re Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Competitive Profile
Constanța
CONSTANȚA
Competitive Profile of
Constanța
 DISCLAIMER
This report is a product of the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development / the World Bank. The findings, interpretation, and
conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the
views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the Municipality
of Constanța. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the
data included in this work.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report has been delivered under the provisions of the Advisory
Services Agreement on the Constanța Urban Development Program,
between the Municipality of Constanța and the World Bank, and
prepared under the guidance and supervision of David N. Sieslen
(Practice Manager, Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience, Europe and
Central Asia) and Tatiana Proskuryakova (Country Manager, Romania
and Hungary). This report was drafted under the coordination of
Dean Cira (Lead Urban Specialist), by a team comprised of Marius
Cristea (Senior Urban Development Specialist), Marcel Ionescu-Heroiu
(Senior Urban Development Specialist), Arabela Aprahamian (Senior
Private Sector Specialist), Ștefana Varvari (Senior Economist), Adina
Vințan (Operations Officer), Ioana Irimia (Communications Specialist),
and Bianca Butacu (Expert). Support was provided by Valerie Joy
Eunice Santos (Senior Urban Specialist), Gary Claude Goliath (Urban
Development Specialist) and Andreea Florescu (Team Assistant).
The team would like to express its gratitude for the excellent cooperation,
guidance and timely feedback provided by the representatives of the
Municipality of Constanța, in particular to Mr. Decebal Făgădău, Ms.
Ani Merlă, Mr. Adrian Crăciun, Mr. Mihai Radu Vânturache, Ms. Irina
Oancea, Ms. Corina Petcu, and the multitude of local and regional
stakeholders that have helped with the elaboration of this report.
The team also wishes to thank the National Bank of Romania, the
National Institute of Statistics, the County Statistics Department of
Constanța, the National Company of Maritime Ports Administration
S.A. Constanța, the Galați Customs Regional Directorate and the
Department of Information Technology, Communications and Customs
Statistics, within the Ministry of Public Finance for the support
provided and the provision of statistical data that consolidated the
analysis in this report.
 LIST OF ACRONYMS CONTENTS
.
BPO Business Process Outsourcing SHORT PRESENTATION I
CMA IDA Constanța Metropolitan Area Intercommunity Development Association
CANE Classification of Activities in the National Economy
SUMMARY VII
CN Combined Nomenclature
1. ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IX
CSD County Statistics Directorate
EU European Union 2. WHO DRIVES GROWTH IN CONSTANȚA XI

EUR European Union Currency 3. LABOR FORCE XIII

FIC Fiscal Identification Code 4. EDUCATION XV

FOB Free on Board 5. INFRASTRUCTURE XVII
FUA Functional Urban Area 6. TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE XXIII
FUA Functional Urban Zone 7. QUALITY OF LIFE AND COST OF LIVING XXV
GDP Gross Domestic Product
8. REGIONAL COMPETITORS AND WAYS TO MAINTAIN A
GVA Gross Value Added COMPETITIVE EDGE XXVII
IT&C Information Technology and Communications
9. TRADE DYNAMICS IN CONSTANȚA XXIX
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
10. RECOMMENDATIONS XXXV
LLC Limited Liability Company
MI Michaely Indicator
MICE Meeting Incentives Conferences and Events COMPETITIVE PROFILE 1
NACE European Classification of Economic Activities INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 3
NIS National Institute of Statistics
MACROECONOMIC CONTEXT 9
NUTS Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics
FOREIGN TRADE AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT 17
PPS Purchasing Power Standards
WORKFORCE 27
RAS Reimbursable Advisory Services
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT 51
RCA Revealed Comparative Advantage
RON Romania Leu CONTRIBUTION OF TOURISM TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF
CONSTANȚA 67
TAU Territorial-Administrative unit
INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPPORT SERVICES FOR BUSINESS AND
USA United States of America INNOVATION 77
VAT Value Added Tax
IMPACT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ON LOCAL LIVING STANDARDS 87
WB World Bank
PRIVATE SECTOR IMPACT ON THE LOCAL BUDGET 95
ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN TRADE 101
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH THE OTHER ROMANIAN COUNTIES
THAT INCLUDE GROWTH POLES 125
Analysis of the main exporters and exported goods of
Constanța county 145
Analysis of the main import partners and imported goods
of Constanța county 159
Analysis of the competitive position of Constanța
at world level, in key fields of economic
specialization 165
Tourism 167
Maritime traffic and port services 181
Petrochemicals 189
Main conclusions and recommendations 199
Annexes 211
ANNEX 1. SHARE OF EXPORTS (FOB) BY SECTIONS AND CHAPTERS OF THE
COMBINED NOMENCLATURE, CONSTANȚA COUNTY, 2007-2017 (%) 212
ANNEX 2. SHARE OF EXPORTS (FOB) BY SECTIONS AND CHAPTERS OF THE
COMBINED NOMENCLATURE, ROMANIA, 200-2017 (%) 228
ANNEX 3. SHARE OF CONSTANȚA’S EXPORTS RELATIVE TO NATIONAL
EXPORTS, BY SECTIONS AND CHAPTERS OF THE CN, 2007-2017 (%) 244
ANNEX 4. SHARE OF IMPORTS (CIF) BY SECTIONS AND CHAPTERS OF THE
COMBINED NOMENCLATURE, CONSTANȚA COUNTY, 2007-2017 (%) 260
ANNEX 5. SHARE OF IMPORTS (CIF) BY SECTIONS AND CHAPTERS OF THE
COMBINED NOMENCLATURE, ROMANIA, 2007-2017 (%) 276
ANNEX 6. SHARE OF CONSTANȚA’S IMPORTS RELATIVE TO ROMANIA’S
IMPORTS, BY SECTIONS AND CHAPTERS OF THE CN, 2007-2017 (%) 292
ANNEX 7. BALANCE OF TRADE FOR CONSTANȚA COUNTY, 2007-2017
(THOUSAND EUROS) 308
ANNEX 8. BALANCE OF TRADE AT THE LEVEL OF ROMANIA, 2007-2017
(THOUSAND EUROS) 324
ANNEX 9. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF CONSTANȚA COUNTY,
2007-2017 340
ANNEX 10. MICHAELY INDICATOR FOR CONSTANȚA COUNTY, 2007-2017 356
ANNEX 11. MICHAELY INDICATOR FOR ROMANIA, 2007-2017 372
ANNEX 12. VALUE (FOB) (THOUSAND EUROS) AND SHARE OF EXPORTS BY
PARTNER COUNTRIES (%), CONSTANȚA COUNTY, 2011-2017 388
ANNEX 13. VALUE (CIF) (THOUSAND EUROS) AND SHARE OF IMPORTS BY
PARTNER COUNTRIES (%), CONSTANȚA COUNTY, 2011-2017 402
ANNEX 14. BALANCE OF TRADE BY PARTNER COUNTRIES, CONSTANȚA
COUNTY, 2011-2017 (EUROS) 412
ANNEX 15. SECTIONS AND CHAPTERS OF THE CN THAT ACCOUNT FOR MORE
THAN 10 % OF NATIONAL/COUNTY/MUNICIPAL EXPORTS, ROMANIA, COUNTIES
WITH GROWTH POLES AND BUCHAREST, 2011-2017, % 426
ANNEX 16. COUNTIES AND MUNICIPALITIES WHERE SOME SECTIONS AND
CHAPTERS OF CN ACCOUNT FOR MORE THAN 50 % OF THE NATIONAL
EXPORTS, ROMANIA, COUNTIES WITH GROWTH POLES AND BUCHAREST, 2011-
2017, % 432
ANNEX 17. SECTIONS AND CHAPTERS OF THE CN WHICH ACCOUNT FOR MORE
THAN 10 % OF NATIONAL/COUNTY/MUNICIPAL IMPORTS, ROMANIA, COUNTIES
WITH GROWTH POLES AND BUCHAREST, 2011-2017, % 434
ANNEX 18. COUNTIES AND MUNICIPALITIES WHERE SOME SECTIONS AND
CHAPTERS OF THE CN ACCOUNT FOR MORE THAN 50% OF NATIONAL
IMPORTS, ROMANIA, COUNTIES WITH GROWTH POLES AND BUCHAREST,
2011-2017, % 440
ANNEX 19. SECTIONS AND CHAPTERS OF THE CN WHOSE RCA VALUE IS GREATER
THAN 9, COUNTIES WITH GROWTH POLES AND BUCHAREST, 2011-2017, % 444
ANNEX 20. SECTIONS AND CHAPTERS OF THE CN WHOSE MI VALUE IS
GREATER THAN 0.1, COUNTIES WITH GROWTH POLES AND BUCHAREST,
2011-2017, % 446
ANNEX 21. MAIN EXPORT PARTNERS OF ROMANIA, OF THE COUNTIES WITH
GROWTH POLES AND OF BUCHAREST, 2017, % - TOTAL NATIONAL/COUNTY/
MUNICIPAL EXPORTS EXCEEDING 3 % 450
ANNEX 22. MAIN IMPORT PARTNERS OF ROMANIA, OF THE COUNTIES WITH
GROWTH POLES AND OF BUCHAREST, 2017, % - TOTAL NATIONAL/COUNTY/
MUNICIPAL IMPORTS EXCEEDING 3 % 452
ANNEX 23. EVOLUTION OF THE TURNOVER AND AVERAGE NO. OF EMPLOYEES
OF THE TOP 10 EXPORTING COMPANIES, CONSTANȚA COUNTY, 2007-2017 454
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Largest companies in Constanța XII
Table 2. The most important foreign-owned companies in Constanța Metropolitan
Area, in terms of turnover and number of employees 24
Table 3. According to Borg Design data, the largest companies in the Constanța
Metropolitan Area, according to the financial statements for the year 2016, were
the following: 57
Table 4. Top 10 economic activities in Constanța Metropolitan Area, by turnover, in
2008 and 2017 respectively 62
Table 5. Top 10 economic activities in Constanța Metropolitan Area, by number of
employees, in 2008 and 2017 respectively 66
Table 6. Contribution of the analysed territories to the national exports, main
partners and exported products, 2016 150
Table 7. Top 10 exporting companies based in the county of Constanța, 2016 154
Table 8. Contribution of the analysed territories to the national imports, main
partners and imported products, 2016 162
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. GDP per Capita (PPS) in Constanța and in EU Secondary Cities, in the year
2000 and 2015 IX
Figure 2. The evolution of the average salary in Constanța, and other Romanian
cities, between 2008 and 2017 XIV
Figure 3. Existent and proposed infrastructure in the Constanța Metropolitan Area
XVIII
Figure 4. The main products handled by the Constanța Port XX
Figure 5. Port area for which a zonal urban plan was prepared (left) and proposed
Port expansion (right) XXI
Figure 6. What Romanian cities would Romanians most like to live in XXV
Figure 7. The average price (buy/rent) in Euro for a 2-room apartment in the most
important cities in Romania, in March 2018 XXV
Figure 8. Annual GDP growth rate 4
Figure 9. Gross National Income per capita for a selection of countries 5
Figure 10. GDP per capita growth rate between 2000 and 2015 in a selection of EU
cities 6
Figure 11. Productivity growth rate in Constanța* between 2000 and 2015, and in
Singapore** between 1965 and 1980 7
Figure 12. GDP per capita (adjusted for purchasing power) in Constanța and in
secondary cities in the EU 7
Figure 13. Nominal GDP (current prices) at county level in 2015 10
Figure 14. GDP per capita (standard purchasing power prices) against the EU-27
average (%), at national and county level in 2015 12
Figure 15. GVA at county level in 2015 12
Figure 16. Structure of gross added value by main economic sectors and the main
economic poles in Romania, in 2015 14
Figure 17. Dynamics of GVA, by main economic activities, at national and county
level, between 2007 and 2015 (the year 2007 = 100) 15
Figure 18. Volume of foreign trade activity by counties in 2016 19
Figure 19. Dynamics and Structure of the FOB exports of Constanța County,
2007-2017 20
Figure 20. Dynamics of foreign capital invested in private companies at county level
in 2007-2017 22
Figure 21. Number of employees working in foreign-owned companies in 2016 23
Figure 22. Structure of the population by completed level of education according to
the 2011 census in the main Romanian urban centers 29
Figure 23. Structure of the population by completed level of education according to
the 2011 census in the localities of Constanța Metropolitan Area 29
Figure 24. Structure of the population with higher education degrees at the level of
Constanța Metropolitan Area, by main fields of studies graduated in 2011 31
Figure 25. Number of graduates of higher education (bachelor, master, PhD) by main
university centers in Romania in 2015 32
Figure 26. Number of university graduates at the level of Constanța University
Center between 1990 and 2015 33
Figure 27. Number of foreign students studying in the main university centers in
Romania in 2016 34
Figure 28. Number of university graduates at the level of Constanța University
Center, by main fields of study, in 2015 36
Figure 29. High school graduates from Constanța Metropolitan Area, by high school
profile, in 2015 39
Figure 30. The occupational structure of the population of Constanța Metropolitan
Area, at local level, in 2011 41
Figure 31. Dynamics of the (official) unemployment rate at the level of Constanța
Metropolitan Area in 2010-2017 42
Figure 32. The occupational structure of the population in Constanța Metropolitan
Area, at the level of the locality and large sectors of the economy, in 2011 42
Figure 33. The occupational structure of the population of Constanța Metropolitan
Area, by locality and professional status, in 2011 43
Figure 34. The occupational structure of the population of Constanța Metropolitan
Area, by main economic activity, in 2011 44
Figure 35. The occupational structure of the population of Constanța Metropolitan
Area, by locality and professional status, in 2011 45
Figure 36. “The big winners” of Constanța’s economy: the activities that recorded
the largest increase in the number of employees between 2008 and 2016 46
Figure 37. “The big losers” of Constanța’s economy: the activities that recorded the
largest decrease in the number of employees between 2008 and 2016 46
Figure 38. Commuter catchment area to Constanța Functional Urban Area, at
national and regional level 47
Figure 39. The dynamics of the monthly net average wage, at the level of the main
economic poles in Romania, in 2007 and 2017 48
Figure 40. The economic activities for which the highest net average monthly
salaries were paid in 2016 49
Figure 41. The economic activities for which the lowest net average monthly salaries
were paid in 2016 49
Figure 42. Density of companies per 1,000 inhabitants at the level of the main
economic centers in Romania in 2016 53
Figure 43. Structure of companies in Constanța Metropolitan Area, by main
economic activities, in 2016 53
Figure 44. Turnover of companies in Constanța Metropolitan Area, by main economic
activities, in 2016 55
Figure 45. Structure of companies in Constanța Metropolitan Area, by size category
(personnel), in 2016 55
Figure 46. Structure of companies in Constanța Metropolitan Area, by size category
(turnover), in 2016 56
Figure 47. Number of companies in Constanța Metropolitan Area, by localities, in
2016 56
Figure 48. Turnover of companies in Constanța Metropolitan Area, by localities,
in 2016 57
Figure 49. Economic activities (by NACE code) which registered the highest increase
in turnover in the period 2008-2017 64
Figure 50. Economic activities (by NACE code) which registered the largest decrease
in turnover in the period 2008-2017 65
Figure 51. Number of tourist arrivals at metropolitan/functional area level in 2007
and 2017 69
Figure 52. The number of official overnight stays in the Constanța Metropolitan
Area in tourist accommodation units, by months, on Monday, in 2017 73
Figure 53. The share of foreign tourists in total arrivals, at the level of the main
destinations in Romania, in 2016 75
Figure 54. The dynamics of the volume (tonnes) of goods operated in the Port of
Constanța during 2009-2017 81
Figure 55. Structure of goods operated by the Port of Constanța in 2017 82
Figure 56. The dynamics of passenger traffic at “Mihail Kogălniceanu” International
Airport during 2007-2017 83
Figure 57. The number of passengers registered at the level of the main airports in Figure 76. Trade-to-GDP ratio in the counties with growth poles and in Bucharest
Romania in 2017 84 city, 2011-2015, % 128

Figure 58. The number of researchers and the volume of R&D spending at the level
of the main economic hubs in Romania in 2016 86
Figure 59. The volume of cash assets of natural persons, at the level of the main
economic hubs in Romania, in 2017 89
Figure 60. The number of newly built dwellings in 2007-2017 in the main
metropolitan/functional urban areas in Romania 90
Figure 61. Average price of 2-room apartments (EUR/sqm) in the main urban
centres in Romania in Q1 2018 91
Figure 62. Rental sales made by shopping malls in the major urban centres in
Romania, in 2016 92
Figure 63. The number of large shopping centres in the main urban centres in
Romania 93
Figure 64. The number of new and second-hand cars registrations at the level of
the main counties in Romania 94
Figure 65. The dynamics of own revenues (million RON) from the quotas broken
down from income tax of city halls in large cities in Romania, in 2007 and 2017 98
Figure 66. Average own revenues per inhabitant (RON) of municipalities from the
quotas broken down from income tax 99
Figure 77. Trade balance in the counties with growth poles and in Bucharest city,
2011-2017, thousand Euros 130
Figure 78. Number of foreign tourists and international tourism receipts by
continent in 2017 170
Figure 79. Number of foreign tourists and their dynamics by country in 2017 170
Figure 80. International tourism receipts and their dynamics by country in 2017 171
Figure 81. Total spending abroad by nationals of various countries in 2017, by
country 171
Figure 82. Total number of overnight stays in tourist accommodation in EU Member
States, in 2016 172
Figure 83. Total number of overnight stays in tourist accommodations in Central
and South-East Europe, by type of tourists, in 2016 173
Figure 84. Total number of overnight stays in tourist accommodation in main
European cities, in 2016 175
Figure 85. Total overnight stays in tourist accommodation in cities with a
prevailing summer tourism profile, in 2016 176
Figure 86. Total volume of processed goods in European ports, in 2017 184

Figure 67. Trade flows in goods and balance of trade, Constanța county, 2007- Figure 87. Total volume of containerized goods transiting European ports in 2017 186
2017 (thousand Euros) 104
Figure 88. Total volume of containerized goods transiting the Black Sea Basin
Figure 68. Total export growth rate, Constanța county, 2007-2015 104 ports in 2017 188

Figure 69. Exports and imports of goods - annual growth, Constanța county, 2007-
2017 (%) 105
Figure 70. Trade-to-GDP ratio for trade in goods, Constanța county and Romania,
2007-2015 106
Figure 89. Geographical distribution of the refining capacities at global level, 2012 191
Figure 90. Geographical distribution of the refining capacities in Europe, 2016 192
Figure 91. Crude oil sources used by European Union refineries in 2016 193

Figure 71. Contribution by the county of Constanța to national exports and Figure 92. Oil refining capacities at national level, 2016 195
imports, 2007-2017 (%) 107

Figure 72. FOB export of goods by CN sections, county of Constanța, 2007-2017,

thousand Euros 110

Figure 73. CIF import of goods per CN sections, Constanța county, 2007-2017,
thousand Euros 115

Figure 74. Share of the counties with growth poles and of Bucharest city in the
national exports, 2011-2017, % 127

Figure 75. Share of the counties with growth poles and of Bucharest city in the
national imports, 2011-2017, % 127
Short Presentation
II Competitive Profile of Constanța Short Presentation III

3. Good connective
infrastructure
Constanța is the only city in Romania
with a port, airport, and railway
connection. Constanța is also well
connected by highway and high-speed
rail to Bucharest, it is connected to

Constanța is one of the fastest growing the Danube River through the Black
Sea – Danube Channel (so it can
cities in Europe, and has three major receive barges from within mainland
Europe), and it is the only city in
competitive advantages: Romania with a highway bypass.

Constanța is an atypical region of Romania in several respects. About

75% of Romania’s exports are destined for the EU, and the Romanian

1. Biggest port on the

economy increasingly resembles the EU economy, with a significant
growth in three primary sectors: 1) TRANSPORT (automotive sub-
Black Sea assemblies, manufacture of vehicles, airplanes, helicopters, trains,
trams, ships, etc.); 2) ELECTRICS (phones, air pumps, electric
Constanța is the biggest port on
heaters, kitchen appliances, TV sets, etc.); and 3) CHEMICALS
the Black Sea and can become a
(pharmaceuticals, soaps, detergents, etc.).
significant trade link between the
EU and Africa, the Middle East, Asia,
and the Americas.
Refined The three sectors that prevail in the exports of
Constanța county are: 1) REFINED PETROLEUM
petroleum (delivered mainly by the Rompetrol refinery of

2. Extensive tourism
Năvodari); 2) MARITIME VESSELS (delivered

infrastructure Maritime mainly by the Daewoo Mangalia shipyard and BY

the Constanța Port); 3) CEREALS AND LIVESTOCK
vessels (delivered mainly by a few companies that operate
Constanța is one of the most at the Constanța Port, such as Ameropa Grains).
attractive tourism spots in
Romania. According to a World Cereals and As far as the outlet markets for the economy of
Constanța are concerned, they are mainly located
Bank survey, half of the Romanian livestock around the Black Sea area (Turkey, Georgia,
population (around 10 million
Bulgaria), in the Middle East (Egypt, Jordan, Libya,
people) has visited Constanța at
Lebanon, Israel), in the Far East (Vietnam, China),
least once in the past 5 years.
in India and in the Marshall Islands.
IV Competitive Profile of Constanța Short Presentation V

Considering the slow-growing pace of Coupled with the nuclear energy

European Union markets, Constanța production at Cernavodă, Constanța
has a comparative advantage to other county might emerge as a major
Romanian counties, as it mainly serves exporter of energy.
growing markets. Finally, Constanța has a substantial potential as a logistic hub for
both the European manufacturers which want to be closer to the
The relationships with such markets have to be maintained and
Middle East and Far East markets, and for the Asian or North
expanded. It is also important that the exports of Constanța be
American manufacturers looking for a more easily accessible
diversified, from the current products of volatile evolution (such as
gateway to European markets. The very good infrastructure of
refined petroleum) and low value-added products (such as cereals) to
Constanța is an asset in this regard, although additional investments
high value-added goods (e.g. pharmaceuticals). Given in particular the
would be required for airport infrastructure and connectivity and for
large reserves of natural gas discovered on the continental shelf of
completing the motorway and rail links with the Western European
the Black Sea, it is important to consider the feasibility of supporting
transport networks. However, the prospects of the Constanța Port
industries that use natural gas as raw material for production (e.g.
as a foreign trade hub connecting the European Union and the major
the pharmaceutical industry or the plastics industry).
and/or potentially growing outlet markets, particularly in view of the
positive demographic and economic trends of the past decades (e.g.
Regarding the export of services, Constanța performs poorly at
China, India, the Middle East, etc.), are currently limited by the issue
national level, lagging behind counties such as Suceava or Satu Mare. In
of the advance payment of VAT. Barring a legislative amendment
this respect, it is important to consider whether the tourism sector, who
in this respect, as was previously discussed at the initiative of port
attracts people from a substantial market at national level, has the
operators, the Constanța Port will continue to lose ground to other EU
capacity to serve an increasingly growing external market. As detailed
ports that do not require the advance payment of VAT, particularly
in Deliverable 2.3 on the “Competitiveness profile (C3)”, the Bulgarian
on the container shipping market.
city of Varna reports about 5 million overnight stays per year in its
accommodation units, as opposed to only 1.7 million in Constanța. In
Varna, the hotel complexes have been taken over by large tour operators
such as TUI, Thomas Cook or Neckermann, who provide a wide range
of services and manage to attract numerous foreign tourists, including
many Romanian tourists. Obviously, Varna and Constanța are
sufficiently close and similar enough to enable Constanța to emulate
Varna’s performance. Besides the European markets, Constanța could
also target more distant markets, such as the Asian ones, and could be
not only a destination per se, but also a good starting point for tours –
such as Danube or seaside-Danube Delta tours.

Another sector where Constanța has excelled in recent years is green

energy, with massive investments in wind and solar parks.
Summary
 1. Economic
Performance

Of the 256 largest cities in the EU, Constanța has registered one of
the fastest growth rates between 2000 and 2015. Constanța has
actually registered a faster annual growth rate between 2000 and
2015 (8.52%) than Singapore in its period of rapid growth (7.25%
between 1965 and 1980).

Constanța outperformed in 2015

secondary cities in Poland, Portugal,
Greece, and Hungary.

Figure 1. GDP per Capita (PPS) in Constanța and in EU Secondary Cities,

in the year 2000 and 2015
Source: The EUROSTAT Database
€ 45,000

€ 40,000

€ 35,000

€ 30,000

€ 25,000

€ 20,000

€ 15,000

€ 10,000

€ 5,000

€0

Austria
Germany
Netherlands
Belgium
Sweden
Denmark
Italy
Finland
France
UK
Spain
Czechia
Constanța
Poland
Lithuania
Portugal
Slovenia
Slovakia
Romania
Greece
Hungary
Croatia
Bulgaria
2. WHO DRIVES GROWTH in
Constanța

The main sectors that have driven the Constanța economy in recent
years are:

• refined oil production

• tourism
• ship building
• retail
• real estate

Real estate, entertainment (arts and recreational activities), and oil

refining have registered the most dynamic growth in recent years.
Main exports include: oil products; ships; agricultural products (one of
the main products handled by the Constanța Port); and metals (also
handled by the Port).

The existent port infrastructure, as well as good connective

infrastructure (ring road, highway to Bucharest, high-speed rail
to Bucharest, channel to the Danube) make Constanța an ideal
investment site for logistics companies and manufacturing
companies. Constanța is actually an ideal investment site for
assembly work (particularly for bulky products, such as automobiles
or electronics), for companies outside the EU looking to get access to
the EU markets. Constanța’s tourism based and substantial potential
for growth make it an ideal location for public-private investments in
tourism infrastructure with a focus on expanding the international
tourism market.
XII Competitive Profile of Constanța

Table 1. Largest companies in Constanța

3. Labor Force
Turnover
Number of Foreign capital
No. Name Activity (2016) -
employees participation
mil. Euro

ROMPETROL Netherlands /
1 Petrochemicals € 1,950 1085
RAFINARE Kazakhstan

Trade of
Around 176,500 people were gainfully employed in the Constanța
AMEROPA Metropolitan Area at the 2011 Census.
2 agricultural € 588 303 Switzerland
GRAINS
products
Of these, 83% worked for a private company, 12% worked for the public
Production and sector, and 5% were self-employed. Much of the Constanța labor force
MONSSON
3 distribution of € 111 31 works in retail (20%), transport (14%), manufacturing (particularly oil
TRADING
energy production and ship building) (12%), and construction (8%).

4
E DISTRIBUȚIE
DOBROGEA
Distribution of
electrical energy
€ 98 660
Netherlands /
Italy
In 2017, the average monthly salary
in Constanța was 2,126 Romanian Lei
BLACK SEA Trade of industrial
5
SUPPLIERS products
€ 83 565 Greece
(around EUR 470, or around USD 530),
C.N. ADMINI-
with a substantial variation between
6
STRAȚIA
PORTURILOR
Port activities € 64 871 individual sectors.
MARITIME
The highest salaries are offered in the following sectors: oil and gas
(~$1,500); extraction industry (~ USD 1,350); petrochemical industry
Water and
7 RAJA € 60 2091 (~ USD 1,225); the production and distribution of energy (~ USD
Wastewater
1,200); air transport (~ USD 875); water transport (~ USD 805); ship
building (~ USD 760); public administration (~ USD 750); warehousing
Trade of agricultural
8 MARIA TRADING € 54 359 Lebanon and auxiliary transport services (~ USD 705); financial intermediation
products
and insurance (~ USD 660).

Trade of chemical
9 BIOCHEM € 48 81 The lowest monthly salaries were offered by sectors such as: textiles (~
products
USD 220); paper products (~ USD 235); leather products (~ USD 250);
furniture (~ USD 260); waste collection (~ USD 310); plastics industry
CONSTANTA (~ USD 315); hotels and restaurants (~ USD 320); food industry (~
SOUTH
10
CONTAINER
Port activities € 43 457 Virgin Islands USD 330); retail (~ USD 335); insurance (~ USD 355); cleaning and
TERMINAL protection services (~ USD 375); agriculture (~ USD 380); and real
estate transactions (~ USD 385).
XIV Competitive Profile of Constanța

Figure 2. The evolution of the average salary in Constanța, and other Romanian
4. Education
cities, between 2008 and 2017

Source: Romanian Institute of Statistics

3500
3116

2670

3000

2468
2501

2383

2278

2222

2189
2193

2193

2126
2500
1838

2000 Of the population aged 10 or over in Constanța, 26% have tertiary

1503
education, around 37% have graduated high-school, 15% finished

1323
1815

1291
1319

1269
1257
1230

1226

1219
1500
vocational education, and the other 29% have either primary or
1000 secondary education.
500
Of the people with tertiary education, 29% have finished studies in
0 economics, 13% transport and telecommunication, 11% legal studies,
5% humanist studies, and 5% in engineering. In 2015, 3,785 students
Bucharest

Cluj

Timiș

Sibiu

Brașov

Iași

Argeș

Galați

Gorj

Prahova

Constanța
graduated from a university in Constanța, with an additional 1,132
graduating from a master’s program, and 59 graduating from a Ph.D.
program.
2008 2017
The largest university in Constanța is “Ovidius” University, with 16
faculties, 87 specialties (covering a broad spectrum, from economics
and law, to engineering, construction, and medicine) and around
10,000 students. The Constanța Maritime University trains around
5,000 students in the area of marine science and sea navigation. The”
Mircea cel Bătrân” Naval Academy is a military tertiary institution,
under the coordination of the Ministry of National Defense, with a
total of around 2,000 students.

Of the people with high-school education, 37% finished a theoretical

high-school, 34% a technical school, 10% a professional school focused
on tourism / retail / services / administration / economics, and 4%
specialized in transport. 4,000 high-school students have graduated
in Constanța in 2017.

There are an additional 4,500 students enrolled in some form of

post-high-school education. Of these, around 34% graduate in an
industrial specialization, 30% specialize in the health sector, and 18%
specialize in tourism, retail, administration, or economics.
 5. Infrastructure

In terms of connective infrastructure,

Constanța is one of the best endowed
cities in Romania
with channel connections to the Danube, highway and high-speed
connection to Bucharest, a military and civilian airport, and the largest
port in the Black Sea. Moreover, proposals made in the National Transport
Masterplan and the Mobility Plan for the Constanța Metropolitan Area,
will improve the situation even more in the coming years.
XVIII Competitive Profile of Constanța

Figure 3. Existent and proposed infrastructure in the Constanța Metropolitan Area

XX Competitive Profile of Constanța Summary - 5. Infrastructure XXI

The Constanța Port represents the most important and dynamic
business infrastructure in the Constanța Metropolitan Area. The
port has a long history and benefits from a variety of intermodal
connections (river, through the Danube-Black Sea Channel, rail, road,
aerial, and through a network of pipes). The Port receives regular
container deliveries from various ports in Asia, Africa, the Middle
East, and Europe (Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, etc.). There is also a regular
RO-RO/Ferry to Barcelona, Tanger, Malaga, Vigo, Setubal, Valencia,
Pireu, Borusan. More recently, cruise ships dock in the Constanța
Port, with the final destination in Turkey, Greece, Italy, Croatia, etc.
The most transported products are cereals (31% of total goods),
crude oil (13%) and petroleum products (9%). The dynamics of goods
transit is increasing for most products, except for metallic waste, the
volume of which decreased by about 60% between 2013 and 2017. As
far as cereals and petroleum products are concerned, the maximum
traffic figures were recorded in 2016.
The Port of Constanța has undergone numerous expansions, currently
reaching over 3,900 ha.

In 2017, the Port processed 58.4 million tons of commodities, most

of which are agro-food products, oil and petroleum products, metals
A Zonal Urban Plan has been prepared for
and metal products. Compared to 2009, freight traffic grew by 39%, a very ambitious expansion of the port.
amid the increase in Romania’s foreign trade activity. Almost 1,000
economic agents operate in Constanța Port from transport, handling,
The proposed new infrastructure is included in the next map.
storage, trade, packing, weighing, stacking, milling, disinfecting and
pest control, testing, testing and analysis of goods, expeditions,
rentals, intermediation, waste collection, ship repair, etc. Figure 5. Port area for which a zonal urban plan was prepared (left) and proposed
Port expansion (right)

Figure 4. The main products handled by the Constanța Port

Source: Port of Constanța

Agricultural products 37%

12%
Oil and oil products 22%
5%
37% Metals and metal products 16%
7%
Chemical products 7%

16% Solid fuels 5%

Wood and construction material 1%
22%
Other goods 12%

Of the total transit goods, about 60% are solid bulk, 23% liquid
bulk, 11% containers, and the rest are other types. Overall, the Port
registered about 13,400 naval stopovers in 2017, out of which 4,100
ships and 9,300 river boats, with the latter showing a strong upward
dynamic in recent years.
XXII Competitive Profile of Constanța

The “Mihail Kogalniceanu” International

6. Tourism
Airport is located 24 km from Constanța
and was founded in 1965. It has a 3,500
Infrastructure
x 45 m track, being used both for civil and
military purposes. Currently, there are
regular flights to Istanbul and London, as
well as seasonal flights to Paris-Beauvais,
Bergamo, Brussels, Cluj-Napoca, Oradea,
Timișoara, Tallinn and Chișinău. The airport
has a passenger terminal with a capacity
There are more than 30,000 formal and informal lodging units
of 1,000 passengers / hour. In 2017, the
in Constanța. More than 80% of the city’s accommodation
number of passengers reached 127,600,
about 3 times higher than in 2007. is concentrated in the Mamaia Resort, where over 1.1 million
square meters of lodging units are built, most with functions of
accommodation, catering, and leisure. Many of the accommodations
are only used in the summer season, while in winter only about 15%
are open to the public.

Constanța is the second most popular tourist destination in Romania,

after Bucharest. According to a survey done by the World Bank, at
least half of the population of Romania (around 10 million people)
have visited Constanța in the past five years.

The Constanța Integrated Urban Development Strategy and the

Tourism Development Strategy indicate that there is need for a large
conference center, a large sports facility, and a modern stadium, to
ensure that the existent lodging capacity is used to the fullest all
year-round. Also, there are more that can be done to make Constanța
more attractive to foreign tourists, particularly investments in urban
infrastructure and the attraction of large hotel chains to the area.
7. QUALITY of LIFE and
COST of LIVING

A survey done by the World Bank at the national level indicates that
Constanța is one of the most attractive cities for Romanians. While
2.72% of Romanians live in the functional area of Constanța, 5.18%
would like to live there, if they would have the chance.

Figure 6. What Romanian cities would Romanians most like to live in

Source: World Bank. 2017. Magnet Cities: Migration and Commuting in Romania

15.23%

13.43%
16.00%

11.37%
14.00%

12.00%

9.14%

8.53%
10.00%

8.00%

5.18%

4.06%

3.76%
6.00%

2.72%

2.64%
2.52%
2.34%

2.27%

2.06%

1.67%
1.34%
4.00%

2.00%

0.00%
Bucharest Cluj-Napoca Timișoara Brașov Constanța Sibiu Iași Oradea

Which city would you most like to live in? Share of functional urban area in total national population

Housing and rental prices in Constanța are quite affordable if

compared to other EU cities, but Constanța is nonetheless one of the
more expensive towns in Romania.
XXVI Competitive Profile of Constanța

Figure 7. The average price (buy/rent) in Euro for a 2-room apartment in the most
8. Regional Competitors
important cities in Romania, in March 2018
Source: www.analize-imobiliare.ro
and Ways to Maintain
a Competitive Edge
€ 1,600
1,480

€ 1,400
400

€ 1,200
1,260

€ 1,000
Constanța has a unique profile within
1,150

1,100
€ 800

Romania, and its main competitors are

1,080
€ 600

1,010

960
€ 400
primarily outside the country.

300

860
350

250

248
297
270

211
€ 200

€0 As such, Constanța has to look outside Romania, see what its

Cluj-Napoca Bucharest Timișoara Constanța
To buy (per sqm)
Craiova Brașov Iași Sibiu
competitors are doing, and identify ways it can improve its
To rent (per appartment) competitive edge. For one, Constanța has to identify ways to improve
its performance in the sectors where it has a competitive advantage,
such as tourism, petrochemicals, and port activities. On the other
hand, it has to look to the nascent sectors that may be growth
drivers in the future, such as green energy (e.g. wind and solar farms)
or the chemical sector (Constanța could take advantage of the
significant natural gas reserves of its coast, to attract investments
from industries such as plastics manufacturers or pharmaceuticals).

With respect to the tourism sector, Constanța could look to emulate

the success of cities like Varna, which has managed to attract
three times as many tourists, from all over Europe, enjoying similar
conditions as Constanța. A significant role in the success of the
Bulgarian of sea-side resorts has been the involvement of big tour
operators such as TUI, Neckerman, or Thomas Cook. It is important
to determine how such big tour operators, as well as large hotel chains
(which are poorly represented on the Romanian sea side) could be
attracted and encouraged to invest.

The Constanța Port is one of the largest in the region, and with
room for continued growth. However, the port processes primarily
agricultural products, oil products, and metals. To sustain growth, the
port authorities should identify ways of processing more containerized
goods (the main source of growth when it comes to port activities)
XXVIII Competitive Profile of Constanța

and of attracting more investments in logistics. In both cases, the

9. Trade dynamics in
finalization of connective infrastructure (highway and high-speed
rail) to the western border of Romania is of paramount importance.
Constanța
Petrochemicals is inherently a volatile sector, and with the
consolidation of refineries in Europe, due to low demand growth,
it will be important for the Petromidia refinery to identify ways to
consolidate current markets in the region (primarily in the Black Sea
basin) and identify ways it can expand to other markets. Market
expansion would most likely involve the extension of Rompetrol Gas Between 2007 and 2017, the exports ranged between EUR 1.5 to 2.6
stations in other countries in the region, particularly in countries with
billion, and imports ranged between EUR 2.4 and 3.5 billion. In 2017,
growing economies.
exports amounted to approx. EUR 2 bln, and imports to EUR 2.7 bln.
The balance of trade fluctuated between EUR -0.3 and -1.1 bln, being
negative throughout the 2007-2017 period.

Both flows followed similar trends in terms of the annual growth rate,
with major declines in 2009 and 2015 and sharp increases in 2008
and 2011. Moreover, the years 2015-2016 witnessed downturns of
both imports and exports (although higher for imports), whereas 2017
brought higher trade flows, particularly for imports.

The contribution of the county to national exports dropped slightly from

a peak of 6.2% in 2008; its contribution to national imports remained
stable, at a value of around 6% between 2008 and 2014. After 2014, the
share of both flows in national trade flows declined steeply, down to
over 3% in 2017. Since 2009, the county’s share in the national exports
has been lower than its share in imports. Compared with the other
growth pole counties and to Bucharest city, Constanța ranked third
between 2011 and 2014 (behind Bucharest and Timiș), and the following
years it was also surpassed by the Brașov and Prahova counties in
terms of their share in both Romania’s imports and exports.

The trade-to GDP ratio (exports + imports) ranged between 98.4%

in 2008 and 62.7 in 2015, i.e. higher than the national ratio, being
indicative of an increased openness of the county’s economy. In this
respect, Constanța was surpassed only by the Timiș county, which
achieved higher trade-to GDP ratios. Regarding the contribution of
exports to the GDP, one can notice a decrease between 2011 and
2015, from 41% in 2011 to 28% in 2015.
XXX Competitive Profile of Constanța
Unlike the counties of Timiș and Brașov, which achieved trade
surpluses, Constanța county followed the national trend and had a
trade deficit for each year of the period under review. Such deficits
were however decreasing and lower than those recorded by Bucharest
and by the Prahova and Cluj counties.
A comparative analysis of each sector’s contribution to the trade
flows of Constanța reveals that:
• Section V Mineral products and Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and
mineral oils; bituminous substances account for the largest
shares of both imports and exports, but their significance is
higher for imports (more than 70% vs. 37%); during the period
analysed (2007-2017), their contribution to the county’s
imports increased and their contribution to exports decreased.
Constanța also holds a higher share in the national exports and
imports under that section and that chapter. Both perform very
well in terms of the indicators used (the revealed comparative
advantage – RCA and the Michaely Indicator – MI), indicating
a high and growing comparative advantage and a (decreasing)
specialization of the county. The same section and chapter held
the highest share in the county’s exports and imports compared
to the other counties with growth poles and to Bucharest, and
they rank second after Bucharest in terms of their contribution
to their national imports and exports. Moreover, Chapter 27
Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances also
achieved the highest RCA among the territories under review.
• Section XVII Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport
equipment, Chapter 89 Ships, boats and floating structures
account for a larger share of the county exports as compared to
its imports (22% vs. 2.4%); their contribution to exports increased
between 2007 and 2017, whereas their contribution to imports
decreased. Constanța also holds a major share of Romania’s
exports under chapter 89. Both that section and that chapter
achieved a surplus and a specialization on the rise (IM); chapter
89 also shows a high value for the comparative advantage
(RCA). Compared to the other counties under review, Constanța
Summary - 9. Trade dynamics in Constanța XXXI
ranks third after Dolj and Cluj regarding the contribution of
Section XVII Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport
equipment to the county’s exports, and first regarding the
contribution of Chapter 89 Ships, boats and floating structures
to the national and county-level trade flows (both for imports
and exports). The same chapter also achieved the highest RCA
and MI values compared to the other territories analysed.
• Section II Vegetable products, Chapter 10 Cereals and Chapter
12 Seeds and oleaginous fruits, industrial and medicinal plants
account for a larger share of the exports than of the imports (19%
vs. 2.4%); between 2007 and 2017, their share increased in both
the county exports and imports, with the exception of Chapter
10 Cereals, whose share to the county imports decreased. The
share of Constanța share in Romania’s exports is high and
growing for that section as a whole, but it is dropping for the two
individual chapters. The section and its two chapters achieved
trade surpluses and an average but increasing comparative
advantage, whereas the MI reveals an increasing specialization
of the county. Relative to the other territories analysed, Section
II and its two chapters helped the county of Constanța rank first
and second nationally in terms of share of the sectoral exports/
imports in the total county and national exports. Section II
Vegetable products and Chapters 10 Cereals and 12 Seeds and
oleaginous fruits, industrial and medicinal plants achieved high
RCA ratios and the highest Michaely indicator as compared with
the other territories analysed.
• Section I Live animals and animal products and Chapter 1 Live
animals also achieved good values and positive trends for all the
aspects reviewed. Moreover, they account for a significant and
growing share of the county’s exports, they help the county have
a major and growing contribution to national exports, and they
achieved trade surpluses and high values of the two indicators
RCA and MI, revealing a growing comparative advantage and
specialization. The Constanța county ranked first among the
counties with growth poles, including Bucharest city, in terms
of its share in both county-level and national-level exports and
XXXII Competitive Profile of Constanța
imports. Moreover, it achieved the highest RCA for Chapter 01
Live animals and animal products, as well as high MI ratios
compared to the other territories analysed.
• A major share of the exports made by Constanța is related to
Chapter 39 Plastics and articles thereof, which also achieves
high values for the RCA and MI measures, but is not important
in terms of its share to the national exports.
The main export partners of Constanța county (Annex 12), which
account for the largest share of the total exports, are:
• Marshall Islands (26.4% in 2016), with an increasing contribution
to the exports of the county;
• Turkey (9.3% in 2016), with a strong decrease after 2011;
• Egypt (8.5% in 2016), with a decreasing contribution to the
exports of the county;
• Republic of Moldova (6.4% in 2016), with an increasing
contribution to the exports of the county.
Unlike the state of play in the Constanța county, the comparative
analysis reveals that most of the export partners of Romania, of the
seven growth pole counties and of Bucharest city (with over 3% of
the total exports) are European countries, mainly from the European
Union (with the exceptions of Moldova and Bosnia-Herzegovina). The
greatest share is that of exports to Western European countries.
The countries that account for most imports made by Constanța are
the following: Kazakhstan (30.3% in 2016, decreasing), the Russian
Federation (27.3% in 2016, on the rise) and South Korea (6.7% in
2016, on the rise).
The main partners of Constanța for both exports and imports were
Turkey, Bulgaria and Germany. They all had a higher contribution
to the county exports than to imports. The share of the exports
Summary - 9. Trade dynamics in Constanța XXXIII
made to all three countries relative to the total exports of the county
decreased between 2011 and 2017.
The economy of Constanța county is more open than that of
Romania and of the other counties with growth poles, as proven by
the fact that its trade-to-GDP ratio is greater than the ratio achieved
at national level or by the other counties analysed, despite a decrease
during 2011-2015.
The trade balance of Constanța county reveals a deficit that
decreased between 2007 and 2017. The Combined Nomenclature
sections and chapters where Constanța scored the best ratios and
trends for all the indicators considered (% of county exports under
each sector relative to the total county exports; % of county exports
under each sector relative to national exports under the same sector;
comarative advantage; and specialization level) and the related
export countries are:
• Section V Mineral products, Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral
oils; bituminous substances – exported mainly to Georgia,
Lebanon, Moldova, Egypt, India and Turkey (in 2016);
• Section XVII Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport
equipment, Chapter 89 Ships, boats and floating structures –
exported to the Marshall Islands (in 2016);
• Section II Vegetable products, Chapters 10 Cereals and 12 Seeds
and oleaginous fruits, industrial and medicinal plants – exported
mainly to Jordan, Libya, Lebanon, Egypt, Vietnam, Turkey (in
2016);
• Section I Live animals and animal products and Chapter 1 Live
animals – exported mainly to Jordan, Libya, Lebanon, and Israel
(in 2016).
Constanța has a wide range of export partners, covering countries
from different parts of the world: the Middle East (Georgia, Jordan,
Lebanon, Israel, Azerbaijan, Turkey), South Asia (Sri Lanka, India, the
XXXIV Competitive Profile of Constanța

British Indian Ocean Territory), South-East Asia (Vietnam), Central

10. Recommendations
Asia (Uzbekistan), North Africa (Egypt, Libya), West Africa (Liberia,
Mauritania), Central Africa (Democratic Republic of Congo and
Congo), South America (Suriname), North America (Montserrat),
Oceania (Marshall Islands), Eastern Europe (Republic of Moldova,
Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland) and Western Europe (Germany, Italy,
France, Spain). The exports of Constanța county are mainly directed
to the markets of Asia, as well as to the growing markets of Africa,
whereas the other counties analysed focus mainly on the trade with
European counties, particularly EU members, whose markets have Constanța is competing fiercely with other cities in the region
and across the EU, and it requires consistent efforts and creative
shrunk over the past years due to population decline.
approaches in order to increase its exports and improve its trade
balance. Clearly, an increase of the exports made by Constanța
The largest exporter in Constanța is SC Rompetrol Rafinare SA should be based on those sectors where Romania already enjoys a
(which also integrated the petrochemistry division of the subsidiary comparative advantage. Thus, we have listed below the countries
SC Rompetrol Petrochemicals SA in 2013). Based in Năvodari, the that import substantial quantities of the products included in those
company exports refined petroleum to Georgia, Lebanon, Moldova, chapters that account for a significant share of Constanța county
Egypt, India and Turkey. SC Grup Servicii Petroliere SA, one of exports, and therefore…
the county’s other large exporters, based in the municipality of
Constanța, also exports refined petroleum. The exports of passenger
and cargo ships are made by SC Daewoo-Mangalia Heavy Industries
SA at county level and by SC Șantierul Naval Constanța SA (based Constanța might consider expanding to
in Constanța city) at city level. They are exported to the Marshall
Islands. The third largest exporter is SC Ameropa Grains SA, based their markets for:
in the city of Constanța, who exports cereals (wheat, corn, barley)
to Jordan, Libya, Lebanon, Egypt, Vietnam and Turkey. Cereals are • Vessels for the transport of people and goods – Malta, Germany,
Norway, Greece, Liberia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Marshall Islands,
also exported by SC Brisengroup SRL, who is based in Constanța
Panama – the highest demand is on the European continent,
city as well. As far as the trade in live animals and animal products
followed by Asia and North America;
is concerned, the main exporters of Constanța city are SC Maria
Trading SRL and SC Alnaser SRL, who export cattle, sheep and goats • Refined petroleum – Singapore, China, Malaysia, South Korea,
to Jordan, Libya, Lebanon and Israel. Indonesia, Japan, Turkey, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Pakistan, the
Philippines, the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, the United
Kingdom, France, Gibraltar, Italy, Spain, USA, Mexico, Canada –
with the highest demand in Asia, Europe and North America;

• Wheat – Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, China, South Korea,

