/ ezw eo oj/ j' sK s[jkƒ nBzd BjhA nkt/rk. i/ s[;hA e[M eoBk
r[o{sk LXosh dh
fyZu Pesh ukjz[d/ j'' sK fJ; bJh eo' feT[Afe T[j s[jkvh nzso nkswk ƒ g;zd j?. :kd
e'bzphnk Lg[bkVh oj/, id'A s[;hA ezw gqsh g{oh soQK ;wofgs j''t'r/ sK jh s[;hA nkgDh wzfIb
ijkI dk BK ’s/ gjz[uD ftZu ekw:kp j''t'r/.” fJ; c/oh s'A pknd ebgBk g[bkV ftZu
;[yktK L;[ydkJh :ksok eoB tkbh gfjbh Gkosh n"os ns/ d{i/ Gkosh j'D dk wkD jk;b
eo u[Zeh ;h. fJ; dk iPB g{oh d[BhnK ftZu wBkfJnk frnk. fJ; s'A gfjbK
oke/P Powk 1984 ftZu g[bkV ftZu ik u[Zfenk ;h.
fJ; fwPB s'A pknd ebgBk ƒ fJZe seBheh wkjo dk o[spk fwb frnk
;h. nkgD/ ezw ftZu fwjBs ns/ brB ;dek T[; ƒ fJZe tZyoh gSkD fwb rJh
;h. ebgBk B/ fJ; fwPB d"okB nB[Gt pko/ d;d/ j'J/ fejk fe, “id w?A T[~s/
(g[bkV ftZu) ;K sK w?ƒ wfj;{; j'fJnk fe w?A Xosh d/ fe;/ \k; fjZ;/ s'A BjhA
nkJh pbfe w?ƒ brdk ;h fe w?A T[; skfonK dh d[BhnK dh ofjD tkbh jK.”
;zB 2000 ftZu ebgBk ƒ d[pkok fJZe T[vkD fwPB fi; dk BK STS-
107 ;h, fjZ;k pDB dk w"ek fwfbnk. fJ; fwPB ftZu ebgBk ƒ T[go'es
;{\w r[o{sk Pesh gq:'r Bkb ;pzXs pj[s wjZstg{oB fIzw/tkoh fdZsh rJh.
fJ; fwPB dk T[d/P Xosh ns/ g[bkV ftfrnkB nfXn?B dk ft;Ekog{ote
y'i ekoi eoBk ;h. go e[M seBheh ekoBK eoe/ fJj fwPB tko^tko oZd
j[zdk fojk.
16 iBtoh, 2003 ƒ ebgBk fJZe tko fco fwPB STS-107 d/ ezw ƒ
g{ok eoB bJh e'bzphnk BK d/ g[bkVh ijkI dh wjZstg{oB w?Apo ti'A
ybkn ftZu gj[zu rJh. d{ih tkoh g[bkV ftZu ikD s'A gfjbK T[; B/ fejk
;h, “fJZe tko fco g[bkV ftZu ikDk fJZe ;[gB/ dh soQK j?. fJj fJZe ;[yktK
nB[Gt j?.”

70
 fJ; fwPB ftZu ebgBk ƒ nkX[fBe seBkb'ih ftek; g[bkV :ksoh f;js n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
nzsfoeP Lybkn,
ns/ ;[oZfynk, Xosh ns/ g[bkV ftfrnkB nfXn?B d/ Bkb^Bkb ;{yw r[o{sk
nekP
Pesh Bkb ;pzXs fIzw/tkoh fdZsh rJh. ebgBk ns/ T[; d/ ;kEh ftfrnkBhnK
ehN LehV/
B/ fwb e/ wB[Zyh ;oho T[~s/ nzsfoeP dk gqGkt, e?A;o e'fPektK dh ;whfynk, GkojhDsk LfpBK Gko
ehN^gszfrnK T[s/ GkojhDsk gqGkt ns/ pqfjwzv d/ j'o ojZ;K dh ikDekoh (tIB) d/
Bkb ;pzXs seohpB 80 gq:'r ehs/. fJ; fwPB ftZu ebgBk B/ wjZstg{oB gos Ltkg;

G{fwek fBGkJh. xkse L\soBke

ft;c'N LXwkek
16 fdB g[bkV ftZu ofjD s'A pknd 1 cotoh, 2003 ƒ nkgD/ fIzw/ br/
ezw ƒ g{ok eoe/ ebgBk uktbk nkgD/ ;kEh ftfrnkBhnK Bkb Xosh tZb
tkg; gos ojh ;h. nk\oh ;'bK fwzN pj[s xkse f;ZX j'J/. Xosh tk:{wzvb
ftZu dk\b j'D s'A f;o| 16 fwzN gfjbK ;G e[M mhe bZr fojk ;h. go
nukBe eh j'fJnk < fe;/ ƒ e[M ;wM BjhA ;h nk fojk. ezNo'b o{w tb'A
fJZe tko BjhA, d' tko BjhA pbfe eJh^eJh tko e'bzphnk Bkb ;zgoe eoB
dh e'fPP ehsh rJh. go nzsfoeP dh \kw'Ph ƒ ezNo'b o{w dh e'Jh ntkI
s'VB ftZu Bkekw:kp ojh. Xosh d/ tk:{wzvb ftZu dk\b j'D ;w/A ijkI dh
o|sko ns/ skgwkB r[o{sk Pesh ekoB tX iKdk j?. fJ; bJh fJj ;wK
;zeN Gfonk j[zdk j?.
Gkosh w{b dh ebgBk uktbk ;w/s ;Zs g[bkV ftfrnkBhnK ƒ b? e/
fwPB T[~s/ rJ/ e'bzphnk :kB d/ w[;hps ftZu c;D d/ ;p{s fwb rJ/ ;B.
ezNo'b o{w ftZu p?m/ b'e fpbe[b g/P/to b'eK dh soQK PKs ;B. go j[D
g[bkVh ijkI dh u[Zgh T[BQK ;GBK ’s/ Gkoh g? ojh ;h.
e?b/c'oBhnk, N?e;k; ns/
noeB;k; s'A wkjo fBrokBK
d/ ;zd/P nk oj/ ;B fe T[BQK B/
s/I o"PBh t/yh i' N[ZN/ j'J/ wbp/
ftu'A fBebh ikgdh ;h. ezNo'b
o{w ftZu p?m/ wkjo b'e :kB d/
;zd/P gVQB ftZu br/ j'J/ ;B
fe, nukBe :kB dk skgwkB
pj[s fInkdk tZX frnk ns/
fJ; s'A pknd u[Zg g;o

