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Seeleys Chapter 18 Urinary System
Seeleys Chapter 18 Urinary System
ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology
Tenth Edition
Cinnamon Vanputte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Chapter 18
Urinary System
and Fluid Balance
Lecture Outline
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Urinary System 1
Urinary System 2
Figure 18.1
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Urinary System
Figure 18.2a
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Kidney Characteristics
Bilateral retroperitoneal organs
Shape and size:
• bean shaped
• weighs 5 ounces (bar of soap or size of fist)
Location:
• between 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebra
Kidney Structures 1
Renal capsule:
• connective tissue around each kidney
• protects and acts as a barrier
Hilum:
• indentation
• contains renal artery, veins, nerves, ureter
Kidney Structures 2
Renal sinus:
• contains renal pelvis, blood vessels, fat
Renal cortex:
• outer portion
Renal medulla:
• inner portion
Kidney Structures 3
Renal pyramid:
• junction between cortex and medulla
Calyx:
• tip of pyramids
Renal pelvis:
• where calyces join
• narrows to form ureter
Figure 18.3
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Nephron
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
Each kidney has over one million nephrons.
There are two types of nephrons in the kidney:
• juxtamedullary
• cortical
Nephron Components 1
Renal corpuscle:
structure that contains a Bowman’s capsule and
glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule:
• enlarged end of nephron
• opens into proximal tubule
• contains podocytes (specialized cells
• around glomerular capillaries)
Glomerulus:
• contains capillaries wrapped around it
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Renal Corpuscle and Filtration
Membrane
Figure 15.5
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Nephron Components 2
Filtration membrane:
• in renal corpuscle
• includes glomerular capillaries, podocytes, basement
membrane
Filtrate:
• fluid that passes across filtration membrane
Nephron Components 3
Proximal tubule:
• where filtrate passes first
Loop of Henle:
• contains descending and ascending loops
• water and solutes pass through thin walls by
diffusion
Nephron Components 4
Distal tubule:
• structure between Loop of Henle and collecting duct
Collecting duct:
• empties into calyces
• carry fluid from cortex through medulla
The Nephron
Figure 18.4
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Figure 18.6
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Urine Formation 1
Urine Formation 2
Figure 18.7
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Urine Formation-Filtration 1
Urine Formation-Filtration 2
Filtration Pressure
Figure 18.8
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Urine Production-Reabsorption
99% of filtrate is reabsorbed and reenters
circulation
Proximal tubule is primary site for reabsorption
of solutes and water
Descending Loop of Henle concentrates filtrate
Reabsorption of water and solutes from distal
tubule and collecting duct is controlled by
hormones
Figure 18.10
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Urine Concentration 1
Urine Concentration 2
Urine Concentration 3
Urine-Concentrating Mechanism
Figure 18.9
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Figure 18.11
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Reabsorption in the Thick Segment of
the Ascending Limb
Figure 18.12
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Distal Convoluted Tubule and
Collecting Duct Reabsorption
Figure 18.13
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Urine Production—Secretion 1
Urine Production—Secretion 2
Aldosterone Actions
Figure 18.14
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Figure 18.15
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Figure 18.16
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Homeostatic Control of Blood and Urine
Volumes
Figure 18.17
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Ureters:
• small tubes that carry urine from renal pelvis of
kidney to bladder
Urinary bladder:
• in pelvic cavity
• stores urine
• can hold a few ml to a maximum of 1000 milliliters
Urethra
Urethra:
• tube that exits bladder
• carries urine from urinary bladder to outside of body
Figure 18.18
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Urine Movement
Micturition reflex:
• activated by stretch of urinary bladder wall
• action potentials are conducted from bladder to
spinal cord through pelvic nerves
• parasympathetic action potentials cause bladder to
contract
• stretching of bladder stimulates sensory neurons to
inform brain person needs to urinate
Micturition Reflex
Figure 18.19
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Composition of Fluids
Intracellular fluid contains a relatively high
concentration of ions, such as K+, magnesium
(Mg2+), phosphate (PO43−), and sulfate (SO42−),
compared to the extracellular fluid.
It has a lower concentration of Na+, Ca2+, Cl−,
and HCO3− than does the extracellular fluid.
Thirst Regulation
Water intake is controlled by the thirst center
located in the hypothalamus
When the concentration of ions in the blood
increases, it stimulates the thirst center to cause
thirst
When water is consumed, the concentrations of
blood ions decreases, due to a dilution effect; this
causes the sensation of thirst to decrease
Figure 18.20
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Sodium Ions
Sodium ions (Na+) are the dominant ions in the
extracellular fluid.
About 90 to 95% of the osmotic pressure of the
extracellular fluid results from sodium ions and
from the negative ions associated with them.
Stimuli that control aldosterone secretion influence
the reabsorption of Na+ from nephrons of the
kidneys and the total amount of Na+ in the body
fluids.
Sodium ions are also excreted in sweat.
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Potassium Ions
Electrically excitable tissues, such as muscles
and nerves, are highly sensitive to slight changes
in the extracellular K+ concentration.
The extracellular concentration of K+ must be
maintained within a narrow range for these
tissues to function normally.
Aldosterone plays a major role in regulating the
concentration of K+ in the extracellular fluid.
Figure 18.21
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Calcium Ions
The extracellular concentration of Ca2+ is maintained
within a narrow range.
Increases and decreases in the extracellular
concentration of Ca2+ have dramatic effects on the
electrical properties of excitable tissues
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), secreted by the
parathyroid glands, increases extracellular Ca2+
concentrations.
Calcitonin reduces the blood Ca2+ concentration
when it is too high.
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Buffers
• chemicals resist change in pH of a solution
• buffers in body contain salts of weak acids or bases
that combine with H+
• three classes of buffers: proteins, phosphate buffer,
bicarbonate buffer
Figure 18.22
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