Thailand, Vietnam, Turkey, Bangladesh, Japan, Lebanon, Egypt,
Nigeria, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Congo, DR Congo, Italy,
Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Brazil, Columbia, Peru,
Mexico, USA – with the highest demand in Asia, Africa and Europe;
XXXVI Competitive Profile of Constanța
• Corn – Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Iran, Malaysia, Lebanon,
Sri Lanka, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, the United
Kingdom, Portugal, Belgium, Mexico, USA, Canada, Egypt, Algeria,
South Africa, Columbia, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela – with the highest
demand in Asia, Europe and North America;
• Barley – Saudi Arabia, China, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Israel, the
Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy, Morocco, Algeria,
Tunisia, Libya, Brazil, Columbia, USA – with the highest demand
in Asia and Europe;
• Soy beans – China, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Turkey, Iran,
Lebanon, the Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Russia, Italy, the
United Kingdom, Mexico, Argentina, Egypt, Tunisia – with the
highest demand in Asia and Europe;
• Rapeseed – Germany, Belgium, France, Poland, the Netherlands,
Austria, Portugal, China, Japan, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates,
Turkey, Mexico, USA, Canada – with the highest demand in
Europe and Asia;
• Sunflower seeds – France, the Netherlands, Spain, Germany,
Russia, Ukraine, Italy, Bulgaria, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan,
Vietnam, Uzbekistan, Egypt, South Africa, USA, Canada – with
the highest demand in Europe;
• Cattle – Turkey, Indonesia, Lebanon, Vietnam, China, Israel,
Palestine, Iraq, Jordan, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium,
Austria, Russia, USA, Libya, Egypt, Algeria – with the highest
demand in Asia, Europe and North America;
• Sheep and goats – Oman, Kuwait, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar,
United Arab Emirates, Israel, Bahrain, Malaysia, Lebanon, Libya,
Ivory Coast, Senegal, Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Greece –
with the highest demand in Asia, Africa and Europe.
In order to facilitate the access to new markets and enable contacts
with potential investors, Deliverable 2.2 on the “Delivery unit proposal”
recommends creating an Investors’ Office within the Constanța
Metropolitan Area Intercommunity Development Association. The
Office would offer a package of integrated services.
Summary - 10. Recommendations XXXVII
There are other sectors where Constanța
could develop a comparative advantage
in the following years.
The Black Sea natural gas reserves will soon double the country’s gas
production, whereas Exxon and OMV have reserved an entry capacity
of about 120 million tons in the transmission system of TRANSGAZ
until 2035. Moreover, TRANSGAZ has already begun the construction
works on the Romanian component of the BRUA project, in order to
facilitate the transport of gas to Western European markets, and has
also made additional investments to ensure the transit to Bulgaria
and Ukraine through the Isaccea - Negru Vodă pipeline. Romania’s
current internal consumption of 11-12 bln m3/year is covered almost
entirely (90-95%) by the internal production, excluding the Black
Sea resources. It is supplemented by insignificant imports from
Russia. Therefore, the export of unprocessed natural gas seems to
be the main option of the two producers for the time being. The only
solid prospects for a massive boost in local consumption would be
related to developing the processing industry, particularly in three
sectors: chemistry (nitrogen-based fertilizers, synthetic fibers),
petrochemistry (aromatics and niche petrochemicals, e.g. acetylene,
benzene, naphthalene) and electricity generation – gas-fired power
plants (see the Gulf of Mexico model).
The current gas infrastructure of Romania – including the functional
plants, the ones under development and the ones that are inactive
(e.g. the ROMGAZ power plant in Iernut, the OMV power plant in
Brazi, the power plant in Mintia (to be retrofitted), the OLTCHIM
chemical plant, the former fertilizer plants of INTERAGRO etc.)
– could consume approximately 5 billion m3/year and could be
designed to expand their capacity and double that consumption. For
this type of investments, which require special conditions (e.g. large
plots of land available for investment, large distances from built-up
areas in order to mitigate the related environmental risks, access to
the gas transportation infrastructure, etc.), Constanța should have a
consistent pool of locations available from as early as 2019-2020 in
order to attract proper investors.
XXXVIII Competitive Profile of Constanța Summary - 10. Recommendations XXXIX

Chemical
The relevant companies in this respect include
the market leaders in industries such as: chemical
In the tourism sector, the Romanian
fertilizers
fertilizers (Agrium, Yara International, Eurochem,
Bunge, Potash, CF Industries etc.), petrochemistry
seashore is highly reliant on low and
(BASF, BP PLC, Chevron, China National Blue average income Romanian tourists
Star, Cummins, ExxonMobil, Motul, Royal Dutch
Petrochemistry Shell, Sinopec Corp, Total etc.), synthetic fibers
… a captive group whose budgets and expectations are low and who is
(Celanese, Chevron Phillips, DowDuPont, Hexion, unlikely to grow in any way (due to the declining, ageing population),
Synthetic fibers Huntsman, Alfa, BASF, China National Chemical
whereas foreign tourists do not exceed
Corporation, LG Chem , LyondellBasell Industries,
Nan Ya Plastics, Sumitomo Chemical, etc.).
5% of all stays, as compared to more
Such products are in highest demand on the following markets: than 50% in Bulgaria.
• pharmaceutical products – USA, Belgium, Germany, China,
Japan, France, Italy, United Kingdom, Spain, Canada, Russia, Against this background, the development of the foreign tourist
the Netherlands, South Korea, Brazil, Australia – the demand segment is largely dependent on having world-class tour operators
is highest in Europe (45%), followed by North America (25%) and enter the market (such as TUI, Thomas Cook, Kuoni, Der Touristik,
Asia (21%); Costa, Club Med, Alpitour, Hotel Plan, Primera Group, FRAM etc.), as
they would not only bring new standards of tourist services, but also
• nitrogen-based fertilizers – USA, Brazil, India, Turkey, France, a European or global marketing network, i.e. access to a robust base
Germany, United Kingdom, Mexico, Australia, Thailand, Belgium, of loyal, higher-income customers.
Canada, Spain, Italy, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, the
Netherlands, South Africa, Ukraine, Malaysia, South Korea, Peru Additional local measures are also required in order to increase the
– there is also high demand in Europe (31%), Asia (26%), North competitiveness of the tourism sector relative to other highly dynamic
America (19%) and South America (14%);
competitors in the Black Sea basin (Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia, even
Russia and Ukraine), such as:
• antifreeze – Germany, France, Canada, the Netherlands, Belgium,
United Kingdom, Mexico, Sweden, USA, China, Poland, Russia,
Czech Republic, Kazakhstan – the highest demand is in Europe • attracting large European hotel chains to the Constanța
(60%), Asia (17%) and North America (14%); market (Accor, Best Western, IHG, Group du Louvre, Carlson-
Rezidor, NH, Whitbread, Melia, Hilton, etc.);
• propylene polymers – China, Germany, Turkey, Italy, Mexico,
Belgium, France, Indonesia, Vietnam, USA, Canada, India, United • fostering all-inclusive services (new hotel projects that would
Kingdom, Poland, Egypt – the highest demand is in Asia (44%), include accommodation, restaurants, recreational, entertainment
followed by Europe (38%); and shopping areas, etc.);

• synthetic fibers – Vietnam, Germany, China, Morocco, Mexico, • hotel-related training for the labor force (e.g. following the
Hong Kong, USA, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, United Arab Emirates, German dual vocational training system);
Indonesia, Bangladesh, Poland – the highest demand is in Asia
(43%), Europe (28%) and Africa (14%). • intensive and effective promotion on the target markets;
XL Competitive Profile of Constanța Summary - 10. Recommendations XLI

• development of MICE tourism during off-season periods;
• enhancing the offer of cultural events etc.;
• and other measures included in the Constanța City Tourism
Strategy.
The European Union has reduced the share of its imported energy,
particularly over the past two decades, but it remains a net importer
of fossil fuels, especially of petroleum products from Russia and
Saudi Arabia, which has negative effects on its global geostrategic
position (being known that the strength of the various political blocs
of the past century was tightly related to their access to conventional
energy sources).
density is low in peri-urban areas, allows for the development of many
such projects. In fact, more than half of Romania’s installed wind
power is located in that area. The discontinuation of the tax facilities
(green certificates) that were granted by the Romanian government
to relevant producers before 2013 placed this sector on the sideline, as
many projects became cash-strapped and were abandoned. However,
the pressure exerted by the global energy transition will most likely
lead to a resumption of investments in this sector and to a renewed
dialogue with renowned global investors in renewable energy, such as:
• Siemens,
• General Electric,
• Vestas,

• Goldwind,
By interconnecting and capitalizing on all
its renewable resources and networks, the • Enercon,

European Union could achieve full energy • United Power,

independence before the middle of this • Gamesa,

century, which would entail economic, • Ming Yang,

political and climate-change benefits.
• Senvion,

The transport sector is most sensitive to such energy transition is • Nordex,

that of transportation, as 90% of all vehicles in Europe still rely on
petrol, Diesel fuel or LPG. However, the recent Dieselgate scandal, • GCL New Energy,
which uncovered irregularities in the pollution testing done by large
European manufacturers, has set the stage for a quicker transition • First Solar,
to electric vehicles. In light of this historical change of paradigm, the
county of Constanța offers unique benefits in national and even • Canadian Solar,
regional context, mainly in the fields of wind and photovoltaic energy.
For instance, the average wind speed is over 7 m/s all year round (only • Total, SunEdison etc.
comparable to Scotland), the land is mostly flat and the population
Competitiveness
Profile
Competitiveness Profile

international context
4 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 5

In the year 2000, countries such as Mexico,

Brazil, Colombia, or Peru, all had a Gross National
Income per capita higher than that of Romania.
Meanwhile, Romania has surpassed all these
countries.
Romania is the fastest-growing economy in the European
Figure 9. Gross National Income per capita for a selection of countries
Union. From 2000 to 2017, Romania grew faster than the EU
Source: The World Bank
almost every year, except during the global crisis. During this
period, the GDP per capita (adjusted for purchasing power) 14000
evolved from 26% of the EU average of GDP per capita to 60%
12000
– a remarkable performance.
10000 Romania
Latin America
Figure 8. Annual GDP growth rate 8000 & Caribbean

Source: The World Bank Peru

6000 Columbia
Mexico
10 4000 Brazil
8
2000
6

4
0
2

2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
0

-2

-4
A significant share of this growth was generated by several
-6

-8
large urban centers. The World Bank’s “Magnet Cities”
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 report indicates that the functional urban zones (FUAs) of
European Union Romania Bucharest and the 40 county capitals in Romania:

• generate 90% of national firm revenues

Romania’s performance is even more impressive by comparison
• amass 80% of the people with higher
with similar countries in other parts of the world.
education
6 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 7

• have attracted 67% of commuters in 2011,
and 66% of migrants between 2001 - 2011
• amass 61% of overall employment and
58% of the total population of the country
Figure 11. Productivity growth rate in Constanța* between 2000 and 2015,
and in Singapore** between 1965 and 1980
Source: The World Bank
*Note: Productivity is measured by GDP per capita (adjusted for purchasing power)
**Note: Productivity is measured through the Gross National Income per capita
(Atlas methodology)

Constanța is one of the main economic engines of Romania € 22,500

$5,000

and one of the fastest-growing EU cities. € 20,500

$4,500

$4,000
€ 18,500

Among the 256 largest metropolitan areas in € 16,500

$3,500

$3,000
the EU, Constanța is one of the top performers € 14,500
$2,500

with one of the fastest growth rates between € 12,500

$2,000

2000 and 2015. € 10,500 $1,500

€ 8,500 $1,000

€ 6,500 $500
The annual growth rate of Constanța over the period 2000- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
2015 (8.52%) is higher than Singapore’s growth rate (7.25%) in Constanța Singapore
its economic boom period – between 1965 and 1980.
Figure 12. GDP per capita (adjusted for purchasing power) in Constanța and in
secondary cities in the EU
Figure 10. GDP per capita growth rate between 2000 and 2015
Source: EuroStat
in a selection of EU cities
Source: EuroStat € 45,000

€ 40,000
300%
€ 35,000
250% € 30,000

200% € 25,000

€ 20,000
150%
€ 15,000
100%
€ 10,000
50%
€ 5,000

0% €0
Timișoara (RO)
Bucharest (RO)
Ploiești (RO)
Cluj-Napoca (RO)
Iași (RO)
Sofia (BG)
Brașov (RO)
Constanța (RO)
Craiova (RO)
Vilnius (LT)
Riga (LV)
Tallinn (EE)
Rzeszów (PL)
Wrocław (PL)
Bratislava (SK)
Kraków (PL)
Warszawa (PL)
Poznan (PL)
Kosice (SK)
Zagreb (HR)
Budapest (HU)
Praha (CZ)
Debrecen (HU)
Kobenhavn (DK)
Stuttgart (DE)
Berlin (DE)
Edinburgh (UK)
Madrid (SP)
Eindhoven (NL)
Paris (FR)
Stockjolm (SE)
Amsterdam (NL)
Liverpool (UK)
London (UK)
Rotterdam (NL)
Manchester (UK)
Hamburg (DE)
Palermo (IT)
Barcelona (ES)
Munchen (DE)
Wien (AT)
Milano (IT)
Helsinki (FI)
Porto (PT)
Genova (IT)
Lisboa (PT)
Bari (IT)
Napoli (IT)
Torino (IT)
Roma (IT)

Austria
Germany
Netherlands
Belgium
Sweden
Denmark
Italy
Finland
France
UK
Spain
Czechia
Constanța
Poland
Lithuania
Portugal
Slovenia
Slovakia
Romania
Greece
Hungary
Croatia
Bulgaria
2000 2015
8 Competitive Profile of Constanța

In 2015, Constanța has a GDP per capita (adjusted for

purchasing power) higher than the average of secondary cities
in Poland, Slovakia, Greece, Hungary, or Croatia.

Next, we will discuss in detail some of the factors that have

facilitated the performance of Constanța in recent years and
which could support its growth and development in the years
to come.

Competitiveness Profile

Macroeconomic context
10 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 11

Compared to 2007, the nominal GDP of Constanța increased

by 45%, the rate being almost double the national average
(+24.6%) and superior to all the economic poles in the country
(Bucharest-Ilfov +44%, Timiș +36%; Cluj +27%, Brașov +26%,
Prahova +25%, etc.). In fact, this dynamic allowed Constanța
to surpass Cluj in the ranking of the total value of goods and
services produced in 2011.

In 2015 (the last year for which there is detailed data at this In terms of GDP per capita (at purchasing power standard
Constanța
territorial level), County (NUTS 3) prices), Constanța County recorded the value of 21,800 PPS,
had a nominal GDP of 7,380 million EUR, which which ranked it third nationwide, behind Bucharest-Ilfov and
Timiș. In 2015, Constanța’s GDP per capita amounted to 75%
accounts for 4.6% of Romania’s GDP and 43.1% of

of the EU-27 average, compared to only 52% in 2007, the year
that of the South-East Development Region (NUTS 2). This
of Romania’s accession to the EU.
value places Constanța in the top three county economies in
the country. However, it should be noted that this value is reported at county
level. If we take into account the fact that the Constanța
Metropolitan Area accounts for about 80% of the county’s
Figure 13. Nominal GDP (current prices) at county level in 2015
business volume and only amasses 65% of the population, we
Source: EuroStat Database
can reasonably estimate that this territory has a GDP per
capita of at least 90% of the EU-27 average.
44512

50000

45000
If the rhythm of growth in recent years is maintained,
40000
Constanța Metropolitan Area will reach a comparable GDP per
35000

30000
capita in terms of purchasing power with the EU Community
25000 average at the end of the 2014-2023 programming period.
20000

15000
Another relevant indicator for the performance of economic
7566

7380

7020

activity is the Gross Value Added (GVA). In this respect, too,

6328

5273

4897

4290

3889

10000
3500

3484

3447

5000 with a value of 6,488 million EUR, Constanța County ranks

0 third nationwide, behind Bucharest-Ilfov and Timiș.
Bucharest-Ilfov

Timiș

Constanța

Cluj

Prahova

Brașov

Iași

Argeș

Dolj

Mureș

Sibiu

Arad

Compared to 2007, the county GVA increased by 43%, almost

double the pace of growth at national level and the most
Nominal GDP (million RON)
accelerated of all economic poles of Romania, including Bucharest.
12 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 13

Figure 14. GDP per capita (standard purchasing power prices) against the EU- Structurally speaking, the gross value added in Constanța
27 average (%), at national and county level in 2015
County is mainly provided by the
Source: EuroStat Database

160
• manufacturing industry (29% of the total)
135

140
• trade
120

100
• transport
75
75

• tourism (22%)
69

66

80
60

59

56

56

55

54

50
60
• and real estate transactions (10%)
40

20

0 Constanța is ranked second nationally, behind Bucharest,

Bucharest-Ilfov

Timiș

Constanța

Cluj

Brașov

Sibiu

Prahova

România

Arad

Alba

Gorj

Argeș
in terms of value added from transport, tourism and
constructions, third in terms of value added in the area of
energy and public utilities (water, sanitation), and fourth in
the manufacturing industry. In terms of the high-value added
services sectors (IT&C, financial services, scientific and
professional activities, education, health, etc.),
Figure 15. GVA at county level in 2015
Source: EuroStat Database Constanța occupies a lower position than other economic
poles in the country. For example, Constanța has a contribution
39133

45000 of 7.5% to the national GVA in the energy sector and 6.3% to
40000 the industrial one, but its share in IT&C is only 1.3% and in the
35000
financial area – 1.4%. This structural deficiency also explains
30000
salary disparities compared to other areas of the country
25000

20000
(Bucharest, Cluj, etc.).
15000
Compared to 2007, the county GVA has grown in all areas,
6489
6651

6172

5564

4636

4305

10000
3771

3419

3030
3063

5000
except for the construction sector, affected both by the crisis
0 and by the low volume of public investment. The highest
increases in activity were recorded in real estate (+147%),
Bucharest-Ilfov

Timiș

Constanța

Cluj

Prahova

Brașov

Iași

Argeș

Dolj

Sibiu

Arad

recreational activities and various services (+85%) and in the

industry (+76%).
14 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 15

Figure 16. Structure of gross added value by main economic sectors and the Figure 17. Dynamics of GVA, by main economic activities, at national and
main economic poles in Romania, in 2015 county level, between 2007 and 2015 (the year 2007 = 100)
Source: EuroStat Database Source: EuroStat Database

Sibiu 186
450
Dolj 234
400
Argeș 248
350

234.3
247
Iași 297 300

185.1
178.5
Brașov 368 250

159.2

161.3
169

143.2
138.5

148
133.3
131.7

128.2
131.3
200

116.5
115.9

118.9
Prahova

113.3
406

112.6
96.9
150

80.5
Cluj

77.1
446
100
Constanța 528
50
Timiș 244
0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing

Manufacturing industry

Mining, energy, water, sanitation

Constructions

Trade, transports, tourism

IT&C

Financial services

Real estate

Scientific, technical, professional activities, administrative

and support services

Administration, defence, education, healthcare, social

services

Arts, leisure activities and other services

Bucharest-Ilfov 2765
0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%
Agriculture, forestry and fishing

Manufacturing industry

Mining, energy, water, sanitation

Constructions

Trade, transports and tourism

IT&C

Financial services

Real estate

Scientific, technical, professional activities,

administrative and support services
Public administration, defence, education, healthcare
and social services Romania Constanța
Arts, leaisure activities and other services

The economy of Constanța increased above

average in most business sectors, less in IT&C
and in the area of scientific, professional and
technical activities.
Competitiveness Profile

Foreign trade and

foreign investment
18 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 19

Figure 18. Volume of foreign trade activity by counties in 2016

Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database

25

20

15

The volume of exports made by Constanța companies was

about 2 billion EUR in 2017, similar to the one recorded in 10

2016, but declining compared to 2011-2015.

5

In 2017, Constanța accounted for 2% of

0
Romania’s total exports and 3.6% of the imports.

Bucharest

Timiș

Argeș

Arad

Brașov

Sibiu

Ilfov

Prahova

Constanța

Cluj
Thus, from the perspective of FOB exports, Constanța County
ranks 9th at national level and from the perspective of CIF FOB exports CIF imports

imports, it ranks 8th. The higher volume of imports is justified

by the fact that Constanța Port is one of the main gateways
for imports into Romania, especially those coming from
outside the European continent.
On the other hand, the volume of exports is modest compared
to the highly industrialized counties in the western and
central parts of the country (Timiș, Arad, Sibiu, Brașov, Argeș).
From this point of view, Constanța County is more akin to
Cluj County, through a predominant services sector, to the
detriment of industry.
The foreign trade activity is dominated by oil products
manufactured at Petromidia Refinery, accounting for 30%
- 50% of the annual exports, followed by the shipyards in
Mangalia and Constanța, with a contribution of about 20%.
In general, the products exported by Constanța
County are sold in markets with a high degree of
volatility in demand and price.
Thus, petrochemicals are heavily influenced by the world’s oil
barrel price, agricultural products by the weather conditions,
and the shipping sector also has a fluctuating demand from
shipping companies.
Compared to previous years, the share of oil products, metal
products (especially scrap iron), plastics and wood products in
the total exports of the county has been decreasing in the last
5 years, together with an increase in the share of vegetable
and animal products.
20 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 21

This is the result of the transformation of the Black Sea Serbia, Greece, etc.), benefiting from the extensive
Basin into one of the largest grain exporters in the world, distribution network of the majority shareholder (KMG
Constanța Port thus enjoying a privileged position and International);
infrastructure from this point of view, especially with the
inauguration of modern terminals for such products. • CONSTANȚA SHIPYARD – manufacturing and repairing
ships (tanks);
Figure 19. Dynamics and Structure of the FOB exports of Constanța County,
2007-2017 • Traders of agricultural products (especially grain)
Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database. managing terminals in the Port of Constanța: AMEROPA,
Monthly county statistical bulletins 2007-2012 NIDERA (UNITED SHIPPING AGENCY), ADM (NORTH
3000 STAR SHIPPING, MINMETAL), BRISEGROUP, TTS
OPERATOR, CHS (SILOTRANS), MARIA TRADING etc.
2500 Most of these are owned by the world’s major agricultural
intermediaries (AMEROPA, NIDERA, ADM, GLENCORE,
2000 CHS, CARGILL, etc.). Agricultural products are mainly
exported outside Europe (Egypt, Vietnam, Morocco, Jordan,
1500
Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Libya, etc.);

1000 Regarding foreign investments, according to the National Trade

Register Office, in March 2018, a number of 7,279 companies
500 with foreign equity ownership were registered in Constanța
County, representing 3.3% of the total number registered at
0 national level (ranking 6th after Bucharest, Timiș, Cluj, Ilfov and
2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2012

2013

2014

2015

1016

Bihor). As regards the value of the foreign subscribed capital,

it amounted to 1,300 million USD, i.e. 2.3% of the national
Oil products Ships Vegetable Metals Other products total (ranking 8th after Bucharest, Ilfov, Timiș, Bihor, Prahova,
agricultural
products Mureș and Brașov). Compared to 2007, when Romania joined
the EU, the number of foreign-owned companies increased by
Among the top exporters in the county we find the following
74% and the value of foreign capital attracted increased 2.2
companies:
times. However, in the last decade, Constanța dropped two
• ROMPETROL GROUP, through PETROMIDIA Refinery positions in the ranking of the counties that attracted foreign
and other local branches – selling oil products of hundreds investments, in favor of some counties in the western part of
of millions of euros (being the largest exporter in the field the country, and of the Bucharest-Ilfov-Prahova area, more
with production facilities in Romania) to many countries attractive to investors due to the small distance from the
(Bulgaria, Moldova, Georgia, Ukraine, Turkey, Lebanon, external and internal market outlets.
22 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 23

Figure 20. Dynamics of foreign capital invested in private companies at county number of employees of foreign companies even in Iași County,
level in 2007-2017
an investment destination in the eastern part of the country,
Source: National Trade Register Office
the least attractive in this respect.
Galați
Argeș
It is also relevant that only 8% of Constanța
Bacău employees work for foreign capital companies,
compared to over 20% in the counties of Arad,
Cluj
Constanța
Brașov Sibiu, Timiș, Cluj, Prahova or Argeș – all with
Mureș
Prahova very good economic dynamics in the last decade
Bihor
Timiș
Figure 21. Number of employees working in foreign-owned companies in 2016
Ilfov
Bucharest Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database
0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

30 000

35 000

19 025
2017 2007

However, the above data only partially reflects the impact

of foreign investments on the county economies, since they
only take into account the registered office of foreign capital

52 553

40 969
41 479

33 555
companies. In fact, many foreign companies are based in a

29 680
30 293
31 521

27 420

17 550
location (usually in the Bucharest-Ilfov area), but they have

13 898
work locations spread throughout the country. Thus, the data
on the number of employees in foreign capital companies,

Bucharest-Ilfov

Timiș

Cluj

Arad

Prahova

Sibiu

Bihor

Brașov

Argeș

Iași

Constanța
which is collected at the headquarters of the place of business
rather than the registered office, is more relevant for measuring
the real impact of these investments.

From this point of view, in 2016, Constanța County had

13,900 employees working in foreign capital companies, 63%
more than in 2007. However, compared to other Romanian
counties, their number was rather limited – there was a larger
24 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 25

Table 2. The most important foreign-owned companies in Constanța

No. of employees
Turnover (2016)
Metropolitan Area, in terms of turnover and number of employees

– million RON
Country of
Name Object origin of the

No. of employees
Turnover (2016)
capital

– 2016
– million RON
Country of
Name Object origin of the
capital

– 2016
UNITED SHIPPING
Port operations Netherlands 16 250
AGENCY
SARGEANT MARINE Trade in industrial
ROMPETROL Netherlands / Switzerland 15 12
Petrochemicals 2,762 1,061 BITUMEN products
RAFINARE Kazakhstan
CORNI EOLIAN Electricity production Italy 13 4
Trade in agricultural
AMEROPA GRAINS Switzerland 731 303
products UMEX Port operations Cyprus 10 238
BLACK SEA Trade in industrial T.A.R. TRADING Trade in agricultural
Greece 103 565 Italy 9 9
SUPPLIERS products DIVISION products
E DISTRIBUȚIE Netherlands / Trade in agricultural
Electricity distribution 102 622 METCHIM TRADE Turkey 9 4
DOBROGEA Italy products
Trade in agricultural BEROE GAMES Gambling Austria 5 102
MARIA TRADING Lebanon 67 394
products
SEA PROTECT GROUP Security Cyprus 3 189
Trade in agricultural
ALNASER Saudi Arabia 52 17
products
CONSTANȚA As we can see, the largest foreign investments in the area
SOUTH CONTAINER Port operations Virgin Islands 48 453 targeted the:
TERMINAL
GAZPROMNEFT
• energy sector (petrochemistry, electricity production and
Port operations Russia 48 36 distribution),
MARINE BUNKER
CHIMPEX Port operations Switzerland 33 280
• commerce,
Trade in agricultural
UNIFRUTTI IMPEX Turkey 28 11
products • warehousing
Netherlands
ROMAR SHIPPING
Port operations / Malta / 25 39 • cargo-handling services specific to an important port center.
AGENCY
Turkey
CRUCEA WIND FARM Electricity production Germany 25 1
ROJEN COMMERCE Trade in food products Bulgaria 22 32
The industrial sector is very poorly represented
MIDIA MARINE
Netherlands / when it comes to investments in Constanța, as
Port operations Switzerland / 22 203
TERMINAL
Kazakhstan is the case for high-value added services (IT&C,
ALMET Metallurgy Lebanon 20 53 BPO, financial services, scientific, technical and
EWIND Electricity production Switzerland 19 0
professional activities, etc.).
26 Competitive Profile of Constanța

Another important point to be mentioned is the diversity

of countries of origin of the foreign capital, which is quite
idiosyncratic when compared to the rest of the country. While
the western part of the country is dominated by investors from
the European Union, especially from Germany, Italy or France,
there are a large number of non-EU investors in Constanța
area (e.g. Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Turkey, Russia, etc.).

through
From this point of view its Black Sea
port status, Constanţa has a unique competitive
advantage in the country in attracting
investments outside the European continent,
especially from Asia and America.
Competitiveness Profile

Workforce
28 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 29

Figure 22. Structure of the population by completed level of education

according to the 2011 census in the main Romanian urban centers
Source: NIS. Final results of the 2011 General Population and Housing Census

100%
90% 23
17 19
22 21 21 23 22 22
29
80% 11
9 12 11 11
70% 15 13 15 14
9
60%
34 40 38
50% 40
The 2011 census data indicates that 27% of the stable 40%
37 36 35 37
37 38

population over 10 years of age of Constanța were higher 30%

education graduates, about 35% were high school and post- 20%
34 32 31 30 28 28 27 27 26 26
secondary education graduates, 9% had vocational studies, and 10%
0%
the remaining 29% had basic (primary and secondary) studies.

Bucharest

Cluj-Napoca

Iași

Timișoara

Craiova

Sibiu

Constanța

Ploiești

Brașov

Oradea
Although the share of people with tertiary
Higher education High school and post-secondary education
education has doubled since the 1990s, their
Vocational education Primary and secondary education
percentage remains below that recorded in other
major cities in the country. Figure 23. Structure of the population by completed level of education
according to the 2011 census in the localities of Constanța Metropolitan Area
In addition, of all the large cities of Romania, Constanța had Source: NIS. Final results of the 2011 General Population and Housing Census
the highest share of the population with primary and secondary
100%
studies, and the lowest percentage of the population with 90%
vocational studies. 80%
70%
60%
At the level of the other localities in the metropolitan area, 50%

the level of education of the population is lower than in the 40%

30%
municipality. Thus, the share of the population with higher 20%
10%
education degrees varies between 10% and 20% in the localities 0%
of Eforie, Agigea, Năvodari, Techirghiol, Valu lui Traian, Ovidiu

Eforie

Agigea

Năvodari

Techirghiol

Valu lui

Traian

Ovidiu

Costinești

Cumpăna

Mihail

Kogălniceanu

Murfatlar

Lumina

Tuzla

Poarta Albă

23-Aug

Corbu
and Costinești, while in the rest of the localities it does not
exceed 10% of the total number of residents. Instead, about
half of the residents of the metropolitan area completed Higher education High school and post-secondary education
primary and secondary education, and 15% a vocational school.
Vocational education Primary and secondary education
30 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 31

In the case of people with higher education in the metropolitan
area, most of them had a degree in
• economics (29% of total)
• transport and telecommunications (13%)
Figure 24. Structure of the population with higher education degrees at the level of
Constanța Metropolitan Area, by main fields of studies graduated in 2011
Source: NIS. Final results of the 2011 General Population and Housing Census
Economic sciences 29%

• legal sciences (11%) Transports 13%

Law 11%
• humanities – philology Philology, philosophy, history,
20%
foreign languages 5%
• philosophy 29%
Mechanical engineering 5%

• history Mathematics, computer

science, physics, chemistry 4%

• foreign languages (5%) Constructions 3%

• mechanical engineering (5%) 13%

Sociology-psychology 3%

Biology-geography 3%
5% 11%
Management an economic
The graduates in architecture and urban planning, light industry, engineering 2%

woodworking and construction materials, food, metallurgy, Political science, administrative

science, communication 2%
extractive and artistic industries have an insignificant share.
Other 20%
Of the people with post-secondary degrees, most
completed studies in the industrial sector (34%), in health
(30%) and services – economy, administration, trade,
tourism, etc. (18%).
In 2015, at the level of Constanța County, a
In contrast, there is a small number of graduates of post-
secondary studies in the field of agriculture and construction. number of 3,785 students graduated from
undergraduate studies, of which 3,340 studied
Most of the high school graduates attended courses of
education units with the following profiles: theoretical at state universities and 445 at private
(37% of total), technological and industrial (34%), universities.
economic-administrative-commerce-tourism-services
(10%) and transport (4%). Vocational education graduates
To these were added 1,132 master’s degree
qualified mostly in the industrial (76% of total), trade and
services (14%) and transport (5%) areas. graduates and 59 PhD graduates.
32 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 33

They accounted for 4.7% of all Romanian Figure 26. Number of university graduates at the level of Constanța University
Center between 1990 and 2015
universities graduates, placing Constanța in the Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database

6th place at national level, behind Bucharest, 12000

Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Timișoara and Craiova.

10000

8000
Figure 25. Number of graduates of higher education (bachelor, master, PhD) by
main university centers in Romania in 2015
6000
Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database

4000
39727

20 000

18 000 2000

16 000
0
14 000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
12 000

10 000
13603

The number of students is a strategic element

11428

8 000
8183

for Romanian cities, as demonstrated by the

5873

4976

6 000
4558

3902

3710

3431

4 000

0
study “Magnet Cities.
Bucharest

Cluj-Napoca

Iași

Timișoara

Craiova

Constanța

Brașov

Sibiu

Oradea

Galați

Migration and Commuting in Romania”, recently developed by

The number of higher education graduates from Constanța
universities declined in just 5 years between 2010 and 2015
by 63%, which is the effect of several factors with a negative
influence, from the decline in birth rates, the drop in the
pass rate of the Baccalaureate exam, to the effects of the
economic crisis. However, it remains significantly higher than
in the 1990s.
the World Bank. Large and dynamic university centers are a
magnet for young talents in different areas of the country, and
their geographical concentration is, in its turn, a decisive factor
for attracting private investors in high value-added areas
such as IT&C, financial services, scientific, professional and
technical activities, creative industries, etc. These economic
branches have the merit of best remunerating the hired staff,
resulting in a high local purchasing power with chain effects
(a so-called “virtuous circle” of development) across the entire
urban economy.
34 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 35

An interesting niche for developing the Romanian university With respect to the specialization of higher education graduates
centers, especially in the limiting demographic context of the in Constanța, this is dominated by business-administration-
last decade, was the attraction of foreign students, especially in law (27% of total graduates of bachelor’s, master’s and PhD
the field of medical studies. They have the merit of contributing degrees), engineering (22%) and health (15%). On the other hand,
to increasing university incomes, the purchasing power at local the smallest number of graduates was recorded in educational
level (benefiting from consistent financial support from the sciences, IT&C, agriculture and social sciences.
family) as well as the external visibility of the city. In 2015, The most important institution of higher education in
the university centers amassed over 27,500 foreign students Constanța is “Ovidius” University, founded in 1961, with 16
enrolled in bachelor, master’s and PhD degrees. Most of them faculties, and 87 specializations. This is a multidisciplinary
were enrolled in the universities in Bucharest, Iași, Cluj-Napoca, university, comprising of faculties of medicine, dentistry,
Timișoara and Galați. In Constanța, there were about 1,500 pharmacy; economic sciences, law and administrative sciences;
foreign students, an increasing number but smaller than in other mechanical engineering, industrial and marine engineering,
university centers, including Galați, which has the advantage of construction, applied sciences and engineering; history and
being near the border with the Republic of Moldova. In the case political sciences, letters; psychology and educational sciences;
of Constanța, most foreign students come from Israel, Greece, natural sciences and agricultural sciences, mathematics and
Turkey, the Republic of Moldova and Albania. computer science; arts; theology; physical education and sports.
At “Ovidius” University there are over 10,000 students enrolled.

Constanța Maritime University is an establishment of higher

Figure 27. Number of foreign students studying in the main university centers in education with a unique profile on the educational market
Romania in 2016
in Romania, training since 1972 highly qualified personnel in
Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database
the field of marine and navigation, as well as in related fields
(electromechanical, economic engineering, environmental
5349

6000
5052

engineering), within 11 undergraduate, 13 masters and one

4385

5000 doctoral programs, available in both Romanian and English.

4000
About 5,000 students study at this university.
2815

3000 The “Mircea cel Bătrân” Naval Academy is another military

2057

higher education institution, subordinated to the Ministry of

1483

1372

2000
National Defense, with a unique profile at national level and a
1018

778

751

1000
tradition of nearly 150 years. It is organized in two faculties
347

333

0 (maritime engineering and naval weapons, and electrical

engineering and naval electronics, respectively), providing 8
Bucharest

Iași

Cluj-Napoca

Timișoara

Galați

Constanța

Arad

Craiova

Târgu Mureș

Oradea

Suceava

Brașov

bachelor programs and 4 master level programs. In total, about

2,000 students study at this university.
36 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 37

In the private sector, since 1992, “Andrei Șaguna” University has 800 in Timișoara and 500 in Iași. Also, there are about
been operating in Constanța, with faculties of communication 1,000 engineering graduates per year, compared to 6,000 in
sciences and political sciences, psycho-sociology, law and Bucharest and about 2,000 in Iași, Cluj-Napoca or Timișoara.
administrative sciences, and economics, at bachelor level.
Another private university - “Tomis” University - offers Moreover, more than 1,000 graduates of economics and law
bachelor’s degree programs in business administration, finance faculties in Constanța who complete their studies every year
and banking, trade and tourism, and services and quality have difficulty in finding a job matching their qualifications, given
management. “Spiru Haret” University offers at local level two that the sector of such services (e.g. BPO, consultancy, etc.) is
private bachelor’s degree programs in the field of management, poorly developed compared to other major cities in the country.
in Romanian and English, as well as one in the field of law.
As for post-secondary education and foremen training, in
the Constanța Metropolitan Area there are 10 private post-
Figure 28. Number of university graduates at the level of Constanța University
Center, by main fields of study, in 2015 secondary schools, most of them majoring in: health care
Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database (nurse), but also services (beautician, stylist, commercial
activities technician, assistant manager), mechanics (mechanic
Business-administration-law 27%
foreman), electronics (electronics foreman, machines and
electric appliances foreman) or computer science (computer
2%1%1% Engineering-construction 22%
4% equipment technician). To these are added the post-secondary
7%
Health 15% education classes and the foremen classes from various
27% Arts and humanities 11%
Constanța high-schools.
10% Services 10% They offer classes in the following fields: mechanics
Natural sciences-mathematics-
(mechanical technician technologist, optometric technician,
statistics 7% mechanic foreman, shipbuilding master), electrical (machines
11%
Social sciences 4% and electrical appliances foreman), energy (electrical foreman),
22%
trade (assistant manager), food industry (technologist in the
15% Agriculture 2%
field of quality control of agri-food products), construction-
IT&C 1% installations-public works (construction estimate and
Education sciences 1% measurements technician, urban designer and landscaping
technician, construction foreman, installations foreman),
services (secretarial activities technician), electronics and
The Constanța University Center is notable for the small
automation (electro-medical appliance technician, electronic
number of graduates in IT&C (the one that offers the highest
telecommunications technician), environmental protection
salaries on the Romanian market today), below 100/year,
(chemical technician), health (nurse), transports (automotive
compared to 2,000 in Bucharest, 1,000 in Cluj-Napoca,
38 Competitive Profile of Constanța
diagnostic technician, automotive transport technician, auto
electro-mechanic), computer science (peripheral equipment
and office equipment technician), aesthetics and hygiene
(stylist, masseur, beautician), tourism and food (nutrition
technician), chemistry (crude oil processing and petrochemistry
foreman). Altogether, over 4,500 students are enrolled in the
post-secondary education classes in the area, over 3 times
more than in 2007.
There are almost 1,500 graduates of this form of education every
year. The increase in the number of students in the field can be
attributed to the fact that post-secondary education has become
an attractive alternative for high school graduates who have not
passed the Baccalaureate and cannot attend higher education.
In terms of high school education, nearly 4,000 students from
the Constanța Metropolitan Area completed the 12th grade
in 2015, most of them in high schools with a theoretical,
technical and services profile. Of these, 3,400 graduated from
high schools in Constanța city, where many students commute
from the small towns and communes in the county.
A lot of high school graduates, especially those from prestigious
high schools, opt for continuing university studies in more
important centers in the country (especially Bucharest) or
abroad, thus boosting the phenomenon of brain-drain with
negative effects on the development of the city.
It is also worth mentioning that about 40% of high school
graduates did not pass the Baccalaureate exam in 2015,
opting either for enrolling in post-secondary education or for
terminating their studies. The lowest graduation percentage
is recorded in technology high-schools, given that the labor
market is deficient even when it comes to the niche of
secondary education specialized in industry and services.
Competitiveness Profile 39
Figure 29. High school graduates from Constanța Metropolitan Area, by high
school profile, in 2015
Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database
Theoretical 51%
Technical 20%
17%
Resources 6%
Services
6%
51%
Pedagogy 1%
Arts 2%
20%
Sports 2%
Theology 1%
The high schools in the Constanța Metropolitan Area
(including those from Năvodari, Murfatlar, Eforie, Techirghiol,
Poarta Albă, Ovidiu, Mihail Kogălniceanu, which have a small
number of students) offer multiple specializations. Thus,
those with services profiles offer the following specializations:
economic, commerce, tourism and food, aesthetics and
hygiene. The technical ones have specializations such
as: electrical, electronics and automation, mechanics,
construction-installations-public works, industrial chemistry,
electromechanics, media production. Resource high schools
have specializations in: food industry, agriculture, environmental
protection. The theoretical ones have specializations in
philology, social sciences, mathematics-computer science, and
natural sciences. Vocational high schools offer specializations
in visual arts, choreography, music, theater, pedagogy, sports
and theology.
40 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 41

In a 2018 ranking made by www.admitereliceu.ro platform,
Constanța has 3 high schools in the top 50 of best-performing
units in Romania (from the perspective of the admission exam
average, the Baccalaureate average and the pass rate of the
Baccalaureate), namely the “Mircea cel Bătrân” National
College, the “Ovidius” Theoretical High School, and the “Traian”
Theoretical High School. For comparison, Bucharest showed up
in the rankings with 8 high-schools, Cluj-Napoca with 6; Iași,
Galați, and Sibiu each with 3; Timișoara, Brașov, Craiova, and
Suceava, each with 2
Vocational education takes place in about 40 classes organized
in the high schools in the county, and for the first time in the
school year 2017/2018, two classes of dual education are added
in the field of body repair and carpentry, benefiting from the
support of some private companies from the city of Constanța
(e.g. additional scholarships to the vocational scholarship
granted by the Romanian state). Constanța high-schools offer
secondary school graduates vocational education classes in
the fields of: tourism and food, mechanics, construction works
and installations, industrial chemistry, aesthetics and hygiene,
theology, electronics and automation. Also, in the high schools in
Ovidiu and Poarta Albă, practical training stages can be carried
out in order to obtain the certification of a level 3 professional
qualification in the field of agriculture and food industry.
However, the interest of young people in vocational education is
extremely low. In 2015, less than 200 graduated from this type
of education, compared to 3,700 in 2007, with most young
people turning to technology high schools. This trend generates
major problems in the labor market, where there is a growing
shortage of staff with a secondary education qualification.
level there are many public and private providers of training
services, some even providing free training to the learners,
the interest of the local workforce in these forms of lifelong
learning is still small. Another possibility, considered by some
local employers, is the “import” of labor force from other areas
of the country or even from abroad.
According to the final results of the 2011 census, in Constanța
Metropolitan Area there were about 192,000 active people,
which accounted for 44% of the total stable population.
Pupils and students represented only 14% of the population,
while retirees – 23%, this unbalanced ratio having serious
negative consequences on the local labor market in the near
future. Other well-represented economic categories at the
metropolitan level are homemakers (7% of the population) and
people supported by the state or by other people (10%).
Figure 30. The occupational structure of the population of Constanța
Metropolitan Area, at local level, in 2011
Source: NIS. Final results of the 2011 General Population and Housing Census
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%

Constanța

Eforie

Năvodari

Techirghiol

Agigea

23-Aug

Ovidiu

Tuzla

Corbu

Cumpăna

Mihail Kogălniceanu

Murfatlar

Poarta Albă

Valu lui Traian

Lumina

Costinești
In addition to the development of dual vocational education,
through the active involvement of the private environment
(there are successful models in the country, such as the the
Active Unemployed Pupils and students
“Kronstadt” Vocational School in Brașov), another solution
Retired Homemakers Dependents
could be the continuing training of adults. Although at county Other situation
42 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 43

Figure 31. Dynamics of the (official) unemployment rate at the level of Constanța Regarding the structure of employment, at the 2011 census, 83%
Metropolitan Area in 2010-2017
of the residents of Constanța were active in the private sector,
Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database
12% in the public sector, and the rest of 5% in their own household
or in the non-governmental sector. Working in one’s household
3.4
was mostly practiced in surrounding communities, where about
7,000 people were still engaged in subsistence agriculture.

2.3 2.4 2.3 Also, 94% of the total population employed at metropolitan
1.9 level were employees, 2% were unpaid workers in their own
1.7
1.6 households (farmers) and 4% were employers and self-
1.3
employed. These figures reflect a relatively low entrepreneurial
spirit of the population.

Figure 33. The occupational structure of the population of Constanța Metropolitan

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Area, by locality and professional status, in 2011
Source: NIS. Final results of the 2011 General Population and Housing Census

Figure 32. The occupational structure of the population in Constanța Metropolitan

100%
Area, at the level of the locality and large sectors of the economy, in 2011
90%
Source: NIS. Final results of the 2011 General Population and Housing Census 80%
70%
100% 60%
50%
90%
40%
80%
30%
70% 20%
60% 10%
0%
50%

Constanța

Eforie

Năvodari

Techirghiol

Agigea

23-Aug

Ovidiu

Tuzla

Corbu

Cumpăna

Mihail
Kogălniceanu

Murfatlar

Poarta Albă

Valu lui Traian

Lumina

Costinești
40%

30%

20%
Employees Employers Self-employed Unpaid family workers
10%

0%
Constanța

Eforie

Năvodari

Techirghiol

Agigea

23-Aug

Ovidiu

Tuzla

Corbu

Cumpăna

Mihail Kogălniceanu

Murfatlar

Poarta Albă

Valu lui Traian

Lumina

Costinești

The employment structure by the main activities of the

national economy shows a high share of the population working
in the tertiary sector, especially in trade (17%), transport and
Private sector Public sector NGO Households logistics (14%), administrative services and support – security,
cleaning, workforce placement and so on (6%).
44 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 45

The manufacturing industry provides 12% of jobs, especially in Figure 35. The occupational structure of the population of Constanța Metropolitan
Area, by locality and professional status, in 2011
the branches of the food industry, constructions, ship repairs
Source: NIS. Final results of the 2011 General Population and Housing Census
and other related activities, but also metal constructions
and metal products. Construction works contribute by 8% to
100%
employment, and agriculture by 4%.
90%

80%

70%
Figure 34. The occupational structure of the population of Constanța Metropolitan
60%
Area, by main economic activity, in 2011
50%
Source: NIS. Final results of the 2011 General Population and Housing Census
40%

30%

20%

20% 10%

7% 0%

Constanța

Eforie

Năvodari

Techirghiol

Agigea

23-Aug

Ovidiu

Tuzla

Corbu

Cumpăna

Mihail
Kogălniceanu

Murfatlar

Poarta Albă

Valu lui Traian

Lumina

Costinești
6% 14%

Agriculture, forestry, fishing Trade Security

12% Industry and energy Transport Other market services
Construction Tourism Public services

Trade 20% Extractive industry 1% Financial intermediation 2%

Transport 14% Agriculture 4% Public administration 7%

Tourism 4%
Construction 8%
Manufacturing industry 12%
Energy and utilities 4%
Scientific, technical and
professional activities 3%
Administrative services and
support 6%
IT&C 2%
The NIS data for 2016 indicate 130,700 employees in the
Education 4%
Constanța Metropolitan Area, down by nearly 7% compared to
Health and social services 5% 2007. By comparison, the number of employees in the Brașov
Other services 4% Metropolitan Area increased by 4%, the one in Bucharest-Ilfov
by 8% and the one in Cluj-Napoca Metropolitan Area by 22%.

Between 2008 and 2016 most of the new jobs were registered
There is a small number of employed people particularly in in areas such as trade, hotels and restaurants, administrative
areas of high value-added such as IT&C, financial services,
services and support (security and protection, call centers,
scientific, technical and professional activities (architecture,
workforce placement, etc.) and IT services.
engineering, research and development, advertising, etc.), but
also in some top industrial branches (e.g. hardware, electronics,
electrical, pharmaceutical, automotive, etc.).
46 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 47

Figure 36. “The big winners” of Constanța’s economy: the activities that recorded The data on the number of employees also indicates that 83%
the largest increase in the number of employees between 2008 and 2016
of metropolitan jobs are concentrated in the municipality of
Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database
Constanța, 5% in Năvodari and the rest of 12% in the other
1919

localities in the area. This distribution of jobs has helped to

1587
1591

increase commuting in the area. The study “Magnet Cities.