71
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE rJh HHH o/vhT[ \k;'P ;h HHH ;eohB T[~s/ Bk e'Jh jbub HHH s/ Bk jh e'Jh
nG/d Lbkgsk,
T[whd puh ;h HHH.
rkfJp
1 cotoh, 2003 ƒ Pkw ;kY/ ;Zs ti/ fJZe Xwke/ d/ Bkb jh fJj g[bkVh
wksw L;'r
rwrhB LT[dk; ijkI spkj j' frnk. fJ; d/ Bkb jh ebgBk uktbk ns/ S/ j'o g[bkV
w[yhnK Lnkr{nK ftfrnkBh ybkn ftZu nG/d j' rJ/ ;B. t/yd/ jh t/yd/ y[Ph dk wkj"b wksw
nuDu/s LnukBe ftZu pdb u[Zfenk ;h. nwohek B/ nkgDk Mzvk M[ek fdZsk ;h. ebgBk d/
u/s/ L:kd gfotko bJh fJj ;dwk n;fj ;h. g{ok ;z;ko fJ; jkd;/ Bkb }wrhB ;h.
fIjB Lfdwkr d/;K^ftd/PK d/ w[yhnK d/ ;'r^;zd/P nkT[D bZr/. ebgBk B/ \[d fJZe tko fejk
nd[Zsh LftbZyD
;h, “id th w/o/ woB dk ;wK nkt/rk, w?A g[bkV ftZu jh woBk g;zd
|\o LwkD
eoKrh.” T[; dh nuDu/s ejh rZb ;G ƒ u/s/ nk ojh ;h. e'bzphnk PNb
dk wbpk b[f;nkBk ns/ N?e;k; d/ fJbke/ ftZu c?b frnk. fJ; d/ e[M N[eV/
jh fwb ;e/.
woB T[gozs ebgBk ƒ ‘e"Aro/PBb ;g/; w?vb’, ‘Bk;k ;g/N cbkJhN
w?vb’, ‘Bk;k fv;fNzr[fJPv ;oft; w?vb’ fwb/. ebgBk d/ ;BwkB ftZu
okPNoh ns/ nzso^okPNoh gZXo ’s/ pj[s ;ko/ fJBkw ns/ ;z;EktK dh
;EkgBk ehsh rJh j?. :{Bhtof;Nh nk| e'b'o/v' B/ 1983 s'A fdZs/ ik oj/
‘nkT{N;N?Afvzr oh;?AN n?b{fwBh ntkov’ dk BK j[D ‘ebgBk uktbk ntkov’
oZy fdZsk j?. eoBkb ftZu ebgBk uktbk w?vheb ekbi dh ;EkgBk ehsh
rJh j?. jfonkDk ;oeko tb'A e[o{e[P/so ftZu ‘ebgBk uktbk skok wzvb’
dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh j?. fJ; soQK d/;K^ftd/;K s'A pj[s ;ko/ ;BwkB T[;
ƒ fwb/ jB.
ebgBk dh eoBkb s'A g[bkV sZe dh :ksok jw/Pk ;kv/ fIjB ftZu skIk
oj/rh. g[bkV tk;h ebgBk uktbk j[D ed/ tkg; BjhA gos/rh HHH go Gkos
nd[Zsh ns/ j'Djko p/Nh T[~s/ ;dk |\o eodk oj/rk. B"itkB ghVQh T[; s'A
g/qoBk b? e/ nZr/ tXD d/ :sB eodh oj/rh.

fN~gDh
fJ; ihtBh ftZu g[bkV ftfrnkBh ebgBk uktbk dh ;zxoPwJh fIzdrh
T[go o"PBh gkJh rJh j?. ebgBk uktbk B/ fJZe ;kXkoB gfotko ns/
S'N/ Pfjo ftZu iBw b? e/ th nkgDh fwjBs, brB ns/ fdqVQ fJokd/ ;dek
soZeh d/ f;\o ƒ S'fjnk. fto'Xh ;wkie jkbs d/ pkti{d T[; B/ jko BjhA

72
wzBh. pugB ftZu fwE/ Nhu/ ƒ g{ok eoB bJh Bk;k s'A j[zdh j'Jh g[bkV
ftZu gj[zu rJh. T[; B/ ;koh d[BhnK ;kjwD/ f;ZX eo fdZsk fe fdqVQ fJokd/
Bkb ihtB d/ fe;/ th w[ekw ƒ jk;b ehsk ik ;edk j?. T[j Gkt/A j[D ;kv/
dofwnkB BjhA ojh go nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK bJh gq/oBk^;o's pDh
oj/rh. T[; B/ fJj th f;ZX eo fdZsk fe n"osK fe;/ th gZy'A wodK Bkb'A
xZN BjhA jB. Gkos dh BjhA pbfe g{oh d[BhnK d/ b'eK d/ fdbK ’u T[;
dh :kd skIk oj/rh.

nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) g[bkV ftfrnkBh ebgBk uktbk dk pugB fe; soQK phfsnk <
(ii) gfotkoe wkj"b dk ;kjwDk ebgBk B/ fe; soQK ehsk <
(iii) ebgBk gfjbh tko g[bkV ftZu ed'A rJh ns/ T[; fwPB dk
T[d/P eh ;h <
(iv) ebgBk uktbk dh w"s fe; soQK j'Jh <
(v) g[bkV d/ fejV/ ojZ; dk G/s ebgBk bJh gq/oBk^;o's pfDnk <
(vi) ebgBk uktbk d/ ihtB s'A ;kƒ eh gq/oBk b?Dh ukjhdh j? <

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/

TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) ebgBk uktbk s'A pknd Gkosh w{b dh ;[Bhsk ftbhnw; th 2006
ftZu g[bkV ’u rJh. T[; dh ihtBh Bkb ;pzXs fJZe gq'i?eN
fsnko eo'.
(ii) eh s[jkƒ fe;/ ftfrnkBe y'i ftZu fdbu;gh j? < fJ; pko/
ikDekoh Gog{o fJZe b/y fbyD dh e'fPP eo' <
(iii) g[bkV dk ftfrnkBe nfXn?B I'\w Gfonk j?. eh fJ; d/ pkti{d
ftfrnkBhnK ƒ y'i ikoh oZyDh ukjhdk j? < ftuko g/P eo'.
(iv) ebgBk uktbk dh y'i Bkb ;pzXs tZy'^tZyo/ ekoiK ƒ do;kT[Adk
fJZe ukoN pDkT[.
(v) eh s[;hA nkgDh fIzdrh ftZu e[M eoB bJh e'Jh fwPB fwfEnk
j? < T[; pko/ ekoi^:'iBk s/ nkgD/ fJokd/ pko/ y[ZbQ e/ ftuko
g/P eo'.

