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Chapter 8 Nervous Part 2
Chapter 8 Nervous Part 2
Chapter 8
Spinal Cord
Extends from foramen
magnum to 2nd lumbar
vertebra
Protected by vertebral
column
Spinal nerves allow
movement
If damaged paralysis can
occur
Figure 8.15
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Figure 8.16
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Reflexes 1
Reflexes 2
Withdrawal Reflex
Figure 8.19
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Spinal Nerves
Arise along spinal cord from union of dorsal
roots and ventral roots
Contain axons sensory and somatic neurons
Located between vertebra
Categorized by region of vertebral column from
which it emerges (C for cervical)
31 pairs
Organized in 3 plexuses
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Cervical Plexus
Spinal nerves C1-4
Innervates muscles attached to hyoid bone and
necka
Contains phrenic nerve which innervates
diaphragm
Brachial Plexus
Originates from spinal nerves C5-T1
Supply nerves to upper limb, shoulder, hand
Lumbosacral Plexus
Originates from spinal nerves L1 to S4
Supply nerves lower limbs
Plexuses
Figure 8.20a
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Dermatome 1
Dermatome 2
Figure 8.20b
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Brainstem
Components:
• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Midbrain Figure 8.21
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Brainstem Components 1
Medulla oblongata
Location:
• continuous with spinal cord
Function:
• regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter,
breathing, swallowing, vomiting, hiccupping,
coughing, sneezing, balance
Other:
• pyramids: involved in conscious control of skeletal
muscle
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Brainstem Components 2
Pons
Location:
• above medulla, bridge between cerebrum and
cerebellum
Function:
• breathing, chewing, salivation, swallowing, relay
station between cerebrum and cerebellum
Brainstem Components 3
Midbrain
Location:
• above pons
Function:
• coordinated eye movement, pupil diameter,
turning head toward noise
Other:
• the dorsal part has the four colliculi which are
involved in visual and auditory reflexes
Brainstem Components 4
Reticular Formation
Location:
• scattered throughout brainstem
Function:
• regulates cyclical motor function, respiration,
walking, chewing, arousing and maintaining
consciousness, regulates sleep-wake cycle
Cerebellum
Location:
• attached to the brainstem by the cerebellar
peduncles
Characteristics:
• means little brain
• cortex is composed of gyri, sulci, gray matter
Functions:
• controls balance
• muscle tone
• coordination of fine motor
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Diencephalon 1
Diencephalon Components 1
Thalamus
Characteristics:
• largest portion of diencephalon
Function:
• influences moods and detects pain
Diencephalon Components 2
Epithalamus:
Location:
• above thalamus
Function:
• emotional and visceral response to odors
Diencephalon Components 3
Hypothalamus
Location:
• below thalamus
Characteristics:
• controls pituitary gland and is connected to it by
infundibulum
Function:
• controls homeostasis, body temp, thirst, hunger,
fear, rage, sexual emotions
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Diencephalon 2
Figure 8.23
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Cerebrum Characteristics
Largest portion of
brain
Divisions:
• Right hemisphere
• Left hemisphere
separated by
longitudinal fissure
Lobes: frontal,
parietal,
occipital, temporal,
insula (fifth lobe)
Figure 8.24b
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Cerebrum Components
Cerebral Cortex
Location:
• surface of cerebrum, composed of gray matter
Function:
• controls thinking, communicating,
• remembering, understanding, and initiates
• involuntary movements
Cerebral Hemispheres
Left hemisphere:
• controls right side of body
• responsible for math, analytic, and speech
Right hemisphere:
• controls left side of body
• responsible for music, art, abstract ideas
Corpus callosum:
• connection between the two hemispheres
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Frontal lobe
• Location: front
• Function: controls voluntary motor functions,
aggression, moods, smell
Parietal lobe
• Location: top
• Function: evaluates sensory input such as touch,
pain, pressure, temperature, taste
Occipital lobe
• Location: back
• Function: vision
Temporal lobe
• Location: sides
• Function: hearing, smell, memory
Cerebrum 1
Figure 8.24a
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©R. T. Hutchings
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Cerebrum 2
Figure 8.24b
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Sensory Functions
CNS constantly receives sensory input
We are unaware of most sensory input
Sensory input is vital of our survival and normal
functions
Ascending Tracts 1
Ascending Tracts 2
Figure 8.25
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Dorsal Column
Figure 8.26
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Figure 8.27
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Descending Tracts 1
Descending Tracts 2
Descending Tracts 3
Descending Tracts
Figure 8.28
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Figure 8.29
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Basal Nuclei 1
Basal Nuclei 2
Figure 8.30
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Speech
Mainly in left hemisphere
Sensory speech (Wernicke’s area):
• parietal lobe
• where words are heard and comprehended
Motor speech (Broca’s area):
• frontal lobe
• where words are formulated
Brain Waves
Alpha waves:
• person is awake in quiet state
Beta waves:
• intense mental activity
Delta waves:
• deep sleep
Theta waves:
• in children
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Electroencephalogram
Figure 8.23
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Memory 1
Encoding:
• brief retention of sensory input received by
• brain while something is scanned, evaluated, and
acted up
• also called sensory memory
• in temporal lobe
• lasts less than a second
Memory 2
Consolidated:
• data that has been encoded
• temporal lobe
• short term memory
Storage:
• long term memory
• few minutes or permanently (depends on retrieval)
Retrieval:
• how often information is used
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Types of Memory
Short-term memory:
• info. is retained for a few seconds or min.
• bits of info. (usually 7)
Long-term memory:
• can last for a few minutes or permanently
Episodic memory:
• places or events
Learning:
• utilizing past memories
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Figure 8.33
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Meninges 1
Meninges 2
Meninges
Figure 8.34
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Ventricles 1
Ventricles 2
Brain Ventricles
Figure 8.35
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Cerebrospinal Fluid 1
Cerebrospinal Fluid 2
Cerebrospinal Fluid 3
Figure 8.36
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Cranial Nerves 1
Cranial Nerves 2
Cranial Nerves 3
Cranial Nerves 4
Cranial Nerves 5
Cranial Nerves 6
Figure 8.37
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Sympathetic Division
The sympathetic division cell bodies of
sympathetic preganglionic neurons are in the
lateral horn of the spinal cord gray matter
between the first thoracic (T1) and the second
lumbar (L2) segments.
The axons of the preganglionic neurons exit
through ventral roots and project to either
sympathetic chain ganglia or collateral ganglia.
Parasympathetic Division 1
Parasympathetic Division 2
Figure 8.38
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Figure 8.39
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