1083

Migration and Commuting in Romania” reveals that, at the

2011 census, about 52,700 employed people (24% of the total)
577

in Constanța functional urban area, covering almost the whole

228

227

156
160

103
territory of the county, commuted to work. Over 73% of these

101

66
78

67

28

16
were laborers, while only 25% had higher education degrees and
Trade

Hotels and restaurants

Administrative services
and support

Computer services

Entertainment, cultural
and recreational activities

Scientific, technical and

professional activities

Telecommunications

Food industry

Other industry activities

Air transport

Other service activities

Financial intermediation
ancillary activities

Editing activities

Real estate transactions

Fishing

Electrical equiment
industry
worked as specialists having completed tertiary education.
Most were under 35 (42% of total) and men (68% of total).

Figure 38. Commuter catchment area to Constanța Functional Urban Area, at

national and regional level
Conversely, most jobs have disappeared from areas such Source: World Bank. “Magnet Cities. Migration and commuting in Romania”
as construction, shipbuilding and ship and navigation
equipment repair, waste collection and recovery, land and
pipeline transport, storage activities and activities related Legend Total Number of
Commuters to
Share of Commuters
in Total Employment
County Constanța
to transport and education services. Territorial
1 - 50 0% - 15%

Administrative 51 - 200 15.1% - 25%

Units
25.1% - 35%
Figure 37. “The big losers” of Constanța’s economy: the activities that recorded the Functional
Urban Area
201 - 500
35.1% - 45%
largest decrease in the number of employees between 2008 and 2016 County
501 - 1000
Capital 45.1% - 55%

Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database 1001 - 5000

Installation, repair and maintenance of…-2221

Energy production and distribution -779

Public administration and defense -543

Storage and ancillary activities -2314

Land and pipeline transport -1537

Building materials industry -697

Financial intermediation -907

Petrochemical industry -642

Waste collection -1423

Water transport -559

Textile industry -593
Construction -4523

Shipbuilding -2735

Education -1242
48 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 49

The average net monthly salary in Constanța County was Figure 40. The economic activities for which the highest net average monthly
salaries were paid in 2016
2,126 RON in 2017, 10.9% lower than the national average.
Although compared to 2008, it increased in nominal terms by Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database
*Note: In 2016 the RON to USD exchange rate was around 4.3
65%, the salary gap compared to other areas in the country
has increased in the last decade. By comparison, in Cluj and Oil and gas extraction ancillary activities 6042
Sibiu counties the salaries doubled in the same timeframe. Oil and gas extraction 5381
These wage differences also explain the trend of local labor
Oil refining 4898
migration, especially of the highly skilled one.
Energy production and distribution 4760

Air transport 3506

Water transport 3220

Shipbuilding 3038
Figure 39. The dynamics of the monthly net average wage, at the level of the main
economic poles in Romania, in 2007 and 2017 Public administation and defense 3009

Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database Storage and transport related activities 2820

Financial intermediation and insurance 2653

3500 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

3000

2500 Figure 41. The economic activities for which the lowest net average monthly
salaries were paid in 2016
2000
Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database
1500
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
1000 Textile industry
Cellulosis and paper industry
500 Leather and footwear industry
Furniture industry
0 Textile and apparel industry
Collection of waste
Bucharest

Cluj

Timiș

Sibiu

Brașov

Iași

Argeș

Galați

Gorj

Prahova

Constanța

Plastics and rubber industry RON

Hotels and restaurants
Editing
Food industry
2008 2017 Trade
Other services
Security and cleaning
Building materials industry
Agriculture
The highest net monthly average salaries offered in Constanța Real estate
Cultural and recreational activities
area in 2016 (the last year for which there is detailed data)
were those in the fields of energy, petrochemistry, air and water Conversely, the lowest salaries were offered in industrial
transport, banking and insurance, technical and professional branches based on the extensive use of low-skilled and
activities, but also in public administration and defense. low-added-value workforce such as textiles and footwear,
50 Competitive Profile of Constanța

woodworking, food, etc., but also in areas such as waste

collection, tourism, trade, beauty services, security, cleaning,
agriculture, recreational activities, etc.

The salaries in Constanța are lower than the

national average in most fields
The largest gap is in branches employing highly qualified staff
such as
• IT&C (-58%)
• financial intermediation services (-35%)
• scientific
• technical and professional activities (-19%)
Competitiveness Profile
• trade (-23%)
• estate transactions (-15%). Business environment
On the other hand, Constanța employees in the fields of oil
and gas extraction and related services, as well as those in
the fields of petrochemistry, shipbuilding, energy production
and distribution, construction, water transport, tourism or
education earn above the national average.

It is worth mentioning that the number of employees in well-

paid fields, such as hydrocarbon extraction, energy production,
the petrochemical industry, air transport, etc. is lower than
that of those working in low-wage areas (e.g. trade, tourism,
security and cleaning services, etc.), which justifies the low
values of the net average salaries in the county.

It should also be mentioned that some of the employees in the

area record significantly higher seasonal incomes than those in the
official statistics. This category includes, for example, seafarers
working on different ships abroad or tourism employees, who get
additional income during the summer season.
52 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 53

Figure 42. Density of companies per 1,000 inhabitants at the level of the main
economic centers in Romania in 2016
Source: BORG Design Database

90

79.2
80

68.2

67.8
70

53.5
60

50.4
53

49.5

49.3

48.3

47.9
50

41.9
42

37.6
According to Borg Design (ListaFirme) data, in 2016, at the

33.1
40

level of Constanța Metropolitan Area, there were about 30

17,500 companies (economic agents that submitted 20

10
financial statements), a figure not including the legally active
0
companies which did not file financial statements as well

Cluj-Napoca

Bucharest

Oradea

Timișoara

Constanța

Brașov

Târgu Mureș

Sibiu

Arad

Pitești

Craiova

Ploiești

Iași

Galați
as individual undertakings and authorized natural persons.
Taking into account these economic entities, about 30,000
economic agents are registered in the area, according to the
records of the National Trade Register Office. Figure 43. Structure of companies in Constanța Metropolitan Area, by main
economic activities, in 2016
The density of the companies at Constanța level is above Source: BORG Design Database
the national average, similar to that in Timișoara or Brașov,
but still lower than that recorded in other major cities in the Agriculture 3% Financial intermediation 2%

country, such as Cluj-Napoca, Bucharest or Oradea. Extractive industry 0% Real estate transactions 4%

By main activities of the national economy, most companies 2%2%

3% 3% Manufacturing industry 7% Scientific, technical and
7% professioonal activities 11%
at the level of Constanța Metropolitan Area were registered 4%
Energy 0%
8% Administrative services
in the fields of trade, transport, scientific, technical and 11% and support 4%
Water-sewage and
professional activities, as well as tourism. On the other hand, sanitation 1%
Education 1%
4%
the smallest number of companies were registered in the 2% Construction 8%
3% 29% Health 2%
extractive industry, in energy, public utilities and education Trade 29%
9%
– activity areas where entry into the market is more difficult 11%
Culture and recreational
activities 2%
Transport 11%
(large investments, highly regulated areas, dominated by the
Other services 3%
public sector, etc.). Hospitality sector 9%

IT&C 3%
54 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 55

In terms of turnover, which amounts to about 35 billion EUR at Figure 44. Turnover of companies in Constanța Metropolitan Area, by main
economic activities, in 2016
the metropolitan level (without the contribution of economic
Source: BORG Design Database
agents having their registered office in other counties but with

places of business in Constanța) the companies in
the trade and manufacturing industry are clear Agriculture 3% Financial intermediation 0%

outliers, followed by transport companies at a Extractive industry 1% Real estate transactions 1%

significant distance. 5%
3% Manufacturing industry 32% Scientific, technical and
professional activities 2%

11%
Energy 5%
Administrative services
32% and support 2%
Water-sewage and
Though in high numbers, business companies have a small sanitation 2%
Education 0%
business volume, unlike fields like industry and energy, where Construction 3%
Health 1%
the average volume of turnover/company is much higher. 33% 5%
Trade 33%
3%
Culture and recreational
activities 1%
At the NACE code level, the largest businesses are carried Transport 11%

out by petrochemical companies (more than 25% of the total Hospitality sector 3%
Other services 0%

turnover of the metropolitan companies and 78% of the

IT&C 0%
turnover of the manufacturing industry), followed by the grain
trade companies, those in the area of services related to water
transport (shipping agencies), wholesale trade (importers and
distributors), handling and road freight transport. Figure 45. Structure of companies in Constanța Metropolitan Area, by size
category (personnel), in 2016

It is also relevant that out of the total companies in the Source: BORG Design Database

Constanța Metropolitan Area, over 31% did not have any

employees in 2016, 59% were micro-enterprises, 8% were small 0%
1%
and 2% were medium and large enterprises. In practical terms, 9% 1%
0 employees

16%
at the metropolitan level there are about 40 large companies 0 1-9 employees

(with over 250 employees). These generate 47% of the total employees
(31%) 10-49 employees 250 and more
turnover of the private sector in the area. employees (47%) 10-49
50-249 employees
1-9 employees (22%)
19% of the companies in the metropolitan area who filed their employees
250 and more
financial statements in 2016 declared zero revenues, while 33% (59%) employees
50-249
employees (14%)
reported revenues of up to 100,000 RON. Consequently, the
economy of Constanța is increasingly dependent on a small
number of large companies.
56 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 57

Figure 46. Structure of economically active companies in Constanța Metropolitan Figure 48. Turnover of economically active companies in Constanța Metropolitan
Area, by size category (turnover), in 2016 Area, by localities, in 2016
Source: BORG Design Database Source: BORG Design Database

22917
0%
2% 0 lei
12%
19% 1 - 100,000 lei

100,000 - 1,000,000 lei

9805
1,000,000 - 10,000,000 lei
34%
33%
10,000,000 - 100,000,000 lei

301
638

202

334
238

431
150
139

193

108
80

49
73

38
over 100,000,000 lei

Constanța

Năvodari

Ovidiu

Valu lui Traian

Eforie

Cumpăna

Mihail
Kogălniceanu

Lumina

Agigea

Techirghiol

Murfatlar

Tuzla

Corbu

Costinești

Poarta Albă

23-Aug
The distribution of economic agents at metropolitan level was
unequal. Thus, Constanța amassed 76% of the economically
active companies and generated 66% of the turnover, followed
at a great distance by Năvodari – 5% of the companies and
28% of the turnover (of which 90% was generated by a single Table 3. According to Borg Design data, the largest companies in the Constanța
economic agent – ROMPETROL Group). Metropolitan Area, according to the financial statements for the year 2016, were
the following:

Figure 47. Number of economically active companies in Constanța Metropolitan

Area, by localities, in 2016

No. of employees
Turnover (2016)
– million RON
Source: BORG Design Database
Name Object
13317

– 2016
ROMPETROL RAFINARE Petrochemicals 2,762 1,061

AMEROPA GRAINS Trade in agricultural products 731 303

BRISEGROUP Trade in agricultural products 159 237

840

528
358
453

MONSSON TRADING Production and distribution of energy 119 29

302

228
232

232
261

109

179
171

131

85

64

BLACK SEA SUPPLIERS Trade in industrial products 103 565

Constanța

Năvodari

Ovidiu

Valu lui Traian

Eforie

Cumpăna

Mihail
Kogălniceanu

Lumina

Agigea

Techirghiol

Murfatlar

Tuzla

Corbu

Costinești

Poarta Albă

23-Aug

E DISTRIBUȚIE
Electricity distribution 102 622
DOBROGEA
58 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 59

No. of employees

No. of employees
Turnover (2016)

Turnover (2016)
– million RON

– million RON
Name Object Name Object

– 2016

– 2016
C.N. ADMINISTRAȚIA Electric and thermal energy
Port operations 75 868 ELECTROCENTRALE 31 303
PORTURILOR MARITIME production

RAJA Water and sewage 70 2,161 J.T. GRUP OIL Distribution of petroleum products 30 30

MARIA TRADING Trade in agricultural products 67 394 UZINA

TERMOELECTRICĂ Energy production 29 160
BIOCHEM Trade in chemicals 65 94 MIDIA

CONSTANȚA SHIPYARD Shipbuilding and repair 57 1,038 CELCO Production of building materials 29 288

ALNASER Trade in agricultural products 52 17 UNIFRUTTI IMPEX Trade in agricultural products 28 11

CONSTANTA SOUTH CRUCEA WIND FARM Electricity production 25 1

Port operations 48 453
CONTAINER TERMINAL
ROMAR SHIPPING
Port operations 25 39
AGENCY
GAZPROMNEFT MARINE
Port operations 48 36
BUNKER
FIVE HOLDING Trade in building materials 24 229
LTA MONDIAL Agriculture 45 82
COMBINATUL DE
Production of chemical fertilizers 23 91
ÎNGRĂSĂMINTE CHIMICE
DOBROGEA GRUP Milling and bakery, sweets 40 669
Trade and service of tools and
ARGUS Production of vegetable oil 40 238 TRITON 23 278
implements
POLARIS M HOLDING Sanitation 40 1,374 LEGRA TEX Trade 22 24

OIL TERMINAL Port operations 39 942 ROJEN COMMERCE Trade in food products 22 32

R.A. DISTRIBUȚIE DACRIS IMPEX Trade in stationery products 22 202

Thermal energy distribution 36 430
ENERGIE TERMICĂ
EXCELSIOR Beverage distribution 22 153
EUROVIA AGRITRADE Trade in agricultural products 36 13
MIDIA MARINE
Port operations 22 203
PRODVEG SOLARIS Trade in agricultural products 45 6 TERMINAL

BRISE AGRICULTURA Trade in agricultural products 35 96 EUROPE METAL TRADE Trade in metal products 21 12

CHIMPEX Port operations 33 280 ANDRA INTERNATIONAL Agriculture, trade 21 115

60 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 61

No. of employees

No. of employees
Turnover (2016)

Turnover (2016)
– million RON

– million RON
Name Object Name Object

– 2016

– 2016
ALMET Metallurgy 20 53 COMVEX Port operations 15 215

ARIES LOGISTICS Port operations 19 15 EXCLUSIV AUTO ENB Auto service and trade 15 61

RIG SERVICE Marine platform operations 19 424 GRUP SERVICII

Marine drilling and related services 14 162
PETROLIERE
DOBROGEA SUD
COOPERATIVA Trade in agricultural products 19 4 Constructions, metalworking, ship
AGRICOLA UTILNAVOREP 14 221
repairs, machinery servicing

UNIGRAINS TRADING Port operations, agriculture 18 52 MANRED INTER Tourism 14 11

RIVER BROKERAGE Port operations 18 30 ALFA BETA Retail 14 246

TOLIL COMPANY Agriculture, animal trade 18 75 ARGENTA Construction, metalworking 14 164

NORTH STAR SHIPPING Port operations 17 141 EMPORIO COM Trade in textile products 14 128

UNITED SHIPPING GEPLAST Trade in plastics 14 107

Port operations 16 250
AGENCY
RO CREDO Production of sweets 14 248
LOGISTIC REMO
Marine towing 16 38
SERVICES BLUE INDUSTRY Waste recovery 13 15

DUO Food products distribution 16 129 GSP OFFSHORE Marine drilling and related services 13 4

ROMTEXTIL Production of raffia bags 16 430 BBD BEST BRANDS

Trade in industrial products 13 7
DISTRIBUTION
RA TRANSPORT ÎN
Urban transport 16 698
COMUN CORNI EOLIAN Electricity production 13 4
SOCEP Port operations 16 425 CEMROM Cement production 13 51
AUTOPRIMA SERV Construction 16 98

MAX Trade in building materials 16 217

MEGA GRAIN PRODUCT Trade in agricultural products 15 9 Between 2008 and 2017, the profile of Constanța
SARGEANT MARINE
Trade in industrial products 15 12
companies has seen some changes in terms of
BITUMEN
business volume and number of employees.
62 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 63

Thus, although the petrochemical companies (ROMPETROL

Rank based on turnover

Rank based on turnover

Group) continue to generate the highest turnover, the

Total turnover (million

Total turnover (million

second position in the ranking is occupied by the exports of
agricultural raw materials, the turnover in the field growing NACE Code NACE Code

USD) – 2008

USD) – 2017
almost 10 times in the last decade alone.

– 2008

– 2017
Port services, road transport and retail and wholesale also
increased, thus highlighting the logistics and commercial
0910 – Activities 4690 – Non-
function of Constanța area. 4. related to oil and gas 280 4. specialized 264
extraction wholesale trade
On the other hand, shipbuilding, marine drilling, energy 5222 – Water
distribution or construction activities have experienced a 5. transport related 280 5. 5224 – Handling 224
services
decline and are no longer among the top 10 economic activities 4941 – Road
6. 3011 – Shipbuilding 241 6. 214
in the area, by business volume. freight transport
4673 – Wholesale
0111 – Growing
7. trade of building 208 7. 186
of cereals
materials
Table 4. Top 10 economic activities in Constanța Metropolitan Area, by turnover, in
2008 and 2017 respectively 4621 – Wholesale
4711 – Retail sale
8. trade of cereals and 184 8. 183
Source: Borg Design Database (listafirme) of food products
seeds
4639 –
3513 – Electricity
9. 183 9. Wholesale trade 145
Rank based on turnover

Rank based on turnover

distribution
Total turnover (million

Total turnover (million

of food products
4673 –
4120 – Residential
Wholesale trade
10. and non-residential 170 10. 138
NACE Code NACE Code of building
USD) – 2008

USD) – 2017

construction works
materials
– 2008

– 2017

1920 – Overall, over the period 2008-2017, the turnover increased

1.
1920 – Manufacture
3,793 1.
Manufacture
2,765
most in the case of companies in the field of trade in
of crude oil products of crude oil
products
agricultural crop products, petrochemicals and services related
to water transport.
4690 – Non- 4621 – Wholesale
2. specialized wholesale 297 2. trade of cereals 1,109
trade and seeds
However, if we take into account the devaluation of the RON
5222 – Water between 2008 and 2017, we do notice that some fields have
3. 5224 – Handling 297 3. transport related 334 actually registered a regress – notably the oil refining sector.
services
64 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 65

Figure 49. Economic activities (by NACE code) which registered the highest When it comes to the number of jobs provided, the companies
increase in turnover in the period 2008-2017
in the public catering sector (restaurants) rank first, followed
Source: Borg Design Database (listafirme)
by the ones in the field of security and protection, port
operations and water transport, and residential and non-
Increase in turnover (million RON)
residential constructions, respectively.

Wholesale trade of cereals and seeds On the other hand, considerable decreases in the number of
Oil refining
employees have again been recorded in the field of shipbuilding
and ship repair, as well as in workforce placement in the field
Water transport related activities
of navigation.
Road freight transport

Growing of cereals

Electricity trade Figure 50. Economic activities (by NACE code) which registered the largest
decrease in turnover in the period 2008-2017
Wholesale trade of live animals
Source: Borg Design Database (listafirme)
Restaurants

Retail trade of food products

Decrease in turnover (million RON)
Non-specialized wholesale trade

Electricity production

Road transport related activities Oil and gas extraction related services

Wholesale trade of food products

Waste wholesale trade
Hotels

Handling Waste recovery

Water abstraction, treatment and distribution

Shipbuilding
Collection of waste

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Metal wholesale trade

On the other hand, companies in the field of waste collection, -700 -600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0

recovery and export (especially scrap iron), those in the area

of marine drilling and shipbuilding/ship repair recorded the
largest decrease in turnover between 2008 and 2017.
66 Competitive Profile of Constanța

Table 5. Top 10 economic activities in Constanța Metropolitan Area, by number of

employees, in 2008 and 2017 respectively
Source: Borg Design Database (listafirme)

Total number of employees

Total number of employees

Rank based on the number

Rank based on the number

of employees – 2008

of employees – 2017
NACE Code NACE Code

– 2008 1

– 2017
1. 5224 - Handling 4,299 1. 5610 – Restaurants 4,335
Competitiveness Profile
5222 – Water transport 8010 – Security and
2. 3,268 2. 3,947
related services protection
3. 3011 – Shipbuilding 3,082 3. 5224 - Handling 3,609 Contribution of tourism to
the economic Development
4711 – Retail sale of food 5222 – Water transport
4. 2,952 4. 3,555
products related services
4120 – Residential and 4120 – Residential and
5. non-residential construction 2,884
works
5. non-residential construction 3,465
works of Constanța
3315 – Repair and 4711 – Retail sale of food
6. 2,446 6. 3,382
maintenance of ships products
5510 – Hotels and other 5510 – Hotels and other
7. 2,349 7. 2,666
accommodation facilities accommodation facilities
7810 – Workforce
8. 2,133 8. 3811 – Collection of waste 2,194
placement activities
3600 – Water collection,
9. 5610 – Restaurants 2,084 9. 2,169
treatment and distribution
3600 – Water collection, 7810 – Workforce
10. 1,877 10. 1,768
treatment and distribution placement activities

1
It should be noted that not all employees of the companies whose registered office
is in the Constanța Metropolitan Area are located in this area, some local companies
having places of business in other areas of the country or even abroad. Similarly, there
are companies whose registered offices are in other counties, with employees in the
Constanța Metropolitan Area and which, implicitly, could not be taken into account at
the time of the ranking. A more detailed analysis of the dynamics of the number of
employees is found in the deliverable section on labor supply.
68 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 69

Figure 51. Number of tourist arrivals at metropolitan/functional area level

in 2007 and 2017
Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database

2500000

2000000

1500000

In 2018 the Tourism Promotion and Development Strategy 1000000

in Constanța Municipality was completed. It draws the 500000

following conclusions on the current situation of this sector
at local level: 0

Bucharest-Ilfov

Brașov

Constanța

Cluj-Napoca

Sibiu

Oradea

Timișoara

Iași
• Constanța Municipality is the second most popular
tourist destination of the country (after Bucharest),
boasting half a million annual arrivals in the tourist 2007 2017
accommodation structures. If the data is analyzed
at functional urban area level, Constanța ranks third
• Currently, tourism in the Constanța territorial-
after Bucharest-Ilfov and Brașov Metropolitan Area.
administrative unit (including the Mamaia resort) is
Between 2007 and 2017, the number of tourist arrivals
seasonal (during the summer), amassing more than 85%
in Constanța Metropolitan Area increased by 35%, a
of in-season arrivals.
lower rate than that recorded by other urban areas
in the country (+121% in Bucharest, +118% in Oradea, • The main forms of tourism practiced in the municipality
+101% in Iași, +96% in Brașov , +93% in Cluj-Napoca, and in the immediate vicinity are:
+86% in Sibiu, etc.).
• Recreational tourism: bathing, beach – indicated by
• The existing tourist resources at city level as well as at the 67% of visitors as the main travel reason;
level of the area whose center it is (the metropolitan area,
• Amusement tourism: popular among young people (e.g.
the county, including the area neighboring the Danube
clubs, nightlife) – 16% of visitors indicate it as the main
Delta) compose a complex, diversified tourism product
reason, a segment with high growth potential also out
with a great potential to meet distinct needs and reasons
of season;
to travel. The aforementioned tourist resources consist
of the natural and man-made heritage, the material and • Spa and health tourism (wellness) – focused on the
immaterial heritage of the area, the built, economic or use of Techirghiol sludge, also with high potential for
symbolic capital of the area; development;
70 Competitive Profile of Constanța
• Adventure and sports tourism (e.g. water sports at
sea and Siutghiol Lake) with development potential in
the end of seasons, when the winds are stronger;
• Business tourism – in close relationship with the
economic development of the area;
• MICE tourism – less developed at present, in the
absence of a Convention Bureau organization and
of attractive indoor venues for the organization of
conferences and other large events;
• Relaxation and landscape tourism – now focused
more on the Delta area and less on Constanța,
requiring investments to increase the quality of the
environment;
• Cultural (including ecumenical) tourism – involving
the capitalization of the rich cultural heritage and the
multi-ethnic and multi-confessional character of the
area, the implementation of a competitive cultural
agenda, etc.
Regarding the existing accommodation infrastructure,
according to the source of the information used (NIS, the
Ministry of Tourism, Constanța City Hall), this ranges from
19,500 to 26,500 places, mainly in hotels (85%), camping sites
(8%) and hostels (3%). However, these values do not include
accommodation outside the classified system, undeclared
places, such as holiday houses or private rental accommodation.
If we include these, the actual number of accommodation
places would be over 30,000. More than 80% of the city’s
accommodation is concentrated in the Mamaia Resort, with
over 1.1 million square meters of built tourism facilities, most
with functions of accommodation, public catering, leisure.
Competitiveness Profile 71
Many of the accommodation spaces are only used in season,
while during the winter only about 15% are open to the public.
On the other hand, the accommodation base is outdated
(many hotels are built in the 1970s), with about 60% of hotels
being 2-3 stars hotels, with no facilities such as swimming
pool, conference room, SPA centers, playgrounds, etc. Only
23% of accommodation facilities are 4-5 stars hotels.
One of the major challenges for tourism development in
the area is increasing its domestic and international
accessibility. In this respect, it is necessary to increase the
number of destinations operated and frequencies of the
flights (including charter flights) on “Mihail Kogălniceanu”
International Airport, increase the in-season frequency of
trains to Bucharest North Station, improve the connections
between the airport and various intermodal facilities in the
area, increase the mobility within the city (parking spaces,
public transport, non-motorized transport, etc.).
In terms of urban works, although the peninsular area has
recently been rehabilitated and modernized with European
funds, most of the streets are “shared-space”, there is no
visual identity of the furniture elements and urban signaling.
Also, allowing car access to the area has led to pavement
damage. Although it is the main attraction for the population
flows during the night and the day through the concentration
of public facilities and equipment, the area does not have
sufficient parking spaces or stationing facilities around it.
Even though there is the highest concentration of cultural,
religious and archaeological heritage in the peninsular area, the
attractions in the area do not benefit from uniform signaling
(the poor capitalization of the archaeological component being
especially obvious), and the routes are not marked properly.
Also, mobile technologies are not being used for tourism
72 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 73

promotion, despite some targeted initiatives. Tomis Port is Another major problem faced by tour operators in the area is
currently underutilized, considering its potential, and the the lack of qualified workforce in this field, which is caused
commercial port does not allow visitor access, being fenced. by several issues: the low number of graduates of vocational
Another problem is not developing the slope along the city schools in the field; the external migration of qualified
beaches, and thus the descent onto the beach is often done personnel; the large fluctuation of staff generated by the
on improvised trails and there are no shaded spaces adjacent seasonality of the tourism activity; the low level of training
to the beaches, as well as no belvedere spots. Green spaces of the staff, in terms of knowledge and skills; the negative
are relatively few and not very attractive to visitors, requiring attitude towards the jobs in the field; the gradual exit from
work to enhance their quality. the system of specialized trainers and teachers, etc.
The city does not have a competitive sports infrastructure
at national level, which would attract a large number of
Figure 52. The number of official overnight stays in the Constanța Metropolitan
important events, requiring the construction of a big polyvalent
Area in tourist accommodation units, by months, on Monday, in 2017
hall (10-15,000 seats), as well as the modernization of the
Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database
public spaces adjacent to the Sports Hall in the city. Also, a
modern stadium of 25-30,000 seats, designed in an integrated
manner with the Tăbăcărie Park, would be needed to create a
sports hub. The main historical commercial artery of the city 1011656
(Ștefan cel Mare Street) has become a promenade space, and 928772

complex interventions for its revitalization are needed (façade

rehabilitation, commercial space development, rehabilitation
of the pedestrian area, of the urban furniture, the reform
of the street signs, event organization, etc.). Similarly, such 316218
383694
interventions are also necessary for public spaces in the Gării 125470
26433 41133 46504 68575 52832 45589
Square – Victoriei Square area, the gateway to the city for those 33621

who travel by train. In the Mamaia area there are also few public

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December
spaces, with the Mamaia Boulevard being seen as a transit road,
not as a promenade. Also, there are no shaded areas along the
promenade parallel to Mamaia Boulevard, and the numerous
over-crowded car parks in the area, to the detriment of the Overnight stays
green and public spaces, affect the urban landscape. Also, the
architectural and chromatic heterogeneity of buildings reduces
the attractiveness of the resort. In this context, new uniform
regulations are needed at the level of the area.
74 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 75

The local cultural offer has a positive dynamic, but is limited by
infrastructure deficiencies, a context in which audience volumes
are reduced. Some cultural objectives, such as the Museum of
History and Archaeology, are in an advanced state of decay,
while the Dolphinarium faces a shortage of parking spaces.
Also, measures are required to train and educate new cultural
consumers, to increase the administrative capacity of cultural
operators, to define a metropolitan cultural operator (following
the model of other cities in the country, e.g. ARCUB), to
professionalize communication in the field, to internationalize
and to stimulate partnership with private cultural operators
etc. The calendar of cultural events, currently dominated by
outdoor actions for generalized audiences, with free access,
subsidized by public authorities, must be complemented by
Figure 53. The share of foreign tourists in total arrivals, at the level of the main
“reason-to-come” events during the start/end of the season
that are integrated into a cultural agenda communicated in
advance. Free events organized today need to be improved and
accompanied by small scale actions that contribute to the
formation of a local cultural identity.
that the destination is not very popular among families, but
rather among the younger crowd. Of all tourists, half spend
less than 3 days in Constanța, which confirms its tendency
to transform into a holiday destination, especially for the
Bucharest public, aggravating the seasonality aspect. The
budget structure indicates that there is a segmented public.
On the one hand, about 57% of the visitors spend less than
RON 200/day/person and 35%, between RON 200 and
RON 400, so we can talk about a destination for low and
middle-income tourists, in dissonance with the public image
of Mamaia as an exclusivist destination.
destinations in Romania, in 2016
Source: NIS. The TEMPO Online database

57.4
The sociological survey among tourists and visitors from
Constanța and Mamaia revealed that 94% of the tourists are

31.3
Romanian, over 80% of them coming from urban areas (of

29

21.4
which 32% from Bucharest).

19.8

16

13.1

5.1
The share of foreign tourists is the lowest of all
the major tourist destinations in Romania.

Bucharest-Ilfov

Timișoara

Sibiu

Cluj

Iași

Brașov

Oradea

Constanța
About 46% have completed higher education, 40% upper
secondary education, and 14% lower secondary and primary
education. Nearly 52% of the tourists are under 34 years,
and other 32%, between 35 and 49 years of age, indicating
76 Competitive Profile of Constanța

As far as customer feedback is concerned, the biggest problems

they raised are the disagreeable urban image, overcrowding and
traffic. About 63% of the tourists also came to Constanța off-
season, not for stays, but for a short visit to the sea, in the
absence of other local attractors. Despite the fact that about
40% of the tourists are not satisfied with the services provided,
and 53% consider them to be unjustifiably expensive, 94% of
them say they will return here, demonstrating the existence of
a captive local public, for which the traveling to the sea is an
aspirational product. Also, the negative perception of service
quality indicates that operators in the industry are not primarily
interested in customer feedback, taking advantage of the Competitiveness Profile
natural attractor represented by the sea.

As for the contribution of tourism and related activities Infrastructure and

(construction of buildings, trade, real estate transactions,
cultural and recreational activities, sports, other services) to support services
the economy of Constanța, these fields account for about 44%
of the total economic agents (including working points), almost for business and
18% of the turnover and 10% of the number of employees.
However, it is difficult to determine precisely the share of sales innovation
in related fields (e.g. trade) generated by tourists, by reference
to resident customers. If we take into account only the hotels
and restaurants sector, the contribution of tourism to the local
economy is rather modest: 9% of the economic agents, 3% of
the turnover and 4% of the total employed population. However,
it should be noted that these values do not include the results
of the informal sector (e.g. income from accommodation in
apartments offered for lease by owners without being classified).
78 Competitive Profile of Constanța
The Port of Constanța represents the most
important and dynamic business infrastructure
in the Constanța Metropolitan Area.
It has a long history and it currently benefits from various
intermodal connections (by river, through the Danube-Black
Sea Canal, by railway, road, air, and pipelines). The port has
regular container lines with different ports in Asia, Africa, the
Near East and Europe (Bulgaria, Greece, Italy etc.). There is
also a regular Ro-Ro/Ferry line to Barcelona, Tanger, Malaga,
Vigo, Setubal, Valencia, Piraeus, Borusan. More recently, there
are also cruise ships that land in Port of Constanța and that
have the destination Turkey, Greece, Italy, Croatia, etc.
The port infrastructure includes the following terminals:
• For liquid bulk products: a petroleum product terminal,
which can operate tanks with a maximum capacity of
165,000 dwt and which is directly connected to a pipeline
network providing connection to the main refineries in the
country. The most important operators in the field are OIL
TERMINAL and ROMPETROL LOGISTICS.
• For solid bulk products:
• Two terminals specializing in ores, bauxite, coal and
coke, with 13 berths and depths of up to 19 m, which
Competitiveness Profile 79
can operate both river and sea vessels. The annual
operating capacity is about 29 million tons/year.
The main operators in the field are: COMVEX and
MINMETAL.
• A chemical product terminal, with 10 berths and
depths of up to 13.5 m, which can handle bulk cargo
and general cargo. The annual operating capacity is
about 4.2 million tons/year and the storage capacity
is about 100,000 tons. The main operators are TTS
OPERATOR and CHIMPEX.
• A cereal terminal, with 14 berths with a depth of 7-13
m. The total storage capacity is about 400,000 tons.
The main operators in the field are: TTS OPERATOR,
NORTH STAR SHIPPING, UNITED SHIPPING AGENCY,
SILOTRANS, CHIMPEX, SOCEP.
• Two specialized terminals for building materials, with
storage and bagging facilities. The main operator in
the field is SICIM.
• Other operators of bulk cargo are: ROMNED
PORT OPERATOR, EUROPEAN METAL SERVICES,
DECIROM, AGROEXPORT etc.
• For containers: four specialized terminals, of which the one
operated by DUBAI PORTS WORLD is the largest and most
modern in the Black Sea area, with an annual capacity of
about 1.5 million TEU and an area of 76 hectares, of which
5,000 sqm of storage space, being connected by 3 railway
lines to the national transport infrastructure.
• For general cargo: the most important operators are
DECIROM, UMEX, ROMTRANS, NORTH STAR SHIPPING,
80 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 81

ROMTRANS, MINMETAL, SOCEP, ROTRAC, PHOENIX, Almost 1,000 economic agents operate in the
FRIAL, ROMNED PORT OPERATOR, CHIMPEX etc.
Port of
Constanța among which transport, handling, storage,
• For RO-RO: two terminals and one berth, with road and trade, packing, packaging, weighing, stacking, mooring,
railway access, storage areas of nearly 90,000 sqm and disinfecting and pest extermination, control, good testing and
which can accommodate over 10,000 vehicles. analysis, expeditions, rentals, intermediation, waste collection
ship repair etc. companies.
• For FERRY-BOAT: one terminal with ship loading/unloading
equipment. Figure 54. The dynamics of the volume (tonnes) of goods operated in the Port of
Constanța during 2009-2017
• For passengers: a new terminal, located in the northern
Source: N.C. Administration of Seaports
part of the port, on the north dam, can operate about
100,000 passengers/year.
59424821
• For barges and tugboats: one terminal for non-propelled 55641910
barges, which can accommodate about 150 units, and one 47563879 58379154
55138057 56336772
river tugboat terminal, with a capacity of 40 units. 42014178 50584662
45972095
• For LPG: a new terminal (inaugurated in 2010 in Midia Port)
with an area of about 24,000 sqm and a storage capacity
of 4,000 cubic meters, with road and rail connections.

• For tourism: Tomis Port - mooring place for sports sailing

boats.

In 2017, it processed 58.4 million tons of goods, most of which

are agri-food products, oil and petroleum products, metals 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

and metal products. Compared to 2009, freight traffic has

increased by 39%, amid the increase in Romania’s foreign trade
activity. It is worth mentioning that the volume of processed
goods in 2017 is approaching the peak of the communist
period (62.3 million tons in 1988) and is about 9 times higher
than in the interwar period, amid the increase in the degree of
openness of the economy.
Of the total transited goods, about 60% are solid bulk goods, 23%
liquid bulk goods, 11% containers, and the rest are of other types.
Overall, in 2017 the port registered about 13,400 naval
stopovers, out of which 4,100 were related to sea-going ships
and 9,300 to inland vessels, the latter showing a strong
upward dynamic in recent years.
82 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 83

Specifically, the most transited products are:
• cereals (31% of all goods)
• crude oil (13%)
• petroleum products (9%)
The dynamics of good transit is increasing for most products,
except for metallic waste, the volume of which decreased by
about 60% between 2013 and 2017. As far as cereals and
petroleum products are concerned, the maximum traffic
figures were recorded in 2016.
Currently, there are regular flights to Istanbul and London, as
well as seasonal flights to Paris-Beauvais, Bergamo, Brussels,
Cluj-Napoca, Oradea, Timișoara, Tallinn and Kishinev from
this airport.
The airport has a passenger terminal with a
capacity of 1,000 passengers/hour.
In 2017, the number of passengers reached
127,600, about 3 times higher than in 2007.

Figure 56. The dynamics of passenger traffic at “Mihail Kogălniceanu”

Figure 55. Structure of goods operated by the Port of Constanța in 2017 International Airport during 2007-2017

Source: N.C. Administration of Seaports Source: “Mihail Kogălniceanu” International Airport

Agri-food products 37%

22% 5.4
1% Oil and petroleum products 22%
5%
37% Metals and metallic products 16%
7%

Chemical products 7%
3.7
3.5
16% 3.3 3.3
Solid fuels 5% 3.2
3 3
22% Wood and building materials 1%

Other commodities 22%

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

The Port of Constanța has undergone numerous expansion
processes, currently reaching over 3,900 ha.
Despite these increases, the number of flights
“Mihail Kogălniceanu” International Airport – is located 24
km away from the city of Constanța and was established in
and passengers reported by Constanța airport
1965. It has a 3,500 x 45 m runway, being used for both civil remains very low compared to other similar or
and military purposes. even smaller cities in the country.
84 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 85

Figure 57. The number of passengers registered at the level of the main airports in the Black Sea or other marine areas of interest. In 2017, the
Romania in 2017
institute had research revenues of about RON 15 million, most of
Source: Romanian Airport Association
which were made from public funds (various national programs),
with a number of 42 researchers, plus the support staff.
5349

6000
5052

Also, in Constanța there is a branch of the National Institute

4385

5000

of Research and Development for Marine Geology and

4000
Geoecology (GeoEcoMar), founded in 1993, with activities in
2815

3000
the field of marine geology, geophysics and geoecology. It
2057

1483 has several laboratories, a monitoring and alarm centre and

1372
2000

1018
marine research vessels. More than 100 specialists work at

778

751
1000

347

333
the institute.
0
Bucharest

Iași

Cluj-Napoca

Timișoara

Galați

Constanța

Arad

Craiova

Târgu Mureș

Oradea

Suceava

Brașov
The Palas Sheep and Goat Farming Research Institute
coordinates nationwide the research in the field, focusing on
four main areas: genetics and breeding, reproduction, nutrition,
At the Constanța Metropolitan Area level there is no certified and growth and exploitation technologies. Financing of the
industrial park to provide businesses with the tax facilities that institute’s activities is based on own revenues and subsidies
the law allows for such structures. Instead, private investors from the state budget.
have set up their own business areas, a relevant example being Also, there is the Research-Development Centre for Pomology,
the LOGISTIC PARK Constanța, developed on the FURNIROM established in 1977, operating in the agricultural field. It has
platform, with an area of about 15 ha, 100% occupied by 3 pilot bases, two fruit production bases and a plant nursery.
about 70 commercial, pharmaceutical, storage, distribution, or The main source of income of the centre is represented by the
courier companies. Other companies also own rentals spaces sale of fruit and planting material, but also the consultancy
in the Constanța area, and more private investments have activity, as public funds allocated for research remain very low.
been announced in this regard.
The Research and Development Centre has a long tradition in
As far as the R&D sector is concerned, it is less developed as agricultural research field in Dobrogea, currently employing 8
compared to other cities in the country. For over 45 years, the researchers in breeding laboratories, agrophytotechnics, fodder
“Grigore Antipa” National Marine Research and Development products, irrigation.
Institute has been operating in Constanța, the only institute in
Romania with activities in the fields of oceanography, marine In the private sector, the most modern research centre
and coastal engineering, ecology and marine environment in the country in the field of environmental production
protection, as well as in the management of living resources in operates in Năvodari, monitoring the environmental factors
86 Competitive Profile of Constanța

and biodiversity of organisms and performing physical and

chemical laboratory tests for water, soil, air, waste, as well as
biological and microbiological tests.

According to NIS data, in Constanța County there were less

than 500 R&D jobs (full-time equivalent), two thirds less
than in the other urban centres in Romania. Also, the volume
of expenditures with R&D activity in the county in 2016
amounted to only RON 26 million, 10 times less than in Argeș,
Timiș or Cluj.

Figure 58. The number of researchers and the volume of R&D spending at the level Competitiveness Profile
of the main economic hubs in Romania in 2016

Impact of economic
Source: NIS TEMPO Online Database

20000

18000

16000
development on local
living standards
14000

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
Bucharest-Ilfov

Timiș

Cluj

Sibiu

Argeș

Iași

Brașov

Dolj

Constanța

2007 2017
88 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 89

and Cluj in terms of cash assets, exceeding other developed

counties such as Timiș and Brașov.

Figure 59. The volume of cash assets of natural persons, at the level of the main
economic hubs in Romania, in 2017
Source: The National Bank of Romania

70000

The impact of economic development on the living standards 60000

of the metropolitan population is difficult to measure by a
50000
single indicator. However, it can be estimated by reference
to the volume and structure of consumption and population 40000

savings. Most of the consumption goes in Romania, according 30000

to NIS data, for the purchase of commercial food and non-
20000
food products (a market dominated, more recently, by large
commercial chains with foreign capital, especially in urban 10000

areas), the purchase and maintenance of dwellings and, 0

respectively, of cars.

Bucharest-Ilfov

Cluj

Constanța

Timiș

Brașov

Iași

Prahova

Argeș

Dolj
Thus, in terms of population savings, the NBR data for March
2018 show that, in Constanța County, the sight cash assets
in the national currency of Constanța’s inhabitants amounted
to RON 1.528 million (~$377 million) and the term deposits Sight cash assets – RON Deposits – RON Sight cash assets - foreign currency

and the repayable ones, at RON 2,446 million (~$604 million).
Savings in foreign currency amounted to the equivalent of
RON 1,766 million (~$436 million) in the case of sight cash
assets and RON 1,933 million (~$477 million) in the case of
deposits. Overall, Constanța’s inhabitants held in banks the
equivalent of RON 7.673 million (~$1,893 million), with a 4.7
times nominal increase compared to 2007.
Besides the fact that the population’s savings have been
steadily rising in the last years, against the backdrop of the
positive dynamics of the economy, Constanța County occupies
the third place at the national level, after Bucharest-Ilfov
Deposits - foreign currency TOTAL
As for the dynamics of the real estate market, NIS data indicate
that during 2007-2017, in Constanța County, over 34,000 new
dwellings were completed, of which 93% were in the territory
of the localities that are part of the Constanța Metropolitan
Area. In fact, in all major counties of the country, more than
85% of the dwellings were built in the metropolitan area of the
county seat. These values also place Constanța County on the
3rd place nationwide after Bucharest-Ilfov and Cluj.
90 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 91

The specificity of the Constanța market is related to the fact Thus, according to the imobiliare.ro portal, the largest real
that many of the completed dwellings are of the secondary estate trading platform in Romania, the average price of
(holiday) type. This aspect is obvious, for example, in Costinești, an apartment in Constanța in March 2018 was EUR 1.100/
where over 1,000 dwellings have been completed in the last 10 sqm, representing a 11% increase compared to March 2017,
years, although the stable population has increased by just an increasing trend continuing for several years now, due to
over 300 inhabitants between censuses. Similarly, in the city several factors: the resumption of economic growth and the
of Năvodari, the number of new dwellings exceeded 3,500, but increase in the income of the population, running of the “First
the stable population has increased by less than 1,000. Home” program, the increase of the investors’ appetite for the
real estate market in Romania, etc.

Figure 60. The number of newly built dwellings in 2007-2017 in the main
metropolitan/functional urban areas in Romania Figure 61. Average price of 2-room apartments (EUR/sqm) in the main urban
Source: NIS TEMPO Online Database centres in Romania in Q1 2018
Source: www.analize-imobiliare.ro
92339

1480

1260

1150

1100

1080
45423

1010

960
34092

860
27799

25997

20315

19261

17440

16184

14839

10637

400

350

300

297
270

250

248
211
Bucharest-Ilfov

Cluj-Napoca

Constanța

Timișoara

Iași

Sibiu

Pitești

Brașov

Ploieșt

Oradea

Craiova

Cluj-Napoca

Bucharest

Timișoara

Constanța

Craiova

Brașov

Iași

Sibiu
Housing prices are another possible indicator of the living
Sale/sqm Rentals
standards, being the result of the ratio between supply and
demand on the real estate market. Implicitly, when it increases,
there is a surplus of the demand from new residents or However, compared to the moment when the crisis emerged
investors, indicating local development-friendly perspectives, (2008), average prices have decreased by 25%, a situation
but also the demographic and economic magnetism of that specific to most major cities in Romania. Also, from the rental
urban area. perspective, the average price for a 2-room apartment is about
92 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 93

EUR 250, compared to EUR 400 in Cluj-Napoca, EUR 350 in
Bucharest, EUR 300 in Brașov and Iași or EUR 270 in Timișoara.
Consequently, Constanța has a significant competitive
advantage in terms of the cost of living in relation to the other
major cities in the country, which can make it more interesting
for attracting workforce from other areas of the country.
As far as the retail market is concerned, 3 shopping malls are
currently operating in Constanța: VIVO (former MARITIMO),
With respect to the number of modern trade units (hypermarkets,
supermarkets, discount stores, cash&carry stores), Constanța
County ranks 4th at national level, after Bucharest, Ilfov and
Brașov, with almost 80 such large stores.
Figure 63. The number of large shopping centres in the main urban centres in Romania
Source: The “Piața” Magazine
45

CITY PARK, TOM and TOMIS MALL. Their cumulative revenue 40

from renting commercial premises amounted in 2016, the last 35

year for which statistical data are available in this respect, 30

to EUR 23.8 million. Although Constanța is the 2nd city after 25

Bucharest in terms of the number of such shopping centres, 20

the rental income registered by them position the city in the 15

5th position, after the capital, Cluj-Napoca, Iași and Timișoara. 10

0
Figure 62. Rental sales made by shopping malls in the major urban centres in
Romania, in 2016

Bucharest

Cluj-Napoca

Iași

Timișoara

Constanța

Ploiești

Brașov

Craiova
Source: www.zf.ro
218.2

Hypermarket Cash&carry DIY

However, most of these are small units (discount/supermarket

type), usually with a surface area of no more than 1,500 sqm.
As for large units, there are 8 hypermarkets in Constanța which
30.8

30.7

23.8

are part of the Auchan, Carrefour, Cora, Kaufland and Jumbo

34

13.6

12.8

8.6
12

10

networks, placing the city in the 3rd place nationwide after

Bucharest (39) and Timișoara (9).
Bucharest

Cluj-Napoca

Iași

Timișoara

Constanța

Suceava

Oradea

Ploiești

Brașov

Craiova

Also, Constanța ranks 2nd at the national level, after

Bucharest, in terms of the number of cash&carry units, with
Mil. Eur
94 Competitive Profile of Constanța

4 stores belonging to the SELGROS and Metro networks, but

also in terms of the number of DIY stores (6) belonging to the
Leroy Merlin, Brico Depot, Arabesque-Mathaus, Praktiker and
Dedeman networks.

As for the car market, during 2007-2017, more than 98,600

cars were registered in Constanța County, of which 37,000
were new cars and 61,600, second-hand cars. From this
perspective, Constanța is overtaken by smaller counties, such
as Bihor, Mureș or Sibiu, and is at a considerable distance from
the counties of Cluj and Timiș.