73
JH j/m fby/ PpdK ƒ P[~X eoe/ fby' L
w[N/nko, tfrnkBh, w/jBs, Bkroe, wknj"b

;H j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u'A ftP/PD u[D e/ T[BQK dhnK fe;wK fby' L
(i) ebgBk uktbk wkfjo ftfrnkBh ;h. HHH
(ii) g[bkV ’u ikD tkbh ebgBk gfjbh Gkosh n"os j?. HHH
(iii) ebgBk B/ g[bkV ftZu pj[s gq:'r ehs/. HHH
(iv) g{ok ;z;ko fJ; jkd;/ Bkb pj[s }wrhB ;h.
(v) T[; :kB d/ e[M N[eV/ jh fwb ;e/.

jH i'V/ pDkT[ L
N?e;k; g[bkVh ijkI
eoBkb coK;h;h
e'bzphnk nwohek
ihB ghno/ j?oh;B ebgBk uktbk

74
 wdB bkb YhArok
;toB f;zx

P\;hns s/ ouBk
;toB f;zx dk iBw 10H5H1934 ƒ fgzv fGUok,
fIbQk o'gV fty/ j'fJnk. nkg r[o{ s/r pjkdo
\kb;k ekbi, fdZbh s'A ps"o gq'|?;o ;/tk^w[es
j'J/. nkg ‘e"wh tzrko’ o;kb/ d/ w[Zy ;zgkde
oj/. T[BQK B/ wokmh s'A nB[tkd th ehsk fi; ftZu
‘wkfjw dh ykVh’, ‘Bkwd/t’, ‘pqkjwD ezfBnk’ s/
‘c[Zb e[wbkfJnk’ Pkfwb jB. e[M ;zgkfds feskpK
jB fit/A L ‘ni'eh gzikph ejkDh’, ‘r[op\P f;zx gqhs ;z;ko’. nkg dhnK
w"fbe ouBktK jB L ‘BktD uZb/ shoEhA’, ‘;H Grs f;zx’, ‘Xos ;[jkth’,
‘o[Zs fcoh’, ‘fuZso ftfuZso’, ‘nIkdh d/ ;[Zu/ tDiko/’.

wdB bkb YhArok n"y/ PpdK d/ noE

f\skp Lfvroh
wdB bkb YhArok dk iBw 18 cotoh, 1883 JhH ƒ nzfwqs;o ftZu nzro/I^gZyh Lnzro/IK d/
j'fJnk. T[jd/ fgsk ih vkeNo ;kfjp fdZsk wZb ;B. T[j nzfwqas;o ftZu jwkfJsh
gq?efN; eod/ ;B. wdB bkb d/ tZv/^tv/o/ ;kjhtkb, fIbQk ;or'Xk d/ ofjD
tkb/ ;B. wdB bkb d/ S/ Gok s/ fJZe G?D ;h. wdB bkb d/ wkg/ uzr/
;od/^g[id/ ;B. pj[s nwho. T[jd/ fgsk ih fj;ko ns/ r[odk;g[o d/
f;ftb ;oiB ofj u[Ze/ ;B. T[j gZe/ nzro/I^Grs ;B. fJ;/ bJh
nzro/i ;oeko B/ T[BQK ƒ okJ/ ;kfjp dk f\skp fdZsk ;h. nzfwqs;o nk e/
t;D dk ekoB T[~E/ \kBdkBh IwhB ikfJdkd dk j'Dk ;h. wdB bkb d/ Gok
th nzro/I^gZyh ;B. T[j ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ tZv/^tZv/ nj[fdnK ’s/ ezw eod/ ;B.

75
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE wdB bkb d/ wkg/ T[jƒ fJzihBhno pDkT[D d/ fJZS[e ;B. go nzfwaqs;o
fJZS[e Lukj[zd/
dh ibtk:{ B/ T[jd/ ftukoK ftZu p}kts Go fdZsh ;h. T[j nzro/IK dk
ibtk:{ Lwj"b
;\s d[PwB ;h feT[Afe nzro/I T[jdh fdqPNh ftZu GkoshnK ƒ b[ZNd/^g[ZNd/
wkg/ Lwksk^fgsk
ns/ T[BQK T[~go I[bw Ykj[zd/ ;B. wdB bkb ;dk d/;^fgnko s/ nIkdh
e[okjhnk L}bs o;s/
fgnk dhnK rZbK eodk ofjzdk. wkg/ T[jƒ ‘e[okjhnk’ s/ ‘gkrb’ efjzd/ ;B. wdB
j'fJnk bkb B/ nzfwqs;o s'A pkoQthA iwks gk; ehsh. T[j phHJ/H ftZu r"ofwzN ekbi,
oki;h LokiBhse bkj"o dk\b j'fJnk. bkj"o T[BQK fdBK ftZu oki;h ;orowhnK dk e/Ado
sfjohoK LGkPDK
;h. wdB bkb T[~go d/; dh nIkdh bJh bVB tkbhnK sfjohoK dk \k;
vzr Lt/bk
n;o fgnk. T[jB/ gVQkJh SZv fdZsh. T[j gzikp ;oeko d/ ;?Nbw?AN wfjew/
wI{o LwId{o
;b{e Lfttjko ePwho ftZu ebeo dh gdth ’s/ ezw eoB bZr fgnk. J/E/ T[jƒ b'eK dh
n;ZfGnk Lizrbh, rohph pko/ d[ydkfJe nB[Gt j'fJnk. nB/eK b'eK ƒ fJZe vzr dh o'Nh th
w{oy BjhA i[Vdh ;h. wdB bkb nwho wkfgnK dk g[Zso ;h. T[jB/ uzr/ fdB
d/y/ j'J/ ;B. go b'eK ƒ G[Zy/^Bzr/ d/y e/ T[jB/ T[BQK dh rohph dk ekoD
nzro/IK ƒ ;wMDk P[o{ eo fdZsk. wB ftZu fB;uk ehsk fe nzro/IK ƒ
fjzd';skB ’u'A jo jkbs ftZu eZYDk j?. T[jB/ fJe eko\kB/ ftZu th wI{o
ti'A ezw ehsk. J/E/ ofjzfdnK No/v :{BhnB pDk bJh. wkbeK B/ T[jƒ B"eoh
s'A itkp d/ fdZsk.
wdB bkb d/ xo tkb/ T[; Bkb ;\s BkokI ;B. T[j T[jƒ fe;/ T[~u/
nj[d/ ’s/ ezw eodk d/yDk ukj[zd/ ;B. T[jƒ T[u/oh f;Zfynk dtk e/ fJj ezw
eoB d/ fJZS[e ;B. xo tkfbnK s'A szr g? e/ wdB bkb nkgD/ Gok fpjkoh
bkb e'b ;zro{o ubk frnk. fpjkoh bkb fonk;s ihAd dk w[Zy w?vheb
n|;o ;h. T[; B/ wdB bkb ƒ ;wMk^p[Mk e/ j'o gVQkJh eoB bJh oIkwzd
eo fbnk. wdB bkb ƒ fJzihBhnfozr dh f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB bJh fJzrb?Av
ubk frnk. xo tkfbnK dk f\nkb ;h fe fJzrb?Av ik e/ T[jd/ ftukoK ftZu
spdhbh nk ikt/rh.
wdB bkb YhArok 6 i[bkJh, 1906 ƒ fJzrb?Av ik gj[zfunk. T[jB/
:{Bhtof;Nh ekbi bzdB ftZu dk\bk b? fbnk. fJzrb?Av ftZu nzro/I GkoshnK
Bkb j'o th G?Vk ;b{e eod/ ;B. T[BQK ƒ n;ZfGnk b'e ;wMd/ ;B. r[bkw
j'D d/ Bks/ T[BQK dk dk\bk j'NbK ftZu th pzd ;h. T[E/ fjzd[;skBh ftfdnkoEh
d{i/ doi/ d/ Pfjoh ;wM/ iKd/ ;B. T[BQK Bkb ftsefonK Gfonk ;b{e ehsk
iKdk ;h. bzdB ftZu ‘fJzvhnk jkT{;’ oki;h ;orowhnK dk e/Ado ;h.

