Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 8 Nervous Part 1
Chapter 8 Nervous Part 1
Chapter 8
Nervous System
Figure 8.1
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
3
Figure 8.2
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
7
Neurons
A neuron (nerve cell) has a:
• Cell body – which contains a single nucleus
• Dendrite – which is a cytoplasmic extension from
the cell body, that usually receives information from
other neurons and transmits the information to the
cell body
• Axon – which is a single long cell process that leaves
the cell body at the axon hillock and conducts
sensory signals to the CNS and motor signals away
from the CNS
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
9
Typical Neuron
Figure 8.3
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
10
Types of Neurons
Figure 8.4
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
13
Glial Cells 1
Glial Cells 2
Figure 8.5
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
16
Myelin Sheath 1
Myelin Sheath 2
Unmyelinated Neurons
Unmyelinated axons lack the myelin sheaths.
These axons rest in indentations of the
oligodendrocytes in the CNS and the Schwann
cells in the PNS.
A typical small nerve, which consists of axons of
multiple neurons, usually contains more
unmyelinated axons than myelinated axons.
Figure 8.6
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
20
Membrane Potentials
Resting membrane potentials and action potentials
occur in neurons.
These potentials are mainly due to differences in
concentrations of ions across the membrane,
membrane channels, and the sodium-potassium pump.
Membrane channels include leak channels and gated
channels.
Leak channels are always open, whereas gated
channels are generally closed, but can be opened due
to voltage or chemicals.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
22
Sodium-Potassium Pump
The sodium-potassium pump compensates for the
constant leakage of ions through leak channels.
The sodium-potassium pump is required to
maintain the greater concentration of Na+ outside
the cell membrane and K+ inside.
The pump actively transports K+ into the cell and
Na+ out of the cell.
It is estimated that the sodium-potassium pump
consumes 25% of all the ATP in a typical cell and
70% of the ATP in a neuron.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
25
Figure 8.7(1)
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
28
Figure 8.7(2)
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
29
Figure 8.7(3)
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
30
Action Potential 1
Action Potential 2
Action Potential 3
Action Potential 4
Action Potential 5
Figure 8.9
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
35
Action Potential 6
Action Potential 7
Action Potential 8
Figure 8.10
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
40
Figure 8.11
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
41
Synapse 1
Synapse 2
Synapse 3
Synapse 4
Synapse 5
The Synapse
Figure 8.12
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
48
Reflex
A reflex is an involuntary reaction in response to a
stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted
to the CNS.
Reflexes allow a person to react to stimuli more
quickly than is possible if conscious thought is
involved.
Most reflexes occur in the spinal cord or
brainstem rather than in the higher brain centers.
A reflex arc is the neuronal pathway by which a
reflex occurs and has five basic components.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
49
Reflex Arc
Figure 8.13
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
51
Neuronal Pathways
Figure 8.14
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
54
Summation 1
Summation 2