Figure 64. The number of new and second-hand cars registrations at the level of Competitiveness Profile
the main counties in Romania

Private sector impact

Source: NIS TEMPO Online Database

on the local budget

1000000

800000

600000

400000

200000

0
Bucharest-Ilfov

Cluj

Timiș

Bihor

Mureș

Brașov

Argeș

Prahova

Dolj

Iași

Constanța

New Second-hand
96 Competitive Profile of Constanța
The most important source of revenue for
the local budget for a large municipality in
Romania is represented by the quotas from the
personal income tax, which are dependent on
two important factors: the number of people
working in that city, respectively the level of
annual income.
Therefore, irrespective of the amount of European funds
or from the state budget attracted by a municipality, no
matter how proactive the local administration is in making
investments, without a strong private sector, the financial
sustainability of the community cannot be provided in the
medium and long term.
Constanța County is the second largest contributor to the
state budget, after Bucharest. This is the result of the fact
that the two customs of the city of Constanța annually collect
taxes amounting to approximately RON 3-4 billion from goods
transiting the port. A similar amount is also collected from
economic actors in the county (except for the large contributors,
directly managed by central authorities), in various forms
(value added tax, employee contributions etc.). Under current
national legislation, these amounts go directly to the state
Competitiveness Profile 97
budget, only a small portion returning to the community as
broken-down quotas, subsidies, state-funded investment
programs, pensions, etc. Overall, Constanța County is however
a net contributor to the budget, the amounts received from
the central level being much lower than those paid annually.
In 2017, more than RON 263 million were paid to the local
budget of Constanța from the quotas broken down from the
personal income tax, which accounted for more than 35% of
the total budget managed by the municipality, and 55% of
the own revenue. Compared to 2007, the nominal increase of
the quotas broken down from income tax is 52%, but for EUR
the increase was only 11%, being strongly affected by inflation.
Also, the national budgetary policy was not favorable to the
increase of the income tax quotas that go to the treasury of
local authorities, but rather to attracting financial resources
to the state budget.
However, comparing the dynamics of Constanța with that of
other major cities in the country, a rather modest evolution
of the income tax revenues to the local budget can be noted.
Thus, a first conclusion is that Constanța City Hall
is ranked 4th at national level, after Bucharest,
Cluj-Napoca and Timișoara, in terms of the
volume of the quotas broken down from income
tax that go to the local budget.
From the perspective of their dynamics during 2007-2017,
cities such as Oradea, Cluj-Napoca, Sibiu, Arad or Timișoara
recorded a much higher growth rate than Constanța (between
80 and 98%), especially due to attracting foreign investments
which generated new well-paid jobs.
98 Competitive Profile of Constanța Competitiveness Profile 99

Of the big cities, only Brașov recorded a lower income tax Therefore, attracting private investment in
dynamic than Constanța.
areas with high levels of payroll is absolutely
Figure 65. The dynamics of own revenues (million RON) from the quotas broken vital for the development of Constanța.
down from income tax of city halls in large cities in Romania, in 2007 and 2017
Source: MDRAP. DPFBL

Pitești
Figure 66. Average own revenues per inhabitant (RON) of municipalities from the
Arad quotas broken down from income tax
Galați
Oradea
Source: Own calculations based on MRDPA data. DPFBL.
Sibiu
2500
Ploiești
Craiova
Brașov 2000
Iași
Constanța 1500
Timișoara
Cluj-Napoca
1000
Bucharest

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

500

2017 2007
0
If municipal revenue in 2007 from income tax is referenced to

Bucharest

Cluj-Napoca

Timișoara

Sibiu

Târgu Mureș

Arad

Pitești

Brașov

Constanța

Ploiești

Oradea

Iași

Craiova

Bacău

Galați

Brăila
the number of inhabitants living in that city, the figures are
even more relevant. Thus, Constanța is placed in the middle
of the ranking, with values similar to those of Brașov, Ploiești
and Oradea, but 65% lower than Bucharest and 25-40% lower
than Cluj and Timișoara.

A better performance is registered even by smaller cities, but

very attractive to investors, such as Sibiu, Arad and Pitești.

In fact, the alignment of Constanța to the average value of

income tax revenue for Timișoara would add to the Constanța
municipality budget an extra amount of RON 90 million/
year, and the alignment to the values for Cluj, about RON 158
million/year, funds that could be directed towards making
investments of public interest.
 Analysis of
foreign trade
102 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of foreign trade 103

Based on these factors, the trade outcome analysis for the

county of Constanța was developed. Thus, the following
indicators were considered for the 2007-2015 period (or
2007-2017 where relevant data was available): the value and
growth of total exports and imports (including the balance of
trade, i.e. exports vs. imports), the annual growth of exports
and imports, the share of the county exports and imports
relative to the total national exports and imports, the trade-
A significant step in determining trade competitiveness at
to-GDP ratio (share of total exports and imports relative to
county-level is the Trade Outcome Analysis, i.e. an analysis of
the GDP), the exports and imports of goods by sections and
the following: what is being exported? who is the recipient of
main chapters of the Combined Nomenclature and the share
the export? how much is being exported? what time period is
of economic sectors relative to the total exports and imports,
covered by the export?
as well as the exports and imports of goods to/from partner
The Trade Competitiveness Diagnostic Toolkit, published by countries and their share relative to the total exports and
the Foreign Trade Department of the World Bank in 2011, imports.
singled out four main factors supporting an assessment of
Moreover, several indicators reflecting the specialization of the
the trade competitiveness of a country, namely:
county in international trade and which are recommended by
relevant literature were calculated, namely: the sector-wide
Intensive margin Extensive margin trade balance, the Revealed Comparative Advantage, and the
Michaely indicator.
• The level, growth and market • Diversification of products and
share of the exports, as well as markets During the analyzed period (2007-2017), the value of exports
the market share performance
thereof • New trade flows (new products /
across the Constanța county ranged between EUR 1.5 bln.
new destinations) in 2007 and EUR 2 bln. in 2017, with a peak in 2014, when
• Higher volume of existing
it surpassed EUR 2.6 bln. As far as the value of imports is
products exported to current
destinations concerned, it ranged between EUR 2.4 bln. in 2007 and EUR
2.7 bln. in 2017. However, there were peaks surpassing EUR 3
Quality margin Sustainability margin
bln, the highest peak of EUR 3.5 bln. being reported in 2012.
• Quality and sophistication of • Entry and survival of the new The county recorded a negative trade balance for the entire
exports exporters period, down to approximately EUR -0.7 bln. in 2017, i.e. below
the lowest previous deficit, which was recorded in 2016 (just
• Higher quality in existing • Market entry and survival
products rate of the new products and EUR 0.3 bln.). The highest trade deficits were reached in 2008
destinations and 2012, when they exceeded EUR 1.1 bln.
 104 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of foreign trade 105

Figure 67. Trade flows in goods and balance of trade, Constanța county, 2007- The analysis of annual growth of import trends reveals a
2017 (thousand Euros)
sharp 29% drop in 2009, and other significant drops in 2013
Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța
and 2015. However, 2017 showed a significant 18.6% increase
in imports.
3,500,000

2,800,000 Both flows experienced significant drops in 2009 due to the

2,100,000 economic and financial crisis, as compared to significant
1,400,000 increases in 2008, the year preceding the crisis. Furthermore,
thousand Euros

700,000 the value of imports and exports both had a negative evolution
0 in 2015 and 2016, but reversed to growing in 2017. If exports
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
-700,000 grew faster than imports in 2008, the trend was reversed by
-1,400,000
FOB exports CIF imports Balance of trade 2017, when imports outpaced exports. It should be mentioned
Year
that the significant decrease of trade flows in 2009 and 2015
was also accompanied by a decrease in the county’s GDP.
As seen in the chart below, the value of exports dropped by
more than 20% in 2009 and 2015, but drops were also seen Figure 69. Exports and imports of goods - annual growth, Constanța county,
2007-2017 (%)
in 2012 and 2016. Significant increases in export values were
Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța
recorded in 2008 (above 40%) and 2011 (above 30%). In 2017,
the value of exports increased by 1.6% following two years of 42.6%

consecutive losses. 0.4 34.7%

35.5%
0.3
23.6%
Figure 68. Total export growth rate, Constanța county, 2007-2015 0.2

Growth rate (%)

15.2% 18.6%
12.8% 13.0%
Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța and as available in the 0.1 6.0% 8.3%
TEMPO Online database 0 -3.3% 1.6%
-2.3% 3.8%
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
-0.1
3,000,000 -22.3% -12.7%
40% -12.0%
Total exports (thousand Euros)

-0.2
2,500,000 30% -24.8%
Annual growth rate (%)

-0.3 -28.9% -24.3%

2,000,000 20%

1,500,000 10% Year

0% FOB exports Import CIF

1,000,000
-10%
500,000
-20%
0 -30%
The trade-to-GDP ratio is an indicator of economic openness
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 and integration and gives an indication of the dependence
Year
of domestic producers on foreign demand and of domestic
Value of FOB exports (thousand Euros) Export growth (%) consumers on foreign supply.
 106 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of foreign trade 107

As shown below, the county of Constanța has The share of exports made by the county of Constanța relative
to the national exports was 3.2% in 2017, less than in 2007
a higher trade-to-GDP ratio than the rest of and following a downward trend after 2011.
the country, which is indicative of a greater
The highest share of the county exports relative to the total
economic openness. national exports was recorded in 2008, i.e. 6.2%. As far as
Two aspects should be noted here: the county has a higher GDP imports are concerned, the highest share of the county’s
per capita than the national figure, and is significantly better imports relative to the total national imports was recorded in
placed in terms of foreign trade thanks to its sea access. 2012, i.e. 6.3%.

The 2009 crisis year caused a greater drop in trade flows
than in the GDP both at county level and at national level,
which also led to a lower trade-to-GDP ratio. The county had
trade-to-GDP ratios in excess of 90% in 2008, 2011 and 2012.
In 2013, the trade-to-GDP ratio of Constanța county shrank by
almost 20%, and 2015 brought a new decline to approximately
63%, being the only year when the county’s contribution to the
GDP was lower than the aggregate national level. Romania’s
trade-to-GDP ratio remained relatively steady after 2011,
ranging from 73% to 76%.
Moreover, the county accounted for more than 5.5% of the
national imports in 2008-2014, but subsequently declined to
as low as 3.6% of the total national imports in 2017. Since
2009, the county accounts for a higher share of Romania’s
imports as compared to its exports.
Figure 71. Contribution by the county of Constanța to national exports and
imports, 2007-2017 (%)
Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța and as available in the
TEMPO Online database

Figure 70. Trade-to-GDP ratio for trade in goods, Constanța county and Romania, 6.50% 6.31%
2007-2015 6.18%
6.00% 5.87% 5.86%
Source: Own processing of data from the TEMPO Online and EUROSTAT databases 5.62%
5.93%
5.50%
5.62% 5.26% 5.49%
5.39% 4.99%
5.00% 5.16%
98.43%
100% 95.87% 96.73% 4.95%
4.50% 4.73% 4.87%
87.68% 463%
90% 4.12%
77.96% 79.28% 4.00%
80% 3.56%
73.34% 3.36%
75.33% 78.50% 66.99%
Share (%)

70% 3.50% 3.72%

75.60% 74.73% 72.71% 73.82%
62.26%
3.42%
60% 62.74% 3.00% 3.19%
62.88%
50% 54.81%
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
40%
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year
Year Export Import

Constanța Romania
108 Competitive Profile of Constanța
The following analysis covers the trade flows by sections and
main chapters of the Combined Nomenclature (CN) for 2007-
2017, bearing in mind that the data for 2016 are half-finalized
and the data for 2017 are provisional.
In terms of exports (Annex 1), the sections with the largest
share in the exports of the Constanța county are the following:
Section V Mineral products (37.33%, with a value in excess of
EUR 1.1 bln), Section XVII Transport equipment (22.26%, with
a value in excess of EUR 440 mil., and Section II Vegetable
products (19.98%, with a value of approximately EUR 400 mil.).
Section V Mineral products accounted for more than half
of the exports made by Constanța in 2008 but decreased
over the next two years; in 2011 they resumed their growth
and reached a peak of 55.53% in 2014, but then decreased
again in the last three years, down to 37.33% in 2017. For
the entire period, the largest share in this section was held
by Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils (down from 46.9%
in 2007 to 37.03% of the total county exports in 2017). The
share of Section XVII Transport equipment exports peaked in
2009 (28.36% of the total exports), plummeted to a minimum
of 7.29% in 2014 and then grew again to 22.16% in 2017. The
largest share in this section was held by Chapter 89 Ships,
boats and floating structures (up from 18.88% in 2007 to 22% of
the total county exports in 2017). Section II Vegetable products
reached an all-time low of 2.51% of total exports in 2010, but
peaked to a significant 21.76% in 2015 and reached a 19.98%
share in 2017. Under this section, the highest shares and most
significant growths were recorded by Chapter 10 Cereals (from
1.54% in 2007 to 13.95% in 2017) and Chapter 12 Seeds and
oleaginous fruits, industrial and medicinal plants (from 1.42% to
5.45% between 2007 and 2017).
Analysis of foreign trade 109
Another section that experienced growth during the first part
of the period under analysis (with a share in excess of 10%
of the county total) was Section XV Base metals and articles of
base metal, which peaked to 16.1% in 2010, but dropped over
the following years down to just 2.08% in 2017. The more
significant shares under this section are those of Chapter 72
Iron and steel (however, this chapter experienced a sharp drop
during the analyzed period, from 14.27% in 2007 to 0.79% in
2017) and Chapter 76 Aluminum and articles thereof (which grew
from 0.02% to 0.63% of the total county exports between
2007 and 2017).
Nine sections saw a decrease in their share from the total
exports of the county, the most significant declines occurring
in Section V Mineral products, Section VII Plastics, rubber and
articles thereof and Section XV Base metals and articles of base
metal. The other 10 sections recorded growth, notably Section
II Vegetable products (from 3.1% to 19.98% between 2007 and
2017), as well as Section I Live animals and animal products and
Section XVII Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport
equipment. Eleven sectors recorded shares below 1% of the
total county exports, 4 of which remained below 0.1% of the
exports made by Constanța during the entire period analyzed,
namely: Section VIII Raw hides and skins and leather, furs and
manufactures thereof, Section X Paper and articles of paper,
Section XII Footwear, headgear, umbrellas and similar items and
Section XVIII Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring,
checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus;
parts and accessories thereof.
 110 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of foreign trade 111

Figure 72. FOB export of goods by CN sections, county of Constanța, 2007-2017, recorded by Chapter 10 Cereals (more than 12%), Chapter 1 Live
thousand Euros
animals (more than 5%), Chapter 12 Seeds and oleaginous fruits,
Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța
industrial and medicinal plants (more than 4%) and Chapter 89
Ships, boats and floating structures (more than 3%). Significant
600,000 1,600,000
500,000 1,400,000 decreases of the shares in the county exports were recorded
thousand Euros

thousand Euros
1,200,000
400,000
1,000,000
by Chapter 72 Iron and steel (more than 13%, from 14.27% in
300,000 800,000 2007 down to 0.79% in 2017), Chapter 39 Plastics and articles
600,000
200,000
400,000
thereof (approximately 3%) and Chapter 44 Wood, timber and
100,000
200,000 articles of wood (more than 1%).
0 0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Year
I II III IV VI VII
IX X XI XII XIII XV
XVII XVIII XX XXII V 2017, on the rise), notably Chapter 85 Electrical machinery and
The analysis of exports by CN chapters (Annex 1) revealed
that 3 chapters accounted, individually, for over 10% of the
county’s total exports: Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral
oils; bituminous substances (37.03% in 2017, peaking to
more than 55% in 2014), Chapter 89 Ships, boats and floating
structures (22% in 2017, with a peak of 26.4% in 2016) and
Chapter 10 Cereals (13.95% in 2017, with a peak of 14.37% in
2015). Four other chapters accounted for more than 1% of
the county exports: Chapter 1 Live animals, Chapter 12 Seeds
and oleaginous fruits, industrial and medicinal plants, Chapter 39
Plastics and articles thereof, and Chapter 44 Wood, timber and
articles of wood. As for Chapter 76 Aluminum and articles thereof,
Chapter 18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations, and Chapter 2 Meat
and edible offal, they showed positive trends – from previously
very low levels of almost 0 in 2007 to as high as 1% in 2017.
Significant gains in the share of the county exports were also
Nation-wide, the highest export shares (Annex 2) were recorded
for Section XVI Machinery/mechanical appliances; electrical
VIII
equipment; tv image, sound recorders/reproducers (28.44% in
XVI
equipment; sound and television recorders and reproducers, and
Chapter 84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical
appliances (17.46% and 10.98% respectively, both on the rise),
for Section XVII Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport
equipment and Chapter 87 Vehicles (other than railway or tramway
rolling stock) (18.06% and 16.27% respectively, both on the rise),
for Section XV Base metals and articles of base metal (by 8.51%,
falling), namely Chapter 72 Iron and steel, Chapter 73 Articles
of iron or steel and Chapter 76 Aluminum and articles thereof
(between 1% and 3%), for Section XI Textiles and textile articles
(falling by 6.45%), with Chapter 62 Not knitted or crocheted
clothing and accessories and Chapter 61 Knitted clothing and
accessories (3% and 1%, respectively), for Section VII Plastics,
rubber and articles thereof (5.72%, on the rise) and for Section II
Vegetable products (5.61%, on the rise), with Chapter 40 Rubber
and articles thereof, Chapter 39 Plastics and articles thereof,
Chapter 10 Cereals and Chapter 12 Seeds and oleaginous fruits,
industrial and medicinal plants (whose shares ranged from 2% to
3% of the total national exports).
112 Competitive Profile of Constanța
Between 2007 and 2017, the share of exports declined
significantly for products in the following sectors, relative to
the country’s total exports: Section XI Textiles and textile articles,
Section XII Footwear/headgear/umbrellas and similar articles
(both by approximately 7%), Chapter 72 Iron and steel, Chapter
62 Not knitted or crocheted clothing and accessories (each by
approximately 5%); Section V Mineral products and Chapter 27
Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances (each by
approximately 4%).
The contribution to Romania’s exports increased significantly
for Section XVI Machinery/mechanical appliances; electrical
equipment; tv image, sound recorders/reproducers, Section XVII
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment,
Section XVIII Optical, photographic, cinematographic, medical or
surgical instruments and apparatus; watches; musical instruments
and Section II Vegetable products, namely for Chapter 87 Vehicles
(other than railway or tramway rolling stock), Chapter 10 Cereals
and Chapter 90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, medical
or surgical instruments and apparatus (the increases ranged
from 3% to 8%).
As seen in the previous analyses, Section XVII Vehicles,
aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment and Section
II Vegetable products, namely Chapter 89 Ships, boats and
floating structures, Chapter 10 Cereals and Chapter 12 Seeds
and oleaginous fruits, industrial and medicinal plants account
for a significant share in both the exports of Constanța and
the exports of Romania, and they all experienced increases
during the period considered. However, they account for higher
percentages at county level than at national level. Section V
Mineral products and Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils;
bituminous substances, which record the highest shares of the
county exports, account for just 4% of national exports and are
Analysis of foreign trade 113
decreasing as relative to both. Moreover, the analysis reveals
that Section XV Base metals and articles of base metal, Section
VII Plastics, rubber and articles thereof, Section XVI Machinery/
mechanical appliances; electrical equipment; tv image, sound
recorders/reproducers and Section XI Textiles and textile articles,
which account for a significant share of the national exports,
are not as important for Constanța (the last two accounting
for less than 1% of the county exports).
An analysis of the importance of the Constanța county
for national exports, by sectors (Annex 3) reveals that the
greatest contribution is associated with Section V Mineral
products (more than 30% of the national exports of goods in
this section), Section I Live animals and animal products (more
than 16%) and Section II Vegetable products (more than 10%) –
all these sections being on an increasing trend. The chapters
that contribute the most to Romania’s exports are Chapter
89 Ships, boats and floating structures (more than 60%, on the
rise), Chapter 1 Live animals, and Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and
mineral oils; bituminous substances (more than 30%, on the rise),
Chapter 11 Products of milling industry (more than 18%, on the
rise), Chapter 18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations (more than 17%,
on the rise), Chapter 10 Cereals (14%, falling) and Chapter 25
Salt; sulphur, stones; plaster, lime and cement (more than 12%, on
the rise). The contribution of the county to national exports
increased significantly for the following sectors: Section I Live
animals and animal products (6%), Chapter 89 Ships, boats and
floating structures (23%), Chapter 1 Live animals (19%), Chapter 11
Products of milling industry (18%), and Chapter 18 Cocoa and cocoa
preparations (17%). The share of county in the national exports
declined for Sections VII (5%), XV and XVII (4%), as well as for
Chapter 16 Preparations of meat and fish, Chapter 17 Sugar and
sugar confectionery (approximately 20% each), Chapter 72 Iron
and steel (18%), and Chapter 39 Plastics and articles thereof (9%).
114 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of foreign trade 115

As far as the Constanța county imports (Annex 4) are Figure 73. CIF import of goods per CN sections, Constanța county, 2007-2017,
thousand Euros
concerned, the largest share is accounted for by Section V
Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța
Mineral products and by Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral
oils; bituminous substances (more than 70%). The following
450,000 3,000,000
sectors also exceeded the 2% threshold: Section XVI Machinery/ 400,000
2,500,000
mechanical appliances; electrical equipment; tv image, sound 350,000

recorders/reproducers (7.2%), with its Chapter 84 Nuclear reactors, 300,000 2,000,000

250,000
boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; Section VI Products

thousand Euros

thousand Euros
1,500,000
200,000
of the chemical industry (6.06%), with Chapter 29 Organic
150,000 1,000,000
chemicals and Chapter 31 Fertilizers; Section XV Base metals and 100,000
500,000
articles of base metal (3.87%), with Chapter 72 Iron and steel and 50,000

Chapter 73 Articles of iron or steel; Section XVII Vehicles, aircraft, 0 0

vessels and associated transport equipment (2.4%), with Chapter 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Year
87 Vehicles (other than railway or tramway rolling stock); and
Section II Vegetable products (2,35%), with Chapter 10 Cereals. I II III IV VI VII VIII

The Section V Mineral products grew by more than 10% between
2007 and 2017 thanks to an increase of exports under
Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances.
Moreover, the share of Section II Vegetable products in the
total imports of Constanța county increased by more than
1% during the analyzed period, due to a growing contribution
of Chapter 12 Seeds and oleaginous fruits, industrial and medicinal
plants, Chapter 8 Edible fruit and Chapter 7 Edible vegetables,
roots and tubers. Other three sections and three chapters had
decreasing shares in the county imports from 2007 to 2017,
namely: Section XVI Machinery/mechanical appliances; electrical
equipment; parts; sound recorders/reproducers, tv image, sound
recorders/reproducers – with Chapter 84 Nuclear reactors, boilers,
machinery and mechanical appliances; Section XV Base metals and
articles of base metal – with Chapter 73 Articles of iron and steel;
and Section VI Products of the chemical industry – with Chapter 29
Organic chemicals.
IX X XI XII XIII XV XVI
XVII XVIII XX XXII V
At national level (Annex 5), Section XVI Machinery/mechanical
appliances; electrical equipment; tv image, sound recorders/
reproducers, Section XV Base metals and articles of base metal,
Section XVII Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport
equipment and Section VI Products of the chemical industry,
namely Chapter 85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts
thereof; sound and television recorders and reproducers, Chapter
72 Iron and steel, Chapter 73 Articles of iron or steel and Chapter
87 Vehicles (other than railway or tramway rolling stock) hold the
largest shares relative to national imports. The share of the
following sections relative to Romania’s imports increased
by 2-3%: Section XVI Machinery/mechanical appliances; electrical
equipment; tv image, sound recorders/reproducers and Section
VI Products of the chemical industry, thanks to increases in
116 Competitive Profile of Constanța
Chapter 85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof;
sound and television recorders and reproducers, Chapter 30
Pharmaceutical products, Chapter 31 Fertilizers, and Chapter 38
Miscellaneous chemical products. Another decrease relative to
the total national imports was recorded in Section XVII Vehicles,
aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment and in
Section V Mineral products, namely in Chapter 87 Vehicles (other
than railway or tramway rolling stock) and Chapter 27 Mineral fuels
and mineral oils; bituminous substances (ranging from 4% to 5%).
Based on the county-level and national-level information on
imports and on the related contribution by sectors, it becomes
apparent that Section V Mineral products, namely chapter 27
Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances, accounts
for a larger share of the Constanța county imports than of
the national imports, having increased at county level and
decreased at national level between 2007 and 2017. Section
XVI Machinery/mechanical appliances; electrical equipment; tv
image, sound recorders/reproducers and Section VI Products
of the chemical industry account for a higher share of the
national imports than of the county imports; moreover, their
contribution to Romania’s imports has increased, whereas their
contribution to the imports of Constanța has decreased. The
following sectors have recorded a declining share relative to
the total imports, at both national and county level: Section XV
Base metals and articles of base metal and Section XVII Vehicles,
aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment. Section
II Vegetable products has a significant share of Constanța’s
import flows, whereas Section VII Plastics, rubber and articles
thereof and Section XI Textiles and textile articles make up a
significant share of Romania’s import flows.
Analysis of foreign trade 117
The contribution of Constanța county to national imports
by sectors (Annex 6) is larger for Section V Mineral products
(over 35%, on the rise) and Section II Vegetable products (approx.
3%, falling) and for Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils;
bituminous substances (38%, on the rise), Chapter 89 Ships, boats
and floating structures (33%, on the rise) and Chapter 29 Organic
chemicals (10%, falling). The contribution of the county sectors
to the national imports increased significantly between 2007
and 2017 for Section V Mineral products (over 12%) and for
Chapter 89 Ships, boats and floating structures (13%), Chapter
27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances (12%),
Chapter 25 Salt; sulphur, stones; plaster, lime and cement (6%)
and Chapter 31 Fertilizers (5%). In some sectors, the county
share in the Romanian imports decreased, such as for Section
II Vegetable products (13% less than the share of 2010), Section
VI Products of the chemical industry (2.4% less than in 2007), as
well as for Chapter 45 Cork and articles of cork (20% less than
in 2007), Chapter 29 Organic chemicals (16% less than in 2007),
Chapter 12 Seeds and oleaginous fruits, industrial and medicinal
plants (35% less than in 2010) and Chapter 10 Cereals (19% less
than in 2010).
A comparative analysis of each sector’s contribution to the
trade flows of Constanța reveals the following:
• Section V Mineral products, Chapter 27 Mineral fuels
and mineral oils; bituminous substances account for
the largest shares of both imports and exports, but
their significance is higher for imports (more than
70% vs. 37%); during the analyzed period (2007-2017),
their contribution to imports increased and their
contribution to exports decreased;
118 Competitive Profile of Constanța
• Section XVII Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated
transport equipment, Chapter 89 Ships, boats and
floating structures account for a larger share of the
county exports as compared to its imports (22% vs.
2.4%); their contribution to exports increased between
2007 and 2017, whereas their contribution to imports
decreased; Chapter 87 Vehicles (other than railway or
tramway rolling stock) of the same section accounts
for a higher share of the imports than of the exports;
• In Section II Vegetable products, Chapter 10 Cereals and
Chapter 12 Seeds and oleaginous fruits, industrial and
medicinal plants account for a larger share of the
exports than of the imports (19% vs. 2.4%), between
2007 and 2017, their share increased in both the
county exports and imports, with the exception of
Chapter 10 Cereals, which registered a reducing share
of the imports;
• Section VI Products of the chemical industry, Section XVI
Machinery/mechanical appliances; electrical equipment;
tv image, sound recorders/reproducers and Section XV
Base metals and articles of base metal have a lower
importance for the county exports as compared to
imports, showing declines during the analyzed period.
Constanța has a significant contribution to the national
exports and imports through Section V Mineral products (over
30%, higher for imports) and Section II Vegetable products (higher
for exports, 10%). Moreover, Constanța’s exports of products
included in Chapter 89 Ships, boats and floating structures and in
Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances
account for more than 30% of the national exports and
Analysis of foreign trade 119
imports related to those chapters, the importance of the
county increasing between 2007 and 2017. As for Chapter
89 Ships, boats and floating structures, Constanța performs
better in national exports (over 60%) as compared to imports
(over 33%), whereas the opposite is true for Chapter 27 Mineral
fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances, where Constanța
contributes more to the national imports than to exports
(38% versus 31%). The county also accounted for an increasing
share of the national exports and imports with Chapter 89
Ships, boats and floating structures (higher for exports, 23%
versus 13%). Two sections and one chapter contributed to a
declining performance of the county in both national exports
and imports: Section VII Plastics, rubber and articles thereof,
Section XV Base metals and articles of base metal, and Chapter 39
Plastics and articles thereof.
The balance of trade, broken down on CN sections and
chapters (Annex 7), shows that the sectors with the largest
surpluses in Constanța county were: Chapter 89 Ships, boats
and floating structures (over EUR 400 mil., falling), Section XVII
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment
and Section II Vegetable products (over EUR 300 mil., falling),
Chapter 10 Cereals (over EUR 200 mil., on the rise and with
deficits in 2007, 2009 and 2010) and Section I Live animals
and animal products, with Chapter 1 Live animals (over EUR 100
mil., on the rise). Section I Live animals and animal products,
Section VII Plastics, rubber and articles thereof, Section IX Wood
products, excepting furniture and Section XVII Vehicles, aircraft,
vessels and associated transport equipment, with Chapter 1 Live
animals, Chapter 39 Plastics and articles thereof, Chapter 44
Wood, timber and articles of wood and Chapter 89 Ships, boats
and floating structures, showed surpluses in each year of the
2007-2017 period. On the other hand, the following sectors
120 Competitive Profile of Constanța
recorded trade deficits during the entire period analyzed:
Section V Mineral products, Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral
oils; bituminous substances (over EUR 1.1 bln., rising), as well
as Section VI Products of the chemical industry and Section XVI
Machinery/mechanical appliances; electrical equipment; tv image,
sound recorders/reproducers, namely Chapter 84 Nuclear reactors,
boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances (more than EUR
150 mil., falling). Section IV Prepared foodstuffs, beverages and
tobacco recorded its first surplus in 2017. Section XV Base
metals and articles of base metal recorded a surplus between
2007 and 2013, followed by a deficit, as opposed to Section
XXII Goods non-included in Combined Nomenclature other sections,
which started by a deficit (2007-2010) and continued by a
surplus.
A comparison between the situation of Constanța and
the national situation (Annex 8) reveals that Section XVII
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment,
Section II Vegetable products and Chapter 10 Cereals recorded
the largest surpluses, whereas the greatest deficits appear
in Section V Mineral products, Section VI Products of the chemical
industry and Section XVI Machinery/mechanical appliances;
electrical equipment; tv image, sound recorders/reproducers – at
both county level and national level. Furthermore, Section IX
Wood products, excepting furniture and Chapters 1 live animals, 44
Wood, timber and articles of wood and 89 Ships, boats and floating
structures recorded surpluses throughout the period (2007-
2017) both at county level and at national level.
To better emphasize the performance and sectoral
specialization of Constanța county and that of Romania,
two indexes used in literature were calculated: the Revealed
Comparative Advantage and the Michaely Indicator.
Analysis of foreign trade 121
The Revealed Comparative Advantage is calculated by
comparing the share of each sector (Si) in the total exports
(X) of Constanța county (C) with the share of the sector (Si)
in the total exports of Romania (N):
Constanța accounts for more than 50% of
Romania’s exports to the following countries:
Marshall Islands, Liberia, Georgia, Jordan,
Suriname and Sri Lanka.
The structure of imports by partner countries at the level
of Constanța county (Annex 13) reveals that the following
countries have larger shares in Constanța’s imports:
• Kazakhstan accounted for 30.38% of the imports in 2017,
down from 73.92% in 2011; in 2014, it reached a minimum
of 27.8%;
• The Russian Federation accounted for 27.08% of Constanța’s
imports in 2017, with a minimum of 8.06% in 2011 and a
peak of 31.45% in 2014;
• Goods have been imported from Azerbaijan since 2012 and
rose from 0.73% up to 8.43% in 2017.
The main import partners of Constanța also include: Iraq
(imports rose from 1.27% in 2015 to 4.52% in 2017), Bulgaria
(with 3.5% in 2017 and a peak of 4.14% in 2016), Turkey (3.56%
in 2016, followed by a slight drop in 2017), Italy (decreasing as
well between 2016 and 2017, from 4.51% to 3.18%), Germany
(imports peaking at 4.91% in 2013, then falling to 2.17% in
122 Competitive Profile of Constanța
2017), the Republic of Korea (on the rise from 2011 to 2016
– from 4.88% to 6.67%, but declining sharply to just 2.05%
in 2017), China (Constanța’s imports decreased from 2.27%
in 2014 to 1.63% in 2017), the Netherlands (1.2% in 2017, but
imports from this country have decreased over the last 3
years) and Hungary (1.16% in 2017, more than in 2011).
Imports from the Marshall Islands ceased in 2012, and imports
from Albania and Armenia ceased in 2013. Moreover, the share
of Constanța’s imports from Iran, Ukraine and Turkmenistan
has decreased significantly.
As for imports to Romania as a whole, the countries accounting
for most imports are Germany (20.03%), Italy (10.03%), Hungary
(7.46%), Poland (5.44%), France (5.29%) and China (5.02%).
Germany, Italy and France are also Romania’s main export
partners.
The top three countries that contribute to national
imports are less prominent at county level. The contribution
of Germany has evolved differently relative to national imports
and to county level imports, i.e. Germany’s share in Romanian
imports increased, but its share in Constanța’s imports
decreased from 2011 to 2017. As for Italy and Hungary, their
contributions to national imports have decreased and their
contributions to the county imports are fluctuating. As for
the top contributors to Constanța’s imports, they account for
a lower share of the national imports, but they are following
similar trends. Thus, imports from Kazakhstan and from the
Russian Federation declined in the analyzed period, whereas
imports from Azerbaijan to Constanța have increased during
the entire period and imports at national level have increased
for the past three years.
Analysis of foreign trade 123
Constanța accounted for more than 50% of
the national imports from the following trade
partners: Iraq, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and the
United Arab Emirates.
The main partners of Constanța for both imports and exports
were Turkey, Bulgaria and Germany. They all had a higher
contribution to the county exports than for imports. The share
of exports to all these three countries, out of the total exports
made by the county, declined significantly from 2011 to
2017. As for the imports, the share of imports from Germany
declined, whereas imports from Turkey and Bulgaria fluctuated.
The analysis of Constanța trade balance by partner
countries (Annex 14) reveals the following:
• the largest trade surplus was generated by trade with
the Marshall Islands (more than EUR 300 mil. in 2017,
less than in 2016), following a deficit in 2011;
• surpluses in excess of EUR 100 mil. were also
generated by trade with Georgia (a nearly constant
surplus between 2011 and 2017), with the Republic
of Moldova (on the rise), with Jordan (on the rise),
with Liberia (on the rise after 2014) and with Turkey
(decreasing after a peak of approximately EUR 450
mil. in 2014);
• the largest trade deficits were seen in the trade with
Kazakhstan (over EUR 800 mil., decreasing after more
than EUR 2 bln. in 2012 and in 2014) and with the
Russian Federation (more than EUR 700 mil. euro, on
the rise);
124 Competitive Profile of Constanța

• other significant deficits were seen in the trade with

Azerbaijan (more than EUR 200 mil., rising throughout
the period, with a major increase in 2017) and with
Iraq (on the rise; there was surplus until 2015; trade
with Iraq consists exclusively of exports);

• trade with the Republic of Moldova has led to significant

and rising surpluses at national level as well; however,
trade with the countries that generated the highest
surplus at national level – i.e. Ethiopia, the United
Kingdom and Morocco – has led to deficits at the
level of Constanța county in recent years. Trade with Analysis of foreign trade
Algeria and Egypt, which accounted for high surpluses
at national level, also led to surpluses for the county Comparative analysis
of Constanța;

• Trade with Russia and Kazakhstan has led to high

with the other Romanian
deficits at national level as well. Trade with Hungary
and Poland, which has accounted for significant deficits
counties that include
at national level, has led to a surplus for Constanța
county in recent years. The largest deficit at national
growth poles
level was recorded for the trade with China, but such
deficit is lower at the level of Constanța. Other two
countries that have accounted for a significant trade
deficit at national level, namely the Netherlands and
Austria, have also accounted for deficits at the level of
Constanța county.
126 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of foreign trade 127

Figure 74. Share of the counties with growth poles and of Bucharest city in
the national exports, 2011-2017, %
Source: Own processing of data supplied by INS and as available in the TEMPO Online database

12.00% 17.60%

% for counties with growth poles

17.40%
10.00%
17.20%

% for Bucharest city

8.00% 17.00%
16.80%
6.00%
This comparative analysis outlines the position of the 16.60%
4.00% 16.40%
Constanța county relative to the other counties that 16.20%
2.00%
include a growth pole: Brașov, Cluj, Dolj, Iași, Prahova and 16.00%
0.00% 15.80%
Timiș.
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Year
The city of Bucharest, Romania’s capital, has also been Brașov Constanța Iași Timiș
considered in this analysis, which was performed both at Cluj Dolj Prahova Bucharest

general level and across sections, chapters and partner

countries.
Figure 75. Share of the counties with growth poles and of Bucharest city in
the national imports, 2011-2017, %
The share of those seven counties and of the Bucharest Source: Own processing of data supplied by INS and as available in the TEMPO Online database
city in Romania’s exports varied little between 2011 and 2017,
covering about half of the national exports and ranging from 8.00% 32.00%
44.48% (in 2012) to 45.34% (in 2013). In 2017, it was 44.96%. 7.00%
31.00%
The same counties and Bucharest account for a higher share

% for counties with growth poles

6.00%
of the imports, i.e. more than half, with a minimum of 55.08%

% for Bucharest city

30.00%
5.00%
in 2017 and a maximum of 57.03% in 2013. Throughout the
4.00% 29.00%
period analysed, the highest share in national exports was
held by Bucharest (about 17%) and Timiș county (over 8%). 3.00%
28.00%
The county of Constanța ranked third between 2011 and 2.00%
27.00%
2014 (accounting for approximately 5%), but was outranked 1.00%

by the counties of Brașov and Prahova in 2015. Between 2011 0.00% 26.00%
and 2017, the contribution of Constanța to national exports 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Year
dropped steadily from one year to the next, down to just
3.19% in 2017. Brașov Constanța Iași Timiș
Cluj Dolj Prahova Bucharest
128 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of foreign trade 129

Regarding the structure of Romanian imports by counties,
the city of Bucharest accounted for about a third of them
throughout the period under analysis. The Timiș county
ranked second again (6-8% of the national imports) across the
entire period analysed. Constanța ranked third also in terms
of its share of national imports (approximately 6%) during the
first half of the period (2011-2014), then it was surpassed
by Prahova county in 2015 and by Brașov as well since 2016,
plummeting to just 3.56% in 2017 (5th best).
Figure 76. Trade-to-GDP ratio in the counties with growth poles and in
Bucharest city, 2011-2015, %
Source: Own processing of data supplied by INS and as available in the TEMPO Online database
140.00%
120.00%
100.00%
80.00%
%
2012, but then kept decreasing, down to 62.74% in 2017,
whereas the trade of Brașov county accounted for more than
90% of the GDP in 2013 and rose to over 100% in 2017. In
terms of the county’s trade-to-GDP ratio, Constanța ranked
fourth nationally in 2017, being surpassed not only by Timiș
and Brașov, but also by the county of Prahova.
Regarding the share of the county exports in the GDP,
the counties of Timiș and Brașov stand out with the highest
ratios throughout the analysed period, being above Romania’s
average and still rising.
The contribution of Constanța’s exports to its GDP decreased
between 2011 and 2015, ranking third and fourth at national
level and falling down to the fifth place in 2017, with a share
of only 27.55%. Even though Constanța exceeded the national
average in terms of its exports-to-GDP ratio at the beginning
of the period analysed, over the last two years (2014-2015)
Constanța’s exports accounted for a lower share of the

60.00% county’s GDP and fell below the national average.

40.00%

20.00% An analysis of the trade balance across counties shows

0.00% that Timiș is the only county that had a trade surplus during
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Year
the entire 2011-2017 period, which rose to nearly EUR 1 billion
Romania Cluj Dolj Prahova Bucharest in 2017. Brașov county has also seen an increasing trade
Brașov Constanța Iași Timiș surplus since 2012 (following a trade deficit in 2011), which
reached more than EUR 200 mil. in 2017. The counties of
A review of the trade-to-GDP ratio of the seven counties Dolj and Iași, which had deficits in the first two years of the
and of Bucharest city reveals that Timiș is the only county period (2011-2012), began to have a surplus in 2013. However,
where the combined value of exports and imports exceeds the such surplus decreased from one year to another, reaching
county’s GDP during the entire 2011-2015 period. The counties an all-time low in 2017. In terms of trade balance, Constanța
of Constanța and Brașov rank second and third in terms of county has followed the same trend as the national one, i.e. it
the total trade-to-GDP ratio. The trade of Constanța county recorded trade deficit for every year of the 2011-2017 period.
accounted for more than 90% of the GDP between 2011 and
 130 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of foreign trade 131

Similar to Constanța county, the city of Bucharest city and
the counties of Prahova and Cluj also incurred deficits during
the entire period under review. However, Constanța incurred
the lowest trade deficit among them (about EUR 700 mil., as
compared with more than EUR 1 billion and to more than EUR
11 billion in the case of Bucharest).
Figure 77. Trade balance in the counties with growth poles and in Bucharest
city, 2011-2017, thousand Euros
Source: Own processing of data supplied by INS and as available in the TEMPO Online database
1,500,000
counties with growth poles, thousand Euros
than 10%) both for Romania as a whole and for the
counties with growth poles and Bucharest city, with
the exception of Constanța county, where that section
only accounts for 0.7% of the exports. The same
can also be noted for the section chapters: Chapter
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical
appliances and Chapter 85 Electrical machinery and
equipment; sound and television recorders and reproducers.
Thus, for Romania and the counties of Brașov, Cluj,
Prahova and Bucharest city, both chapters accounted
for significant shares of the exports; in the counties of
0
Dolj and Iași, the contribution was higher for Chapter

Bucharest city and Romania, thousand Euros

1,000,000 -2,000,000 84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical
-4,000,000 appliances, whereas Timiș county had a higher share
500,000
-6,000,000 for Chapter 85 Electrical machinery and equipment; sound
0
-8,000,000
and television recorders and reproducers. In Constanța
-500,000 county, both chapters accounted for less than 0.5% of
-10,000,000
the exports for in 2017.
1,000,000 -12,000,000