76
J/E/ eqKshekoh ftukoK d/ Gkosh ne;o nk n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
tkd^fttkd Lpfj;
i[Vd/ ;B. T[j d/; dh nIkdh bJh
oki;h LokiBhse,
ftuko^tNKdo/ eod/ ns/ j'o th eJh
f;nk;h
gqeko d/ tkd^fttkd eod/ ofjzd/ ;B. row f\nkbK Li'Phb/
;ko/ ftfdnkoEh fJZe oki;h iZE/pzdh d/ ;gskfje gZsoLj|sktkoh
o{g ftZu J/E/ ezw eod/ ;B. wdB bkb B/ n\pko

th fJzvhnk jkT{; ftZu j'D tkbhnK nfsnzs Lpj[s

fInkdk
whfNzrK ftZu Gkr b?Dk P[o{ eo fdZsk.
tkeJh Ln;b ftZu,
fPnkw ih feqPB towk ns/ tho ;Zuw[Zu
;ktoeo fJzvhnk jkT{; d/ w?Apo ;B. sophns Lf;ybkJh
d't/A row f\nkbK d/ eqKshekoh ;B. T[BQK wPe LnfGnk;
d'jK dhnK e'fPPK Bkb jh 1905 JhH ftZu sfjohe L;zxoP
dtkok Ld[nkok, tZb'A
‘fJzvhnk jkT{;’ ns/ ‘fJzvhnB j'w o{b ;';kfJNh’ dh BhAj oZyh rJh ;h.
fPnkw ih feqPB towk ‘d fJzvhnB ;'PhUb'fi;N’ BK dk ;gskfje gZso th
eZYdk ;h. tho ;ktoeo B/ ‘nfGBt Gkosh’ BK dh ;z;Ek ubkJh j'Jh ;h.
fJ; ;z;Ek dtkok fjzd';skBh B"itkBK ƒ iZE/pzd ehsk iKdk ;h. wdB bkb,
fPnkw ih feqPB towk ns/ tho ;ktoeo s'A nfsnzs gqGkts j'fJnk.
wdB bkb ‘nfGBt Gkos’ ;Gk dk w?Apo pD frnk. tho ;ktoeo T[jdk
fJwfsjkB b?Dk ukjz[dk ;h. T[jB/ wdB bkb ƒ g[ZfSnk fe T[j d/; bJh eh
e[M eo ;edk j?. wdB bkb dk itkp ;h, “w?A d/; bJh nkgDh ikB se
e[opkB eo ;edk jK.” fJj rZb ;[D e/ tho ;ktoeo ƒ ftPtk; j' frnk
fe wdB bkb tkeJh d/; dh nkB^PkB T[~go wo fwFN ;edk j?.
fJzrb?Av ftZu Gkosh B"itkBK$ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ jfEnko ubkT[D dh
sophns fdZsh iKdh ;h. wdB bkb B/ fg;s"b ubkT[D dh f;Zfynk gqkgs
ehsh. T[j fJZe Bzpo dk fBPkB/pkI ;h. T[; e'b d' fg;s"bK ;B. T[j fBZs
fg;s"b ubkT[D dh wPe eodk. feqPB towk okiBhse nfjz;k ƒ ikfJI
;wMdk. T[j nIkdh bJh ehs/ rJ/ y{B ƒ esb th BjhA ;h ;wMdk. wdB
bkb T[~go fJBQK ftukoK dk ftP/P gqGkt fgnk.
d/; ftZu nIkdh dh sfjohe I'o cV ojh ;h. ftd/PK ftZu fjzd';skBh
B"itkB nzro/IK fto[ZX jfEnkopzd izr bVB dhnK fsnkohnK eo oj/ ;B.
Gkos ftZu nihs f;zx dtkok nozG ehsk j'fJnk fe;kB nzd'bB nkgD/ f;\o

77
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE ’s/ gj[zu u[Zek ;h. wjKokPNo ftZu pkb rzrkXo fsbe ns/ rD/P ;ktoeo
snb[Zeks L;zpzX
ƒ ;oeko B/ frq|sko eoe/ b'eK ƒ GVek fdZsk ;h. T[;/ ;w/A y[dh okw p';
fxqDk LB|os
ns/ eKPh okw tor/ eJh B"itkB cK;h uVQ u[Ze/ ;B. B"itkBK dk y{B y"b
;Zdk Lp[bktk
fojk ;h. T[j nzro/I ;bsBs Bkb NZeo b?D bJh fsnko p?m/ ;B. GkoshnK
Gkc L;{j
Bhns LfBPfus ftoZ[X jo gqeko d/ I{bw eoB d/ d'Ph fszB nzro/I ftnesh ;wM/ iKd/ ;B.
yukyu LBZe'^BZe, fJj ;B—bkov eoIB, bkov wkob/ ns/ wkob/ dk oki;h J/HvhH;hH ;o
pj[s eoIB tkfJbh. eoIB tkfJbh d/ wdB bkb d/ fgsk ih Bkb d';skBk
fInkdk
snb[Zeks ;B. wdB bkb d/ Gok e[zdB bkb B/ tkfJbh ƒ fJZe fBZih gZso
fuZs LwkoBk
ftZu wdB bkb ƒ fJzvhnk jkT{; dhnK oki;h ;orowhnK s'A d{o oZyD dh
p/Bsh ehsh ;h.
fJzrb?Av d/ fjzd';skBh ftfdnkoEh tkfJbh d/ ;\s fto'Xh ;B. T[jƒ
fxqDk eod/ ;B. eoIB tkfJbh B/ wdB bkb ƒ fwbD bJh fJzvhnk
jkT{; ftZu nkT[D dk ;Zdk fdZsk. wdB bkb B/ T[jd/ ;Zd/ dh T[~ek jh e'Jh
gotkj Bk ehsh. wdB bkb ƒ gsk ;h fe tkfJbh T[jƒ fwb e/ fJBebkph
ekotkJhnK eoB s'A o'e/rk. fJjd/ T[bN wdB bkb B/ eoIB tkfJbh,
bkov wob/ ns/ bkov eoIB ƒ esb eoB dk c?;bk eo fbnk. T[jB/ fJ;
rZb dh fe;/ ƒ Gk| sZe Bk eZYh. f;o| nkgD/ wB ftZu fJj rZb XkoB
eo bJh.
wdB bkb UHJ/H fjT{w dh gqf;ZX eftsk ‘Ubv w?BI j'g’ ƒ gVQ e/ pj[s
gqGkfts j'fJnk. fJ; eftsk dk y[ZbQk wsbp fJj ;h^‘Gkos d/ ;g{s' ` s[;hA
fejV/ d/tsk dh fJzsIko ftZu p?m/ j'. bZe pzBQ e/ fjzws eo' ns/ bVB^woB
bJh fsnko j' ikU. ;tor iK Boe s'A fe;/ soQK dh ;jkfJsk dh T[vhe
Bk eo'. nkgDh wdd nkg eo'. fJZSk Pesh ns/ ;kj; oZyD tkbk ftnesh
jh ;G e[M j?. e"wK nkgD/ jZEhA jh nkgD/ nkg ƒ pDkT[AdhnK jB.’
wdB bkb YhArok dh fJZSk^g{osh dk fdB nkfrnk. 11 i[bkJh, 1909
ƒ ‘d B?PBb fJzvhnB n?;';hJ/PB’ dh whfNzr fJz;NhfuT{N nk| fJzghohnb
;NZvhI d/ ijKrho jkb ftZu j'Dh Bhns j'Jh. J/E/ jIkoK dk fJeZm ;h.
nzro/I n|;oK s/ tgkohnK Bkb jkb yukyu Gfonk fgnk ;h. \{p iPB
wBkJ/ ik oj/ ;B. Bku^rkfDnK dk g'qrokw uZb fojk ;h. eoIB tkfJbh
oks d/ ;kY/ d; ti/ d/ eohp T[~E/ gj[zfunk. YhAro/ dhnK BIoK eoIB
tkfJbh ƒ bZG ojhnK ;B. wdB bkb B/ fszB nzro/IK ƒ fuZs eoBk ;h.

