layer

(made up of the crust and uppermost mantle) moves because

of
flow lower in the mantle.

2. describe how earthquakes, volcanoes and fold mountains
occur
near the boundaries of tectonic plates.

3. know that clean, dry air contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and
small amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases, and this
composition can change because of pollution and natural
emissions.

4. describe the water cycle (limited to evaporation, condensation,
precipitation, water run-off, open water and groundwater).

5. discuss how the uses of science can have a global
environmental
impact.
A closer look at the Earth
 Inner core
- ball of iron and nickel
(solid)
- 2740 km in diameter
- has temperature of about
Core 5000 °C

Outer core
- in liquid form
- 2000 km in diameter
Mantle
- composed of Fe, Si, O2, and
Mg
- has main compounds of
silicates
- about 2900 km thick
- 1500 0C at 2000 km below
Earth’s surface
- upper mantle is cooler and
is under less pressure
Crust

- solid rock
- contain metals and
non-metals
- has 2 types:
1. oceanic crust
2. continental crust
 Plate Tectonics

- describes how the

hot, thick liquid o Earth’s crust is made up of large
mantle moves tectonic plates.
around under the o They can be in the form of oceanic
plates, causing them and continental plates.
to move o They move slowly on the liquid rock
called magma beneath them about 4
cm each year.
Alfred Wegener suggested the
idea ofContinental Drift .
Alfred Wegener’s evidence for this idea was that:
•the shapes of the continents fit together.
•the types of rock on the different continents
match up where they fit together.
•the fossils on the different continents match up
where they fit together.
 Transform plate
boundary
- boundaries may slide by, next to each
other
- they vibrate and cause earthquakes
- many happens under the oceans, but
some are found on land
- San Andreas fault-line in North
America is one example
 Divergent Plate

- boundaries may move apart

- hot runny rock in the mantle pushes
its way up through the crust and
spreads out on each side of the
boundary
- the magma will freeze on either
side of the boundary if it happens in
the ocean.
 Convergent
Plate

- boundaries may crash into each

other
- one boundary goes underneath the
other
- can cause earthquakes as
boundaries of the two plates collide
Crust and mantle

It is a part of the earth’s crust that

moves over the mantle.
the biscuits

the syrup

Strength: It shows how the solid plate can

float on the liquid.
Limitation: It doesn’t show how tectonic plates
fit together.
- They formed from the part
of the crust (boundaries)
that buckle and bend upon
crashing together.

- If it happens between
oceanic and continental
plates, the former will be
forced downwards while the
latter will be squeezed
together and rose.
- They are usually formed at
the plate boundaries when
magma from the mantle
rises up through cracks in
the Earth’s crust.

Igneous rocks – formed

from volcanic eruptions

Magma – a liquid rock when

it is underground.
Lava – a liquid rock when it is
on the surface.
 Some volcanoes are
active and may erupt at
any time. Some
volcanoes areinactive
dormant
or , which
means they have not
erupted for a very long
time. Other volcanoes
extinct
are , which
means they will not
A powerful eruption at Anak erupt again.
Krakatau volcano, Indonesia.
Convergent boundary

They move towards e

ach other, and are
forced upwards.

Volcanoes form at the boundaries

between tectonic plates.
These happen when tectonic plates meet that cause stresses in
the rocks which ultimately make them crack.
o The size ormagnitude
of the earthquake
depends on the size of the
plate boundaries, and how
far the rocks move when it
happens.

o Energy is released as
waves that cause
vibrations on the surface.
Guiseppe Mercalli made theModified Mercalli intensity scale
MM
( orMMI ) to measure theintensity of the earthquake.
 Seismic waves produced by earthquakes are measured by
seismometer . Its scale was developed byCharles Richter to
relate the earthquakes’ magnitude to the effects they produce.
When two plates m
eet and they form a
crack.
 CH4
NH3

NH3
O2
N2
Pollution

ide
e
on

ox
Natural emissions

Oz

us
tro
Ni
o Burning offossil fuels to
release energy increases the
amount of CO2 in the air
resulting to climate change.

o ProduceNO2 andSO2 which

can damage the respiratory
system

o ProduceCO which can affect

the nervous system and cause
headaches and sickness
 When particles in the air
together with those of the
burnt fossil fuels
combine such as ozone
and water droplets they
smog .
form
 Sun triggers the chemical
reactions to turn the smog
above cities into brown
a haze
which causes irritation to the
eyes nose and throat
Carbon
dioxide
That living things prod
uce gases as they
respire such as oxygen
and carbon
dioxide.

Nitrous oxide and ozon

e
 ?
?
?
?
Precipitation - the falling of liquid or solid water from the sky,
or the condensation of water on the ground

Rain Snow

Drizzle
Meteorology - is the scientific study of the weather.

Hail

Sleet Frost
 They are rivers,
natural lakes and
artificial lakes, also
called called
reservoirs
 The whole structure from
porous soil down to
impervious rock is called an
aquifer.