-1,500,000 -14,000,000 • Section XVII Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
transport equipment contributes significantly to the
Year
exports of Romania and of the Brașov, Constanța
Brașov Constanța Iași Timiș Romania
Cluj Dolj Prahova Bucharest and Dolj counties. The difference between counties is
described under the chapter-based analysis. Thus, for
Romania, Brașov and Dolj, a significant share of the
A comparative analysis by sections and chapters of the
exports is due to Chapter 87 Vehicles (other than railway
share in total exports was further undertaken both at
or tramway rolling stock), whereas Constanța stands
national level and across the seven counties with growth poles
out for Chapter 89 Ships, boats and floating structures.
plus Bucharest (see Annex 15), revealing the following main
conclusions:
• Section V Mineral products and its Chapter 27 Mineral fuels
and mineral oils; bituminous substances have the highest
• Section XVI Machinery/mechanical appliances; electrical
shares in the exports of Constanța county. The only
equipment; tv image, sound recorders/reproducers
county where those section and chapter account for
accounts for a significant share of the exports (more
132 Competitive Profile of Constanța
more than 10% of the exports is that of Prahova. For
all the other territories analysed, including the entire
country, Section V Mineral products and its Chapter 27
Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances
account for lower shares of the total exports.
• Section II Vegetable products and its Chapter 10 Cereals
only account for more than 10% of exports of
Constanța county and of Bucharest city.
• Other specific sections and chapters of importance
for counties with growth poles (accounting for more
than 10% of those counties’ exports) are the following:
Section XV Base metals and articles of base metal for
Brașov and Iași, Section XI Textiles and textile articles
for Iași, Section IV Prepared foodstuffs, beverages and
tobacco with its Chapter 24 Tobacco and manufactured
tobacco substitutes for Prahova, and sections and
chapters VII Plastics, rubber and articles thereof, 40
Rubber and articles thereof, XVIII Optical, photographic,
cinematographic, medical or surgical instruments and
apparatus; watches; musical instruments, 90 Optical,
photographic, cinematographic, medical or surgical
instruments and apparatus for Timiș.
For a few sections, the county of Constanța ranks among the
first nationally in terms of total exports:
• Section V Mineral products ranks first, with 37.3% of
the county exports; it is followed distantly by Prahova
county and by Bucharest (with 18.8% and 9.6%,
respectively).
Analysis of foreign trade 133
• Section II Vegetable products ranks first (with 20%),
followed closely by Bucharest city (with 18.8%).
• Section I Live animals and animal products also ranks
first (with 8%), followed distantly by Prahova county
(with 2.4%).
• Section XVII Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated
transport equipment ranks third (with 22.2%), lagging
behind the counties of Dolj and Brașov (where that
section accounts for 47.6% and, respectively, 29.1% of
the county exports).
The chapters that account for the highest shares of Constanța
county exports are the following:
• Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous
substances, Chapter 89 Ships, boats and floating
structures, Chapter 10 Cereals, Chapter 01 Live animals
and Chapter 39 Plastics and articles thereof, where
Constanța is top exporter. The share of those
chapters in the exports of Constanța county is higher
than the national average and higher than the share
of the remaining counties with growth poles, including
Bucharest. In this ranking, Constanța is followed by
Bucharest city (for Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral
oils; bituminous substances and Chapter 10 Cereals),
Romania (for Chapter 89 Ships, boats and floating
structures), Prahova county (for Chapter 27 Mineral fuels
and mineral oils; bituminous substances and Chapter 01
Live animals) and Dolj county (for Chapter 39 Plastics
and articles thereof).
134 Competitive Profile of Constanța
• As for the contribution of Chapter 12 Seeds and
oleaginous fruits, industrial and medicinal plants to
county exports, Constanța county ranks second after
Bucharest city.
A review of the contribution of the analysed counties to
Romania’s sectoral exports reveals that 15 sections or
chapters of the Combined Nomenclature account for more
than 50% of the national exports (see Annex 16). The top
exporter is Timiș county, who has the greatest contribution
to national exports through Chapter 80 Tin and articles thereof
– 83.9% in 2017. Cluj county is also included in this ranking,
occupying the 5th position with 69.4% for Chapter 66 Umbrellas,
and the 15th position with 52% for Chapter 47 Pulp. Constanța
county ranks 7th due to Chapter 89 Ships, boats and floating
structures, which accounts for 60.3% of Romania’s exports of
that type. The remaining positions are occupied by Bucharest
city, who records the highest shares in the national exports
for chapters 36 Pyrotechnic products and explosives, 91 Clocks
and watches and parts thereof, 46 Manufactures of straw, of
esparto or of other plaiting materials, 12 Seeds and oleaginous
fruits, industrial and medicinal plants, 25 Salt; sulphur, stones;
plaster, lime and cement, 29 Organic chemicals, 10 Cereals, 30
Pharmaceutical products, 99 Special Combined Nomenclature
codes and 38 Miscellaneous chemical products, as well as for
Section II Vegetable products. As for Constanța, the next best
ranked chapters are the following: Chapter 01 Live animals and
Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances
(accounting for about 30% of the exports and ranked 31st and
32nd), followed by Section V Mineral products (30%, 34th place),
Section I Live animals and animal products (16%, 87th place) and
Section II Vegetable products (11%, 125th place).
Analysis of foreign trade 135
Compared to the other territories under review, Constanța
county ranks first in terms of national exports, with an
increasing contribution throughout 2011-2017, for Chapter
89 Ships, boats and floating structures, Chapter 01 Live animals,
Chapter 11 Products of milling industry and Chapter 18 Cocoa and
cocoa preparations,a s well as for Section I Live animals and animal
products. The county ranks second, after Bucharest city, for
Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances,
Chapter 10 Cereals, Chapter 25 Salt; sulphur, stones; plaster, lime
and cement and for sections V Mineral products and II Vegetable
products.
The comparative analysis of the sectoral contribution to
national, county level and municipal level imports (Annex
17) reveals a situation that is similar to that of exports, namely:
• The same Section XVI Machinery/mechanical appliances;
electrical equipment; tv image, sound recorders/reproducers
and chapters 84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and
mechanical appliances and 85 Electrical machinery and
equipment; sound and television recorders and reproducers
accounted for most of the imports made at national
level and by the counties analysed, including Bucharest
city, with the exception of Constanța county. Both
chapters account for more than 10% of the total
imports of Romania, of the of Brașov, Cluj and Prahova
counties and of the Bucharest city; however, one can
again notice that in the case of Iași county, Chapter
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical
appliances accounts for a larger share of the imports,
and the same is true for Chapter 85 Electrical machinery
and equipment; sound and television recorders and
reproducers in the case of Timiș county.
136 Competitive Profile of Constanța
• As for Constanța, similarly to the case of exports, the
largest share of the county’s exports is due to Section
V Mineral products and to Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and
mineral oils; bituminous substances; however, unlike for
exports, those section and chapter also account for a
large share of the Cluj county imports.
• Section XV Base metals and articles of base metal holds a
significant share (over 10%) both at national level and
for Brașov, Cluj and Iași counties.
• Furthermore, specific sections and chapters stand
out for certain territories (approximately the same as
in the case of exports): Section XVII Vehicles, aircraft,
vessels and associated transport equipment at both
national level and in the county of Dolj (where Chapter
87 Vehicles (other than railway or tramway rolling stock)
also accounts for more than 10% of the imports);
Section VII Plastics, rubber and articles thereof for Brașov
and Timiș counties; Section XI Textiles and textile articles
for Iași; Section IV Prepared foodstuffs, beverages and
tobacco for Prahova; and Section VI Products of the
chemical industry for the imports of Bucharest city.
There are a few sections and chapters where Constanța
county ranks first in terms of its contribution to the total
national imports, namely: Section V Mineral products and its
Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances,
just as for exports (with 71.6% and 71.2% of the total county
imports, respectively; it is followed by the counties of Prahova
and Cluj); Chapter 29 Organic chemicals (with 2.7%, followed by the
counties of Iași and Timiș); and Chapter 31 Fertilizers (with 2%,
followed by the counties of Iași and Dolj). Chapter 10 Cereals (with
1%) makes Constanța rank second, behind the city of Bucharest.
Analysis of foreign trade 137
The analysis reveals 21 sections and chapters where Bucharest
city and the analysed counties account for more than 50%
of Romania’s sectoral imports (see Annex 18). Although
most of them are linked with Bucharest city, the 13th position
is occupied by Cluj county with Chapter 47 Pulp, and the 15th
position – by Brașov county, with Chapter 36 Pyrotechnic
products and explosives. As for Constanța county, the top three
chapters listed in the ranking, which account for higher shares
of the national imports, are Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral
oils; bituminous substances, Chapter 89 Ships, boats and floating
structures and Chapter 29 Organic chemicals. Due to them, the
county ranks 35th, 51st and 155th, respectively. At section level,
Constanța county occupies the 46th position, accounting for
36% of Romania’s imports for Section V Mineral products, which
is distantly followed by Section II Vegetable products and Section
VI Chemical products (380th and 428th place, respectively).
The share of Constanța in the national imports is highest,
among the analysed territories, for Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and
mineral oils; bituminous substances (38.4%) and Chapter 89 Ships,
boats and floating structures (33.5%), as well as for Section V
Mineral products (35.7%). Despite some fluctuations over the
analysed period, the shares of those chapters and sections
have increased over the last few years. Constanța county
also holds significant shares, ranking second after Bucharest
city, for Chapter 29 Organic chemicals, Chapter 31 Fertilizers,
Chapter 14 Straw materials, 92 Musical instruments, Chapter 10
Cereals and Chapter 12 Seeds and oleaginous fruits, industrial and
medicinal plants.
A review of the balance of trade for those sections and
chapters of the CN which have a significant contribution
to the county’s imports and exports (mainly for Constanța
138 Competitive Profile of Constanța
county) reveals a rising surplus for Section XVII Vehicles,
aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment in the case
of Romania and of the Brașov, Constanța, Dolj and Timiș
counties. A similar trend of the trade balance can be seen
for the chapters of that section; the chapters concerned are
however different: it is Chapter 89 Ships, boats and floating
structures for Constanța county, and Chapter 87 Vehicles (other
than railway or tramway rolling stock) for the remaining counties.
Section II Vegetable products and Chapter 10 Cereals also reveal
trade surplus, on the rise between 2011 and 2017 for Romania
as a whole, for Bucharest city and for Constanța county.
The picture is different situation for Section XVI Machinery/
mechanical appliances; electrical equipment; tv image, sound
recorders/reproducers, with its chapters 84 Nuclear reactors,
boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances and 85 Electrical
machinery and equipment; sound and television recorders and
reproducers – here, the counties of Brașov, Iași, Prahova and
Timiș have registered a surplus (on the rise), whereas Romania
as a whole, Bucharest city and the counties of Dolj, Cluj and
Constanța have incurred a trade deficit (which is however
shrinking in the case of Constanța). Another trade deficit
can be noted for Section V Mineral products and for Chapter 27
Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances: it increased
in the cases of Cluj and Prahova counties and decreased in the
case of Constanța county during the analysed period.
Regarding the revealed comparative advantage (RCA),
11 sections and chapters measured for the counties with
growth poles have recorded values above 9 (see Annex 19),
all those values increasing between 2011 and 2017. The top
two positions are occupied by Cluj county, with chapters 66
Umbrellas and 47 Pulp (with shares in excess of 20), followed
on the third place by Constanța county, with a RCA ratio of
Analysis of foreign trade 139
18.9 in 2017 for Chapter 89 Ships, boats and floating structures.
Constanța county occupies another three positions in this
ranking, namely 7, 8 and 9, with Chapter 01 Live animals, Chapter
27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances and Section
V Mineral products, which accounted for RCAs of 10.1; 9.8, and
9.5 in 2017, respectively. The counties of Cluj and Constanța
both occupy four positions in this ranking; they are followed
by Prahova county with two positions (5 and 10, for Chapter
21 Miscellaneous edible preparations and Chapter 24 Tobacco and
manufactured tobacco substitutes). Dolj county occupies only
one position (4th, with Chapter 35 Albuminoidal substances).
In terms of best performance by sections and chapters,
Constanța county ranks first (with the highest RCA ratios)
for chapters 89 Ships, boats and floating structures (RCA 18.9),
01 Live animals (RCA 10.1), 27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils;
bituminous substances (RCA 9.8), 11 Products of milling industry
(RCA 5.7), 18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations (RCA 5.5), 10 Cereals
(RCA 4.4), 25 Salt; sulphur, stones; plaster, lime and cement (RCA
3.9) and 39 Plastics and articles thereof (RCA 2.1), as well as for
sections V Mineral products (RCA 9.5), I Live animals and animal
products (RCA 5.1) and II Vegetable products (RCA 3.6).
The Michaely indicator (IM) reveals a higher specialization
degree (ratios above 0.1) for 15 sections and chapters of the
CN (see Annex 20). The top two positions are occupied by
Iași county (Chapter 84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and
mechanical appliances and Section XVI Machinery/mechanical
appliances; electrical equipment; tv image, sound recorders/
reproducers, followed by Brașov county (with Chapter XVII
Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment).
Constanța is the only county that occupies four positions
in this ranking: 4, 7, 8 and 12, with Chapter 89 Ships, boats
140 Competitive Profile of Constanța
and floating structures, Section XVII Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and
associated transport equipment and Section II Vegetable products,
as well as Chapter 10 Cereals. Five counties occupy two positions
each in this IM ranking: Iași, Brașov, Prahova, Dolj and Cluj,
whereas Bucharest city can be found on just one position, the
11th, with Section II Vegetable products.
The county of Constanța registers higher values of the Michaely
indicator, which rank it first among the analysed territories, for
chapters 89 Ships, boats and floating structures (with a value of
0.22), 10 Cereals (with 0.13), 01 Live animals (with 0.07) and 39
Plastics and articles thereof (with a value 0.04) and for Sections
II Vegetable products (with a value of 0.18), I Live animals and
animal products (with 0.07) and VII Plastics, rubber and articles
thereof (with 0.04).
The share of exports to different partner countries from
the total exports at national/county/municipal level (2017)
(Annex 21) shows that most of the export partners of Romania,
of the seven growth pole counties and of Bucharest city (with
over 3% from total exports) are European countries, mainly
from the European Union (with the exceptions of Moldova and
Bosnia-Herzegovina). The greatest share is that of exports to
Western European countries. In the cases of Bucharest city
and of the Cluj and Timiș counties, the partners who account
for the largest shares of those counties’ exports are exclusively
EU member states. Romania as a whole and the counties of
Brașov and Iași also export to Asian partners (Turkey for the
first two and India, China and Korea in the case of Iași). The
picture is somewhat different in the cases of Dolj and Prahova,
as it includes European countries other than EU member states
(Bosnia-Herzegovina and Moldova, respectively), Asian countries
(India and Turkey, respectively), African countries (Egypt) and
Analysis of foreign trade 141
even North America, countries (USA in the case of Prahova).
Constanța county reveals the highest territorial diversity in
terms of its export partners: both Western and Eastern Europe
countries, both EU and non-EU members, African countries
(Liberia and Libya, which are not listed as main partners for the
other analysed territories), and Asian countries for the highest
share of exports (Turkey, Georgia, Jordan and Lebanon – the
last three not exceeding 3% of the exports made by the other
analysed territories), as well as Oceania (the Marshall Islands
are a unique partner of Constanța).
Germany accounts for the highest share in exports of Romania,
Bucharest and the counties of Brașov, Dolj, Iași and Timiș,
accounting for more than 30% of the exports of Brașov and
Timiș counties and ranking second in the exports of Cluj and
Prahova counties, but only ninth in the exports of Constanța
county. As for the Iași and Prahova counties, Italy accounts
for the largest share in their exports, ranking second and third
relative to the other analysed territories, but only 10th in the
case of Constanța county.
The partner countries Germany, Italy, France, Hungary, Spain,
Poland and Turkey account for more than 1% of the exports of
all the territories reviewed. In the case of Constanța county,
certain export partners hold significantly lower shares in the
exports of this county as compared to the remaining territories,
namely: Germany, France, United Kingdom, Hungary, Italy and
Poland. Certain other countries can be highlighted for having
much higher shares in the exports of Constanța county as
compared to the remaining territories analysed. This category
includes: the Marshall Islands, Turkey, Moldova, Georgia,
Jordan, Liberia, Lebanon, Libya, Albania, Israel, South Africa,
Portugal, Tunisia, as well as countries which account for less
142 Competitive Profile of Constanța
than 1% of Constanța’s exports, but more than their share in
the exports of the other analysed territories: the British Indian
Ocean Territory, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo,
Mauritania, Madagascar, Sri Lanka and Uzbekistan.
Romania’s exports to 9 of its partner countries
are made 100% by counties with growth poles
and by the city of Bucharest.
For 3 of them, Constanța county accounts for 100% of
the national exports, and for another such country it is the
Bucharest city who accounts for all of Romania’s exports.
Bucharest and the counties with growth poles account for
more than 90% of Romania’s exports to 23 countries and for
more than half of the national imports from 84 out of a total
of 197 countries.
The data on the national exports of services show an increase
between 2007 and 2017 period, from EUR 9,563 million in
2007 to EUR 20,693 million in 2017. The main export markets
for Romanian services are Germany, Italy, France, the United
Kingdom and the USA. Germany has the highest share in
Romania’s imports of services, with more than 17%. An
analysis of service exports across the counties with growth
poles, including the city of Bucharest, reveals that such
exports increased year-to-year between 2013 and 2017 in all
the territories under review, except for Constanța county. The
financial value of Constanța’s service exports grew in 2014,
then embarked on a decreasing trend, so that in 2017 it was
lower than in 2013. The value of 2017 places it second to
last among the territories analysed, in terms of the county’s
share of the national exports of services; the last position is
occupied by Dolj county. The top position in this ranking is
Analysis of foreign trade 143
occupied by Bucharest (41% of Romania’s exports of services
in 2017), followed at great distance by the counties of Cluj
(9%) and Timiș (8%). Moreover, it can be noted that Bucharest
city and the counties with growth poles account for more than
two thirds of Romania’s exports of services.
An analysis of the share of imports from various partner
countries in the total imports at national, county level
or municipal level (2017) (Annex 22) reveals that Germany
ranks first for both Romania as a whole and for the analysed
territories, with a share of over 15%, the biggest importers being
Brașov county (39%) and Timiș county (31%). The exceptions
to this are Cluj county, where Germany has a 15% share and
ranks second, behind Hungary, and Constanța, where Germany
accounted for merely 3% of the county’s imports in 2017, ranking
eighth among the main partners of the county. Most imports
made by Romania, by the counties with growth poles and by
Bucharest city come from European countries, mainly in the
European Union (the only European non-EU countries that are
main import partners are Moldova and Russia). However, unlike
the exports, imports also come from major Asian partners,
mainly China and Turkey, which contribute significantly to the
imports of both Romania, Bucharest and the other counties
analysed. Just like in the case of exports, the imports show
a different picture for Constanța as compared to the other
territories under review. Thus, Asian countries account for
almost 50% of the county’s imports in 2017, with Kazakhstan
ranking first (30% of Constanța’s imports, also a major import
partner for Prahova county), followed by Azerbaijan, Iraq and
Turkey. Some Eastern European partners also account for
significant shares of Constanța county’s imports: Russia
(which also holds significant shares in Romania’s and Prahova
county’s imports) and Bulgaria (over 30%).
144 Competitive Profile of Constanța

A few import partners have accounted for more than 1% of

the imports of all analysed territories, namely: Germany, Italy,
Hungary, China and the Netherlands. The United Kingdom,
Poland, France, Spain and Belgium have also accounted for
more than 1% of the imports, except from those of Constanța
county. Certain partners had far lower contributions to the
imports of Constanța county as compared to the other
territories analysed, namely: Germany, Italy, China, Poland,
France, Hungary, the Netherlands, Belgium, Czech Republic
and Spain.

This analysis reveals that partners from a few countries,

particularly from Asia and Africa, hold the largest share in Analysis of foreign trade
Constanța county’s imports as compared with the other
territories under review. They include Kazakhstan (30%), Analysis of the main
Russia (27%), Azerbaijan (8%), Iraq (5%), Korea (2%), as well as
the United Arab Emirates, Morocco, Egypt, Iran, Georgia, and
Myanmar.
exporters and exported
When considering the share of the counties with growth goods of Constanța county
poles and of Bucharest city in the total imports from certain
partners, one can notice that, in the case of 15 partners,
Romania’s imports are 100% made by those counties with
growth poles and by Bucharest, the latter accounting for
100% of the national imports from 8 of those countries.
Furthermore, the analysed territories account for more than
90% of Romania’s imports from 20 other partner countries
and for more than half of the national imports from 95 out
of a total of 163 partner countries. It must be stressed that
Constanța county holds a significant share of the national
imports from Iraq (100%), Azerbaijan (74%), Kazakhstan (73%),
the United Arab Emirates (55%), Saudi Arabia (41%) and Russia
(29%), occupying the first position in the national ranking.
146 Competitive Profile of Constanța
A review of the top 10 exporters in Constanța
county between 2007 and 2017 has identified
28 companies that stood out during that period
Some of them closing down and others being established
during that time (see Annex 23). The companies that stand
out are SC Rompetrol Rafinare SA, based in Năvodari (part of
the Constanța metropolitan area), which ranked first on each
year of the 2007-2017 period (NACE code 1920 Manufacture
of refined petroleum products) and the company SC Daewoo
- Mangalia Heavy Industries SA, based in Mangalia, which
ranks second or third throughout the analysed period (NACE
code 3011 Building of ships and floating structures). The latter
ranked third between 2013 and 2015, when it lost its second
place to SC Ameropa Grains SA, a company based in the city
of Constanța that entered top 10 in 2009 (on the 9th position),
maintained a top 10 position throughout the period and even
reached second place (as mentioned above), and then ranked
third during the last two years, i.e. 2016-2017 (NACE code
4621 Wholesale of grain, unmanufactured tobacco, seeds and
animal feeds). The third place in the ranking was also occupied
by the following companies: SC Rompetrol Petrochemicals
SRL of Năvodari (in 2007-2008 and 2011), with NACE code
2016 Manufacture of plastics in primary forms; however, the
petrochemical activity of this company was integrated into
SC Rompetrol Rafinare SA, since 2014; SC Șantierul naval
Analysis of foreign trade 147
Constanța SA, with NACE code 3011 Building of ships and
floating structures, ranked third in 2009; SC Grup Servicii
Petroliere SA, based in the city of Constanța, with NACE
code 910 Support activities for petroleum and natural gas
extraction, ranked third in 2010, but is no longer among the
top exporters of Constanța and saw major cuts in its turnover
and number of employees during the analysed period.
The three companies mentioned above for occupying the top
three positions in the ranking of Constanța-based exporters
between 2012 and 2017 are also the companies with the largest
turnovers, with SC Rompetrol Rafinare SA ranking first by far in
this respect, with a turnover of more than RON 5 billion during
the entire period, and a peak of RON 13.5 billion in 2014. SC
Ameropa Grains SA reported a steady growth throughout the
period, from RON 108 million in 2007 to nearly RON 3 billion
in 2017. The third position in terms of turnover is occupied by
SC Daewoo - Mangalia Heavy Industries SA, which fell a little
below RON 1 billion in 2017, although it had reached turnovers
in excess of RON 2 billion during the period concerned. The
following companies also recorded turnovers of more than RON
100 million during the period analysed: SC Brisegroup SRL (on
the rise), SC Șantierul Naval Constanța SA (falling), SC Alnaser
SRL (on the rise), SC AL KASTAL Chartering SRL (on the rise)
and SC Grup Servicii Petroliere SA (it reported a sharp fall in its
turnover after 2010). Eight companies reported zero turnovers
and zero employees for the last years.
SC Daewoo - Mangalia Heavy Industries SA ranks first relative
to the average number of employees, in spite of a decline from
3,998 employees in 2007 to 1,988 employees in 2017. The
Constanța city-based SC Șantierul Naval Constanța SA had
the second largest number of employees, with 1,038 employees
(down from 2,378 in 2007); the company ranked third and
fourth among the top exporters at the beginning of the period,
148 Competitive Profile of Constanța
but then fell to the 7th and 8th positions and was excluded
from the 2016 top altogether. The third position by number of
employees is held by SC Rompetrol Rafinare SA. The company
workforce fluctuated during the analysed period, but it counted
1,061 staff in 2017, up from 879 in 2007, with a peak of 1,272
in 2014. Other companies with more than 100 employees are
SC Maria Trading SRL (on the rise), SC Brisegroup SRL (on
the rise), SC Grup Servicii Petroliere (falling) and SC Ameropa
Grains SA (fluctuating). The following three companies had a
higher number of employees at the beginning of the period,
but it fell sharply later: SC Rompetrol Petrochemicals SRL, SC
Tomini Trading SRL, and SC Unico Ital SRL.
The positive evolution of the companies incorporated over the
past five years has to be mentioned here, as they reported
rises in both turnover and number of employees, despite their
small size relative to the highest ranking companies. These
companies are SC United for Food & Livestock SRL, SC T.A.R.
Trading Division SRL, and SC Rojen Commerce SRL – they
were incorporated in 2012, 2013 and 2015, respectively, and
all entered the top of Constanța’s exporters on the ninth
place at different times during the past three years. The first
company is active in the livestock sector, whereas the other
two are trading companies.
Relative to the business areas of the Constanța county top
10 exporting companies with the highest turnovers and
number of employees, most of the companies (12) were active
in the field of wholesales, mainly of livestock (3), cereals,
seeds, animal feeds and unmanufactured tobacco (3), as
well as in that of waste, of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, of
derived products, and of metals and metal ores. Other two
companies specialize in NACE code 5210 Warehousing and
storage (focusing on cereal storage). The companies with the
highest turnovers and number of employees operate in the
Analysis of foreign trade 149
manufacture of petroleum products, in support activities for
petroleum and natural gas extractions, and in the building
of ships and floating structures. Four companies specialized
in the recovery of sorted recyclable materials, but they all
reported zero turnovers and zero employees.
The data for 2016 have also been used for a more detailed
analysis of Romania’s export partners for which the county
of Constanța recorded an important contribution or a higher
share than the other national territories analysed, which has
allowed for a comparison of such data with the information
supplied by the Observatory of Economic Complexity (https://
atlas.media.mit.edu/en/) on worldwide exports and imports,
by partner countries and by product groups (the latest
available data in this database relating to 2016) and with the
information on Constanța county’s main exporters in 2016.
As shown in the table below, the following partner states
account for the largest share of Constanța’s exports relative
to the national exports: the Marshall Islands (from Oceania –
Constanța accounts for 100% of national exports) and Georgia
(from Asia – Constanța accounts for 70% of the national
exports). Other partners thanks to whom Constanța holds
a major share of Romania’s exports (first or second biggest
exporter) are the following: four Asian countries (Turkey – 1st
place, Jordan – 2nd place, behind Dolj county, Vietnam and
Israel – 2nd place, behind Bucharest), two African countries
(Egypt – 1st place, and Libya - 2nd place, behind Bucharest)
and one East-European country (Moldova - 2nd place, behind
Bucharest, Jordan – 2nd place, behind Dolj county, Vietnam and
Israel – 2nd place, behind Bucharest). Constanța also accounts
for more than 10% of the national exports to the following two
Asian countries: Lebanon and India (3rd place after Prahova
and Bucharest, respectively 4th place after Timiș, Dolj and Iași).
150 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of foreign trade 151

Table 6. Contribution of the analysed territories to the national exports, main

partners and exported products, 2016
Source: Own processing of INS data, TEMPO Online data and
https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en

CONSTANȚA
BUCHAREST

PRAHOVA
Partner Country

BRAȘOV
Imported goods RO
country code

TIMIȘ
DOLJ
CLUJ

IAȘI
Marshall 89. Vessels for the transport of
MH 100% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Islands people and goods

Georgia GE 27. Refined petroleum 100% 25.34% 0.05% 0.11% 70.06% 0.00% 0.36% 0.08% 0.02%
10. Wheat
27. Refined petroleum
Egypt EG 100% 27.48% 0.35% 0.44% 31.72% 4.86% 0.12% 12.06% 0.53%
10. Corn
44. Timber
10. Wheat
10. Barley
Libyan Arab 01. Sheep and goats
LY 100% 45.76% 0.09% 0.00% 25.96% 0.00% 0.11% 0.12% 0.04%
Jamahiriya 01. Cattle
10. Corn
11. Wheat flour
10. Wheat
10. Barley
01. Sheep and goats
Jordan JO 100% 3.25% 0.17% 0.04% 25.44% 38.45% 0.41% 1.16% 1.01%
01. Cattle
02. Mutton and goat meat
44. Timber
10. Wheat
Vietnam VN 10. Corn 100% 46.48% 0.13% 0.03% 17.77% 0.00% 1.50% 0.17% 0.02%
10. Barley
Republic of 27. Refined petroleum
MD 100% 20.42% 2.38% 1.59% 16.71% 0.04% 2.00% 13.83% 1.50%
Moldova 85. Insulated wire
27. Refined petroleum
44. Timber
10. Corn
Lebanon LB 12. Soy beans 100% 19.83% 0.54% 0.03% 15.71% 1.80% 0.01% 25.93% 0.79%
10. Wheat
01. Sheep and goats
44. Particle boards

Color key: Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania
152 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of foreign trade 153

CONSTANȚA
BUCHAREST

PRAHOVA
Partner Country

BRAȘOV
Imported goods RO
country code

TIMIȘ
DOLJ
CLUJ

IAȘI
01. Cattle
Israel IL 01. Sheep and goats 100% 21.30% 3.19% 1.39% 15.65% 0.03% 0.07% 4.26% 1.00%
87. Machinery

84. Spark-ignition engines

85. Parts for electric engines
India IN 87. Parts of motor vehicles 100% 9.14% 1.69% 1.74% 10.13% 16.59% 15.33% 1.25% 16.68%
27. Refined petroleum
07 Dried legumes

87. Machinery
87. Parts of motor vehicles
72. Flat-rolled iron products
27 Refined petroleum
Turkey TR 100% 9.22% 5.02% 0.90% 9.98% 0.36% 0.75% 3.41% 6.47%
12. Rapeseed
12. Sunflower seeds
10. Corn
10. Wheat

Color key: Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania

As shown by the analysed 2016 data, the main partners of The county also had a contribution, albeit a lower one (1% to
Constanța, who account for high shares of the national exports, 8%), to Romania’s exports under Chapters 11 Products of milling
are in the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia, South-East industry, 02 Meat and edible offal, 07 Edible vegetables, roots and
Asia, Oceania and Eastern Europe, and the main CN chapters tubers, 44 Wood, timber and articles of wood and 72 Iron and steel,
where the county had a significant contribution to Romania’s which account for a lower share of the county’s exports.
exports were: Chapter 89 Ships, boats and floating structures,
Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances,
Chapters 10 Cereals and 12 Seeds and oleaginous fruits, industrial
and medicinal plants in Section II Vegetable products, and Chapter
01 Live animals.
154 Competitive Profile of Constanța
Table 7. Top 10 exporting companies based in the county of Constanța, 2016
Source: Own processing of INS data, TEMPO Online data and
https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en
Rank/company Seat NACE code
1920 Manufacture of refined
1 SC ROMPETROL RAFINARE SA Năvodari
petroleum products
SC DAEWOO-MANGALIA HEAVY 3011 Building of ships and
2 Mangalia
INDUSTRIES SA floating structures
4621 Wholesale of grain,
3 SC AMEROPA GRAINS SA Constanța unmanufactured tobacco, seeds
and animal feeds
4 SC MARIA TRADING SRL Constanța 4623 Wholesale of live animals
5 SC AL KASTAL CHARTERING SRL Crucea 4623 Wholesale of live animals
SILOTRANS SRL CONSTANTA -
6 TAX REPRESENTATIVE FOR CHS Constanța 5210 Warehousing and storage
EUROPE SA
7 SC ALNASER SRL Constanța 4623 Wholesale of live animals
8 SC TOLIL COMPANY SRL Constanța 150 Mixed farming
SC UNITED FOR FOOD & 162 Support activities for
9 Dorobanțu
LIVESTOCK SRL animal product ion
4621 Wholesale of grain,
10 SC BRISEGROUP SRL Constanța unmanufactured tobacco, seeds
and animal feeds
Analysis of foreign trade 155
CN Section/
activities
markets
Chapter
Outlet
Main
V. 27 Georgia, Lebanon, Moldova,
Fuels and petroleum-based products
VII. 39 Egypt, India, Turkey
Building and maintenance of maritime
vessels. Naval yards with covered
XVII. 89 Marshall Islands
facilities. Maritime/military vessels,
specialized (for merchandise)
II. 09 10 12
Wholesale. Raw materials and agricultural
IV. 19 23 24 0.44%
products
VI 31 38
Wholesale. Live animals.
I.01 02 Jordan, Libya, Lebanon, Israel
Animal husbandry; Export of live animals
Wholesale. Live animals. Jordan, Libya,
I.01
Export of live animals Lebanon, Israel
Jordan, Libya, Lebanon,
Storage of cereals in silos II. 10
Egypt, Vietnam, Turkey
Wholesale. Live animals. Export of live
I.01 Jordan, Libya, Lebanon, Israel
animals
Vegetable cultures combined with animal I. 01 Jordan, Libya, Lebanon, Egypt,
husbandry II. 10 Vietnam, Israel, Turkey
Agriculture-like activities for purposes
other than production, activities for I. 01 Jordan, Libya, Lebanon, Israel
product market preparation
Cereals and pseudocereals: Barley, corn,
oat, wheat, seeds for agriculture and
horticulture. Preservation and packaging
services for agricultural products. Cereal II. 10 11 12
flour, corn flour, Insecticides, fungicides Jordan, Libya, Lebanon,
and bactericides, Herbicides and other
IV. 23 24 Egypt, Vietnam, Israel,
weed-killers, Road transport for bulk
products, Warehouses, storage facilities, Turkey
Chemicals and pharmaceutical products VI 30 31 38
(wholesale), Plants and oil seed crops,
Edible seeds, Leafed vegetables, Organic
carbon-based fertilizers (organic, bio)
156 Competitive Profile of Constanța
Thus, products under Chapter:
• 89 Ships, boats and floating structures, namely Vessels
for the transport of people and goods – are exported
to just one country, the Marshall Islands, by only
one company from the top exporters of Constanța
county, namely SC Daewoo-Mangalia Heavy Industries
SA, who is based in Mangalia (which is not part of
the Constanța metropolitan area). One has to also
mention here SC Șantierul Naval Constanța, who is
based in the municipality of Constanța;
• the products under Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral
oils; bituminous substances, namely Refined petroleum,
are exported to six partner countries: Georgia, Egypt,
Moldova, Lebanon, India and Turkey, by just one
company from the top 10 county exporters, namely
SC Rompetrol Rafinare SA, based in Năvodari (which
is part of the Constanța metropolitan area). Another
company that exports in this sector is SC Grup
Servicii Petroliere SA, who is based in the municipality
of Constanța;
• the products under Chapter 10 Cereals, namely Wheat,
Corn, Oat – are exported to six countries: Egypt,
Libya, Jordan, Vietnam, Lebanon and Turkey, by
four companies from the top county exporters: SC
Ameropa Grains SA, SC Brisegroup SRL, SC Tolil
Company SRL and Silotrans SRL Constanța, all based
in the municipality of Constanța;
Analysis of foreign trade 157
• the products under Chapter 12 Seeds and oleaginous
fruits, industrial and medicinal plants, namely soy beans,
rapeseed and sunflower seeds – are exported to two
countries: Lebanon and Turkey, by three of Constanța
county’s top exporters: SC Ameropa Grains SA, SC
Brisegroup SRL and SC Tolil Company SRL, all based
in the municipality of Constanța;
• the products under Chapter 01 Live animals, namely
Cattle and Sheep and goats – are exported to four
countries: Libya, Jordan, Lebanon and Israel, by five
companies from the top 10 county exporters: SC
Alnaser SRL, SC Maria Trading SRL, SC Tolil Company
SRL, SC AL KASTAL SRL and SC United for Food &
Livestock SRL. The first 3 companies are based in
the municipality of Constanța, and the latter two in
the localities of Crucea and Dorobanțu, which are not
part of the Constanța metropolitan area.
Moreover, the table above shows that 9 out of the top 10
companies entered the Lebanese market, 8 companies entered
the Jordanian and the Libyan markets, six companies entered
the Israeli market, five entered the Egyptian and the Turkish
markets, four companies made exports to Vietnam and one
company entered the markets of the Marshall Islands, Georgia
and India.
In 2017, the export partners that accounted for a significant
share of Constanța’s exports relative to national exports were
again the Marshall Islands, ranked first (100% of the national
exports to that destination were performed by companies in
Constanța county), as well as Georgia, Jordan, Libya, Lebanon,
158 Competitive Profile of Constanța

and Moldova, but new partners also emerged, such as the

British Indian Ocean Territory (for which Constanța accounts
for 100% of Romania’s exports again), Liberia, the Democratic
Republic of Congo, Congo, Suriname, Sri Lanka, Azerbaijan and
Uzbekistan, which points to an expansion on the Asian and
African markets.

There are also changes in the rank of the county’s biggest

exporters, with two exiting companies (SC United for Food
& Livestock SRL and SC Brisegroup SRL), a re-entry, i.e. SC
Șantierul Naval Constanța SA (a ship builder) and a new
Analysis of foreign trade
entry – SC Rojen Commerce SRL, active in the field of non-
specialised wholesale of food, beverages and tobacco. Moreover,
SC Alnaster (active in the field of wholesale of live animals) Analysis of the main
climbed from the 7th to 4th position. The first three positions
remained unchanged (SC Rompetrol Rafinare SA, SC Daewoo- import partners and
Mangalia Heavy Industries SA and SC Ameropa Grains SA).
imported goods of
Constanța county
160 Competitive Profile of Constanța
As shown by the table below, the main importing partners of
Constanța county, who account for more than 25% of the
national imports (considering that the seven counties analysed
and Bucharest city account for more than 65% of Romania’s
imports), are countries in Asia and Eastern Europe:
• Oman
• Kazakhstan
• Iraq
• Russia
• South Korea
• Azerbaijan
Another significant share in the national imports has been
recorded for Prahova county (Azerbaijan and Iraq), Bucharest
city (Russia, South Korea and Azerbaijan) and Timiș county
(South Korea).
The main product imported by Romania from Oman
(especially by the Constanța county, which accounts for 90%
of the national imports) is crude petroleum, i.e. products under
Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances.
Crude petroleum is also the main product imported by Romania
and by Constanța county from Kazakhstan and Iraq, as well
as from Russia and Azerbaijan.
Analysis of foreign trade 161
From Russia, Romania also imports products under Chapter
27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances: refined
petroleum and petroleum gas. The same chapter also accounts
for a large share of Constanța county’s imports. Petroleum
gases are also imported from Kazakhstan.
The main imports from South Korea and Azerbaijan consist in
products under Chapter 84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and
mechanical appliances (Internal combustion engines, Heavy-duty
building equipment); the products imported from South Korea
also include Chapter 72 Iron and steel (Flat-rolled iron products).
These last two chapters also account for a relatively high share
in the county’s imports, as well as in terms of the county’s
contribution to the national imports of products included therein.
The year 2017 has brought in two new Asian markets: Saudi
Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, with imports mainly
under Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous
substances, namely refined petroleum, as well as of products
under chapters 29 Organic chemicals (acyclic hydrocarbons and
ethers) and 39 Plastics and articles thereof (ethylene polymers).
The main product imported by Romania from Oman
(especially by the Constanța county, which accounts for
90% of the national imports) is crude petroleum, i.e. products
under Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous
substances. Crude petroleum is also the main product imported
by Romania and by Constanța county from Kazakhstan and
Iraq, as well as from Russia and Azerbaijan.
From Russia, Romania also imports products under Chapter
27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous substances:
refined petroleum and petroleum gas. The same chapter also
accounts for a large share of Constanța county’s imports.
Petroleum gases are also imported from Kazakhstan.
162 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of foreign trade 163

Table 8. Contribution of the analysed territories to the national imports, main

partners and imported products, 2016
Source: Own processing of INS data, TEMPO Online data and
https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en

CONSTANȚA
BUCHAREST

PRAHOVA
Partner Country

BRAȘOV
Imported goods RO
country code

TIMIȘ
DOLJ
CLUJ

IAȘI
27. Crude petroleum
Oman OM 100% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 91.70% 0.00% 0.00% 0.55% 0.00%
76 Unwrought aluminium
27. Crude petroleum
Kazakhstan KZ 100% 4.19% 0.00% 0.07% 83.16% 0.00% 0.00% 10.24% 0.01%
27. Petroleum gases
27. Crude petroleum
Iraq IQ 100% 0.37% 0.00% 0.00% 42.48% 0.00% 0.00% 57.14% 0.00%
87. Special use vehicles
27. Crude petroleum
Russian
RU 27. Refined petroleum 100% 10.69% 0.60% 4.67% 31.19% 0.01% 0.40% 22.29% 0.71%
Federation
27. Petroleum gases
72. Flat-rolled iron products
84. Internal combustion engines
South Korea KR 85. Integrated circuits 100% 16.19% 7.32% 0.46% 29.67% 0.13% 0.78% 1.51% 11.21%
87. Parts of motor vehicles
39 Polyacetals
27. Crude petroleum
29. Acyclic alcohols
Azerbaijan AZ 100% 22.26% 0.00% 0.00% 25.27% 0.00% 0.00% 45.82% 0.00%
84. Heavy-duty construction
equipment

Color key: Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania

The main imports from South Korea and Azerbaijan consist in
products under Chapter 84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
and mechanical appliances (Internal combustion engines, Heavy-
duty building equipment); the products imported from South Korea
also include Chapter 72 Iron and steel (Flat-rolled iron products).
These last two chapters also account for a relatively high share
in the county’s imports, as well as in terms of the county’s
contribution to the national imports of products included therein.
The year 2017 has brought in two new Asian markets: Saudi
Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, with imports mainly
under Chapter 27 Mineral fuels and mineral oils; bituminous
substances, namely refined petroleum, as well as of products
under chapters 29 Organic chemicals (acyclic hydrocarbons
and ethers) and 39 Plastics and articles thereof (ethylene
polymers).
 Analysis of the
competitive position
of Constanța at
world level, in key
fields of economic
specialization
Analysis of the competitive position of
Constanța at world level, in key
fields of economic specialization

Tourism
168 Competitive Profile of Constanța
The global tourism market is a relevant indicator
of the overall economic performance worldwide.
During times of economic growth, the purchasing power of
households increases and they can afford to also purchase more
than just basic goods and services, including travel and leisure
activities. By contrast, times of economic crises coincide with
a fall in the tourism market, as consumers confine themselves
to basic necessities, such as food and household bills. Finally,
the free circulation across borders and the high uptake of air
transport has led to an exponential growth of tourist transit
between the different countries of the world.
In this context, the number of international tourist arrivals
rose from 25 million in 1950 to 278 million in 1980, then to
674 million in 2000 and to 1.3 billion at present, according to
the World Tourism Organization. Tourism receipts currently
amount to around USD 1,300 billion/year only from foreign
visitors. As a result, this sector (including the related services,
such as restoration, trade, transports, cultural and leisure
activities, sports, etc.) has come to account for 10.4% of global
GDP, 9.9% of jobs, 5% of investment and 7% of the volume
of exported goods and services, after chemical and mineral
products (oil, gas, ores) and ahead of the automotive and food
industries. Moreover, against the background of a favorable
economic context, the GDP represented by the tourism industry
Analysis of the competitive position of Constanța at world level 169
has grown by 4% per year on average in the post-crisis period
(rising by 27% between 2012 and 2018), and the number of
tourism jobs has risen by 2% (for a total surplus of 12% post-
2012), standing above the average for the other economic
activities. In the recent history of the tourism sector, it only
reported a decline in 2009, but the next year already brought
about a higher performance than 2008, so the recovery was
fast. In fact, during 2009 the tourism activity reached a
record growth level for the post-crisis period (+7%), especially
in Northern Africa (+15%), Southern Europe (+12%), South-East
Asia (+9%), and South America (+8%).
Out of the total receipts from tourism worldwide, about 55%
stem from leisure travel (holidays, relaxation, recreation), 27%
from visiting friends and relatives, religious tourism, health
tourism etc., and 13% from business or job-related travel. On
the other hand, 27% of the receipts originate from foreign
tourists, and 73% from domestic tourists. Europe remains the
world’s main tourist destination, accounting for 51% of total
foreign visitors and for 39% of tourism receipts. It is followed
distantly by Asia (24% of tourists and 29% of receipts) and
America (16% of tourists and 24% of receipts). At subcontinental
level, Southern Europe (the Mediterranean region) remains the
world’s main tourist destination (20% of total tourist arrivals),
followed by Western Europe (15%), North-East Asia (12%) and
North America (10%). It is also worth mentioning that 80%
of travels abroad are to the same geographical region, the
distance being determinant in choosing the destination.
The highest average receipts per tourist are recorded in
Oceania (USD 3,440), North America (USD 1,870), South Asia
(USD 1,490), the Caribbean region (USD 1,220) and Central
America (USD 1,140), whereas the lowest receipts per tourist
were recorded in Central and Eastern Europe (USD 450), North
Africa (USD 460) and Sub-Saharan Africa (USD 670).
170 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of the competitive position of Constanța at world level 171

Figure 78. Number of foreign tourists and international tourism receipts by However, in terms of international tourism receipts, the USA
continent in 2017
are clearly on top, followed distantly by France, Spain, Thailand
Source: World Tourism Organization
and the UK.
Americas Europe Asia and the Pacific
209 million (+4%) 671 million (+8%) 323 million (+6%)
Figure 80. International tourism receipts and their dynamics by country in 2017
US$ 326 billion (+1%) US$ 519 billion (+8%) US$ 390 billion (+3%)
Source: World Tourism Organization
International tourism receipts, Change, 2017
2017 (US$ billion) (local currencies, current prices, %)
Rank
‘17* ‘16
1 1 USA 210.7 USA1 1.9
2 2 Spain 68.0 Spain 10.1
3 3 France 60.7 France 9.0
4 4 Thailand 57.5 Thailand 13.1
5 5 UK 51.2 UK 12.1
6 7 Italy 44.2 Italy 7.7
7 9 Australia 41.7 Australia 9.3
8 8 Germany 39.8 Germany 4.2
9 12 Macao (China) 35.6 Macao (China) 17.6
10 11 Japan 34.1 Japan 14.4

Africa Middle East

As regards the tourists’ continent of origin, most of them are
63 million (+9%) 58 million (+5%)
US$ 37 billion (+8%) US$ 68 billion (+13%) from Europe (48%), Asia (25%) and America (17%).

As for the tourists’ spending abroad, China, the United

The countries most visited by foreign tourists in 2017 were States of America and Germany rank first, Japan being the
France and Spain, with over 80 million international tourist only large economy missing from this ranking. The tourist
arrivals each. They were followed by the USA, China and Italy. spending of Russian and South Korean nationals has also
been recovering lately.

Figure 81. Total spending abroad by nationals of various countries in 2017, by country
Figure 79. Number of foreign tourists and their dynamics by country in 2017
Source: World Tourism Organization
Source: World Tourism Organization
Top spenders 2017 (US$ billion) Change, 2017
International tourist arrivals, 2017 (million) Change, 2017 (%)
Rank
(local currencies, current prices, %)
Rank
‘17* ‘16 ‘17* ‘16
1 1 France 86.9 France 5.1 1 1 China 257.7 China 4.7
2 3 Spain 81.8 Spain 8.6 2 2 USA1 135.0 USA1 9.3
3 2 USA 1
75.9 USA 1
-3.8 3 3 Germany 89.1 Germany 9.4
4 4 China 60.7 China 2.5 4 4 UK 71.4 UK 2.4
5 5 Italy 58.3 Italy 11.2 5 5 France 41.4 France 0.8
6 8 Mexico 39.3 Mexico 12.0 6 6 Australia 34.2 Australia 7.7
7 6 UK 37.7 UK 5.1 7 7 Canada 31.8 Canada 8.5
8 10 Turkey 37.6 Turkey 24.1 8 11 Russian Federation 31.1 Russian Federation 29.7
9 7 Germany 37.5 Germany 5.2 9 8 Republic of Korea 30.6 Republic of Korea 12.3
10 9 Thailand 35.4 Thailand 8.6 10 9 Italy 27.7 Italy 8.9
172 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of the competitive position of Constanța at world level 173

As for the mode of transport, 57% of tourists travelled by The country data collected by Eurostat for 2016 show that
airplane, 37% by car, 2% by train and 4% by boat, the trend Spain recorded the largest number of overnight stays by non-
showing a gradual increase in the share of air transport. residents, followed by the United Kingdom, Italy, France and
Austria.
Back to Europe: this continent receives and also sends the
most foreign tourists worldwide (51% and 48% of the total, In 2016 (the latest year for which exhaustive data are
respectively). However, the tourists coming to Europe spend available), the main tourist destinations chosen by foreign
less money than those who travel to other continents, and visitors in the region where Romania is located were Austria,
foreigners visiting this region also spend less than those who Greece, Croatia and Turkey, each of them reporting over 60
choose other destinations. million of overnight stays/year.

About 40% of the European tourism is concentrated in the Romania ranks close to the bottom, being surpassed also by
Mediterranean Sea region (Turkey included), 29% in Western very small countries such as Montenegro, Malta, Slovenia or
Europe, 20% in Central and Eastern Europe (including the Slovakia.
Russian Federation and the former CIS countries) and 11% in
Figure 83. Total number of overnight stays in tourist accommodations in Central and
Northern Europe. South-East Europe, by type of tourists, in 2016
Source: EUROSTAT
Figure 82. Total number of overnight stays in tourist accommodation in EU Member
States, in 2016
Source: EUROSTAT
294.6

279.5

199.4

124

83.4

79.9

Austria

Greece

Croatia

Turkey

Czechia

Bulgaria

Poland

Cyprus

Hungary

Montenegro

Malta

Slovenia

Slovakia

Romania

Estonia

Lithuania

Latvia

Serbia

Macedonia
80

65.8
72

39.6
44

23.9
24.3
Spain

United Kingdom

Italy

France

Austria

Greece

Germany

Croatia

Turkey

Portugal

Netherlands

Czechia

Switzerland

Foreign tourists Domestic tourists

174 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of the competitive position of Constanța at world level 175

Romania’s domestic tourism market was the sixth largest in Figure 84. Total number of overnight stays in tourist accommodation in main
European cities, in 2016
the region, after Poland, Turkey, Austria, the Czech Republic
Source: EUROSTAT. National Institutes of Statistics
and Greece. The only countries where the number of overnight
stays of domestic tourists exceeded that of foreign visitors

294.6 75.1
were Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Lithuania
and Serbia.

44
Overall, the size of Romania’s tourism market

31.1

26.9
equals those of Bulgaria and Hungary, whose

19.2

18.1

16.8

15.8
population is much smaller, and is half of the

13.8

13.3
13.4

11.3
14

12
market of the Czech Republic.

London

Paris

Berlin

Rome

Barcelona

Madrid

Prague

Vienna

Munich

Amsterdam

Stockholm

Hamburg

Istanbul

As regards Europe’s major urban centres, the cities with the
largest numbers of overnight stays/year in 2016 were: London,
Paris, Berlin, Rome, Barcelona, Madrid, Prague, Vienna, Munich,
Amsterdam, Stockholm, Hamburg, Istanbul and Milan – each
counting more than 10 million overnight stays.
However, it should be taken into account that this ranking
may differ slightly depending on the territory it covers (the
different regions are treated in a statistically different way
across countries).
Romania’s most visited city, Bucharest (with
3.1 million overnight stays) ranked among
the least visited European capitals, on par
with Sofia, Zagreb, Tallinn, Bern, Vilnius, Oslo,
Bratislava, Ljubljana and Riga.
Milan
In Constanța, the total number of overnight
stays is around 1.7 million per year, which
makes the city rank second at national level,
after Bucharest.
This value is comparable with those recorded by European
cities such as Sofia, Antwerp, Bruges, Bonn, Thessaloniki,
Zaragoza, Bilbao, Avignon, Split, Genoa, Verona, Pisa,
Rotterdam, Innsbruck, Gdańsk, Malmö, etc. However, we
cannot overlook the specific tourist profile of each of the
above-mentioned cities. Some of them rely almost exclusively
on business tourism (e.g. Rotterdam, Sofia), whereas others
rely on leisure travel (e.g. Split). As a result, it is more relevant
to compare Constanța with other coastal cities that rely on
seasonal tourism as well.
176 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of the competitive position of Constanța at world level 177

From this point of view, the city most visited by tourists is As an exception, the ranking also features the Bulgarian city
Barcelona (Spain), with around 20 million overnight stays in of Varna, which has access to the Black Sea and boasts an
2016, which makes it rank fifth at European level. However, impressive tourist traffic (over 5 million overnight stays/year),
Barcelona’s tourism offer is more complex, as summer similar to that of the cities on the French Riviera or on the
travelling is accompanied by cultural tourism (for architecture, Mediterranean coast.
museums, etc.). Lisbon is in a similar situation.
With its 1.7 million overnight stays/year, Constanța is the
The cities in this ranking that rely almost exclusively on summer seventh tourist destination in the Black Sea Basin, after
travels generally have direct access to the Mediterranean Sea Istanbul, Varna, Odessa, Sevastopol, Trabzon and Batumi.
or are located on islands in the Atlantic Ocean: Benidorm, Nevertheless, the number of tourists is almost 3 times lower
Palma de Mallorca, Torremolinos, Puerto de la Cruz, Valencia, than in Varna and the share of foreign tourists is also about
Benalmadena, Marbella (Spain), Rimini (Italy), Funchal, Porto 10 times smaller compared to the Bulgarian city. Additionally,
(Portugal), Nice, Marseille, Frejus, Perpignan, Toulon (France), the Black Sea resorts in Turkey, Ukraine or Russia have a
Valetta (Malta) etc. greater growth potential as they serve domestic markets
that are much larger than the domestic market of Romania.
Figure 85. Total overnight stays in tourist accommodation in cities with a prevailing
However, the resorts in Russia and Ukraine are generally
summer tourism profile, in 2016 avoided by foreign tourists from other regions due to security
Source: EUROSTAT. National Institutes of Statistics and accessibility issues (airplane access, obtaining a visa,
etc.). Consequently, the resorts in Romania and Bulgaria have
the best prospects of attracting foreign tourists, due to their
status of EU member states.
19.2

16.5

Most foreign tourists arriving in Varna originate from Greece,

Romania, Germany, Turkey, Russia, Macedonia, Serbia, Poland
9.9

8.9

and the UK. Although natural conditions are similar to those of

7.8

5.7

5.7

Constanța, with our Southern neighbors boasting a somewhat

5.3

5.2

5.1

4.6

4.3

4.2

4.1

3.9

3.7

3.5

3.3

3.2

friendlier climate and a slightly more picturesque sea coast

1.7

(gulfs, beaches with different orientations, more attractive

Barcelona

Benidorm

Lisbon

Palma de Mallorca

Rimini

Torremolinos

Puerto de la Cruz

Nice

Funchal

Varna

Valencia

Benalmadena

Valetta

Marbella

Marseille

Frejus

Perpignan

Porto

Toulon

Constanța

hilly landscapes near the shore), tourism in Varna (and at the

Bulgarian seaside in general) has increased especially as a
result of the investments made by German companies in the
accommodation infrastructure. German tour operators (such
as TUI or NECKERMAN-THOMAS COOK) took over a great
part of the hotels after the fall of communism and invested
178 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of the competitive position of Constanța at world level 179

large amounts of money in them, turning most of them into In this context, the Romanian seaside has remained attractive
4- or 5-star hotels. Moreover, they brought the German know- almost exclusively for the domestic tourists, retaining a few
how in the management and attracted tourists from their advantages compared to the Bulgarian seaside, namely:
country of origin. For comparison, at the Romanian seaside diversified offer for low-income earners, who can opt for
numerous accommodation complexes were disassembled (the 2- or 3-star hotels with prices lower than those in Bulgaria;
hotels being privatized separately from the restaurants and entertainment opportunities for young people, the Romanian
treatment spas) and often taken over by domestic investors seaside offering more tempting nightlife choices (clubs,
who limited their investments to the basic necessities or who festivals, parties, etc.); nonconformist destinations such as
even shut the hotels down. Vama Veche; proximity to the Danube Delta; resources and
infrastructure for health tourism (e.g. the Techirghiol mud
Both Varna and Burgas have international airports with
baths), etc.
scheduled and charter flights. In 2017, the Burgas airport was
transited by 3 million passengers, being given in concession to
a German company. The most crowded flight routes are those
to Moscow, Prague, Tel Aviv, Katowice, Warsaw, London, Sankt
Petersburg and Bratislava. At the Varna airport, which was
given in concession to the same German company, the number
of passengers totaled 2 million. The most frequent flights are
those to Moscow, Sofia, Katowice, Warsaw, Leipzig, Dusseldorf,
Tel Aviv, London and Prague. For comparison, only approximately
130,000 passengers were recorded at the Mihail Kogălniceanu
airport in 2017, most of them travelling to Istanbul, Milan and
London. Those flights aimed at facilitating the mobility of the
emigrant workforce rather than at bringing tourists in.