78
T[jƒ :ehB ;h fe bkov eoIB, bkov wkob/ ns/ eoIB tkfJbh T[~E/ Io{o n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
jkfJ d[jkJh Ljkb^
gj[zuDr/. T[jd/ e'b d' fg;s"b ;B. go T[jB/ eoIB tkfJbh ƒ fJeZfbnk
d[jkJh,
nkT[AfdnK d/fynk. T[jB/ T[jƒ jh \sw eoB bJh ftuko pDk fbnk. eoIB
P'o^Pokpk
tkfJbh wdB bkb ƒ d/y e/ T[jd/ tZb tfXnk. tkfJbh d/ w{zj ftZu ni/ fJj yb'sk LyVk
Ppd fBeb/ jh ;B^‘Bk sz{ w/oh fuZmh dk T[~so fdZsk j? ns/ Bk jh w?ƒ fwbD ekoi Lezw
bJh nkfJn?A <’ wdB bkb B/ MN i/p ftZu'A fg;s"b eZfYnk ns/ fJedw row dbhJ/ Lfjz;e, Bk
r'bhnK toQkT[DhnK P[o{ eo fdZshnK. tkfJbh T[~E/ jh dw s'V frnk. fJe M[eD tkb/
b'e
gko;h vkeNo bkb ekek tkfJbh tZb tfXnk. wdB bkb B/ T[; ƒ th r'bh
;bkfjnk Lgq;z;k ehsh
wko fdZsh. T[jƒ n|;'; Io{o ;h fe T[jB/ fJZe p/e;{o pzd/ ƒ wko fdZsk tho Lpjkdo
;h. r'bhnK uZbD ’s/ jkb ftZu jkfJ^d[jkJh wZu rJh. b'e pkjo ƒ GZi/. gqG{;Zsk Lokiszso,
wdB bkb T[~E/ jh yb'sk fojk. T[jƒ g[fb; B/ fjok;s ftZu b? fbnk. ;oeko
fpqe;NB i/bQ ftZu pzd eo fdZsk. T[jd/ e'b'A g[fb; B/ j'o pzfdnK dk BK g[ZSD ;wkoe L:kdrko,
p[Zs
dh e'fPP ehsh go T[jB/ fe;/ dk BK Bk fbnk.
wdB bkb d/ fgsk vkH ;kfjp fdZsk wZb B/ tkfJ;okJ/ d/ fBZih ;eZso
vBbg ;fwZE ƒ fJZe fuZmh fbyh. T[jB/ fuZmh ftZu nkgD/ gZso d[nkok eoIB
tkfJbh d/ esb dh ;\s fBzfdnk ehsh. Bkb jh nkgD/ gfotko dh
nzro/Ih ;oeko gqsh t|kdkoh pko/ fJZe P'e ;Gk dk nk:'iB ehsk frnk.
T[; whfNzr ftZu eoIB tkfJbh d/ esb pko/ vz{xk d[Zy gqrN ehsk frnk.
wdB bkb YhArok d/ gfotko B/ T[jd/ Bkb'A nkgD/ gfotkoe ;zpzX s'VB dk
th n?bkB ehsk. row dbhJ/ b'eK B/ wdB bkb d/ fJ; ekoi dh p/jZd gq;z;k
ehsh. T[; dh d/;^Grsh ƒ ;bkfjnk frnk. n?Bh p/;/AN B/ T[jdh gq;z;k
eofdnK fejk, “d/; dh nIkdh bJh ni/ j'o wdB bkbK dh b'V j?.” bkbk
jofdnkb B/ nkfynk, “YhArok B/ nkgD/ T[~s/ ub oj/ w[eZdw/ d/ jo gVkn
’s/ g[oksB ekbhB tho BkfJeK tKr ftjko ehsk ;h. T[; dh tho GktBk
;kƒ wZXekbh okig{sK ns/ f;ZyK dh :kd fdtkT[Adh j?, fijV/ w"s ƒ fJZe
d[bjB tKr fgnkod/ ;B. fJzrb?Av ;'udk j? fe T[; B/ YhArok ƒ wko fdZsk
j? gozs{ n;bhns fJj j? fe T[j ;dk jh ihAdk oj/rk. T[; B/ Gkos ftubh
poskBth gqG{;Zsk ƒ w"s d/ fp;so ’s/ gk fdZsk j?. nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A id'A
Gkos ftubk poskoBh ;kwoki fwZNh ftZu fwb ikt/rk, YhArok d/ ;wkoe
;kv/ w[Zy BroK d/ u"AeK dh ;iktN j'Dr/. ;kvhnK ;zskBK ƒ YhArok dh
T[~uh s/ ;[Zuh fIzdrh ns/ thosk g{oB fwqs{ dh :kd eotkT[Dr/ fi; B/

