EXPERT WORKSHOP SERIES

Basics of Protection - Part I

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Basics of Protection
01: Introduction

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Why do we need protection?

Components of the transmission & distribution systems

may have faults:
• Short circuits
• Interruptions
• Overloads
• …

Components with faults must be disconnected

from the system to avoid:
• Damage of components
• Injuries of people
• Instabilities of the whole system

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Substations

feeder
bus bar

Single line diagram

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Substation 20kV

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Protection system

Circuit breaker
c.t., v.t.

wiring

Battery
Protection relay

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1½-Circuit breaker substations

The feeder currents can be determined

by adding two current measurements

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Instrument transformers (c.t., v.t.)

Voltage transformer
(medium voltage)

Current transformer
(medium voltage)

Current transformer Voltage transformer Combined instrument

420kV 420kV transformer 145kV

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The three 'S'

Speed
• Speed means: detect the fault and give a trip
Speed
command to the breaker in (3…100ms)
→ Algorithms, protection concepts

Safety
• Safety means to be sure, that every fault is tripped
→ Reliability

Selectivity Safety
Selectivity
• Selectivity means to trip the faulty components only
→ Network structures, protection concepts

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Basics of Protection
02: How to define a
Protection Scheme

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Which type of component do we want to protect?

Generator Three-winding
transformer
Earth fault
compensation coil
Bus coupler

Double
busbar

Circuit Short-circuit current

breaker limiting reactor Cable

Overhead
line
M
Motor Shunt
Overhead reactor
line
Substation
Filter circuit
Consumer

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Which voltage level do we have?

Extra-high voltage
Transmission 750 kV
400 kV
220 kV
High voltage
150 kV
132 kV
110 kV
Medium voltage
30 kV
20 kV
10 kV
6 kV
Distribution

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Which system structure do we have?
meshed network

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Which system structure do we have?
radial network for public supply

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Which system structure do we have?
radial network in industry

G G

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Which type of neutral earthing do we have?

Earth fault-
Isolated neutral
compensation

Solid earthing Low-impedance

neutral earthing

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Fault types to consider

3 phase short circuit 3 phase interruption

2 phase short circuit 2 phase interruption

Single phase earth fault Single phase interruption

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Contact/Disclaimer
Published by Siemens 2024
Smart Infrastructure
Electrification & Automation
Mozartstraße 31 C
91052 Erlangen
Germany

For the U.S. published by

Siemens Industry Inc.
3617 Parkway Lane
Peachtree Corners, GA 30092
United States

© Siemens 2024
Subject to changes and errors. The information given in this
document/video only contains general descriptions and/or performance
features which may not always specifically reflect those described,
or which may undergo modification in the course of further development
of the products. The requested performance features are binding only
when they are expressly agreed upon in the concluded contract.
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