Finally, the tourist packages offered by the Bulgarian hotels

are very attractive for middle-income earners and have a good
price quality ratio. Prices for all-inclusive packages are similar
to those charged on the Romanian seaside for bed & breakfast
packages. The recreational offer is richer than in Romania,
tourists having alternatives to spend their free time including
on bad weather days. Many Bulgarian hotels offer extra all-
inclusive packages, with a diversified range of the finest foods
and drinks, served buffet-style.
Analysis of the competitive position of
Constanța at world level, in key
fields of economic specialization

Maritime traffic and

port services
182 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of the competitive position of Constanța at world level 183

Out of the total goods transiting European ports, about 59%

are imports and 41% are exports. Liquid goods account for
the largest share of the transited goods (38% of the total),
followed by solid goods (22%), containerized goods (22%)
and Ro-Ro mobile units (12%). Liquid goods consist mainly in
imports of crude oil that is processed in the European refineries
and then distributed to consumers. Crude oil enters Europe
mainly through the Netherlands, the UK and Italy. Solid goods
Over the past two centuries, waterborne transport has lost
enter the EU market particularly via the ports of Turkey,
ground to land transport due to the development of the
Netherlands and Spain, and include mainly coal, iron, building
land transport network – first railways, then motorways,
materials or cereals. Containerized goods, which are typically
transport pipelines and airports. Therefore, the port cities
consumer goods (e.g. textiles, footwear, furniture, electrical
that had enjoyed unique competitive advantages due to their
and electronic equipment and parts, medical equipment, etc.)
accessibility for many centuries were often surpassed by
enter the European market mostly via Spain, Germany, the
urban centres with no direct access to the sea. A case in point
Netherlands and Belgium. As for the Ro-Ro traffic, the main
is that of the Mediterranean cities. For instance, around the
gateways are the UK and Italy, most products transported
year 1700, the population of Naples was 200,000 and that of
being transport equipment (motor vehicles, agricultural
Venice was 150,000 – similar to that of Vienna, Berlin, Rome
machinery, etc.). In terms of percentages, containers prevail
or Moscow. Now, the position of these cities in the network of
among the goods transiting Germany and Belgium; Ro-
Europe’s urban settlements is insignificant.
Ro mobile units prevail in Ireland and Sweden; liquid goods
Nevertheless, Europe’s system of ports remains one of the are dominant in the Netherlands; and solid goods prevail in
most important in the world, as it still plays a key role in Romania, Turkey and the Baltic countries.
the intercontinental freight transport. Thus, European ports
The most important European ports in terms of volume of
process around 3.9 billion tons of goods each year, a volume
processed goods remain those on the North Sea shores, i.e.
that has been slightly on the rise since 2014, but still remains
Rotterdam, Antwerp and Hamburg, the Rotterdam port
below the level recorded before the worldwide crisis outbreak
accounting for almost 10% of the total traffic across the
in 2008. Otherwise, between 2012 and 2017 the growth rate
continent. Their advantage lies in their strategic geographical
of the volume of goods processed in European ports stayed
position, namely the easy access to the Atlantic Ocean,
below the GDP growth pace. A possible explanation is that the
but especially in the fact that they serve the most densely
EU economy is increasingly biased towards the exports and
populated and economically concentrated region in Europe.
imports of services rather than goods (generated by industry
This ranking also includes Mediterranean ports with easy
and agriculture), which affects negatively the activity of the
access to the markets of Asia and Africa.
ports.
184 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of the competitive position of Constanța at world level 185

Figure 86. Total volume of processed goods in European ports, in 2017 traffic has decreased over the last decade (2007-2016) is the
Source: EUROSTAT Black Sea, as specialized companies prefer to reach Eastern
Europe through the hub ports of the Mediterranean. The
Mediterranean ports are engaged in an increasingly fierce
432

competition with those in Northern Africa, which enjoy a

number of net competitive advantages: lower operating
costs (particularly for labor and infrastructure use); easier
administrative procedures and financial incentives granted by
199

the government; better location in relation to the traditional

120

route through the Suez Canal and the Strait of Gibraltar;

96
83

78
81

75
76

66

terminals located in deep waters and having ample storage

60
60
58
54

50
52

50

48
49

45
45
42

38
39
41
41
areas, etc. In addition, against the operators’ rationalization of
shipping routes, some Mediterranean ports have been focusing
Antwerp
Hamburg
Amsterdam
Algeciras
Novorossiysk
Botaș
Marseille
Primorsk
Izmit
Le Havre
Saint Petersburg
Valencia
Immingham
Bremenhaven
London
Aliaga
Trieste
Sines
Genoa
Bergen
Yuzhny
Piraeus
Gothenburg
Barcelona
Constanța
on the transshipments of goods to/from Africa on the ships
that cross the Mediterranean Sea from east to west. For
comparison, the share of transshipments is much lower in the
ports of Northern and North-Western Europe.

Constanța is listed among the 30 largest The main export partners for containerized goods are the
ports of Europe (including Russia and Turkey), USA (21%) and China (10%), whereas the main partners for
imports are China (20%) and the USA (15%), followed distantly
accounting for a volume of goods similar to that by Japan.
handled in the ports of Barcelona, Gothenburg,
The container shipping market is undergoing a process of
Piraeus or Genoa. consolidation worldwide. Thus, in 2014, HAMBURG SÜD
Container traffic, which used to be the growth engine of port bought CCNI and Hapag-Lloyd merged with CSAV. In 2015,
activity prior to the onset of the global crisis, witnessed a CMA-CGM bought APL, and 2016 witnessed the merger of
slow recovery after 2010, increasing by 2.5% to 5% per year. China Shipping and COSCO, the merger of Hapag-Lloyd and
Nearly a quarter of the container traffic at European level UASC, and the merger of NYK LINE, MOL and K-LINE into
(around 100 million TEU per year) transits the ports of Belgium ONE. In 2017, MAERSK bought HAMBURG SÜD and COSCO
and the Netherlands, and another 15% transits the ports of bought OOCL. As of 2017, the global market is dominated by 3
Northern Germany. This type of traffic has also increased in large alliances of operators in this industry: OCEAN ALLIANCE
the Mediterranean region and in Northern Europe, mainly as (specializing in trans-Pacific trade, with a fleet capacity of
a result of the success reported by the Greek, Portuguese, around 2 million TEU), 2M (focused on the trade between
Spanish, Polish or British ports. The only region where container Europe and the Far East) and THE ALLIANCE.
186 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of the competitive position of Constanța at world level 187

Figure 87. Total volume of containerized goods transiting European ports in 2017 Sea region have risen considerably. Thus, the publicly owned
Source: PORTOPIA. European Port Industry Sustainability Report 2017 Chornomorsk port, located 30 km away from Odessa, has
a capacity of 850,000 TEU, which is much larger than the
capacity currently handled in Ukraine as a whole, as the port
13.7

counts on attracting new foreign operators. The private terminal

10.5

of Fish Port and the CTO terminal in Odessa also have a large
capacity. In Georgia, the container terminals of Poti and Batumi
8.8

also have the advantage of being connected to the new Baku-

5.5

Tbilisi-Kars railway, which follows the old Silk Route through

4.8
4.4
4.1
3.8

Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. They could become important

3.2

2.9
2.8
2.6
2.4
3

points of transfer on the EU-Asia route, establishing swift

1.7
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
2

0.9
0.9
0.8
0.7
connections via the ports of Constanța or Varna. Moreover,
a new terminal could be built in Anaklia. The Bulgarian ports
Rotterdam
Antwerp
Hamburg
Bremenhaven
Valencia
Algeciras
Piraeus
Felixstowe
Marsaxlokk
Barcelona
Le Havre
Ambarli
Genoa
Gioia Tauro
Southampton
Sines
Gdansk
Zeebrugge
La Spezia
London
Izmir
Mersin
Marseille
Las Palmas
Koper
Gothenburg
Constanța
remain small players on the container market, although they
have access to an increasingly better transport infrastructure,
which could attract new investments in container terminals as
well. The Bulgarian authorities are working on a project that
Constanța is one of the top 30 container ports would connect the ports of Varna and Burgas with Kavala and
in Europe and ranks 1st among the Black Sea Alexandroupoli by railway, in order to create a freight corridor
in the Aegean Sea region. Finally, traffic is on the rise at the
container ports, with an annual volume of private container terminal of Novorossiysk, which serves the
around 700,000 TEU. Russian market – the largest in the region.

However, this volume only accounts for 0.7% of the total Container operators in the port of Constanța, particularly DP
volume at continental level. Constanța was a top player on World, provide the best services in the region and continue to record
this market in the early 2000s, when it took advantage of the heaviest traffic in the Black Sea region. However, the volume
the fact that it was serving the entire Eastern Europe and of their activity is following a downward path, mostly because
was an attractive hub for transshipments in the Black Sea of the poor land infrastructure connecting Constanța with the
region. Against the background of the crisis and faced with rest of the country and of the continent. The motorway and the
competition from other European ports (especially in Greece high-speed railway only provide connections to Romania’s capital
and Turkey), the number of containers processed in the region city and South-East region, whereas the largest investments in
has currently halved as compared with 2008. industry are generally concentrated beyond the Carpathians. As
a result, exporters in the region prefer to ship their goods via the
Despite the lower traffic of the last decade (with only 2.5% network of highways and railways in Central Europe, as the time
of the European container traffic transiting the Black Sea), needed to reach the ports of Northern Europe is often shorter
investments in container transport infrastructure in the Black than the time needed to reach Constanța.
188 Competitive Profile of Constanța

Figure 88. Total volume of containerized goods transiting the Black Sea Basin
ports in 2017
Source: PORTOPIA. European Port Industry Sustainability Report 2017

696000

596000

421000

300000

Analysis of the competitive position of

152000
Constanța at world level, in key
76000
fields of economic specialization
Constanța Novorossiysk Odessa Poti Varna Batumi

Petrochemicals
However, the Black Sea region does not seem to specialize in
container transport, as do the ports in Northern Europe, but
rather in the export of grains, currently accounting for the
highest share in Europe in this sector. Thus, the NKHP and
PJSC grain terminals in Novorossiysk are in full expansion,
as are those in Yuzkhny, Chornomorsk (Ukraine) and Varna
(Bulgaria). Chinese companies are involved in developing the
infrastructure of those regions. Constanța has also benefited
from substantial private investments in new grain terminals.

Overall, Turkish ports have a high growth potential, especially

for the transshipments of goods. They are transited by many
container ships on the trade routes to Ukraine and Russia and
have easy access to the major East-West routes across the
Mediterranean Sea.
190 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of the competitive position of Constanța at world level 191

Figure 89. Geographical distribution of the refining capacities at global level, 2012
Source: PFC Energy. 2012

23%
North 17% 9%
America Europe Russia

1.045.501 843.394 kt/year 419.245

of which EU + Norway + Swizerland
= 792,961
About 100 oil refineries are currently in operation across Europe,
having a processing capacity of approximately 15 million
barrels per day. They account for around 16% of the existing
refining capacity worldwide, which makes Europe rank second
after the US, on par with China. It is also worth noting that,
in the post-2007 period, about 15% of Europe’s refineries have
closed their gates and the existing capacity utilization rate has
fallen below 80%, indicating excessive processing as compared
to consumption. The global trend is an increased mobility of
processed products to the detriment of crude oil flows, due
to the increased closeness of the processing sector to the
hydrocarbon exploitation sites. This trend is disadvantageous for
the European Union, who does not have sufficient hydrocarbon 7% 8% 32%
Latin 4%
Middle Asia
resources to cover its domestic consumption. America Africa
East Pacific

Thus, the future new investments in processing capacities
will most probably be concentrated in Asia or America, where
the demand for oil products is increasing much faster than in
Europe, as well as in the Middle East or Russia, where crude
oil resources are now abundant and only partially processed
locally. This ever tighter global competition, coupled with the
stagnating or even decreasing consumption (the EU promotes
green energy intensely, to the detriment of classical energy),
as well as the operating costs – which are higher in Europe
than elsewhere (due to the supply and transport costs, but
also to the staff salaries) – will adversely affect the processing
sector in Europe, who faces the risk of closing down even more
refineries in the future.
322.889 161.654 379.283 1.460.895
Refineries have a relatively even distribution across the EU
(being more concentrated in the North-Western region, in the
proximity of the economically and demographically densest
zone, which is also close to the oil resources of the North Sea).
The only countries that lack processing plants are Cyprus,
Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta and Slovenia. These countries
are generally located close to the ports, inland waterways or
pipeline networks through which oil is transported.
192 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of the competitive position of Constanța at world level 193

Figure 90. Geographical distribution of the refining capacities in Europe, 2016
Source: CIEP Paper. 2017
However, consumption is relatively stable against the
rather slow economic growth and the stagnating number of
consumers. The main products imported by the EU are crude
oil, natural gas and kerosene, originating mostly from the
former USSR and from the OPEC countries, whereas exports
are dominated by gasoline, sold mostly to the US market.

The volume of gasoline exports has, however, decreased in

recent years, as the US has developed its own processing
facilities. Diesel oil consumption has a downward trend due
to a preference for light distillates, as a consequence of
environmental policies. In fact, some European countries are
considering a total ban on the use of diesel fuels in the future.

Figure 91. Crude oil sources used by European Union refineries in 2016
Source: EU-JRC. EU Petroleum Refining Fitness Check: Impact of EU Legislation on
Sectoral Economic Performance
Total: $1.31T

Saudi Iraq Nigeria

Kazakhstan Angola
Kuwait
Arabia
4.32% 4.03% 3.53%
3.53%
Iran Oman
Azerbaijan

Libya
Africa <
$6.89b
(0.53%)
15.11%
Asia < $6.3b

Algeria
Malaysia
United Arab
Qatar
(0.53%) 2.33%

Emirates
Europe (excluding Russia) is a net importer of oil, therefore much Indonesia Vietnam

of the petrochemical sector is dependent upon resources that 2.05% Brazil

Russia Norway Eugbr

originate in other parts of the world. Thus, Europe’s exports of
Venezuela Ecuador
oil products amount to over 3 million barrels per day, whereas
imports amount to only 2 million barrels. Accordingly, member
Mexico
1.85%

states import almost 100 million tons of oil annually. Netherlands

13.99%
194 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of the competitive position of Constanța at world level 195

The sources of the oil used in the processing sector differ Figure 92. Oil refining capacities at national level, 2016
across Europe. Thus, the refineries of the UK or Ireland use Source: EU-JRC. EU Petroleum Refining Fitness Check: Impact of EU Legislation on
Sectoral Economic Performance
mainly crude oil extracted from the North Sea, whereas those
in Central and South-Eastern Europe process imported oil from
7000000
the former Soviet Union. Germany and the Baltic countries 6000000
are more balanced between the crude oil of the North Sea 5000000

and that of Russia, whereas the refineries of Benelux, France, 4000000

3000000
Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece use the most diversified
2000000
sources of supply. 1000000
0
Those countries largely rely on sea transport for their supply

Russia
France
Germany
Italy
United Kingdom
Spain
Netherlands
Belgium
Ukraine
Turkey
Greece
Poland
Sweden
Portugal
Belarus
Norway
Romania
Lithuania
Finland
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Austria
Croatia
Hungary
Serbia
Switzerland
Slovakia
Ireland
Macedonia
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Albania
of oil from various sources, such as the Middle East, the former
USSR, the North Sea, Western and Northern Africa and other
parts of the world.

bpd

In Romania, only 4 refineries out of the 9

existing during communist times are still in
operation, having a capacity of 278,000 barrels
per day, a small share of the EU capacity (1.9%).
Romania’s refining capacity is greater than the capacities
of Hungary, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Finland,
Lithuania, Denmark, Czech Republic or Austria, but neither
are those countries’ hydrocarbon resources as large, nor their
consumers as many.
Out the total national capacity, 178,000 barrels can be
processed every day by the 3 functional refineries of the
Ploiești area, who mainly use local raw materials as inputs, and
100,000 barrels can be processed daily by the PETROMIDIA
Refinery of Năvodari, the largest refinery in the country.
The latter uses mainly crude oil from Kazakhstan (the main
shareholder’s country of origin), transported across the Black
Sea. However, the PETROMIDIA Refinery is a medium one in
European context. Refineries of much larger capacity exist
also in Central and Eastern Europe, such as Schwechat-OMV
(Austria), Novopolotsk-NAFTAN (Belarus), Neftochim Burgas-
LUKOIL (Bulgaria), Litvinov-UNIPETROL (Czech Republic),
Rijeka-INA (Croatia), Danube Duna-MOL (Hungary), Mazeikiu
Nafta (Lithuania), Plock-PKN and Gdansk-LOTOS (Poland),
Slovnaft-MOL (Slovakia), Izmit-TUPRAS and Aliaga-TUPRAS
(Turkey), as well as the more than 15 Russian refineries
belonging to operators such as ROSNEFT, GAZPROM, LUKOIL,
BASHNEFT, SURGUTNEFTGAS etc. All of them have a capacity
that exceeds 100,000 barrels per day, and they mostly use
crude oil from the former Soviet Union region, transported
either by sea or by pipeline.
196 Competitive Profile of Constanța Analysis of the competitive position of Constanța at world level 197

Against this increasingly competitive background, the the company sells about 2.2 mil. tons of oil products each
PETROMIDIA Refinery enjoys nevertheless a few undeniable year, with LPG being the most dynamic market segment. On
competitive advantages: it has a strategic geographical that segment, the refinery sells both its own products and
position, with direct access to the Black Sea and to the products imported from Kazakhstan.
Danube-Black Sea Canal and with its own maritime
terminal, which can accommodate ships of up to 160,000
TDW; it is a regional hub that links the important oil
resources of the Caspian Sea area with the demand for oil
products in Europe; the main shareholder of the refinery
(KAZMUNAIGAZ) is a holding owned by the government of
Kazakhstan that performs integrated extraction, processing,
transport, logistics, distribution and selling activities; the
distribution network of that holding covers a good number
of East European countries; the refinery also has its own
petrochemicals division. It has invested considerable money
in upgrading and extending its production capacity and
has become a very complex plant with a very good yield,
especially for white products and for products complying
with European environmental standards (including the Euro
5 standard). In 2017, the plant processed approximately 5.7
mil. tons of crude petroleum, producing mostly diesel oil (2.5
mil. tons), gasoline (1.4 mil. tons), and kerosene (0.3 mil. tons),
but also propylene (133,000 tons) or ethylene (64,000 tons).
However, the plant used only 86% of its production capacity.

Although it processes imported crude oil, the PETROMIDIA

Refinery is also Romania’s largest exporter of processed oil
products, having exported USD 1.3 billion worth of products
in 2017 (around 50% of its production). The products
were delivered mainly to the ROMPETROL stations in the
Republic of Moldova, Bulgaria and Georgia, but also to other
partners in the Black Sea region. On the domestic market,
Main conclusions and
recommendations
200 Competitive Profile of Constanța
A number of key conclusions and recommendations are
listed below, following the detailed analysis on Constanța’s
Competitive Profile. These include primarily areas where that
the Constanța administration, and relevant stakeholders
should focus on in the following years. Constanța is one of the
best performing metropolitan areas in the European Union,
but it still has some steps to take before becoming a regional
powerhouse. Some of the issues that deserve consideration
include:
1. The Constanța Metropolitan Area ranks 3rd at the
national level in terms of economic output (aspect also
reflected by the significant contribution of Constanța
to the consolidated state budget), expressed in GDP,
GVA and GDP per capita (PPS), which already reaches
75% of the EU-27 average at the county level and 90%
at the metropolitan level. However, most of these results
are generated by the Petromidia Refinery and the port
operators. Still, the share of high added-value sectors with
high potential for growth and population welfare (such
as IT&C, financial services, creative industries, scientific,
technical and professional activities, etc.) is very low
compared to other major cities in the country, which are
becoming more and more attractive for the highly skilled
workforce.
Main conclusions and recommendations 201
2. Despite its unique strategic position as port of vital
importance to the Black Sea, Constanța attracted
a relatively modest volume of foreign investment
and records lower values of ​​ foreign trade activity
than many areas in the western and central parts
of the country (e.g. Timișoara-Arad-Oradea, Brașov-
Sibiu-Alba, Bucharest-Ilfov-Prahova), which are highly
industrialized and fully benefited from their geographic
proximity to foreign or domestic markets. Moreover,
exports in Constanța are abundant in products sold on
relatively volatile markets, vulnerable to international price
quotations (e.g. petroleum, agricultural products, metals
etc.). Nevertheless, Constanța stands out at national
level for the heterogeneity of the countries of origin of
the foreign capital invested (e.g. Kazakhstan, Turkey,
USA etc.), having a privileged geographical position in
attracting investments and doing business with countries
outside the continent (e.g. from Asia, America) and with
significant economic resources.
3. Constanța has the highest share of the low-skilled
workforce, closely related to the economic profile of
the area, characterized by low added value services.
The lack of jobs in high-value tertiary activities has led to
a “brain-drain” phenomenon (migration of higher educated
workforce) over the last two decades, mainly directed
towards Bucharest and other countries.
4. Although the number of undergraduate students learning
in Constanța is much higher than during the 90s, the
number of graduates has fallen to less than half in
the last 5 years and is much lower than that of the
major university centres in the country (Bucharest,
Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Timișoara). The decline of the student
202 Competitive Profile of Constanța
cohort has a negative chain effect (“vicious cycle”) on
the competitiveness and attractiveness of the city for
new residents and investors. In addition, most students
complete their studies in areas such as economic and legal
sciences, which are not well represented on the local labor
market. However, prospects for university education are
favorable in Constanța on account of the fact that some
local faculties have a unique national profile (e.g. marine/
nautical studies), which can lead to attracting students
from the whole region (including areas such as the Balkans,
Republic of Moldova, Ukraine).
5. Constanța has some of the best high schools in the
country, but most of the young people are enrolled in
theoretical profile units and continue their studies at
higher education establishments in Bucharest or abroad.
In contrast, technology-intensive high schools, although
having a relatively diversified range of specializations and
having taken over a great part of the graduates who in
the past were attending arts and crafts schools, face a
very low graduation rate at the Baccalaureate exam, thus
not being able to meet the demand for upper secondary
education workforce of the employers in the area.
6. Vocational education has experienced a significant
decline over the past 10 years, most secondary school
graduates turning to theoretical or technological high-
schools, while dual education is still in an early stage
at metropolitan level, compared to other cities in the
country (e.g. Brașov) which have been successfully running
such educational programs for years, with the direct
involvement of the local business environment. Also, the
interest shown by adults in further training programs is
low, even if these courses are sometimes offered for free.
Main conclusions and recommendations 203
7. Constanța’s labor resources are under-used, if we take
into account that 1/3 of the legal working age people are
not employed (people who have retired early, housewives
etc.) and many of the jobs in the area are seasonal (in
tourism, sea transport etc.). Although unemployment is
not a generalized problem at local level (many private
companies even claiming a shortage of medium-skilled
workforce), some categories remain at risk of exclusion
from the labor market (e.g. young graduates, Roma etc.).
8. The monthly net average wage in Constanța is below
the national average and that of other large urban
centres in Romania, the main cause being the high
share of low-skilled workers and, implicitly, a relatively
low remuneration level. It is also worth mentioning the
higher share of informal revenues compared to other cities
in Romania, especially for tourism and water transport
workers, who work seasonally in the country or abroad.
Even if these revenues contribute to the proper functioning
of the local economy, the fact that they go without taxes
has a negative effect on the local budget.
9. More than 50,000 people are commuters in the
Constanța area, commuting being vital to the
development (even to the survival) of rural and small
towns in the county, which do not have enough local jobs.
In addition, commuters are a vital human resource for
the economic development of Constanța, which makes it
necessary to accompany this phenomenon with publicly-
supported investments (e.g. metropolitan connecting
infrastructure, expanding and improving public transport
services, temporary housing for workers, etc.).
204 Competitive Profile of Constanța
10. The spirit of entrepreneurship is relatively low among
the Constanța inhabitants, as compared to other major
urban centres in the country, from the perspective of
the density of companies, of local brands with national
coverage, of the number of companies started by students,
of LLCs or of “Start Up Nation” projects. The “brain-drain”
phenomenon contributes to this state of affairs, as well
as the ease of obtaining additional seasonal revenue
in tourism or transport, which does not stimulate an
entrepreneurial culture (a form of the so-called “Dutch
disease” specific to many cities where tourism plays an
important role).
11. Tourism is a traditional economic activity in
Constanța, but its real contribution to the economy
of the area is lower than the public perception. In the
last decade, Constanța experienced a smaller increase in
the number of tourists than the majority of the big cities
in the country, as market surveys indicated a relatively
inflexible category of captive consumers (for whom going
to the seaside provides an identity, a sense of belonging
to a social category, regardless of the quality of services).
Thus, Constanța (especially the Mamaia resort) has more
and more become a destination for Romanian tourists
(foreign tourists represent 5% of the total number of
visitors and their share has decreased in the last decade),
especially for low and medium-income young people,
despite the fact that the media often promotes Mamaia
as an exclusive destination. In fact, the niche of high-
income tourists is rather low, a situation also transposed
into the structure of the old-fashioned accommodation
base, largely inherited from the communist period (only
Main conclusions and recommendations 205
23% of the accommodation units having 4-5 stars).
Moreover, many of the tourism resources of the area (e.g.
cultural heritage, capitalizing on the unique landscape to
accommodate events such as conferences etc.) are not
exploited, which aggravates the seasonality characteristic
feature of the tourist traffic, implicitly of the level of
occupancy in the field. This is also one of the causes of the
qualified workforce shortage in the hospitality industry.
12. Constanța’s cultural and sports infrastructure is old,
and many of the green and public areas (e.g. pedestrian
areas, promenades, squares, plazas, spaces between
blocks of flats, etc.) are unattractive, with negative
implications on the quality of life of the inhabitants, on
the diversification of the forms of tourism practiced
locally, as well as on the extension of the average duration
of the stay. Infrastructure issues limit the possibilities for
implementing a diverse and attractive event agenda for
all categories of public. Currently, this is dominated by free
access events, addressed to a general interest audience,
although some private events (such as the NEVERSEA
and SUNWAWES festivals) have put Constanța back on
the list of public events that attract public from many
areas of the country and even from abroad.
13. The Port of Constanța plays a central role in the
economy of the area and has a similar traffic to that in
the Communist period (especially for commodities such as
cereals and petroleum products), but its potential is still
underused, which is shown by the existence of berths used
at low capacity, lack of attractiveness as an international
gate for cruise ships, etc.
206 Competitive Profile of Constanța
14. Although the “Mihail Kogălniceanu” International
Airport has a growing civil traffic, given the increase
in the number of regular and charter flights, this is up
to 10 times lower than in other similar cities in the
country (e.g. Cluj-Napoca or Timișoara), especially given
the unequal competition with Bucharest’s “Henri Coandă”
Airport, located at a relatively small distance. Moreover,
the connectivity of the airport with Constanța city and
with the seaside resorts is deficient. All these aspects
limit the development prospects of the area as a tourism
and investment destination.
15. There are no public industrial or logistic parks (except
for the spaces made available in the Port of Constanța,
which, in its southern part, has a free zone status, just
like Basarabi Port, the companies located here enjoying
some customs facilities) at the level of the the Constanța
Metropolitan Area, which has triggered the appearance
of such initiatives in the private field, with a rather high
occupancy rate. However, the lack of industrial parks
means that the companies attracted by the area do not
have access to the tax incentives such parks usually offer.
16. The research and development sector at the
metropolitan level is relatively developed, since the
communist period, and focused on marine research and
agriculture. The dependence of research centres in the
area, including those at university level, on the (increasingly
low) public funds in the field and their modest orientation
towards the needs of the business environment keep their
activities at reduced levels.
Main conclusions and recommendations 207
17. The local real estate market is characterized by a
high volume of new housing placed on the market, an
important share being represented by the construction
of secondary residences for the purpose of being used as
personal holiday houses or for rental to third parties in the
summer season. Average apartment prices are much lower
than in other big cities, such as Cluj-Napoca, Bucharest or
Timișoara, which is an important competitive advantage
of the area in attracting workforce from other areas of
the country.
18. The low investment attractiveness of Constanța,
as well as the underdevelopment of the local
entrepreneurial spirit ultimately affect the revenues
to the local budget from the quotas broken down
from income tax, these being below the level recorded
in some medium-sized towns (e.g. Sibiu or Arad), which
have benefited from important foreign investment flows.
Moreover, although it ranks second at national level in
terms of the amounts paid to the state budget, only a
small part of these resources returns to the community
in the form of major investments supported by the state
budget.
19. The development of the tourism sector in Constanța, in
the context of an increasingly intense regional competition
(especially from resorts in Bulgaria and Turkey) and of
a relatively limited elasticity of the domestic market
(shrinking and ageing population with a rising income,
which allows an increasingly greater number of people
to travel), is closely related to affirming its vocation
of an international tourism destination. This can only
208 Competitive Profile of Constanța

be achieved by fundamental shifts in the fields of air

transport (scheduled and charter flights, fast connections
between the airport and the resorts, etc.), accommodation
infrastructure (4-5 star hotels with modern leisure
facilities), labor force and package vacations.

20. The Constanța Port enjoys a good infrastructure,

professional operators and a geographical position
that could turn it into a regional hub, a gateway
between the European and the Asian markets. However,
its development is conditional upon the development
of the national transport infrastructure, especially of a
network of highways and railways that would connect it
to the intra-Carpathian region.

The PETROMIDIA Refinery enjoys important competitive

advantages, ranging from having access to resources to
integrating a full supply chain – from the oil well to the
fuel dispenser in a filling station. Therefore, it could act as
a robust energy bridge between the resources of Asia and
the demand of Europe. However, the refinery is operating
in a regional context that is complicated by the stagnating
demand, by its overcapacity and by the European drive
toward reducing fuel consumption. It is therefore unlikely for
this sector to experience another spectacular growth during
the next decades; rather, it will probably undergo a process
of reinforcing its position among its main world competitors.
The only positive outlook is tied to the fact that Constanța
is located on the route of several pipelines between Asia
and Europe, whose completion is however still uncertain and
influenced by the international quotas for hydrocarbons.
ANNEXES
212 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 1 213
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Annex 1. Share of exports (FOB) by sections

and chapters of the Combined Nomenclature, Constanța
county, 2007-2017 (%)

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

Live animals and

I 1.77% 1.04% 1.54% 2.50% 2.60% 4.11% 3.86% 3.64% 5.37% 6.79% 7.76%
animal products
1 Live animals 1.69% 0.97% 1.40% 2.23% 2.03% 3.87% 3.58% 3.13% 4.20% 6.04% 6.79%
Meat and
2 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.20% 0.49% 0.19% 0.22% 0.41% 0.91% 0.66% 0.86%
edible offal
Fish and
3 0.01% 0.00% 0.05% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
crustaceans
Milk and dairy
4 products; eggs; 0.04% 0.04% 0.08% 0.04% 0.07% 0.04% 0.05% 0.10% 0.24% 0.09% 0.10%
honey
Other products of
5 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01%
animal origin
Vegetable
II 3.10% 2.94% 2.78% 2.51% 9.56% 11.39% 16.98% 17.91% 21.76% 21.05% 19.98%
products
Live trees and
6 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
flowers
Edible vegetables,
7 0.00% 0.09% 0.07% 0.05% 0.06% 0.09% 0.06% 0.04% 0.08% 0.21% 0.37%
roots and tubers
8 Edible fruit 0.13% 0.06% 0.14% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.07% 0.07% 0.04%
9 Coffee, tea, spices 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
10 Cereals 1.54% 1.73% 0.88% 1.14% 5.76% 8.73% 11.94% 12.72% 14.37% 12.94% 13.95%
Products of milling
11 0.00% 0.01% 0.07% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.10% 0.16%
industry
Seeds and
oleaginous fruits,
12 1.42% 1.04% 1.61% 1.27% 3.71% 2.53% 4.95% 5.10% 7.21% 7.71% 5.45%
industrial and
medicinal plants
Annex 1.

Gums, resins and

13 other vegetable 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
saps
14 Straw materials 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Animal or
III 0.18% 0.06% 0.03% 0.09% 0.02% 0.07% 0.36% 0.48% 0.48% 0.29% 0.37%
vegetable fats
Animal or
15 0.18% 0.06% 0.03% 0.09% 0.02% 0.07% 0.36% 0.48% 0.48% 0.29% 0.37%
vegetable fats
214 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 1 215

Sections and
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Prepared
foodstuffs,
IV 0.96% 0.97% 0.99% 0.85% 0.57% 0.39% 0.52% 0.52% 0.77% 0.94% 1.38%
beverages and
tobacco

Preparations of
16 0.41% 0.55% 0.53% 0.23% 0.07% 0.07% 0.03% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

meat and fish

Sugar and sugar

17 0.18% 0.13% 0.17% 0.16% 0.12% 0.11% 0.11% 0.11% 0.15% 0.15% 0.13%
confectionery

Cocoa and cocoa

18 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.50% 0.75%
preparations

Preparations of
19 0.01% 0.02% 0.03% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.06% 0.06% 0.08% 0.09% 0.12%
cereals

Preparations of
20 vegetables and 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.02%
fruits

Miscellaneous
21 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00%
edible preparations

Alcoholic and non-

22 0.22% 0.16% 0.16% 0.17% 0.11% 0.10% 0.07% 0.05% 0.16% 0.05% 0.04%
alcoholic beverages

Residues and
23 waste from the 0.14% 0.09% 0.04% 0.21% 0.22% 0.04% 0.21% 0.27% 0.33% 0.13% 0.31%
food industry

Tobacco and
manufactured
24 0.00% 0.01% 0.05% 0.03% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
tobacco
substitutes

V Mineral products 46.97% 51.61% 41.56% 38.95% 43.00% 49.71% 48.41% 55.53% 42.12% 32.53% 37.33%

Salt; sulphur,
Annex 1.

25 stones; plaster, 0.07% 0.23% 0.09% 0.09% 0.18% 0.13% 0.16% 0.20% 0.20% 0.21% 0.30%
lime and cement

26 Ores, slag and ash 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.04% 0.12% 0.01% 0.00% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00%

Mineral fuels
and mineral
27 46.90% 51.38% 41.47% 38.86% 42.79% 49.46% 48.24% 55.33% 41.89% 32.30% 37.03%
oils; bituminous
substances
216 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 1 217

Sections and
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Products of the
VI 0.13% 0.13% 0.13% 0.28% 0.39% 0.72% 0.86% 0.30% 0.37% 0.36% 0.48%
chemical industry

Inorganic
28 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
chemicals
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

29 Organic chemicals 0.01% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.07% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.13%

Pharmaceutical
30 0.04% 0.01% 0.02% 0.04% 0.03% 0.06% 0.09% 0.07% 0.14% 0.13% 0.13%
products

31 Fertilizers 0.00% 0.01% 0.04% 0.06% 0.13% 0.13% 0.08% 0.12% 0.03% 0.06% 0.01%

Tanning or
32 0.03% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.00% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
dyestuff extracts

33 Essential oils 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.04% 0.03%

Soap; washing
34 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.39% 0.65% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01%
preparations

Albuminoidal
35 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
substances

Pyrotechnic
36 products and 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
explosives

Photographic or
37 cinematographic 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
goods

Miscellaneous
38 chemical 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.14% 0.15% 0.10% 0.02% 0.08% 0.14% 0.11% 0.16%
products

Plastics, rubber
Annex 1.

VII and articles 7.49% 7.31% 6.87% 6.39% 6.54% 4.78% 4.87% 4.52% 5.20% 5.30% 4.76%
thereof

Plastics and
39 7.48% 7.31% 6.85% 6.37% 6.53% 4.76% 4.83% 4.49% 5.18% 5.30% 4.76%
articles thereof

Rubber and
40 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.04% 0.03% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00%
articles thereof
218 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 1 219

Sections and
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN

Raw hides
and skins and
VIII leather, furs and 0.02% 0.02% 0.00% 0.04% 0.03% 0.03% 0.06% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03%
manufactures
thereof
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

Raw hide and

41 0.02% 0.02% 0.00% 0.04% 0.02% 0.02% 0.05% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03%
skins and leather

42 Leather goods 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%

Furskins and
43 manufactures 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
thereof

Wood products,
IX excepting 2.61% 1.61% 2.68% 3.28% 2.75% 2.70% 2.36% 2.15% 3.21% 1.83% 1.32%
furniture

Wood, timber and

44 2.61% 1.61% 2.68% 3.28% 2.75% 2.70% 2.36% 2.15% 3.21% 1.83% 1.32%
articles of wood

Cork and articles

45 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
of cork

Manufactures of
straw, of esparto
46 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
or of other plaiting
materials

Paper and articles

X 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.03% 0.02% 0.10% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00%
of paper
Annex 1.

47 Pulp 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Paper and articles

48 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
of paper

Printed books and

49 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.09% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
newspapers
220 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 1 221

Sections and
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Textiles and
XI 1.30% 0.67% 1.05% 0.96% 0.54% 0.71% 0.70% 0.55% 0.70% 0.78% 0.64%
textile articles
50 Silk 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
51 Wool 0.07% 0.02% 0.02% 0.05% 0.06% 0.14% 0.09% 0.09% 0.10% 0.08% 0.11%
52 Cotton 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

Other vegetable
53 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
textile fibers
Man-made
54 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.03% 0.05% 0.06% 0.07% 0.10% 0.12% 0.15% 0.16%
filaments
Man-made staple
55 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
fibers
Wadding, felt,
56 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
special yarns
57 Carpets 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Special woven
58 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
fabrics
Impregnated
59 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
fabrics
Knitted or
60 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
crocheted fabrics
Knitted clothing
61 0.02% 0.00% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.03% 0.02% 0.01% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02%
and accessories
Not knitted or
62 crocheted clothing 1.14% 0.58% 1.00% 0.74% 0.35% 0.38% 0.38% 0.25% 0.30% 0.37% 0.22%
and accessories
Other textile
63 0.03% 0.04% 0.02% 0.10% 0.07% 0.08% 0.12% 0.10% 0.13% 0.16% 0.11%
articles
Footwear, headgear,
XII umbrellas and 0.00% 0.01% 0.02% 0.06% 0.03% 0.03% 0.04% 0.03% 0.04% 0.00% 0.00%
similar articles
Footwear, gaiters
Annex 1.

64 and the like; parts 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.04% 0.02% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00%
of such articles
Headgear and
65 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
parts thereof
66 Umbrellas 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Prepared feathers
67 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
and down
222 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 1 223

Sections and
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Articles of stone,
plaster, cement,
asbestos, mica or
XIII similar materials; 0.12% 0.01% 0.03% 0.05% 0.03% 0.03% 0.04% 0.10% 0.15% 0.14% 0.17%
ceramic products;
glass and
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

glassware
68 Articles of stone 0.11% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.09% 0.12% 0.11% 0.12%
69 Ceramic products 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
Glass and
70 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.04%
glassware
Base metals and
XV articles of base 15.35% 13.70% 12.28% 16.10% 13.61% 9.24% 7.83% 5.08% 3.01% 1.82% 2.08%
metal

72 Iron and steel 14.27% 12.86% 11.15% 14.74% 12.86% 8.28% 6.78% 4.25% 1.81% 0.71% 0.79%

Articles of iron or
73 0.72% 0.67% 0.35% 0.87% 0.38% 0.56% 0.65% 0.44% 0.55% 0.50% 0.54%
steel
Copper and
74 0.28% 0.13% 0.01% 0.21% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.07% 0.07% 0.11%
articles thereof
Nickel and articles
75 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
thereof
Aluminum and
76 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.21% 0.34% 0.35% 0.36% 0.33% 0.55% 0.52% 0.63%
articles thereof
Lead and articles
78 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
thereof
Zinc and articles
79 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00%
thereof
Tin and articles
80 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
thereof
Annex 1.

Base metals
81 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
unspecified
Tools, cutlery of
82 0.00% 0.00% 0.73% 0.03% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
base metal
Miscellaneous
83 articles of base 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.02% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01%
metal
224 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 1 225

Sections and
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Machinery/
mechanical
appliances;
electrical
XVI 0.94% 0.59% 1.58% 2.58% 0.65% 1.67% 0.77% 0.73% 0.79% 0.77% 0.67%
equipment; tv
image, sound
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

recorders/
reproducers

Nuclear reactors,
boilers, machinery
84 0.69% 0.51% 0.83% 1.86% 0.57% 1.49% 0.58% 0.57% 0.53% 0.50% 0.42%
and mechanical
appliances

Electrical
machinery and
equipment; sound
85 0.25% 0.08% 0.75% 0.71% 0.08% 0.18% 0.19% 0.15% 0.26% 0.27% 0.25%
and television
recorders and
reproducers

Vehicles, aircraft,
vessels and
XVII associated 19.03% 19.27% 28.36% 25.15% 19.27% 13.69% 11.46% 7.29% 14.95% 26.62% 22.16%
transport
equipment

Railway or tramway
locomotives,
rolling stock,
86 track fixtures and 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.03% 0.00%
fittings. Traffic
signal equipment
of all kinds

Vehicles (other
than railway or
Annex 1.

87 0.13% 0.16% 0.25% 0.31% 0.09% 0.15% 0.15% 0.14% 0.29% 0.19% 0.13%
tramway rolling
stock)

Aircraft,
88 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.04% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.03%
spacecraft

Ships, boats and

89 18.88% 19.11% 28.12% 24.79% 19.18% 13.53% 11.28% 7.14% 14.66% 26.40% 22.00%
floating structures
226 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 1 227

Sections and
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
checking, precision,
XVIII 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.04% 0.01% 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00%
medical or surgical
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

instruments
and apparatus;
watches; musical
instruments
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
90 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.04% 0.01% 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% 0.03% 0.01% 0.00%
checking, precision,
medical or surgical
instruments and
apparatus
Clocks and
91 watches and parts 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
thereof
Musical
92 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
instruments
Miscellaneous
XX manufactured 0.01% 0.01% 0.04% 0.11% 0.07% 0.10% 0.10% 0.07% 0.22% 0.03% 0.04%
articles
Furniture; lamps
and lighting
94 0.01% 0.01% 0.04% 0.10% 0.06% 0.08% 0.09% 0.06% 0.20% 0.01% 0.01%
fittings (including
components)
Toys, games and
95 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
sports equipment
Miscellaneous
96 manufactured 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.03%
Annex 1.

articles
Goods non-
included in
XXII Combined 0.00% 0.02% 0.04% 0.04% 0.31% 0.56% 0.75% 0.96% 0.77% 0.71% 0.82%
Nomenclature
other sections

Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța

228 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 2 229
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Annex 2. Share of exports (FOB) by sections

and chapters of the Combined Nomenclature, Romania,
2007-2017 (%)

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Live animals and
I 0.85% 0.82% 1.12% 1.16% 1.29% 1.62% 1.50% 1.42% 1.43% 1.42% 1.51%
animal products
1 Live animals 0.61% 0.52% 0.60% 0.52% 0.52% 0.68% 0.63% 0.60% 0.58% 0.65% 0.67%
Meat and edible
2 0.09% 0.12% 0.26% 0.35% 0.49% 0.58% 0.46% 0.40% 0.45% 0.42% 0.45%
offal
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

Fish and
3 0.01% 0.01% 0.03% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03%
crustaceans
Milk and dairy
4 products; eggs; 0.11% 0.13% 0.20% 0.21% 0.19% 0.27% 0.30% 0.32% 0.31% 0.27% 0.30%
honey
Other products of
5 0.03% 0.03% 0.04% 0.05% 0.07% 0.06% 0.08% 0.07% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05%
animal origin
Vegetable
II 1.49% 3.55% 3.87% 4.35% 4.63% 4.37% 6.02% 5.85% 5.63% 5.99% 5.61%
products
Live trees and
6 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01%
flowers
Edible vegetables,
7 0.14% 0.12% 0.15% 0.17% 0.12% 0.12% 0.16% 0.17% 0.17% 0.15% 0.22%
roots and tubers
8 Edible fruit 0.13% 0.10% 0.13% 0.17% 0.15% 0.17% 0.16% 0.18% 0.15% 0.09% 0.10%
9 Coffee, tea, spices 0.01% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.04% 0.04%
10 Cereals 0.51% 1.89% 2.17% 2.39% 2.42% 2.97% 4.00% 3.80% 3.67% 3.65% 3.18%
Products of milling
11 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.05% 0.05% 0.06% 0.03% 0.02% 0.04% 0.05% 0.03%
industry
Seeds and
oleaginous fruits,
12 0.66% 1.39% 1.34% 1.53% 1.85% 1.02% 1.62% 1.64% 1.57% 1.99% 2.02%
industrial and
medicinal plants
Annex 2.

Gums, resins and

13 other vegetable 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
saps
14 Straw materials 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Animal or
III 0.23% 0.31% 0.30% 0.44% 0.53% 0.41% 0.48% 0.41% 0.41% 0.34% 0.34%
vegetable fats
Animal or
15 0.23% 0.31% 0.30% 0.44% 0.53% 0.41% 0.48% 0.41% 0.41% 0.34% 0.34%
vegetable fats
230 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 2 231

Sections and
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Prepared
foodstuffs,
IV 1.23% 1.73% 2.42% 2.38% 2.43% 2.57% 2.65% 2.95% 3.37% 3.00% 2.79%
beverages and
tobacco

Preparations of
16 0.09% 0.12% 0.13% 0.14% 0.15% 0.19% 0.23% 0.22% 0.22% 0.24% 0.23%
meat and fish

Sugar and sugar

17 0.04% 0.07% 0.14% 0.28% 0.31% 0.22% 0.16% 0.16% 0.11% 0.11% 0.09%
confectionery

Cocoa and cocoa

18 0.03% 0.05% 0.07% 0.07% 0.07% 0.09% 0.08% 0.09% 0.11% 0.13% 0.13%
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

preparations

Preparations of
19 0.12% 0.14% 0.16% 0.14% 0.15% 0.17% 0.21% 0.23% 0.24% 0.27% 0.28%
cereals

Preparations of
20 vegetables and 0.09% 0.06% 0.08% 0.09% 0.08% 0.09% 0.08% 0.07% 0.09% 0.10% 0.11%
fruits

Miscellaneous
21 0.08% 0.12% 0.18% 0.19% 0.22% 0.22% 0.22% 0.23% 0.24% 0.29% 0.29%
edible preparations

Alcoholic and non-

22 0.19% 0.21% 0.20% 0.24% 0.20% 0.26% 0.23% 0.21% 0.23% 0.21% 0.21%
alcoholic beverages

Residues and
23 waste from the 0.11% 0.18% 0.21% 0.19% 0.22% 0.27% 0.36% 0.37% 0.41% 0.32% 0.28%
food industry

Tobacco and
manufactured
24 0.47% 0.79% 1.27% 1.03% 1.02% 1.05% 1.07% 1.37% 1.72% 1.34% 1.17%
tobacco
substitutes

V Mineral products 7.77% 9.32% 6.13% 5.51% 5.97% 5.79% 5.46% 6.20% 4.68% 3.79% 3.94%

Salt; sulphur,
Annex 2.