79
n"y/ PpdK d/ noE nkgD/ d/; dh nIkdh bJh ftd/P ftZu nkgD/ gqkDK dh nkj{sh d/ fdZsh.”
pd/; Lftd/P
wdB bkb YhArok T[go w[eZdwk ubkfJnk frnk. T[jB/ nkgD/ pukT[
gqkD L;kj, ;[nk;
bJh e'Jh tehb Bk ehsk. T[jƒ nkgD/ ehs/ rJ/ ekoi pko/ gsk ;h fe T[jdk
nkj{sh Le[opkBh,
pbhdkB Bshik eh fBebDk j?. ndkbs ftZu fpnkB fdzfdnK T[jB/ fejk, “w?A i' ehsk,
w[eZdwk Le/; n\bkeh s"o ’s/ ;jh ehsk j?. w?A }bs fpnkB d/ e/ nkgDh ikB pukT[Dk
dzv L;Ik p[Ifdbh ;wMdk jK. w?ƒ nkgD/ ehs/ dk e'Jh gSsktk BjhA.” wdB bkb B/
x'b L;zxoP nkgD/ xotkfbnK ƒ th tehb eoB s'A BKj eo fdZsh. T[jd/ Gok GiB bkb
ibktsBh Ld/; fBekbk, B/ T[jƒ i/bQ ftZu fwbD dh e'fPP ehsh. go wdB bkb B/ BKj eo fdZsh. 10
d/; ftu'A
i[bkJh, 1909 ƒ iZi B/ T[jƒ nkgDh ;|kJh ftZu e[M efjD bJh nkfynk.
pkjo eZY
d/Dk T[; B/ fejk, “w?A nkgD/ pukU ftZu e[M BjhA efjDk ukjz[dk. w?A e/tb
n;EhnK LjZvhnK nkgD/ ehs/ nwbK ƒ ;jh f;ZX eoBk ukjz[dk jK. w/ok fJj ftuko j? fe fe;/
th nzro/Ih ndkbs ƒ w/o/ ’s/ w[eZdwk ubkT[D dk iK fwqs{ dzv d/D dk e'Jh
nfXeko BjhA. w?A efjzdk jK fe i/eo iowB s[jkv/ d/; T[go epIk eo b?D
sK i/ T[BQK fto[ZX fe;/ th nzro/I dk x'b ikfJI ns/ gq;z;:'r j? sK c/o
nkgD/ d/; bJh w/ok nzro/IK fto[ZX ehsk x'b th ikfJI ns/ ;jh j?. s[;hA
w/o/ nDfrDs d/; tk;hnK ƒ cK;h ns/ ibktsBh dh ;Ik fdZsh j?.”
n\ho 23 i[bkJh, 1909 ƒ iZi B/ wdB bkb YhArok ƒ w"s dh
;Ik ;[DkJh.
tho ;ktoeo ns/ T[jd/ e[M ;kEhnK B/ nzro/I ;oeko e'b'A T[jd/ fwose
;oho dh wzr ehsh. go ;oeko B/ ;k| fJBeko eo fdZsk. wdB bkb ƒ
g?ANBftfb i/bQ d/ epof;skB ftZu d|BkfJnk frnk.
wdB bkb YhArok wjkB d/;^Grs ;h. w'j^bkbu s'A T[~uk. fJZE'A sZe
fe T[jƒ nkgD/ gfotko Bkb th e'Jh w'j BjhA ;h.
Pjhd wdB bkb YhArok dhnK n;EhnK 13 d;zpo, 1976 ƒ Gkos
fbnKdhnK rJhnK. fJBQK ƒ fdZbh s'A ib{; dh Peb ftZu nzfwqs;o fbnKdk
frnk. nzs fJBQK n;EhnK ƒ jfod[nko ftZu ib^gotkj eo fdZsk frnk.

fN~gDh
fJ; ihtBh s'A ;kƒ gsk brdk j? fe wdB bkb YhArok wjkB d/;Grs
;h. fi; ftZu d/; gqsh fgnko e[ZN^e[ZN e/ Gfonk j'fJnk ;h. d/; dh
ykfso T[; B/ nkgDh e[opkBh jZ;d/ j'J/ d/ fdZsh. fJj T[; d/ d/;^fgnko

80
dk iIpk ;h fe T[; B/ nkgD/ Gok ƒ th fwbD s'A wBQK eo fdZsk. T[; B/
nkgD/ e/; dh g?oth bJh e'Jh tehb BjhA ehsk s/ ndkbs ftZu iZi
ƒ bbekod/ j'J/ fejk fe w?ƒ nkgD/ ehs/ dk e'Jh gSsktk BjhA j?. w?A i'
e[M ehsk j? nkgD/ d/; dh nDy \kso ehsk j?. nyho fJj' fij/ wjkB
d/;^Grs ƒ nzro/I ;oeko B/ cK;h bk e/ jw/Pk bJh T[; dk ihtB \sw
eo fdZsk.

nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) wdB bkb YhArok dk iBw ed'A ns/ feZE/ j'fJnk ;h <
(ii) wkg/ wdB bkb ƒ eh pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B <
(iii) bkj"o fe; uhI dk e/Ado ;h ns/ wdB bkb T[~s/ fe; uhI dk
n;o fgnk.
(iv) bzdB ik e/ wdB bkb ƒ eh wfj;{; j'fJnk <
(v) GkoshnK T[go I[bw eoB dk fto'Xh fejV/ nzro/IK ƒ ;wfMnk
iKdk ;h <
(vi) fJj Ppd fe; B/ fe; ƒ ej/^‘d/; dh nIkdh bJh ni/ j'o wdB
bkbK dh b'V j?’ <
(vii) wdB bkb dhnK n;EhnK ed'A Gkos fbnKdhnK rJhnK ns/ T[BQK
ƒ feZE/ gqtkj ehsk frnk <

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/

TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) wdB bkb YhArok s'A fJbktk d/; dh nIkdh bJh e[opkBh d/D tkb/
fe;/ j'o d/;^Grs d/ ihtB pko/ 15 s'A 20 ;soK fby'.
(ii) eh s[jkƒ brdk j? fe PjhdK B/ fi; ekoi bJh Pjkds fdZsh ;h,
d/; T[BQK d/ ;[gB/ ƒ g{ok eo fojk j?. fJ; pko/ ft;sko ;fjs
fJZe b/y fby'.
(iii) nkgD/ d/; bJh s[jkv/ wB ftZu eh e[M eoB dh fJZSk j? < eh
s[jkv/ nzdo th d/;^Grsh dk iIpk j? < b'V g?D ’s/ s[;hA d/;
bJh eh e[M eo ;ed/ j' <

81
 (iv) nZi Gkos fJZe nIkd d/; j?. go ni/ th b'e r[bkwh dh rZb
eod/ jB. d/; d/ nzdo jh T[j fejVh r[bkwh j? < T[; ƒ
fet/A d{o ehsk ik ;edk j?.
(v) Gkos dh nIkdh ftZu n"os PjhdK dh e[opkBh pko/ ikDekoh
Gog{o fJZe ukoN pDkU.

nH j/m fby/ pj[^noEe PpdK d/ tke pDkT[ L

(i) gZyh HHH
(ii) ;ZN HHH
(iii) ;[o HHH
(iv) T[bNh HHH
(v) T[~uk HHH
(vi) nkeV HH
(vii) jkb HHH
(viii) eZuk HHH
(ix) jko HHH
(x) x'Vk HHH

JH tuB pdb' L
(i) nj[dk HHH
(ii) nwho HHH
(iii) Gkosh HHH
(iv) ftuko HHH
(v) e[opkBh
(vi) ;orowh HHH
(vii) frq|skoh HHH
(viii) BIo HHH
(ix) BkfJe HHH
(x) n;Eh HHH

;H j/m fby/ tkeK ft~u fefonk dh gSkD eo' L

(i) wdB bkb YhArok B/ fg;s"b Bkb tkfJbh ƒ wkfonk. HHH
(ii) ftfdnkoEh fJBebkph dh ihtBh gVQd/ jB. HHH

82
 (iii) wdB bkb YhArok d/P^Grs ;{owk ;h. HHH
(iv) ;ko/ ftfdnkoEh fJZe oki;h iE/pzdh d/ o{g ftZu ezw eod/ ;B. HHH
(v) YhArok dhnK n;EhnK ib^gotkj eo fdZshnK rJhnK. HHH

jH j/m fby/ PpdK d/ ftP/PD s/ fefonk ftP/PD o{gK ƒ tkeK ft~u tos' L
E'VQk, j"bh, nzsbk, nX{ok, Io{o

eH ekb dhnK fe;wK fby' L

(i) wdB bkb YhArok ƒ cK;h j' u[Zeh j?.HHH
(ii) wdB bkb YhArok d/ fJZe Gok s/ fJZe G?D ;h. HHH
(iii) p/;jkok b'eK dh wdd eo'. HHH
(iv) nIkdh dh jtk uZb ojh j?. HHH
(v) gVQkJh eoB bJh YhArok fJzrb?Av ubk frnk ;h. HHH

yH j/m fbyhnK nykDK d/ noE d~; e/ tke pDkT[ L

(i) jkEh d/ dzd ykD d/ j'o, fdykT[D d/ j'o HHH
(ii) ;;sk o't/ tko^tko, wfjzrk o't/ fJZe tko HHH
(iii) fJZe gzE d' eki HHH
(iv) T[~uk bzwk rZGo{ s/ gZb/ mheohnK HHH
(v) nkgDh ghVh j/m ;'Nk c/oBk HHH

83
 wbNh^whvhnk
vkH fgqEth oki Ekgo

P\;hns s/ ouBk
vkH fgqEth oki Ekgo dk iBw 27 wJh, 1964 ƒ
gzikp d/ |ohde'N fIbQ/ ftZu fgzv e'N ;[yhnk fty/
fgsk wk;No ;'jD bkb d/ xo wksk ;qhwsh ;Zfsnk
d/th dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk. T[j okiXkBh fdZbh d/ fdnkb
f;zx JhtfBzr ekbi ftZu gzikph d/ nf;;N?AN
g'q|?;o jB. o/vhU s/ NhHthH ;w/s whvhnk d/ y/
so ftu th ;orow jB. T[BQK dhnK g[;seK ftZu
‘okw ;o{g nDyh dk Bktb ;z;ko’, ‘;kfjs^fuzsB’, ‘thBk towk dk rbgh
irs’, ‘gzikph tkose^g[Bo ftuko’, ‘gzikph whvhnk’ ns/ ‘;zuko, seBhe
s/ wbNhwhvhnk’ nkfd Pkfwb jB. whvhnk pko/ T[go'es feskpK tZy^tZy
iwksK d/ f;b/p; ftZu gVQkJhnK ik ojhnK jB. nkg gzikph GkPk d/
gquko^gq;ko dhnK rsh^ftXhnk Bkb fBozso i[V/ ofjzd/ jB. nkg ƒ gzikph
nekdwh, fdZbh tZb'A gzikph GkPk ;/tk ;BwkB Bkb ;BwkfBs eoB d/
Bkb^Bkb j'o th nB/eK ;z;EktK tZb'A wkD^;BwkB jk;b j' u[Ze/ jB.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE wbNh^whvhnk

o[spk LdoIk
tZ; Lekp{ ‘wbNh^whvhnk’ gfoGkPe Ppd dh ekY pkZp r'bv;NhB (Bob
Goldstein) B/ i[bkJh, 1966 ƒ ;kT{E?gNB fty/ nkgD/ fJe P'n (Show) dk
gquko (Promote) eoB bJh eZYh ;h. whvhnk dh d[Bhnk ftZu wbNh^whvhnk
fJZe e/Adoh Ppd dk o[spk jk;b eo u[Zfenk j?. 19thA ;dh d/ d;t/A djke/
ftZu ezfgT{No dh \ohd^|o'\s ƒ ‘wbNh^whvhnk ezfgT{No’ dk BK jh fdZsk

84
frnk ;h. fJ; dk w[Zy ekoB fJ; ftZu fJZe ;hHvhH o'w vokJht (CD-Rom n"y/ PpdK d/ noE
drive) dk w"i{d j'Dk ;h. fJ; okjhA thvhU s;thoK s/ nkvhU nzefVnK d/ tos'Aeko LtosD
tkbk
;?AeV/ w?rkpkJhN; (Megabytes) w[jZJhnk eoB dk gqpzX ;h. fJ; ƒ f;Zfynk
gq;s[seosk Lgq;s[s$g/P
wbNh^whvhnk d/ fBowkD ftZu fJZe tkX/ ti'A t/fynk frnk. T[d'A s'A whvhnk eoB tkbk
wkfXnw (Medium) dk pj[^tuBh pD frnk. ftPth LftPt gZXo
fJ; ftZu ;zuko Bkb ;pzfXs fJZe s'A tX/o/ sZs w"i{d j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh dk

fJ; ƒ ;zfrnk iK ftP/PD d/ s"o ’s/ th fJ;s/wkb eo fbnk iKdk j?.

wbNh^whvhnk ’u gkm (Text), nktkI (Sound), ;fEo s;thoK (Still
Images), thvhU ftP/P gqGktK (Special Effects) s/ ihtzs fuZso (Animation)
dk ;[w/b j[zdk j?. wbNh^whvhnk dk ekoi ezfgT{No ns/ fpibJh izsoK
dh wdd Bkb j[zdk j?. fJ; okjhA gq'rokw foekov ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB iK
Bkb'A Bkb (Live) th fdykJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJ; ƒ bhBhno (Liniear) s/
}?o^bhBhno (Non-Liniear) fe;wK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?. bhBhno
whvhnk ftZu t;s{ T[go doPe dk tZ; (Control) BjhA jz[dk. fit/A
fJZe f;B/wk g/Pekoh ’u nfijk tkgodk j?. go }?o^bhBhno t;s{ ftZu
tos'Aeko ƒ fJ; dk fJ;s/wkb eoB dh y[ZbQ j[zdh j? fit/A ezfgT{No dh
y/v (Computer Game) jkJhgo^whvhnk (Hyper-Media) }?o^bhBhno t;s{
dh fJZe fw;kb j?. foekov^P[dk (Recorded) g/Pekoh okjhA fJZe B/thr/PB
f;;Nw okjhA ;zgoe dk gqpzX j' ;edk j? idfe Bkb'A Bkb (Live)
wbNh^whvhnk dh g/Pekoh ’u gq;s[seosk iK ndkeko Bkb rZbpks
(Inforation) okjhA ;zgoe pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?. wbNh^whvhnk B/ gzikph
gq'rokwK ƒ uko uzB bkJ/
jB. gzikph nekdwh fdZbh
B/ ;zB 2011 ’u f|o'IPkj
e'Nbk d/ ftPkb ;N/vhnw
’u wbNh^whvhnk ’s/
nXkos o"PBh s/ nktkI
(Light and Sound) g'qrokw
‘rkEk e{ek bfjo dh’ ƒ
f|bwkT[D ’u ;|bsk jk;b
ehsh ;h.