25 stones; plaster, 0.11% 0.10% 0.07% 0.09% 0.13% 0.11% 0.12% 0.11% 0.09% 0.07% 0.08%
lime and cement

26 Ores, slag and ash 0.09% 0.12% 0.10% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.11% 0.11% 0.07% 0.07%

Mineral fuels
and mineral
27 7.57% 9.10% 5.96% 5.30% 5.72% 5.56% 5.22% 5.98% 4.48% 3.65% 3.79%
oils; bituminous
substances
232 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 2 233

Sections and
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Products of the
VI 3.82% 4.23% 3.68% 4.45% 4.82% 5.30% 4.47% 4.02% 3.75% 3.24% 3.32%
chemical industry

Inorganic
28 0.62% 0.69% 0.42% 0.37% 0.45% 0.41% 0.33% 0.35% 0.38% 0.34% 0.37%
chemicals

29 Organic chemicals 0.89% 0.63% 0.36% 0.55% 0.42% 0.42% 0.25% 0.23% 0.27% 0.23% 0.25%

Pharmaceutical
30 0.28% 0.47% 1.23% 1.55% 1.60% 1.99% 1.90% 1.63% 1.57% 1.23% 1.20%
products

31 Fertilizers 1.29% 1.65% 0.81% 1.10% 1.40% 1.30% 0.76% 0.59% 0.25% 0.13% 0.18%
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

Tanning or
32 0.12% 0.16% 0.09% 0.09% 0.08% 0.08% 0.09% 0.09% 0.11% 0.11% 0.14%
dyestuff extracts

33 Essential oils 0.30% 0.28% 0.29% 0.27% 0.39% 0.53% 0.54% 0.54% 0.52% 0.55% 0.56%

Soap; washing
34 0.19% 0.23% 0.34% 0.35% 0.33% 0.37% 0.35% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.26%
preparations

Albuminoidal
35 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03%
substances

Pyrotechnic
36 products and 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
explosives

Photographic or
37 cinematographic 0.03% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
goods

Miscellaneous
38 chemical 0.09% 0.10% 0.10% 0.14% 0.12% 0.17% 0.21% 0.25% 0.29% 0.29% 0.30%
products
Annex 2.

Plastics, rubber
VII and articles 4.92% 5.07% 4.94% 5.07% 5.51% 5.67% 5.64% 5.61% 5.66% 5.68% 5.72%
thereof

Plastics and
39 2.45% 2.42% 1.96% 1.93% 2.07% 1.94% 1.95% 2.03% 2.12% 2.18% 2.25%
articles thereof

Rubber and
40 2.47% 2.65% 2.98% 3.13% 3.44% 3.74% 3.69% 3.58% 3.55% 3.51% 3.47%
articles thereof
234 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 2 235

Sections and
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN

Raw hides
and skins and
VIII leather, furs and 0.79% 0.69% 0.65% 0.63% 0.62% 0.66% 0.62% 0.63% 0.67% 0.66% 0.66%
manufactures
thereof

Raw hide and

41 0.29% 0.25% 0.23% 0.23% 0.24% 0.24% 0.22% 0.20% 0.20% 0.18% 0.17%
skins and leather

42 Leather goods 0.49% 0.43% 0.42% 0.39% 0.37% 0.40% 0.39% 0.42% 0.46% 0.48% 0.49%
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

Furskins and
43 manufactures 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
thereof

Wood products,
IX excepting 3.36% 2.82% 3.16% 3.29% 3.21% 3.58% 3.79% 3.54% 3.31% 2.86% 2.64%
furniture

Wood, timber and

44 3.36% 2.81% 3.16% 3.29% 3.21% 3.58% 3.79% 3.54% 3.31% 2.86% 2.64%
articles of wood

Cork and articles

45 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
of cork

Manufactures of
straw, of esparto
46 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
or of other plaiting
materials

Paper and articles

X 0.60% 0.48% 0.57% 0.62% 0.61% 0.62% 0.66% 0.67% 0.69% 0.74% 0.78%
of paper
Annex 2.

47 Pulp 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.03% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.04% 0.05%

Paper and articles

48 0.49% 0.39% 0.44% 0.49% 0.45% 0.44% 0.48% 0.49% 0.51% 0.55% 0.59%
of paper

Printed books and

49 0.09% 0.08% 0.11% 0.10% 0.11% 0.14% 0.15% 0.15% 0.15% 0.15% 0.14%
newspapers
236 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 2 237

Sections and
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Textiles and
XI 13.31% 10.51% 9.97% 8.51% 7.99% 8.03% 7.50% 7.41% 7.24% 7.09% 6.45%
textile articles
50 Silk 0.16% 0.15% 0.11% 0.09% 0.11% 0.13% 0.14% 0.15% 0.15% 0.14% 0.14%
51 Wool 0.28% 0.23% 0.25% 0.22% 0.23% 0.26% 0.26% 0.24% 0.25% 0.27% 0.27%
52 Cotton 0.13% 0.12% 0.10% 0.07% 0.11% 0.10% 0.11% 0.09% 0.10% 0.12% 0.10%
Other vegetable
53 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01%
textile fibers
Man-made
54 0.26% 0.22% 0.24% 0.27% 0.27% 0.24% 0.23% 0.24% 0.23% 0.24% 0.25%
filaments
Man-made staple
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

55 0.56% 0.48% 0.56% 0.54% 0.53% 0.51% 0.45% 0.41% 0.40% 0.39% 0.35%
fibers
Wadding, felt,
56 0.19% 0.14% 0.15% 0.13% 0.08% 0.09% 0.08% 0.07% 0.09% 0.10% 0.11%
special yarns
57 Carpets 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.06% 0.04% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03%
Special woven
58 0.13% 0.11% 0.10% 0.10% 0.09% 0.08% 0.08% 0.08% 0.09% 0.12% 0.11%
fabrics
Impregnated
59 0.12% 0.13% 0.17% 0.18% 0.17% 0.15% 0.15% 0.16% 0.16% 0.15% 0.16%
fabrics
Knitted or
60 0.06% 0.06% 0.05% 0.04% 0.04% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.04% 0.05%
crocheted fabrics
Knitted clothing
61 2.82% 2.20% 2.24% 1.90% 1.67% 1.66% 1.47% 1.39% 1.28% 1.24% 1.07%
and accessories
Not knitted or
62 crocheted clothing 7.91% 6.07% 5.34% 4.33% 4.10% 4.13% 3.86% 3.85% 3.75% 3.59% 3.09%
and accessories
Other textile
63 0.63% 0.55% 0.59% 0.55% 0.55% 0.60% 0.59% 0.64% 0.67% 0.68% 0.74%
articles
Footwear, headgear,
XII umbrellas and 4.60% 3.67% 3.52% 3.19% 3.04% 2.84% 2.74% 2.74% 2.44% 2.33% 2.20%
similar articles
Footwear, gaiters
Annex 2.

64 and the like; parts 4.51% 3.61% 3.44% 3.11% 2.99% 2.79% 2.69% 2.69% 2.40% 2.28% 2.16%
of such articles
Headgear and
65 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.03% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.04% 0.04%
parts thereof
66 Umbrellas 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Prepared feathers
67 0.00% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
and down
238 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 2 239

Sections and
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Articles of stone,
plaster, cement,
asbestos, mica or
XIII similar materials; 0.80% 0.64% 0.62% 0.61% 0.56% 0.58% 0.56% 0.56% 0.57% 0.60% 0.60%
ceramic products;
glass and
glassware
68 Articles of stone 0.08% 0.07% 0.09% 0.10% 0.09% 0.11% 0.10% 0.09% 0.09% 0.10% 0.11%
69 Ceramic products 0.29% 0.25% 0.27% 0.26% 0.25% 0.26% 0.23% 0.23% 0.24% 0.23% 0.22%
Glass and
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

70 0.43% 0.32% 0.25% 0.25% 0.21% 0.22% 0.22% 0.23% 0.24% 0.27% 0.27%
glassware
Base metals and
XV articles of base 16.29% 14.65% 10.05% 11.94% 12.27% 11.40% 9.54% 8.95% 8.60% 7.82% 8.51%
metal

72 Iron and steel 8.10% 7.29% 4.53% 5.80% 5.60% 4.63% 3.44% 2.91% 2.55% 2.22% 2.71%

Articles of iron or
73 3.72% 3.74% 2.77% 3.01% 3.17% 3.27% 3.01% 3.05% 2.97% 2.79% 2.78%
steel
Copper and
74 0.89% 0.71% 0.56% 0.71% 0.75% 0.74% 0.54% 0.44% 0.38% 0.34% 0.29%
articles thereof
Nickel and articles
75 0.03% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01%
thereof
Aluminum and
76 2.26% 1.89% 1.42% 1.62% 1.86% 1.86% 1.71% 1.67% 1.79% 1.60% 1.62%
articles thereof
Lead and articles
78 0.18% 0.13% 0.06% 0.08% 0.10% 0.08% 0.09% 0.09% 0.07% 0.07% 0.07%
thereof
Zinc and articles
79 0.44% 0.25% 0.05% 0.02% 0.03% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
thereof
Tin and articles
80 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01%
thereof
Annex 2.

Base metals
81 0.05% 0.07% 0.03% 0.05% 0.05% 0.04% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.04%
unspecified
Tools, cutlery of
82 0.16% 0.16% 0.22% 0.17% 0.17% 0.18% 0.16% 0.17% 0.16% 0.15% 0.14%
base metal
Miscellaneous
83 articles of base 0.46% 0.39% 0.38% 0.45% 0.54% 0.57% 0.54% 0.58% 0.63% 0.62% 0.81%
metal
240 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 2 241

Sections and
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Machinery/
mechanical
appliances;
electrical
XVI 22.17% 23.90% 26.37% 27.15% 26.94% 25.37% 25.20% 26.02% 27.82% 29.41% 28.44%
equipment; tv
image, sound
recorders/
reproducers

Nuclear reactors,
boilers, machinery
84 9.65% 9.56% 9.07% 8.55% 8.80% 9.52% 10.25% 10.43% 10.77% 11.01% 10.98%
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

and mechanical
appliances

Electrical
machinery and
equipment; sound
85 12.52% 14.34% 17.31% 18.59% 18.14% 15.84% 14.95% 15.59% 17.05% 18.40% 17.46%
and television
recorders and
reproducers

Vehicles, aircraft,
vessels and
XVII associated 12.10% 12.27% 16.79% 15.37% 14.37% 15.16% 17.02% 16.43% 16.77% 17.62% 18.06%
transport
equipment

Railway or tramway
locomotives,
rolling stock,
86 track fixtures and 1.07% 1.07% 0.89% 0.30% 0.17% 0.20% 0.27% 0.42% 0.31% 0.30% 0.19%
fittings. Traffic
signal equipment
of all kinds

Vehicles (other
Annex 2.

than railway or
87 8.41% 8.39% 12.22% 12.51% 11.98% 12.81% 14.28% 14.19% 14.54% 15.42% 16.27%
tramway rolling
stock)

Aircraft,
88 0.15% 0.27% 0.21% 0.10% 0.14% 0.29% 0.35% 0.40% 0.36% 0.40% 0.43%
spacecraft

Ships, boats and

89 2.48% 2.54% 3.47% 2.46% 2.07% 1.87% 2.11% 1.42% 1.57% 1.50% 1.16%
floating structures
242 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 2 243

Sections and
Share of exports (FOB) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
checking, precision,
XVIII 0.78% 0.93% 1.21% 1.17% 1.04% 1.18% 1.23% 1.47% 1.80% 2.25% 3.46%
medical or surgical
instruments
and apparatus;
watches; musical
instruments
Optical,
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
90 0.74% 0.89% 1.16% 1.11% 1.01% 1.14% 1.19% 1.44% 1.76% 2.20% 3.41%
checking, precision,
medical or surgical
instruments and
apparatus
Clocks and
91 watches and parts 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.03% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02%
thereof
Musical
92 0.04% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02%
instruments
Miscellaneous
XX manufactured 4.61% 4.12% 4.30% 3.82% 3.64% 3.92% 4.08% 4.23% 4.37% 4.44% 4.22%
articles
Furniture; lamps
and lighting
94 4.15% 3.68% 3.86% 3.45% 3.28% 3.47% 3.68% 3.87% 4.04% 4.08% 3.84%
fittings (including
components)
Toys, games and
95 0.37% 0.34% 0.33% 0.29% 0.27% 0.30% 0.22% 0.22% 0.21% 0.23% 0.24%
sports equipment
Miscellaneous
96 manufactured 0.09% 0.09% 0.12% 0.09% 0.09% 0.14% 0.18% 0.14% 0.12% 0.13% 0.14%
Annex 2.

articles
Goods non-
included in
XXII Combined 0.28% 0.28% 0.33% 0.36% 0.54% 0.92% 0.82% 0.90% 0.77% 0.71% 0.76%
Nomenclature
other sections

Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța

244 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 3 245
Share of Constanța’s exports relative to national exports, by

Annex 3. Share of Constanța’s exports relative

to national exports, by sections and chapters of the CN,
2007-2017 (%)

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

Total 4.95% 6.18% 5.39% 4.73% 5.26% 5.16% 4.87% 4.99% 3.72% 3.42% 3.19%
Live animals and
I 10.27% 7.79% 7.41% 10.20% 10.59% 13.08% 12.51% 12.84% 13.96% 16.40% 16.41%
animal products
1 Live animals 13.63% 11.43% 12.67% 20.15% 20.67% 29.60% 27.51% 26.10% 26.73% 31.82% 32.10%
Meat and edible
2 1.07% 0.82% 0.32% 2.71% 5.27% 1.70% 2.37% 5.09% 7.48% 5.41% 6.08%
offal
Fish and
3 3.09% 1.08% 9.60% 4.91% 0.41% 0.58% 0.29% 0.38% 0.16% 0.02% 0.27%
crustaceans
Milk and dairy
4 products; eggs; 1.94% 1.88% 2.01% 1.00% 1.92% 0.76% 0.81% 1.57% 2.97% 1.15% 1.02%
honey
Other products of
5 2.24% 1.80% 0.27% 0.32% 0.29% 0.34% 0.26% 0.09% 0.71% 0.21% 0.61%
animal origin
II Vegetable products 10.30% 5.11% 3.87% 2.72% 10.86% 13.45% 13.74% 15.26% 14.39% 12.03% 11.35%
Live trees and
6 0.00% 1.09% 0.00% 7.38% 4.08% 3.94% 0.53% 0.60% 1.75% 1.99% 0.12%
flowers
Edible vegetables,
7 0.11% 4.72% 2.44% 1.44% 2.66% 3.82% 1.72% 1.29% 1.81% 4.88% 5.28%
roots and tubers
8 Edible fruit 4.77% 3.82% 5.82% 0.51% 0.26% 0.29% 0.34% 0.33% 1.72% 2.65% 1.20%
9 Coffee, tea, spices 1.58% 0.14% 0.10% 0.41% 0.74% 0.79% 1.06% 1.65% 1.18% 0.48% 0.63%
10 Cereals 14.93% 5.65% 2.19% 2.25% 12.53% 15.21% 14.56% 16.71% 14.60% 12.12% 13.99%
Products of milling
11 0.20% 3.46% 14.45% 1.02% 1.75% 1.31% 2.32% 3.43% 1.82% 7.54% 18.22%
industry
Seeds and
oleaginous fruits,
12 10.67% 4.65% 6.46% 3.94% 10.56% 12.82% 14.84% 15.55% 17.13% 13.28% 8.58%
industrial and
Annex 3.

medicinal plants
Gums, resins and
13 other vegetable 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2.02% 0.00% 0.13% 0.21% 0.13% 0.13% 0.10% 0.00%
saps
14 Straw materials 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 4.07% 0.30% 0.24% 0.09% 0.89% 0.15% 0.00% 0.00%
Animal or
III 3.83% 1.23% 0.45% 1.00% 0.22% 0.87% 3.58% 5.88% 4.35% 2.96% 3.51%
vegetable fats
Animal or
15 3.83% 1.23% 0.45% 1.00% 0.22% 0.87% 3.58% 5.88% 4.35% 2.96% 3.51%
vegetable fats
246 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 3 247

Sections and
Share of Constanța’s exports relative to national exports, by

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Prepared
foodstuffs,
IV 3.85% 3.47% 2.20% 1.70% 1.23% 0.79% 0.95% 0.88% 0.85% 1.07% 1.58%
beverages and
tobacco

Preparations of
16 21.43% 28.44% 22.20% 7.49% 2.45% 1.81% 0.73% 0.21% 0.14% 0.02% 0.02%
meat and fish
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

Sugar and sugar

17 22.60% 12.01% 6.67% 2.65% 2.02% 2.55% 3.40% 3.23% 5.01% 4.77% 4.88%
confectionery

Cocoa and cocoa

18 0.04% 1.17% 0.05% 0.11% 0.17% 0.17% 0.28% 0.19% 0.15% 12.77% 17.66%
preparations

Preparations of
19 0.26% 0.76% 0.94% 1.18% 1.31% 1.34% 1.29% 1.29% 1.33% 1.09% 1.37%
cereals

Preparations of
20 vegetables and 0.07% 1.04% 0.46% 0.58% 0.35% 0.49% 0.62% 0.32% 0.24% 0.07% 0.62%
fruits

Miscellaneous
21 0.03% 0.18% 0.16% 0.27% 0.20% 0.16% 0.19% 0.27% 0.20% 0.12% 0.05%
edible preparations

Alcoholic and non-

22 5.79% 4.64% 4.46% 3.42% 2.81% 1.95% 1.47% 1.18% 2.62% 0.88% 0.65%
alcoholic beverages

Residues and
23 waste from the 6.04% 2.90% 1.08% 5.24% 5.12% 0.86% 2.82% 3.59% 3.00% 1.43% 3.54%
food industry

Tobacco and
manufactured
24 0.01% 0.10% 0.20% 0.12% 0.01% 0.04% 0.06% 0.02% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00%
tobacco
substitutes

V Mineral products 29.92% 34.24% 36.49% 33.43% 37.90% 44.31% 43.22% 44.68% 33.50% 29.41% 30.16%

Salt; sulphur,
Annex 3.

25 stones; plaster, 3.38% 14.58% 6.18% 4.40% 7.51% 6.33% 6.59% 9.60% 8.18% 10.15% 12.43%
lime and cement

26 Ores, slag and ash 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.04% 1.59% 5.21% 0.23% 0.07% 0.99% 0.62% 0.00%

Mineral fuels
and mineral
27 30.64% 34.90% 37.47% 34.68% 39.32% 45.90% 45.06% 46.13% 34.78% 30.34% 31.11%
oils; bituminous
substances
248 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 3 249

Sections and
Share of Constanța’s exports relative to national exports, by

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Products of the
VI 0.17% 0.18% 0.19% 0.30% 0.42% 0.70% 0.94% 0.38% 0.37% 0.38% 0.46%
chemical industry

Inorganic
28 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.06% 0.07% 0.08% 0.04% 0.05% 0.05% 0.02% 0.01%
chemicals

29 Organic chemicals 0.04% 0.29% 0.01% 0.03% 0.84% 0.05% 0.13% 0.03% 0.05% 0.01% 1.59%
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

Pharmaceutical
30 0.78% 0.17% 0.10% 0.12% 0.09% 0.16% 0.23% 0.21% 0.34% 0.36% 0.36%
products

31 Fertilizers 0.00% 0.05% 0.30% 0.24% 0.48% 0.50% 0.49% 0.98% 0.47% 1.51% 0.26%

Tanning or
32 1.15% 0.64% 0.75% 1.10% 0.18% 1.01% 0.55% 0.20% 0.08% 0.01% 0.00%
dyestuff extracts

33 Essential oils 0.12% 0.13% 0.08% 0.05% 0.04% 0.06% 0.09% 0.19% 0.17% 0.23% 0.16%

Soap; washing
34 0.23% 0.22% 0.18% 0.11% 0.09% 5.51% 9.09% 0.26% 0.23% 0.28% 0.14%
preparations

Albuminoidal
35 0.10% 0.86% 0.06% 0.37% 0.10% 0.27% 0.11% 0.15% 0.15% 0.03% 0.00%
substances

Pyrotechnic
36 products and 2.55% 0.91% 0.43% 0.35% 0.28% 0.13% 0.14% 0.20% 0.22% 0.00% 0.00%
explosives

Photographic or
37 cinematographic 0.13% 0.08% 0.00% 0.26% 0.15% 0.22% 0.27% 0.22% 0.19% 0.00% 0.00%
goods

Miscellaneous
38 chemical 2.01% 2.25% 1.73% 4.71% 6.68% 3.11% 0.37% 1.49% 1.77% 1.27% 1.72%
products
Annex 3.

Plastics, rubber
VII and articles 7.53% 8.91% 7.49% 5.96% 6.24% 4.35% 4.21% 4.02% 3.42% 3.19% 2.65%
thereof

Plastics and
39 15.09% 18.66% 18.84% 15.60% 16.62% 12.69% 12.05% 11.05% 9.11% 8.34% 6.73%
articles thereof

Rubber and
40 0.02% 0.00% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.06% 0.04% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00%
articles thereof
250 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 3 251

Sections and
Share of Constanța’s exports relative to national exports, by

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN

Raw hides
and skins and
VIII leather, furs and 0.10% 0.15% 0.02% 0.30% 0.23% 0.21% 0.44% 0.24% 0.19% 0.15% 0.14%
manufactures
thereof
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

Raw hide and

41 0.29% 0.37% 0.05% 0.74% 0.54% 0.43% 1.12% 0.65% 0.51% 0.53% 0.55%
skins and leather

42 Leather goods 0.00% 0.02% 0.00% 0.04% 0.03% 0.09% 0.07% 0.05% 0.05% 0.00% 0.00%

Furskins and
43 manufactures 0.00% 0.00% 0.34% 0.16% 0.11% 0.10% 0.12% 0.05% 0.25% 0.00% 0.06%
thereof

Wood products,
IX excepting 3.85% 3.54% 4.58% 4.73% 4.52% 3.90% 3.04% 3.03% 3.61% 2.19% 1.60%
furniture

Wood, timber and

44 3.85% 3.54% 4.58% 4.72% 4.52% 3.90% 3.04% 3.03% 3.61% 2.19% 1.60%
articles of wood

Cork and articles

45 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
of cork

Manufactures of
straw, of esparto
46 0.00% 0.00% 3.82% 12.11% 0.39% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
or of other plaiting
materials

Paper and articles

X 0.08% 0.10% 0.13% 0.10% 0.12% 0.27% 0.13% 0.73% 0.08% 0.01% 0.00%
of paper
Annex 3.

47 Pulp 0.00% 0.00% 2.70% 0.15% 0.06% 3.01% 0.12% 0.10% 0.04% 0.00% 0.00%

Paper and articles

48 0.07% 0.06% 0.06% 0.07% 0.15% 0.10% 0.12% 0.08% 0.09% 0.01% 0.00%
of paper

Printed books and

49 0.12% 0.33% 0.08% 0.26% 0.05% 0.08% 0.14% 3.05% 0.09% 0.01% 0.00%
newspapers
252 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 3 253

Sections and
Share of Constanța’s exports relative to national exports, by

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Textiles and
XI 0.48% 0.40% 0.57% 0.53% 0.36% 0.46% 0.46% 0.37% 0.36% 0.38% 0.31%
textile articles
50 Silk 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.03% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00%
51 Wool 1.17% 0.46% 0.41% 1.09% 1.39% 2.84% 1.71% 1.76% 1.56% 1.06% 1.28%
52 Cotton 0.09% 0.16% 0.00% 0.06% 0.01% 0.05% 0.08% 0.03% 0.05% 0.00% 0.00%
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

Other vegetable
53 0.16% 0.00% 0.17% 0.18% 0.39% 0.11% 0.45% 0.16% 0.15% 0.11% 0.18%
textile fibers
Man-made
54 0.00% 0.02% 0.01% 0.57% 0.92% 1.34% 1.46% 1.98% 2.03% 2.10% 2.12%
filaments
Man-made staple
55 0.20% 0.24% 0.05% 0.04% 0.01% 0.06% 0.04% 0.02% 0.07% 0.00% 0.01%
fibers
Wadding, felt,
56 0.33% 0.25% 0.10% 0.18% 0.08% 0.10% 0.12% 0.07% 0.12% 0.04% 0.00%
special yarns
57 Carpets 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.08% 0.02% 0.03% 0.12% 0.13% 0.13% 0.01% 0.00%
Special woven
58 0.00% 0.12% 0.02% 0.14% 0.05% 0.17% 0.11% 0.08% 0.07% 0.14% 0.05%
fabrics
Impregnated
59 0.03% 0.14% 0.01% 0.08% 0.01% 0.03% 0.04% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.02%
fabrics
Knitted or
60 0.00% 0.08% 0.01% 0.04% 0.03% 0.10% 0.06% 0.05% 0.04% 0.00% 0.01%
crocheted fabrics
Knitted clothing
61 0.04% 0.01% 0.02% 0.05% 0.04% 0.08% 0.07% 0.04% 0.09% 0.05% 0.07%
and accessories
Not knitted or
62 crocheted clothing 0.71% 0.59% 1.01% 0.81% 0.44% 0.48% 0.48% 0.32% 0.29% 0.35% 0.23%
and accessories
Other textile
63 0.26% 0.39% 0.14% 0.82% 0.70% 0.71% 1.02% 0.78% 0.75% 0.80% 0.49%
articles
Footwear, headgear,
XII umbrellas and 0.00% 0.01% 0.03% 0.08% 0.05% 0.05% 0.08% 0.05% 0.05% 0.00% 0.00%
similar articles
Annex 3.

Footwear, gaiters
64 and the like; parts 0.00% 0.00% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.05% 0.07% 0.04% 0.05% 0.00% 0.00%
of such articles
Headgear and
65 0.01% 0.64% 0.06% 0.12% 0.82% 0.09% 0.28% 0.65% 0.06% 0.02% 0.05%
parts thereof
66 Umbrellas 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.17% 0.05% 0.07% 0.15% 0.00% 0.07% 0.00% 0.00%
Prepared feathers
67 0.00% 0.00% 2.64% 6.55% 1.19% 0.11% 0.05% 0.12% 0.16% 0.00% 0.00%
and down
254 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 3 255

Sections and
Share of Constanța’s exports relative to national exports, by

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Articles of stone,
plaster, cement,
asbestos, mica or
XIII similar materials; 0.77% 0.13% 0.27% 0.38% 0.25% 0.25% 0.33% 0.90% 0.97% 0.77% 0.89%
ceramic products;
glass and
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

glassware
68 Articles of stone 7.40% 0.92% 1.15% 0.71% 0.94% 0.70% 1.17% 4.58% 4.81% 3.81% 3.56%
69 Ceramic products 0.01% 0.04% 0.03% 0.22% 0.08% 0.14% 0.17% 0.12% 0.15% 0.08% 0.08%
Glass and
70 0.10% 0.04% 0.20% 0.41% 0.17% 0.17% 0.10% 0.20% 0.32% 0.28% 0.50%
glassware
Base metals and
XV articles of base 4.66% 5.78% 6.58% 6.38% 5.83% 4.18% 4.00% 2.83% 1.30% 0.80% 0.78%
metal

72 Iron and steel 8.72% 10.90% 13.26% 12.03% 12.08% 9.23% 9.61% 7.29% 2.65% 1.10% 0.93%

Articles of iron or
73 0.96% 1.11% 0.68% 1.36% 0.63% 0.89% 1.05% 0.72% 0.68% 0.61% 0.62%
steel
Copper and
74 1.57% 1.17% 0.13% 1.42% 0.06% 0.12% 0.18% 0.31% 0.70% 0.73% 1.18%
articles thereof
Nickel and articles
75 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.02% 0.00% 0.03% 0.02% 0.09% 0.24% 0.00% 0.00%
thereof
Aluminum and
76 0.05% 0.08% 0.11% 0.61% 0.97% 0.98% 1.02% 0.98% 1.14% 1.11% 1.24%
articles thereof
Lead and articles
78 0.26% 0.16% 0.13% 0.47% 0.23% 0.19% 0.15% 0.20% 0.16% 0.13% 0.00%
thereof
Zinc and articles
79 0.08% 0.11% 0.45% 2.19% 0.05% 0.29% 0.15% 0.24% 2.86% 5.01% 0.00%
thereof
Tin and articles
80 0.00% 0.14% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.04% 0.04% 0.11% 0.00% 0.00%
thereof
Annex 3.

Base metals
81 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.06% 0.12% 0.30% 0.09% 0.00% 0.00%
unspecified
Tools, cutlery of
82 0.04% 0.03% 18.25% 0.88% 0.17% 0.41% 0.26% 0.11% 0.13% 0.05% 0.06%
base metal
Miscellaneous
83 articles of base 0.29% 0.05% 0.02% 0.23% 0.04% 0.06% 0.10% 0.21% 0.10% 0.04% 0.03%
metal
256 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 3 257

Sections and
Share of Constanța’s exports relative to national exports, by

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Machinery/
mechanical
appliances;
electrical
XV 0.21% 0.15% 0.32% 0.45% 0.13% 0.34% 0.15% 0.14% 0.11% 0.09% 0.08%
equipment; tv
image, sound
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

recorders/
reproducers

Nuclear reactors,
boilers, machinery
83 0.36% 0.33% 0.49% 1.03% 0.34% 0.81% 0.28% 0.27% 0.18% 0.16% 0.12%
and mechanical
appliances

Electrical
machinery and
equipment; sound
84 0.10% 0.03% 0.23% 0.18% 0.02% 0.06% 0.06% 0.05% 0.06% 0.05% 0.05%
and television
recorders and
reproducers

Vehicles, aircraft,
vessels and
XVI associated 7.78% 9.70% 9.10% 7.74% 7.05% 4.66% 3.28% 2.21% 3.32% 5.17% 3.91%
transport
equipment

Railway or tramway
locomotives,
rolling stock,
85 track fixtures and 0.04% 0.00% 0.00% 0.21% 0.11% 0.07% 0.59% 0.02% 0.05% 0.32% 0.00%
fittings. Traffic
signal equipment
of all kinds

Vehicles (other
Annex 3.

than railway or
86 0.08% 0.12% 0.11% 0.12% 0.04% 0.06% 0.05% 0.05% 0.07% 0.04% 0.03%
tramway rolling
stock)

Aircraft,
87 0.36% 0.00% 0.00% 2.00% 0.00% 0.02% 0.03% 0.09% 0.05% 0.00% 0.23%
spacecraft

Ships, boats and

88 37.71% 46.51% 43.62% 47.59% 48.64% 37.41% 26.02% 25.06% 34.70% 60.40% 60.33%
floating structures
258 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 3 259

Sections and
Share of Constanța’s exports relative to national exports, by

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
checking, precision,
XVIII 0.04% 0.07% 0.04% 0.18% 0.05% 0.19% 0.06% 0.05% 0.07% 0.01% 0.00%
medical or surgical
instruments
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

and apparatus;
watches; musical
instruments
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
90 0.04% 0.07% 0.04% 0.18% 0.04% 0.18% 0.05% 0.05% 0.06% 0.01% 0.00%
checking, precision,
medical or surgical
instruments and
apparatus
Clocks and
91 watches and parts 0.06% 0.00% 0.23% 0.07% 0.14% 0.06% 0.05% 0.14% 1.16% 0.00% 0.00%
thereof
Musical
92 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.08% 0.55% 0.36% 0.39% 0.23% 0.18% 0.33% 0.00%
instruments
Miscellaneous
XX manufactured 0.02% 0.02% 0.05% 0.14% 0.11% 0.13% 0.12% 0.08% 0.18% 0.02% 0.03%
articles
Furniture; lamps
and lighting
94 0.01% 0.01% 0.05% 0.14% 0.09% 0.12% 0.12% 0.08% 0.19% 0.01% 0.01%
fittings (including
components)
Toys, games and
95 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.15% 0.07% 0.18% 0.14% 0.07% 0.12% 0.00% 0.01%
sports equipment
Miscellaneous
96 manufactured 0.20% 0.23% 0.15% 0.21% 0.68% 0.27% 0.19% 0.29% 0.19% 0.55% 0.73%
Annex 3.

articles
Goods non-
included in
XXII Combined 0.02% 0.52% 0.59% 0.51% 3.01% 3.16% 4.48% 5.30% 3.73% 3.42% 3.45%
Nomenclature
other sections

Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța

260 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 4 261
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Annex 4. Share of imports (CIF) by sections

and chapters of the Combined Nomenclature, Constanța
county, 2007-2017 (%)

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

Live animals and

I 0.43% 0.40% 0.67% 0.58% 0.37% 0.34% 0.38% 0.48% 0.75% 0.96% 0.81%
animal products
1 Live animals 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.04% 0.02% 0.04% 0.11% 0.07% 0.19% 0.28% 0.15%
Meat and
2 0.34% 0.32% 0.50% 0.45% 0.26% 0.26% 0.20% 0.29% 0.39% 0.48% 0.43%
edible offal
Fish and
3 0.03% 0.04% 0.11% 0.05% 0.03% 0.02% 0.04% 0.08% 0.12% 0.15% 0.20%
crustaceans
Milk and dairy
4 products; eggs; 0.05% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.06% 0.02% 0.02% 0.04% 0.05% 0.05% 0.04%
honey
Other products of
5 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
animal origin
Vegetable
II 1.39% 2.22% 3.64% 6.68% 5.33% 2.97% 1.14% 2.01% 3.51% 2.89% 2.35%
products
Live trees and
6 0.11% 0.12% 0.13% 0.16% 0.14% 0.07% 0.06% 0.05% 0.07% 0.08% 0.11%
flowers
Edible vegetables,
7 0.02% 0.05% 0.07% 0.09% 0.08% 0.03% 0.03% 0.04% 0.05% 0.08% 0.13%
roots and tubers
8 Edible fruit 0.05% 0.03% 0.04% 0.03% 0.03% 0.04% 0.03% 0.02% 0.29% 0.45% 0.34%
9 Coffee, tea, spices 0.00% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02%
10 Cereals 1.07% 0.91% 1.70% 2.40% 2.58% 2.39% 0.47% 1.48% 2.40% 1.27% 1.01%
Products of milling
11 0.00% 0.01% 0.05% 0.00% 0.07% 0.13% 0.15% 0.11% 0.16% 0.29% 0.12%
industry
Seeds and
oleaginous fruits,
12 0.12% 1.08% 1.62% 3.97% 2.41% 0.30% 0.37% 0.29% 0.50% 0.68% 0.60%
industrial and
medicinal plants
Annex 4.

Gums, resins and

13 other vegetable 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
saps
14 Straw materials 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Animal or
III 0.12% 0.11% 0.03% 0.04% 0.01% 0.02% 0.07% 0.02% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02%
vegetable fats
Animal or
15 0.12% 0.11% 0.03% 0.04% 0.01% 0.02% 0.07% 0.02% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02%
vegetable fats
262 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 4 263

Sections and
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Prepared
foodstuffs,
IV 0.66% 0.84% 1.30% 0.74% 0.43% 0.42% 0.50% 0.68% 1.01% 1.01% 1.01%
beverages and
tobacco

Preparations of
16 0.00% 0.00% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02%
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

meat and fish

Sugar and sugar

17 0.10% 0.06% 0.12% 0.06% 0.06% 0.05% 0.07% 0.05% 0.09% 0.10% 0.09%
confectionery

Cocoa and cocoa

18 0.02% 0.04% 0.05% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.04% 0.06% 0.07% 0.05% 0.04%
preparations

Preparations of
19 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.04% 0.04% 0.05% 0.09% 0.08% 0.09% 0.09% 0.06%
cereals

Preparations of
20 vegetables and 0.04% 0.03% 0.04% 0.05% 0.02% 0.02% 0.04% 0.05% 0.04% 0.06% 0.13%
fruits

Miscellaneous
21 0.05% 0.04% 0.05% 0.10% 0.07% 0.07% 0.03% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.02%
edible preparations

Alcoholic and non-

22 0.18% 0.26% 0.30% 0.16% 0.15% 0.15% 0.16% 0.33% 0.54% 0.57% 0.52%
alcoholic beverages

Residues and
23 waste from the 0.17% 0.07% 0.11% 0.10% 0.05% 0.06% 0.07% 0.06% 0.11% 0.09% 0.13%
food industry

Tobacco and
manufactured
24 0.10% 0.34% 0.59% 0.21% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
tobacco
substitutes

V Mineral products 61.13% 63.79% 55.89% 60.93% 68.46% 75.78% 76.71% 76.94% 66.69% 63.60% 71.63%

Salt; sulphur,
Annex 4.

25 stones; plaster, 0.12% 0.19% 0.33% 0.47% 0.47% 0.47% 0.54% 0.45% 0.37% 0.50% 0.42%
lime and cement

26 Ores, slag and ash 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.05% 0.03% 0.01%

Mineral fuels
and mineral
27 60.98% 63.57% 55.54% 60.45% 67.99% 75.29% 76.15% 76.47% 66.28% 63.07% 71.20%
oils; bituminous
substances
264 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 4 265

Sections and
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Products of the
VI 7.50% 7.08% 7.53% 5.86% 8.82% 6.49% 4.51% 3.76% 7.01% 7.46% 6.06%
chemical industry

Inorganic
28 0.19% 0.13% 0.09% 0.09% 0.06% 0.06% 0.06% 0.07% 0.09% 0.10% 0.06%
chemicals
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

29 Organic chemicals 5.46% 4.92% 4.92% 3.37% 4.47% 2.93% 2.15% 1.78% 2.56% 3.10% 2.74%

Pharmaceutical
30 0.10% 0.11% 0.09% 0.07% 0.06% 0.09% 0.14% 0.15% 0.37% 0.29% 0.14%
products

31 Fertilizers 0.17% 0.11% 0.29% 0.62% 0.99% 0.99% 1.16% 0.90% 1.98% 2.26% 1.97%

Tanning or
32 0.39% 0.39% 0.58% 0.49% 0.45% 0.25% 0.35% 0.28% 0.79% 0.88% 0.41%
dyestuff extracts

33 Essential oils 0.17% 0.16% 0.20% 0.18% 0.12% 0.11% 0.16% 0.15% 0.21% 0.16% 0.05%

Soap; washing
34 0.12% 0.09% 0.11% 0.10% 0.06% 0.06% 0.07% 0.08% 0.13% 0.09% 0.06%
preparations

Albuminoidal
35 0.06% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.04% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01%
substances

Pyrotechnic
36 products and 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
explosives

Photographic or
37 cinematographic 0.03% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
goods

Miscellaneous
38 chemical 0.80% 1.12% 1.22% 0.90% 2.58% 1.96% 0.37% 0.31% 0.87% 0.55% 0.61%
products
Annex 4.

Plastics, rubber
VII and articles 2.37% 2.11% 2.13% 1.78% 1.36% 1.07% 1.32% 1.20% 1.58% 1.37% 1.22%
thereof

Plastics and
39 2.20% 1.97% 1.96% 1.60% 1.24% 0.97% 1.19% 1.06% 1.34% 1.16% 1.09%
articles thereof

Rubber and
40 0.17% 0.14% 0.18% 0.18% 0.12% 0.09% 0.12% 0.14% 0.24% 0.21% 0.13%
articles thereof
266 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 4 267

Sections and
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN

Raw hides
and skins and
VIII leather, furs and 0.04% 0.03% 0.02% 0.06% 0.04% 0.04% 0.05% 0.06% 0.09% 0.07% 0.05%
manufactures
thereof
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

Raw hide and

41 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00%
skins and leather

42 Leather goods 0.04% 0.03% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.04% 0.05% 0.07% 0.06% 0.05%

Furskins and
43 manufactures 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
thereof

Wood products,
IX excepting 0.19% 0.15% 0.12% 0.08% 0.06% 0.05% 0.12% 0.21% 0.27% 0.18% 0.10%
furniture

Wood, timber and

44 0.13% 0.12% 0.09% 0.06% 0.05% 0.05% 0.11% 0.20% 0.26% 0.17% 0.09%
articles of wood

Cork and articles

45 0.06% 0.03% 0.02% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
of cork

Manufactures of
straw, of esparto
46 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
or of other plaiting
materials

Paper and articles

X 0.22% 0.23% 0.21% 0.12% 0.07% 0.07% 0.12% 0.13% 0.13% 0.14% 0.11%
of paper
Annex 4.

47 Pulp 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Paper and articles

48 0.20% 0.17% 0.13% 0.08% 0.06% 0.06% 0.10% 0.11% 0.11% 0.13% 0.10%
of paper

Printed books and

49 0.02% 0.07% 0.09% 0.03% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
newspapers
268 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 4 269

Sections and
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Textiles and
XI 0.91% 0.63% 0.73% 1.07% 0.71% 0.63% 0.66% 0.58% 0.98% 1.13% 1.09%
textile articles
50 Silk 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
51 Wool 0.08% 0.05% 0.10% 0.08% 0.03% 0.04% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.06% 0.03%
52 Cotton 0.14% 0.07% 0.07% 0.05% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.04% 0.03% 0.02%
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

Other vegetable
53 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00%
textile fibers
Man-made
54 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.04% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03%
filaments
Man-made staple
55 0.07% 0.06% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.04% 0.03% 0.03% 0.05% 0.04% 0.02%
fibers
Wadding, felt,
56 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.08% 0.08% 0.08%
special yarns
57 Carpets 0.03% 0.01% 0.03% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
Special woven
58 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
fabrics
Impregnated
59 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01%
fabrics
Knitted or
60 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02%
crocheted fabrics
Knitted clothing
61 0.18% 0.12% 0.19% 0.39% 0.24% 0.21% 0.22% 0.19% 0.34% 0.43% 0.46%
and accessories
Not knitted or
62 crocheted clothing 0.19% 0.15% 0.15% 0.35% 0.22% 0.18% 0.20% 0.15% 0.27% 0.33% 0.35%
and accessories
Other textile
63 0.05% 0.06% 0.05% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.03% 0.04% 0.07% 0.06% 0.06%
articles
Footwear, headgear,
XII umbrellas and 0.04% 0.03% 0.08% 0.08% 0.05% 0.04% 0.06% 0.06% 0.15% 0.11% 0.12%
similar articles
Footwear, gaiters
Annex 4.

64 and the like; parts 0.03% 0.02% 0.04% 0.07% 0.04% 0.03% 0.04% 0.04% 0.13% 0.08% 0.08%
of such articles
Headgear and
65 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02%
parts thereof
66 Umbrellas 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00%
Prepared feathers
67 0.00% 0.00% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01%
and down
270 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 4 271

Sections and
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Articles of stone,
plaster, cement,
asbestos, mica or
XIII similar materials; 1.32% 0.93% 0.57% 0.46% 0.37% 0.32% 0.37% 0.37% 0.54% 0.84% 0.71%
ceramic products;
glass and
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

glassware
68 Articles of stone 0.20% 0.17% 0.15% 0.15% 0.13% 0.12% 0.17% 0.16% 0.18% 0.28% 0.17%
69 Ceramic products 0.83% 0.56% 0.27% 0.20% 0.14% 0.12% 0.11% 0.12% 0.20% 0.34% 0.35%
Glass and
70 0.29% 0.21% 0.15% 0.11% 0.09% 0.09% 0.09% 0.09% 0.16% 0.22% 0.18%
glassware
Base metals and
XV articles of base 6.54% 6.04% 7.11% 6.41% 5.19% 4.02% 3.41% 4.77% 5.06% 5.66% 3.87%
metal

72 Iron and steel 2.34% 2.38% 2.13% 3.22% 2.94% 2.52% 1.59% 2.93% 2.29% 2.76% 1.84%

Articles of iron or
73 2.62% 2.57% 3.73% 2.25% 1.43% 0.93% 1.14% 1.27% 1.81% 1.89% 1.20%
steel
Copper and
74 0.76% 0.39% 0.21% 0.28% 0.23% 0.14% 0.14% 0.10% 0.13% 0.13% 0.11%
articles thereof
Nickel and articles
75 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
thereof
Aluminum and
76 0.41% 0.33% 0.29% 0.23% 0.27% 0.21% 0.21% 0.19% 0.28% 0.37% 0.30%
articles thereof
Lead and articles
78 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
thereof
Zinc and articles
79 0.00% 0.02% 0.01% 0.03% 0.04% 0.02% 0.03% 0.02% 0.06% 0.08% 0.08%
thereof
Tin and articles
80 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
thereof
Annex 4.

Base metals
81 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
unspecified
Tools, cutlery of
82 0.07% 0.06% 0.04% 0.05% 0.04% 0.04% 0.07% 0.06% 0.09% 0.10% 0.08%
base metal
Miscellaneous
83 articles of base 0.34% 0.29% 0.70% 0.34% 0.24% 0.16% 0.21% 0.19% 0.39% 0.33% 0.25%
metal
272 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 4 273

Sections and
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Machinery/
mechanical
appliances;
electrical
XVI 13.36% 11.29% 17.27% 11.05% 6.88% 5.87% 8.23% 6.52% 8.91% 10.78% 7.20%
equipment; tv
image, sound
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

recorders/
reproducers

Nuclear reactors,
boilers, machinery
84 9.85% 8.79% 9.15% 6.16% 5.34% 4.03% 3.87% 4.27% 6.71% 8.59% 5.77%
and mechanical
appliances

Electrical
machinery and
equipment; sound
85 3.51% 2.50% 8.13% 4.89% 1.54% 1.83% 4.35% 2.25% 2.20% 2.18% 1.43%
and television
recorders and
reproducers

Vehicles, aircraft,
vessels and
XVII associated 2.76% 2.77% 1.47% 2.65% 1.09% 1.17% 1.60% 1.45% 1.99% 2.29% 2.40%
transport
equipment

Railway or tramway
locomotives,
rolling stock,
86 track fixtures and 0.02% 0.04% 0.02% 0.05% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.03% 0.03% 0.04%
fittings. Traffic
signal equipment
of all kinds

Vehicles (other
Annex 4.

than railway or
87 2.53% 2.30% 1.28% 0.96% 0.95% 1.03% 1.08% 1.33% 1.79% 1.98% 2.08%
tramway rolling
stock)

Aircraft,
88 0.03% 0.00% 0.02% 0.06% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.03% 0.04%
spacecraft

Ships, boats and

89 0.18% 0.43% 0.14% 1.58% 0.11% 0.11% 0.50% 0.09% 0.15% 0.25% 0.24%
floating structures
274 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 4 275

Sections and
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
checking, precision,
XVIII 0.34% 0.39% 0.50% 0.86% 0.36% 0.24% 0.25% 0.28% 0.44% 0.58% 0.43%
medical or surgical
Nomenclature, Constanța county, 2007-2017 (%)

instruments
and apparatus;
watches; musical
instruments
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
90 0.28% 0.32% 0.42% 0.79% 0.29% 0.18% 0.18% 0.21% 0.32% 0.45% 0.33%
checking, precision,
medical or surgical
instruments and
apparatus
Clocks and
91 watches and parts 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.06% 0.07% 0.05%
thereof
Musical
92 0.03% 0.04% 0.04% 0.05% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.04% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05%
instruments
Miscellaneous
XX manufactured 0.56% 0.83% 0.64% 0.50% 0.35% 0.36% 0.43% 0.37% 0.72% 0.66% 0.62%
articles
Furniture; lamps
and lighting
94 0.45% 0.73% 0.48% 0.36% 0.24% 0.21% 0.27% 0.21% 0.46% 0.39% 0.36%
fittings (including
components)
Toys, games and
95 0.06% 0.05% 0.10% 0.07% 0.05% 0.07% 0.06% 0.06% 0.10% 0.09% 0.10%
sports equipment
Miscellaneous
96 manufactured 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.07% 0.06% 0.08% 0.09% 0.10% 0.16% 0.18% 0.15%
Annex 4.

articles
Goods non-
included in
XXII Combined 0.12% 0.12% 0.10% 0.07% 0.06% 0.11% 0.11% 0.13% 0.15% 0.26% 0.21%
Nomenclature
other sections

Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța

276 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 5 277
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Annex 5. Share of imports (CIF) by sections

and chapters of the Combined Nomenclature, Romania,
2007-2017 (%)

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Live animals and
I 1.70% 2.08% 2.86% 2.10% 1.76% 1.89% 2.01% 2.09% 1.99% 2.14% 2.24%
animal products
1 Live animals 0.09% 0.18% 0.30% 0.20% 0.19% 0.26% 0.30% 0.32% 0.25% 0.25% 0.24%
Meat and
2 1.08% 1.28% 1.65% 1.10% 0.83% 0.88% 0.88% 0.94% 0.91% 0.96% 1.01%
edible offal
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

Fish and
3 0.15% 0.18% 0.26% 0.22% 0.18% 0.20% 0.21% 0.23% 0.24% 0.26% 0.26%
crustaceans
Milk and dairy
4 products; eggs; 0.30% 0.37% 0.56% 0.48% 0.46% 0.46% 0.54% 0.51% 0.51% 0.60% 0.66%
honey
Other products of
5 0.08% 0.08% 0.10% 0.09% 0.09% 0.10% 0.09% 0.09% 0.08% 0.08% 0.07%
animal origin
Vegetable
II 2.02% 2.20% 2.57% 2.43% 2.41% 2.59% 2.63% 2.59% 3.24% 3.46% 3.14%
products
Live trees and
6 0.10% 0.14% 0.20% 0.18% 0.18% 0.17% 0.16% 0.16% 0.15% 0.17% 0.17%
flowers
Edible vegetables,
7 0.28% 0.27% 0.31% 0.32% 0.28% 0.29% 0.34% 0.39% 0.44% 0.54% 0.54%
roots and tubers
8 Edible fruit 0.48% 0.43% 0.45% 0.38% 0.34% 0.43% 0.53% 0.58% 0.76% 0.84% 0.84%
9 Coffee, tea, spices 0.20% 0.20% 0.29% 0.28% 0.29% 0.31% 0.31% 0.31% 0.33% 0.36% 0.33%
10 Cereals 0.53% 0.54% 0.64% 0.53% 0.61% 0.68% 0.59% 0.51% 0.86% 0.88% 0.58%
Products of milling
11 0.19% 0.22% 0.23% 0.16% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.17% 0.16% 0.16% 0.14%
industry
Seeds and
oleaginous fruits,
12 0.22% 0.35% 0.41% 0.56% 0.49% 0.47% 0.47% 0.44% 0.49% 0.47% 0.49%
industrial and
medicinal plants
Annex 5.