85
wbNh^whvhnk dhnK gqw[~y ftP/PsktK L
wbNh^whvhnk dhnK gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK j/m fby/ nB[;ko jB L
1H wbNh^whvhnk dh g/Pekoh ƒ ;N/i, gq'i?eNo, NqK;whNo iK ;EkBe
gZXo ’s/ fJZe whvhnk gb/no okjhA fdykfJnk ik ;edk j?.
2H fJ; okjhA g/Pekoh foekov^P[dk (Recorded) iK Bkb'A Bkb (Live)
j' ;edh j?.
3H wbNh^whvhnk ftP/P gqGktK (Special Effects) okjhA gq'rokw ftZu
j'o fByko fbnkT[Adk j?.
4H \poK d/ ;zgkdB (Editing) d"okB wbNh^whvhnk nktkI s/ s;thoK
ƒ ebkswe Yzr Bkb sokPdk j?.

wbNh^whvhnk dh tos'A L
fJ; dh tos'A fJPfsjkopkIh, ebk, f;Zfynk, wB'oziB, fJzihBhnfozr,
dtkJhnK, fj;kp^feskp, tgko, ftfrnkBe y'i nkfd bJh ehsh ik ;edh
j?. f;Zfynk d/ y/so ftZu wbNh^whvhnk dh tos'A ezfgT{No nXkos f;ybkJh
e'o;K (CBTs) ns/ fJB;kJheb'ghvhnk s/ izsohnK nkfd jtkbk g[;seK
(Reference Books) bJh ehsh iKdh j?. wbNh^whvhnk dh tiQk Bkb y'i dh
;zGktBk th tXh j?. ;e{bK, ekbiK s/ :{Bhtof;NhnK ftZu fJ; Bkb f;Zfynk
ftZu ;[Xko fbnKdk ik fojk j?. iwksK ftZu ftfdnkoEh tX/o/ ;[ykbk wfj;{;
eo ;ed/ jB. nfXnkge tZy'^tZyo/ sohfenK okjhA ftfdnkoEhnK ƒ frnkB^
ftfrnkB Bkb i'V ;ed/ jB.
wbNh^whvhnk B/ gZsoekoh ƒ ftPth o{g gqdkB eo fdZsk j?. \poK d/
nkdkB^gqdkB d/ Yzr^sohe/ pdb u[Ze/ jB. whvhnk fBowksktK (Producers)
s/ T[gG'rsktK (Consumers) bJh ;{uBk dhnK BthnK seBheK ftef;s
j' u[ZehnK jB. fw;kb ti'A ;KMk GkPk g'qi?eN (Common Language Project)
wbNh^whvhnk gZsoekoh dh fe;w dh fJZe T[dkjoB j?. gZsoeko
e?wfonK, nkvhU s/ thvhU foekovoK ns/ tkJh^ckJh Bkb b?; b?gNkg
ezfgT{NoK dh wdd Bkb fwzNK^;fezNK ftZu \poK dk ;zuko eo oj/ jB.
;e?Bo dh wdd Bkb s;tho iK d;skt/IK ƒ fvIhNb (Digital) o{g fdZsk
ik ;edk j?.

86
fN~gDh
fJ; b/y ftZu b/ye B/ wbNh^whvhnk d/ nkTD Bkb ihtB d/ tZy'^tZyo/
y/soK T[~go g?D tkb/ n;o ƒ do;kT[D dh e'fPP ehsh j?. wbNh^whvhnk
Ppd dh ekY, fJ; d/ tZy'^tZyo/ sZsK ns/ fJ; dh tos'A d/ Yzr^sohfenK
ƒ ;wMkT[D dk T[gokbk ehsk frnk j?. f;Zfynk s/ whvhnk ;w/s j'oBK
y/soK ftZu fJ; Bkb nkJ/ ;[Xko ƒ T[Gkfonk frnk j?. wbNh^whvhnk
dhnK gqw[Zy ftP/PsktK d/ fIeo Bkb fJ; dh ekoi^gqDkbh ƒ ;wMD
ftu j'o wdd fwbdh j?. ;w[Zu/ b/y ftZu wbNh^whvhnk dh ;woZEk dk gsk
brdk j?.

nfGnk;
1H d~;' yK Gbk L
(i) wbNh^whvhnk Ppd dh ekY fe; B/ eZYh ;h <
(ii) fe;/ g'qrqkw ’u wbNh^whvhnk dh fejVh seBhe Bkb ;[Xko fbnKdk
ik ;edk j? <
(iii) gZsoekoh d/ y/so ftZu wbNh^whvhnk dk eh :'rdkB j? <
(iv) ‘rkEk e{ek bfjo dh’ ƒ f|bwkT[D bJh fejVh seBhe dh tos'A
ehsh rJh ;h.
(v) bhBhno s/ }?o^bhBhno whvhnk ftZu eh nzso j? <
(vi) wbNh^whvhnk dh tos'A ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fpnkB eo'.
(vii) wbNh^whvhnk dh ;woZEk dk eh G/s j? <
(viii) wbNh^whvhnk dh g/Pekoh d/ ;kXBK dk BK dZ;' <

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/

TH gkm s'A n~r/ L
(i) wbNh^whvhnk d/ izsoK ƒ do;kT[Adk fJZe ikDekoh Gog{o
ukoN pDkT[.
(ii) i/eo s[jkƒ p'bD ftZu fMie wfj;{; j[zdh j? sK w'pkJhb iK fe;/
j'o izso ftZu nkgDh nktkI foekov eoe/ nkgDk T[ukoB ;[XkoB
dh e'fPP eo'.

87
 (iii) nkgD/ ;e{b ftZu j'J/ ;bkBk ;wko'j dh fog'oN ezfgT{No T[go
NkJhg eo' < fJ; dh tko^tko eKN^SKN eoB Bkb s[;hA \poK
dk ;zgkdB eoBk th f;Zy ;e'r/.
(iv) wbNh^whvhnk d/ izsoK ftZu'A s[jkƒ fejVk izso tX/o/ g;zd j? s/
feT[A < y[ZbQ e/ fpnkB eo'.
(v) tZy'^tZyo/ izsoK ƒ fwbk e/ ezfgT{No dh wdd Bkb wbNh^whvhnk
pko/ fJZe gq'i?eN fsnko eo'.

nH j/m fby/ pj[^noEe PpdK d/ tke pDkT[ L

(i) T[~uk HHH HHH HHH HHH
(ii) ;ko HHH HHH HHH HHH
(iii) f;ZNk HHH HHH HHH HHH
(iv) ekb HHH HHH HHH HHH
(v) ;o HHH HHH HHH HHH
(vi) i'V HHH HHH HHH HHH
(vii) nzr HHH HHH HHH HHH

JH tuB pdb' L
(i) ;dh HHH (ii) s;tho HHH
(iii) izsoh HHH (iv) nktkI HHH
(v) ;{uBk HHH (vi) seBhe HHH
(vii) e?wok HHH (viii) t;s{ HHH
(ix) BthA HHH (x) ;N/i HHH

;H j/m fby/ nykDK d/ noE d~; e/ tke pDkT[ L

(i) T[bNh tkV y/s ƒ ykJ/ HHH
(ii) T[~fmnk Bk ikJ/, fcZN/ wz{j r'fvnK d/ HHH
(iii) ;Zdh Bk p[bkJh, w?A bkV/ dh skJh HHH
(iv) fJe nBko, ;" fpwko HHH
(v) jZE ezrD ƒ nko;h eh HHH

88