Gums, resins and

13 other vegetable 0.02% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.03% 0.04% 0.03% 0.03% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04%
saps
14 Straw materials 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Animal or
III 0.28% 0.40% 0.41% 0.46% 0.45% 0.44% 0.37% 0.28% 0.29% 0.28% 0.25%
vegetable fats
Animal or
15 0.28% 0.40% 0.41% 0.46% 0.45% 0.44% 0.37% 0.28% 0.29% 0.28% 0.25%
vegetable fats
278 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 5 279

Sections and
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Prepared
foodstuffs,
IV 2.51% 2.92% 3.96% 3.37% 3.48% 3.85% 3.94% 3.79% 4.10% 4.20% 4.16%
beverages and
tobacco

Preparations of
16 0.10% 0.12% 0.15% 0.13% 0.13% 0.17% 0.19% 0.20% 0.22% 0.22% 0.25%
meat and fish

Sugar and sugar

17 0.32% 0.42% 0.62% 0.58% 0.67% 0.67% 0.53% 0.39% 0.41% 0.42% 0.38%
confectionery

Cocoa and cocoa

18 0.16% 0.19% 0.24% 0.26% 0.25% 0.27% 0.30% 0.32% 0.35% 0.40% 0.37%
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

preparations

Preparations of
19 0.26% 0.32% 0.42% 0.36% 0.36% 0.41% 0.49% 0.49% 0.54% 0.60% 0.60%
cereals

Preparations of
20 vegetables and 0.31% 0.32% 0.37% 0.28% 0.26% 0.27% 0.31% 0.34% 0.37% 0.42% 0.39%
fruits

Miscellaneous
21 0.44% 0.47% 0.63% 0.54% 0.50% 0.54% 0.53% 0.53% 0.55% 0.60% 0.60%
edible preparations

Alcoholic and non-

22 0.31% 0.37% 0.36% 0.31% 0.38% 0.42% 0.43% 0.39% 0.43% 0.48% 0.48%
alcoholic beverages

Residues and
23 waste from the 0.31% 0.40% 0.68% 0.57% 0.51% 0.63% 0.69% 0.67% 0.67% 0.59% 0.60%
food industry

Tobacco and
manufactured
24 0.30% 0.31% 0.49% 0.34% 0.42% 0.48% 0.47% 0.46% 0.56% 0.48% 0.49%
tobacco
substitutes

V Mineral products 11.96% 13.71% 9.97% 11.05% 12.14% 13.03% 10.59% 9.89% 6.96% 6.17% 7.13%

Salt; sulphur,
Annex 5.

25 stones; plaster, 0.25% 0.39% 0.25% 0.27% 0.27% 0.27% 0.22% 0.20% 0.20% 0.19% 0.17%
lime and cement

26 Ores, slag and ash 0.95% 0.87% 0.32% 0.66% 0.55% 0.51% 0.52% 0.37% 0.35% 0.32% 0.37%

Mineral fuels
and mineral
27 10.76% 12.46% 9.40% 10.12% 11.32% 12.25% 9.86% 9.31% 6.41% 5.66% 6.59%
oils; bituminous
substances
280 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 5 281

Sections and
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Products of the
VI 7.55% 8.26% 11.04% 9.96% 9.93% 10.31% 10.48% 10.18% 10.05% 9.95% 9.79%
chemical industry

Inorganic
28 0.51% 0.57% 0.48% 0.33% 0.37% 0.42% 0.45% 0.47% 0.39% 0.40% 0.37%
chemicals

29 Organic chemicals 0.96% 0.98% 1.45% 1.25% 1.40% 1.30% 1.13% 1.07% 1.08% 0.85% 0.94%

Pharmaceutical
30 2.84% 3.16% 4.76% 4.47% 4.20% 4.49% 4.77% 4.46% 4.11% 4.06% 3.90%
products

31 Fertilizers 0.18% 0.27% 0.25% 0.30% 0.48% 0.49% 0.58% 0.54% 0.66% 0.71% 0.72%
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

Tanning or
32 0.67% 0.64% 0.77% 0.68% 0.64% 0.62% 0.64% 0.63% 0.64% 0.63% 0.61%
dyestuff extracts

33 Essential oils 0.72% 0.80% 1.01% 0.82% 0.73% 0.80% 0.81% 0.80% 0.85% 0.93% 0.94%

Soap; washing
34 0.50% 0.51% 0.66% 0.55% 0.48% 0.53% 0.56% 0.58% 0.60% 0.62% 0.60%
preparations

Albuminoidal
35 0.16% 0.17% 0.22% 0.19% 0.20% 0.21% 0.22% 0.23% 0.23% 0.21% 0.20%
substances

Pyrotechnic
36 products and 0.05% 0.07% 0.09% 0.09% 0.09% 0.09% 0.09% 0.09% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10%
explosives

Photographic or
37 cinematographic 0.08% 0.07% 0.08% 0.07% 0.06% 0.06% 0.06% 0.06% 0.06% 0.05% 0.04%
goods

Miscellaneous
38 chemical 0.86% 1.03% 1.27% 1.18% 1.28% 1.29% 1.18% 1.24% 1.33% 1.39% 1.37%
products
Annex 5.

Plastics, rubber
VII and articles 6.01% 5.79% 6.53% 6.96% 7.22% 7.14% 7.33% 7.26% 7.32% 7.26% 7.32%
thereof

Plastics and
39 4.43% 4.29% 4.78% 4.91% 4.81% 4.96% 5.26% 5.31% 5.48% 5.46% 5.44%
articles thereof

Rubber and
40 1.58% 1.49% 1.74% 2.05% 2.41% 2.18% 2.07% 1.95% 1.84% 1.80% 1.89%
articles thereof
282 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 5 283

Sections and
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN

Raw hides
and skins and
VIII leather, furs and 1.49% 1.21% 1.44% 1.35% 1.30% 1.27% 1.33% 1.44% 1.40% 1.36% 1.34%
manufactures
thereof

Raw hide and

41 1.25% 0.97% 1.14% 1.01% 0.99% 0.93% 0.98% 1.00% 0.87% 0.77% 0.67%
skins and leather

42 Leather goods 0.21% 0.23% 0.28% 0.32% 0.28% 0.31% 0.32% 0.43% 0.52% 0.58% 0.65%
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

Furskins and
43 manufactures 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
thereof

Wood products,
IX excepting 1.13% 1.05% 0.97% 0.85% 0.69% 0.68% 0.71% 0.75% 0.85% 0.95% 0.93%
furniture

Wood, timber and

44 1.11% 1.03% 0.95% 0.83% 0.68% 0.67% 0.69% 0.74% 0.83% 0.93% 0.92%
articles of wood

Cork and articles

45 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
of cork

Manufactures of
straw, of esparto
46 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01%
or of other plaiting
materials

Paper and articles

X 1.69% 1.69% 2.30% 2.02% 1.85% 1.68% 1.73% 1.72% 1.69% 1.70% 1.57%
of paper
Annex 5.

47 Pulp 0.03% 0.03% 0.08% 0.10% 0.08% 0.08% 0.10% 0.10% 0.12% 0.13% 0.12%

Paper and articles

48 1.42% 1.39% 1.87% 1.68% 1.60% 1.45% 1.49% 1.47% 1.44% 1.43% 1.32%
of paper

Printed books and

49 0.23% 0.27% 0.36% 0.24% 0.17% 0.15% 0.14% 0.14% 0.13% 0.14% 0.13%
newspapers
284 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 5 285

Sections and
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Textiles and
XI 7.07% 6.07% 7.03% 6.49% 6.40% 6.42% 6.57% 6.72% 6.77% 6.94% 6.41%
textile articles
50 Silk 0.11% 0.11% 0.08% 0.10% 0.12% 0.12% 0.17% 0.14% 0.13% 0.15% 0.11%
51 Wool 0.61% 0.47% 0.55% 0.50% 0.52% 0.50% 0.46% 0.45% 0.44% 0.46% 0.42%
52 Cotton 1.21% 0.85% 0.93% 0.85% 0.81% 0.73% 0.75% 0.70% 0.62% 0.59% 0.49%
Other vegetable
53 0.09% 0.06% 0.05% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03%
textile fibers
Man-made
54 0.94% 0.72% 0.94% 0.94% 0.91% 0.90% 0.94% 0.99% 1.00% 0.96% 0.86%
filaments
Man-made staple
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

55 0.84% 0.66% 0.74% 0.73% 0.69% 0.69% 0.66% 0.68% 0.67% 0.61% 0.51%
fibers
Wadding, felt,
56 0.26% 0.25% 0.29% 0.26% 0.27% 0.28% 0.31% 0.38% 0.39% 0.36% 0.35%
special yarns
57 Carpets 0.13% 0.12% 0.12% 0.10% 0.08% 0.09% 0.09% 0.08% 0.09% 0.11% 0.11%
Special woven
58 0.35% 0.28% 0.34% 0.32% 0.30% 0.29% 0.30% 0.31% 0.30% 0.29% 0.25%
fabrics
Impregnated
59 0.50% 0.47% 0.54% 0.51% 0.54% 0.61% 0.66% 0.66% 0.77% 0.74% 0.67%
fabrics
Knitted or
60 0.41% 0.34% 0.43% 0.43% 0.42% 0.44% 0.45% 0.44% 0.40% 0.38% 0.32%
crocheted fabrics
Knitted clothing
61 0.60% 0.64% 0.80% 0.68% 0.64% 0.68% 0.68% 0.72% 0.74% 0.88% 0.90%
and accessories
Not knitted or
62 crocheted clothing 0.72% 0.80% 0.87% 0.74% 0.76% 0.77% 0.77% 0.81% 0.85% 1.00% 1.02%
and accessories
Other textile
63 0.31% 0.30% 0.33% 0.31% 0.29% 0.29% 0.30% 0.32% 0.33% 0.37% 0.36%
articles
Footwear, headgear,
XII umbrellas and 1.00% 0.96% 1.14% 1.11% 1.16% 1.05% 1.12% 1.21% 1.10% 1.19% 1.27%
similar articles
Annex 5.

Footwear, gaiters
64 and the like; parts 0.94% 0.90% 1.07% 1.04% 1.10% 1.00% 1.07% 1.16% 1.04% 1.12% 1.20%
of such articles
Headgear and
65 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.04% 0.04%
parts thereof
66 Umbrellas 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02%
Prepared feathers
67 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
and down
286 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 5 287

Sections and
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Articles of stone,
plaster, cement,
asbestos, mica or
XIII similar materials; 1.84% 1.88% 1.63% 1.42% 1.36% 1.23% 1.22% 1.22% 1.26% 1.31% 1.31%
ceramic products;
glass and
glassware
68 Articles of stone 0.53% 0.55% 0.50% 0.44% 0.39% 0.37% 0.35% 0.34% 0.36% 0.37% 0.35%
69 Ceramic products 0.70% 0.74% 0.53% 0.46% 0.41% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.39% 0.39% 0.41%
Glass and
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

70 0.61% 0.59% 0.60% 0.52% 0.56% 0.48% 0.49% 0.49% 0.51% 0.56% 0.55%
glassware
Base metals and
XV articles of base 11.06% 11.36% 9.80% 10.94% 11.26% 10.67% 10.48% 10.79% 10.70% 10.04% 10.54%
metal

72 Iron and steel 4.36% 4.81% 3.16% 3.93% 4.41% 3.90% 3.51% 3.57% 3.40% 3.00% 3.45%

Articles of iron or
73 3.42% 3.47% 3.51% 3.41% 3.23% 3.13% 3.21% 3.19% 3.16% 3.03% 3.07%
steel
Copper and
74 0.89% 0.83% 0.75% 0.98% 1.06% 0.99% 0.88% 0.97% 1.00% 0.91% 0.82%
articles thereof
Nickel and articles
75 0.08% 0.04% 0.04% 0.05% 0.05% 0.06% 0.05% 0.06% 0.07% 0.07% 0.06%
thereof
Aluminum and
76 0.97% 0.93% 0.90% 1.06% 1.06% 1.08% 1.21% 1.26% 1.35% 1.24% 1.28%
articles thereof
Lead and articles
78 0.01% 0.01% 0.03% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.07% 0.06%
thereof
Zinc and articles
79 0.10% 0.06% 0.08% 0.12% 0.14% 0.11% 0.11% 0.12% 0.13% 0.11% 0.14%
thereof
Tin and articles
80 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03%
thereof
Annex 5.

Base metals
81 0.06% 0.07% 0.07% 0.08% 0.08% 0.08% 0.09% 0.16% 0.13% 0.11% 0.11%
unspecified
Tools, cutlery of
82 0.41% 0.41% 0.41% 0.40% 0.40% 0.46% 0.42% 0.44% 0.44% 0.48% 0.47%
base metal
Miscellaneous
83 articles of base 0.76% 0.72% 0.84% 0.84% 0.76% 0.82% 0.94% 0.94% 0.96% 1.00% 1.05%
metal
288 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 5 289

Sections and
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Machinery/
mechanical
appliances;
electrical
XVI 25.04% 23.96% 27.00% 28.59% 27.48% 26.59% 27.74% 27.30% 28.45% 28.14% 27.73%
equipment; tv
image, sound
recorders/
reproducers

Nuclear reactors,
boilers, machinery
84 13.96% 12.78% 12.24% 12.00% 12.07% 12.39% 12.37% 12.63% 13.33% 12.53% 12.25%
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

and mechanical
appliances

Electrical
machinery and
equipment; sound
85 11.08% 11.18% 14.76% 16.59% 15.41% 14.21% 15.37% 14.67% 15.13% 15.61% 15.48%
and television
recorders and
reproducers

Vehicles, aircraft,
vessels and
XVII associated 13.84% 12.46% 7.42% 7.34% 7.63% 7.47% 7.84% 8.57% 9.16% 10.08% 9.96%
transport
equipment

Railway or tramway
locomotives,
rolling stock,
86 track fixtures and 0.42% 0.42% 0.38% 0.16% 0.13% 0.13% 0.20% 0.24% 0.11% 0.22% 0.12%
fittings. Traffic
signal equipment
of all kinds

Vehicles (other
Annex 5.

than railway or
87 13.03% 11.70% 6.71% 6.76% 7.10% 7.00% 7.27% 8.15% 8.83% 9.49% 9.15%
tramway rolling
stock)

Aircraft,
88 0.34% 0.25% 0.29% 0.24% 0.38% 0.21% 0.28% 0.16% 0.19% 0.34% 0.66%
spacecraft

Ships, boats and

89 0.05% 0.09% 0.04% 0.19% 0.02% 0.13% 0.09% 0.02% 0.03% 0.04% 0.03%
floating structures
290 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 5 291

Sections and
Share of imports (CIF) by sections and chapters of the Combined

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
checking, precision,
XVIII 1.60% 1.65% 1.67% 1.69% 1.62% 1.69% 1.84% 1.97% 2.27% 2.18% 2.29%
medical or surgical
instruments
and apparatus;
watches; musical
instruments
Optical,
Nomenclature, Romania, 2007-2017 (%)

photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
90 1.52% 1.56% 1.57% 1.59% 1.54% 1.61% 1.76% 1.88% 2.18% 2.07% 2.19%
checking, precision,
medical or surgical
instruments and
apparatus
Clocks and
91 watches and parts 0.06% 0.07% 0.08% 0.07% 0.05% 0.06% 0.06% 0.06% 0.07% 0.08% 0.08%
thereof
Musical
92 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02%
instruments
Miscellaneous
XX manufactured 2.00% 2.15% 2.03% 1.64% 1.60% 1.72% 1.80% 1.94% 2.09% 2.31% 2.25%
articles
Furniture; lamps
and lighting
94 1.27% 1.38% 1.20% 0.97% 0.94% 0.91% 0.98% 1.04% 1.12% 1.22% 1.18%
fittings (including
components)
Toys, games and
95 0.38% 0.48% 0.52% 0.38% 0.39% 0.41% 0.38% 0.42% 0.51% 0.62% 0.62%
sports equipment
Miscellaneous
96 manufactured 0.35% 0.30% 0.31% 0.29% 0.27% 0.40% 0.44% 0.47% 0.46% 0.47% 0.45%
Annex 5.

articles
Goods non-
included in
XXII Combined 0.22% 0.21% 0.24% 0.24% 0.28% 0.28% 0.27% 0.29% 0.30% 0.33% 0.39%
Nomenclature
other sections

Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța

292 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 6 293
Share of Constanța’s imports relative to Romania’s imports, by

Annex 6. Share of Constanța’s imports relative

to Romania’s imports, by sections and chapters of the CN,
2007-2017 (%)

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

Total 4.63% 5.62% 5.87% 5.62% 5.93% 6.31% 5.49% 5.86% 4.12% 3.36% 3.56%
Live animals and
I 1.16% 1.08% 1.37% 1.55% 1.25% 1.12% 1.04% 1.33% 1.55% 1.51% 1.29%
animal products
1 Live animals 0.00% 0.00% 0.17% 1.13% 0.76% 0.89% 2.08% 1.26% 3.13% 3.78% 2.20%
Meat and edible
2 1.46% 1.39% 1.80% 2.31% 1.83% 1.87% 1.26% 1.78% 1.75% 1.68% 1.51%
offal
Fish and
3 1.00% 1.40% 2.54% 1.36% 1.04% 0.75% 1.15% 2.02% 2.05% 1.97% 2.67%
crustaceans
Milk and dairy
4 products; eggs; 0.81% 0.60% 0.45% 0.37% 0.74% 0.22% 0.22% 0.44% 0.36% 0.29% 0.23%
honey
Other products of
5 0.04% 0.08% 0.00% 0.05% 0.06% 0.04% 0.08% 0.17% 0.17% 0.01% 0.00%
animal origin
II Vegetable products 3.18% 5.67% 8.29% 15.41% 13.11% 7.23% 2.37% 4.55% 4.47% 2.82% 2.67%
Live trees and
6 5.12% 4.62% 3.76% 5.02% 4.88% 2.41% 2.10% 1.79% 1.95% 1.56% 2.37%
flowers
Edible vegetables,
7 0.32% 1.06% 1.33% 1.53% 1.69% 0.59% 0.54% 0.56% 0.46% 0.48% 0.86%
roots and tubers
8 Edible fruit 0.47% 0.40% 0.53% 0.47% 0.45% 0.54% 0.35% 0.22% 1.55% 1.83% 1.42%
9 Coffee, tea, spices 0.10% 0.25% 0.33% 0.35% 0.46% 0.34% 0.25% 0.32% 0.31% 0.19% 0.24%
10 Cereals 9.39% 9.55% 15.61% 25.51% 25.19% 22.07% 4.38% 17.05% 11.58% 4.88% 6.14%
Products of milling
11 0.08% 0.15% 1.24% 0.14% 2.07% 4.31% 4.01% 3.73% 4.08% 6.33% 3.28%
industry
Seeds and
oleaginous fruits,
12 2.45% 17.27% 23.47% 40.16% 29.21% 4.03% 4.36% 3.95% 4.21% 4.91% 4.35%
industrial and
Annex 6.

medicinal plants
Gums, resins and
13 other vegetable 2.33% 0.73% 1.10% 0.56% 0.33% 0.34% 0.61% 0.43% 0.62% 0.71% 1.16%
saps
14 Straw materials 0.54% 0.45% 1.13% 1.05% 0.90% 0.60% 9.60% 1.29% 3.32% 5.67% 7.58%
Animal or
III 1.99% 1.54% 0.38% 0.46% 0.16% 0.29% 1.01% 0.45% 0.49% 0.25% 0.28%
vegetable fats
Animal or
15 1.99% 1.54% 0.38% 0.46% 0.16% 0.29% 1.01% 0.45% 0.49% 0.25% 0.28%
vegetable fats
294 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 6 295

Sections and
Share of Constanța’s imports relative to Romania’s imports, by

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Prepared
foodstuffs,
IV 1.22% 1.63% 1.93% 1.24% 0.73% 0.69% 0.69% 1.05% 1.02% 0.81% 0.87%
beverages and
tobacco

Preparations of
16 0.11% 0.03% 0.86% 0.14% 0.20% 0.19% 0.20% 0.39% 0.62% 0.36% 0.32%
meat and fish
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

Sugar and sugar

17 1.40% 0.78% 1.14% 0.56% 0.49% 0.45% 0.71% 0.80% 0.87% 0.79% 0.82%
confectionery

Cocoa and cocoa

18 0.61% 1.24% 1.30% 0.81% 0.85% 0.71% 0.68% 1.09% 0.86% 0.44% 0.36%
preparations

Preparations of
19 0.22% 0.15% 0.25% 0.58% 0.59% 0.74% 0.97% 0.97% 0.69% 0.49% 0.37%
cereals

Preparations of
20 vegetables and 0.60% 0.46% 0.70% 1.04% 0.45% 0.41% 0.64% 0.89% 0.44% 0.49% 1.16%
fruits

Miscellaneous
21 0.48% 0.52% 0.42% 1.00% 0.87% 0.79% 0.35% 0.39% 0.30% 0.17% 0.12%
edible preparations

Alcoholic and non-

22 2.71% 3.98% 4.88% 2.87% 2.25% 2.20% 1.98% 4.93% 5.09% 4.01% 3.88%
alcoholic beverages

Residues and
23 waste from the 2.56% 0.94% 0.96% 0.94% 0.62% 0.58% 0.56% 0.49% 0.68% 0.50% 0.79%
food industry

Tobacco and
manufactured
24 1.48% 6.19% 7.10% 3.45% 0.03% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.00% 0.00%
tobacco
substitutes

V Mineral products 23.64% 26.13% 32.93% 31.00% 33.41% 36.68% 39.76% 45.63% 39.53% 34.68% 35.73%

Salt; sulphur,
Annex 6.

25 stones; plaster, 2.28% 2.78% 7.81% 9.96% 10.21% 10.78% 13.64% 12.94% 7.79% 8.71% 8.95%
lime and cement

26 Ores, slag and ash 0.11% 0.13% 0.35% 0.05% 0.04% 0.29% 0.17% 0.44% 0.53% 0.36% 0.06%

Mineral fuels
and mineral
27 26.22% 28.67% 34.70% 33.59% 35.59% 38.77% 42.41% 48.16% 42.62% 37.50% 38.40%
oils; bituminous
substances
296 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 6 297

Sections and
Share of Constanța’s imports relative to Romania’s imports, by

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Products of the
VI 4.60% 4.82% 4.01% 3.31% 5.27% 3.97% 2.36% 2.17% 2.88% 2.52% 2.20%
chemical industry

Inorganic
28 1.72% 1.30% 1.06% 1.56% 0.98% 0.83% 0.75% 0.89% 0.94% 0.82% 0.62%
chemicals

29 Organic chemicals 26.41% 28.25% 20.01% 15.13% 18.91% 14.21% 10.50% 9.78% 9.79% 12.19% 10.36%
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

Pharmaceutical
30 0.16% 0.20% 0.11% 0.08% 0.08% 0.13% 0.16% 0.20% 0.37% 0.24% 0.13%
products

31 Fertilizers 4.33% 2.37% 6.72% 11.70% 12.31% 12.77% 11.04% 9.71% 12.44% 10.74% 9.70%

Tanning or
32 2.71% 3.48% 4.42% 4.06% 4.16% 2.53% 3.03% 2.63% 5.05% 4.73% 2.38%
dyestuff extracts

33 Essential oils 1.09% 1.11% 1.15% 1.24% 1.00% 0.88% 1.08% 1.11% 1.01% 0.59% 0.20%

Soap; washing
34 1.11% 0.99% 0.98% 0.98% 0.76% 0.67% 0.69% 0.81% 0.87% 0.51% 0.37%
preparations

Albuminoidal
35 1.62% 0.90% 0.62% 0.59% 0.78% 1.22% 0.81% 0.68% 0.36% 0.27% 0.18%
substances

Pyrotechnic
36 products and 0.52% 0.59% 0.20% 0.55% 0.69% 0.55% 0.14% 0.06% 0.08% 0.04% 0.10%
explosives

Photographic or
37 cinematographic 1.70% 1.06% 0.78% 0.65% 0.50% 0.14% 0.19% 0.20% 0.17% 0.00% 0.03%
goods

Miscellaneous
38 chemical 4.30% 6.09% 5.64% 4.27% 11.94% 9.59% 1.74% 1.46% 2.69% 1.34% 1.57%
products
Annex 6.

Plastics, rubber
VII and articles 1.82% 2.05% 1.92% 1.44% 1.12% 0.94% 0.99% 0.97% 0.89% 0.63% 0.59%
thereof

Plastics and
39 2.30% 2.57% 2.40% 1.83% 1.53% 1.24% 1.24% 1.17% 1.00% 0.72% 0.71%
articles thereof

Rubber and
40 0.50% 0.54% 0.59% 0.49% 0.29% 0.27% 0.33% 0.43% 0.54% 0.39% 0.25%
articles thereof
298 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 6 299

Sections and
Share of Constanța’s imports relative to Romania’s imports, by

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN

Raw hides
and skins and
VIII leather, furs and 0.11% 0.15% 0.10% 0.25% 0.16% 0.18% 0.21% 0.25% 0.27% 0.16% 0.13%
manufactures
thereof
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

Raw hide and

41 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.13% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.08% 0.09% 0.00% 0.00%
skins and leather

42 Leather goods 0.78% 0.76% 0.45% 0.61% 0.53% 0.51% 0.65% 0.64% 0.54% 0.37% 0.25%

Furskins and
43 manufactures 0.12% 0.42% 0.64% 0.57% 0.27% 0.56% 0.49% 0.39% 1.02% 0.52% 1.06%
thereof

Wood products,
IX excepting 0.76% 0.81% 0.73% 0.54% 0.52% 0.48% 0.92% 1.60% 1.31% 0.64% 0.38%
furniture

Wood, timber and

44 0.53% 0.63% 0.58% 0.43% 0.48% 0.46% 0.88% 1.56% 1.31% 0.63% 0.36%
articles of wood

Cork and articles

45 24.21% 17.86% 11.54% 7.19% 2.92% 1.78% 3.83% 4.53% 1.69% 1.23% 1.37%
of cork

Manufactures of
straw, of esparto
46 0.86% 1.02% 2.11% 3.08% 1.10% 0.92% 1.41% 3.51% 1.94% 1.40% 2.12%
or of other plaiting
materials

Paper and articles

X 0.62% 0.78% 0.54% 0.32% 0.23% 0.28% 0.37% 0.43% 0.32% 0.27% 0.25%
of paper
Annex 6.

47 Pulp 0.66% 0.31% 0.00% 0.12% 0.15% 0.13% 0.11% 0.14% 0.12% 0.02% 0.04%

Paper and articles

48 0.65% 0.67% 0.40% 0.27% 0.23% 0.27% 0.37% 0.45% 0.32% 0.30% 0.27%
of paper

Printed books and

49 0.40% 1.37% 1.39% 0.75% 0.28% 0.40% 0.49% 0.50% 0.42% 0.18% 0.26%
newspapers
300 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 6 301

Sections and
Share of Constanța’s imports relative to Romania’s imports, by

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Textiles and
XI 0.60% 0.58% 0.61% 0.93% 0.66% 0.62% 0.55% 0.51% 0.60% 0.55% 0.60%
textile articles
50 Silk 0.30% 0.08% 0.07% 0.09% 0.07% 0.12% 0.03% 0.05% 0.06% 0.04% 0.06%
51 Wool 0.61% 0.65% 1.05% 0.88% 0.32% 0.50% 0.28% 0.41% 0.25% 0.47% 0.23%
52 Cotton 0.53% 0.48% 0.42% 0.36% 0.32% 0.35% 0.27% 0.29% 0.27% 0.17% 0.12%
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

Other vegetable
53 0.76% 0.20% 0.49% 0.59% 0.49% 0.69% 0.64% 0.57% 1.00% 1.03% 0.38%
textile fibers
Man-made
54 0.17% 0.17% 0.12% 0.22% 0.15% 0.15% 0.12% 0.19% 0.14% 0.10% 0.11%
filaments
Man-made staple
55 0.40% 0.51% 0.43% 0.38% 0.39% 0.38% 0.27% 0.30% 0.30% 0.21% 0.17%
fibers
Wadding, felt,
56 0.54% 0.59% 0.40% 0.57% 0.57% 0.49% 0.51% 0.51% 0.79% 0.79% 0.77%
special yarns
57 Carpets 1.21% 0.67% 1.32% 0.45% 0.88% 0.52% 0.60% 0.49% 0.62% 0.30% 0.45%
Special woven
58 0.31% 0.31% 0.29% 0.33% 0.25% 0.26% 0.27% 0.18% 0.17% 0.12% 0.11%
fabrics
Impregnated
59 0.34% 0.43% 0.36% 0.19% 0.25% 0.24% 0.21% 0.15% 0.13% 0.07% 0.04%
fabrics
Knitted or
60 0.16% 0.02% 0.02% 0.08% 0.08% 0.09% 0.07% 0.10% 0.15% 0.16% 0.24%
crocheted fabrics
Knitted clothing
61 1.41% 1.03% 1.38% 3.20% 2.23% 1.94% 1.79% 1.52% 1.91% 1.65% 1.80%
and accessories
Not knitted or
62 crocheted clothing 1.22% 1.03% 1.01% 2.65% 1.69% 1.44% 1.44% 1.06% 1.30% 1.10% 1.20%
and accessories
Other textile
63 0.77% 1.08% 0.88% 0.60% 0.58% 0.52% 0.56% 0.69% 0.82% 0.57% 0.56%
articles
Footwear, headgear,
XII umbrellas and 0.19% 0.20% 0.40% 0.41% 0.26% 0.24% 0.27% 0.27% 0.55% 0.30% 0.33%
similar articles
Annex 6.

Footwear, gaiters
64 and the like; parts 0.14% 0.14% 0.24% 0.35% 0.19% 0.16% 0.21% 0.22% 0.50% 0.24% 0.25%
of such articles
Headgear and
65 1.33% 1.81% 1.36% 2.19% 1.97% 1.60% 1.96% 1.89% 1.96% 1.50% 1.70%
parts thereof
66 Umbrellas 0.36% 0.28% 0.35% 0.93% 0.71% 2.31% 1.50% 0.45% 0.79% 1.14% 1.00%
Prepared feathers
67 1.50% 0.77% 9.61% 0.29% 0.67% 1.03% 0.91% 1.04% 0.97% 1.14% 3.07%
and down
302 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 6 303

Sections and
Share of Constanța’s imports relative to Romania’s imports, by

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Articles of stone,
plaster, cement,
asbestos, mica or
XIII similar materials; 3.31% 2.78% 2.06% 1.82% 1.59% 1.67% 1.65% 1.78% 1.75% 2.16% 1.92%
ceramic products;
glass and
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

glassware
68 Articles of stone 1.73% 1.72% 1.78% 1.95% 1.98% 1.99% 2.65% 2.67% 2.10% 2.55% 1.75%
69 Ceramic products 5.47% 4.22% 3.00% 2.41% 2.03% 1.92% 1.62% 1.90% 2.07% 2.96% 3.09%
Glass and
70 2.20% 1.97% 1.44% 1.20% 1.00% 1.22% 0.97% 1.08% 1.27% 1.33% 1.16%
glassware
Base metals and
XV articles of base 2.73% 2.99% 4.26% 3.29% 2.73% 2.38% 1.79% 2.59% 1.95% 1.90% 1.30%
metal

72 Iron and steel 2.48% 2.78% 3.96% 4.60% 3.95% 4.08% 2.49% 4.81% 2.78% 3.09% 1.90%

Articles of iron or
73 3.55% 4.15% 6.23% 3.71% 2.62% 1.88% 1.94% 2.34% 2.37% 2.10% 1.39%
steel
Copper and
74 3.97% 2.68% 1.62% 1.63% 1.27% 0.87% 0.87% 0.60% 0.52% 0.48% 0.49%
articles thereof
Nickel and articles
75 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.88% 0.04% 0.05% 0.05% 0.06% 0.03% 0.00% 0.01%
thereof
Aluminum and
76 1.95% 2.02% 1.92% 1.22% 1.49% 1.20% 0.97% 0.89% 0.86% 1.00% 0.84%
articles thereof
Lead and articles
78 0.24% 0.13% 0.01% 0.05% 0.03% 0.02% 2.14% 0.05% 0.06% 0.09% 0.17%
thereof
Zinc and articles
79 0.07% 2.21% 0.75% 1.27% 1.71% 1.40% 1.60% 1.07% 1.85% 2.51% 2.04%
thereof
Tin and articles
80 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.13% 0.06% 0.09% 0.24% 0.23% 0.08% 0.00% 0.00%
thereof
Annex 6.

Base metals
81 0.00% 0.00% 0.02% 0.05% 0.33% 0.22% 0.11% 0.06% 0.16% 0.11% 0.06%
unspecified
Tools, cutlery of
82 0.80% 0.80% 0.61% 0.71% 0.62% 0.49% 0.90% 0.83% 0.87% 0.69% 0.58%
base metal
Miscellaneous
83 articles of base 2.07% 2.23% 4.91% 2.27% 1.87% 1.25% 1.23% 1.19% 1.68% 1.09% 0.84%
metal
304 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 6 305

Sections and
Share of Constanța’s imports relative to Romania’s imports, by

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Machinery/
mechanical
appliances;
electrical
XVI 2.47% 2.65% 3.76% 2.17% 1.48% 1.39% 1.63% 1.40% 1.29% 1.29% 0.92%
equipment; tv
image, sound
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

recorders/
reproducers

Nuclear reactors,
boilers, machinery
84 3.26% 3.86% 4.39% 2.89% 2.62% 2.05% 1.72% 1.98% 2.08% 2.31% 1.67%
and mechanical
appliances

Electrical
machinery and
equipment; sound
85 1.47% 1.26% 3.23% 1.66% 0.59% 0.81% 1.56% 0.90% 0.60% 0.47% 0.33%
and television
recorders and
reproducers

Vehicles, aircraft,
vessels and
XVII associated 0.92% 1.25% 1.16% 2.03% 0.85% 0.99% 1.12% 0.99% 0.90% 0.76% 0.86%
transport
equipment

Railway or tramway
locomotives,
rolling stock,
86 track fixtures and 0.25% 0.57% 0.33% 1.70% 0.55% 0.43% 0.22% 0.36% 1.02% 0.52% 1.10%
fittings. Traffic
signal equipment
of all kinds

Vehicles (other
Annex 6.

than railway or
87 0.90% 1.10% 1.12% 0.80% 0.79% 0.93% 0.81% 0.96% 0.84% 0.70% 0.81%
tramway rolling
stock)

Aircraft,
88 0.37% 0.10% 0.42% 1.46% 0.20% 0.47% 0.18% 0.31% 0.39% 0.29% 0.22%
spacecraft

Ships, boats and

89 18.07% 25.65% 23.30% 47.85% 26.81% 5.42% 29.64% 27.61% 22.98% 22.67% 33.48%
floating structures
306 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 6 307

Sections and
Share of Constanța’s imports relative to Romania’s imports, by

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
checking, precision,
XVIII 0.98% 1.32% 1.74% 2.88% 1.31% 0.89% 0.73% 0.84% 0.80% 0.89% 0.66%
medical or surgical
instruments
sections and chapters of the CN, 2007-2017 (%)

and apparatus;
watches; musical
instruments
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
90 0.86% 1.16% 1.58% 2.77% 1.13% 0.70% 0.56% 0.65% 0.61% 0.73% 0.54%
checking, precision,
medical or surgical
instruments and
apparatus
Clocks and
91 watches and parts 2.10% 2.32% 2.30% 2.62% 2.74% 2.64% 2.93% 3.31% 3.53% 2.88% 2.01%
thereof
Musical
92 7.51% 10.41% 10.28% 10.82% 10.36% 9.98% 8.25% 8.90% 8.62% 6.72% 7.04%
instruments
Miscellaneous
XX manufactured 1.30% 2.17% 1.84% 1.70% 1.30% 1.32% 1.31% 1.11% 1.43% 0.97% 0.98%
articles
Furniture; lamps
and lighting
94 1.65% 2.99% 2.34% 2.09% 1.50% 1.45% 1.53% 1.17% 1.69% 1.09% 1.09%
fittings (including
components)
Toys, games and
95 0.73% 0.60% 1.16% 1.00% 0.73% 1.09% 0.90% 0.78% 0.83% 0.50% 0.59%
sports equipment
Miscellaneous
96 manufactured 0.66% 0.86% 1.03% 1.34% 1.40% 1.29% 1.17% 1.28% 1.44% 1.27% 1.20%
Annex 6.

articles
Goods non-
included in
XXII Combined 2.55% 3.13% 2.50% 1.67% 1.16% 2.34% 2.18% 2.57% 2.08% 2.67% 1.95%
Nomenclature
other sections

Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța

308 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 7 309

Annex 7. Balance of trade for Constanța county,

2007-2017 (thousand Euros)

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Balance of trade for Constanța county, 2007-2017

CN
Total -911,783 -1,131,986 -721,385 -867,229 -874,548 -1,123,715 -620,807 -814,377 -563,811 -301,169 -691,010
Live animals and
I 15,773 8,728 8,844 28,945 49,730 84,073 81,636 79,011 89,745 111,796 133,015
animal products
1 Live animals 24,695 20,232 21,772 38,340 47,587 88,845 83,096 79,468 80,384 112,492 131,647
Meat and edible
2 -7,813 -9,821 -11,309 -8,383 3,303 -4,491 -789 974 8,522 2,033 5,576
offal
Fish and
3 -682 -1,385 -1,878 -1,011 -963 -738 -1,291 -2,659 -3,084 -3,430 -5,191
crustaceans
Milk and dairy
4 products; eggs; -587 -441 229 -44 -254 382 561 1,283 3,795 649 782
honey
Other products of
5 158 143 30 44 57 74 59 -55 127 52 202
animal origin
II Vegetable products 12,335 -10,104 -39,665 -131,606 54,137 162,563 375,575 399,879 351,361 348,073 335,682
Live trees and
6 -2,704 -3,775 -2,950 -4,007 -4,587 -2,096 -1,852 -1,660 -1,822 -1,735 -3,083
flowers
(thousand Euros)

Edible vegetables,
7 -422 317 -553 -1,353 -1,168 1,050 379 -129 362 2,479 3,908
roots and tubers
8 Edible fruit 722 291 1,332 -527 -651 -1,058 -758 -445 -6,011 -8,869 -8,274
9 Coffee, tea, spices -31 -280 -363 -403 -630 -459 -245 -273 -455 -340 -421
10 Cereals -2,875 6,569 -25,195 -43,205 53,322 120,872 274,064 282,244 229,696 225,371 251,356
Products of milling
11 -66 34 54 93 -1,861 -4,284 -4,049 -3,262 -3,808 -4,632 -172
industry
Seeds and
oleaginous fruits,
12 17,990 -13,096 -11,822 -82,156 9,777 48,615 108,249 123,484 133,597 136,085 92,822
industrial and
Annex 7.

medicinal plants
Gums, resins and
13 other vegetable -271 -160 -153 -79 -57 -71 -116 -81 -157 -196 -345
saps
14 Straw materials -6 -5 -15 30 -9 -3 -97 2 -42 -90 -108
Animal or
III -266 -2,197 -216 656 126 913 6,514 11,809 8,842 5,267 6,879
vegetable fats
Animal or
15 -266 -2,197 -216 656 126 913 6,514 11,809 8,842 5,267 6,879
vegetable fats
310 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 7 311

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Prepared
foodstuffs,
IV -1,797 -6,951 -14,280 -4,429 -324 -5,367 -2,540 -9,737 -10,579 -4,495 352
beverages and
tobacco
Balance of trade for Constanța county, 2007-2017

Preparations of
16 5,894 11,385 7,752 3,929 1,545 1,387 614 -211 -683 -502 -570
meat and fish

Sugar and sugar

17 381 828 -92 1,252 983 935 687 973 872 825 293
confectionery

Cocoa and cocoa

18 -497 -1,140 -1,203 -953 -1,133 -971 -1,013 -1,959 -1,792 8,608 13,898
preparations

Preparations of
19 -205 80 14 -364 -274 -629 -1,262 -1,283 -634 -290 657
cereals

Preparations of
20 vegetables and -931 -642 -904 -1,184 -509 -401 -842 -1,620 -909 -1,343 -3,034
fruits

Miscellaneous
21 -1,067 -1,330 -957 -2,319 -2,162 -2,147 -814 -885 -771 -509 -454
edible preparations

Alcoholic and non-

22 -1,038 -5,081 -4,248 -1,090 -2,206 -2,721 -3,057 -9,974 -10,678 -11,920 -13,092
alcoholic beverages
(thousand Euros)

Residues and
23 waste from the -2,048 -393 -1,910 1,248 3,480 -966 2,925 5,150 3,875 637 2,654
food industry

Tobacco and
manufactured
24 -2,287 -10,658 -12,732 -4,952 -49 145 225 71 143 0 0
tobacco
substitutes

V Mineral products -764,383 -975,753 -627,698 -916,887 -1,204,829 -1,457,934 -1,159,904 -1,186,912 -875,501 -802,247 -1,179,898

Salt; sulphur,
Annex 7.

25 stones; plaster, -1,875 -1,285 -6,161 -10,993 -10,925 -12,982 -12,552 -9,989 -5,443 -7,164 -5,428
lime and cement

26 Ores, slag and ash -553 -643 -434 -141 732 2,015 -332 -922 -604 -536 -178

Mineral fuels
and mineral
27 -761,956 -973,826 -621,103 -905,753 -1,194,637 -1,446,967 -1,147,020 -1,176,002 -869,454 -794,546 -1,174,293
oils; bituminous
substances
312 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 7 313

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Products of the
VI -176,010 -225,025 -170,208 -149,378 -278,071 -207,467 -116,255 -121,064 -174,576 -162,027 -153,238
chemical industry

Inorganic
28 -4,532 -4,208 -1,967 -2,357 -1,846 -1,761 -1,790 -2,350 -2,210 -2,148 -1,718
chemicals
Balance of trade for Constanța county, 2007-2017

29 Organic chemicals -129,605 -157,531 -112,631 -88,780 -143,852 -101,076 -65,218 -61,012 -66,414 -70,175 -70,974

Pharmaceutical
30 -1,624 -3,287 -1,724 -1,046 -1,200 -1,812 -2,168 -3,526 -6,601 -4,173 -1,227
products

31 Fertilizers -3,949 -3,369 -5,934 -15,328 -29,086 -31,261 -33,526 -27,890 -50,783 -50,026 -52,675

Tanning or
32 -8,903 -12,326 -12,985 -12,673 -14,483 -8,240 -10,417 -9,632 -20,444 -20,039 -10,930
dyestuff extracts

33 Essential oils -3,918 -4,991 -4,439 -4,714 -3,933 -3,700 -4,587 -4,704 -4,892 -2,953 -870

Soap; washing
34 -2,737 -2,720 -2,353 -2,406 -1,895 7,214 13,510 -2,320 -2,919 -1,638 -1,454
preparations

Albuminoidal
35 -1,368 -829 -528 -510 -837 -1,357 -975 -901 -494 -387 -264
substances

Pyrotechnic
(thousand Euros)

36 products and -118 -228 -56 -229 -327 -268 -61 -22 -40 -25 -76
explosives

Photographic or
37 cinematographic -725 -409 -244 -209 -174 -45 -54 -61 -56 0 -9
goods

Miscellaneous
38 chemical -18,530 -35,128 -27,346 -21,125 -80,438 -65,158 -10,970 -8,645 -19,723 -10,462 -13,039
products
Annex 7.

Plastics, rubber
VII and articles 53,201 84,595 58,797 66,042 111,431 74,519 77,778 77,162 64,683 73,110 62,262
thereof

Plastics and
39 57,104 89,181 62,596 70,438 115,076 77,303 80,522 81,235 70,552 77,748 65,770
articles thereof

Rubber and
40 -3,903 -4,586 -3,800 -4,396 -3,645 -2,784 -2,744 -4,073 -5,869 -4,638 -3,508
articles thereof
314 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 7 315

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN

Raw hides
and skins and
VIII leather, furs and -620 -695 -503 -850 -528 -599 -168 -1,300 -1,646 -922 -753
manufactures
Balance of trade for Constanța county, 2007-2017

thereof

Raw hide and

41 233 311 26 42 278 195 933 223 70 553 565
skins and leather

42 Leather goods -836 -966 -495 -847 -768 -707 -1,038 -1,476 -1,633 -1,425 -1,217

Furskins and
43 manufactures -16 -40 -34 -45 -39 -86 -63 -46 -82 -50 -101
thereof

Wood products,
IX excepting 33,811 28,772 39,298 55,893 63,643 61,110 53,456 49,233 58,242 31,935 23,766
furniture

Wood, timber and

44 35,189 29,923 39,883 56,316 63,821 61,228 53,672 49,551 58,388 32,062 23,946
articles of wood
(thousand Euros)

Cork and articles

45 -1,353 -1,106 -542 -368 -145 -91 -183 -235 -89 -76 -95
of cork

Manufactures of
straw, of esparto
46 -25 -44 -43 -55 -32 -28 -35 -83 -57 -52 -85
or of other plaiting
materials

Paper and articles

X -5,192 -7,356 -4,654 -2,787 -2,040 -1,753 -3,104 -1,808 -3,051 -3,081 -2,924
of paper
Annex 7.

47 Pulp -114 -52 117 -41 -54 460 -41 -71 -79 -15 -37

Paper and articles

48 -4,638 -5,285 -2,848 -1,992 -1,743 -1,948 -2,782 -3,658 -2,706 -2,907 -2,638
of paper

Printed books and

49 -441 -2,020 -1,923 -753 -242 -266 -280 1,920 -266 -160 -249
newspapers
316 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 7 317

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Textiles and
XI -2,700 -6,176 -278 -11,170 -10,222 -5,216 -2,921 -5,559 -11,076 -10,297 -16,509
textile articles
50 Silk -176 -49 -21 -41 -49 -75 -8 -29 -37 -38 -49
51 Wool -956 -1,406 -1,969 -1,148 525 1,914 1,491 1,173 1,440 157 1,412
Balance of trade for Constanța county, 2007-2017

52 Cotton -3,229 -2,301 -1,518 -1,430 -1,421 -1,372 -1,061 -1,178 -1,043 -677 -448
Other vegetable
53 -350 -68 -95 -106 -102 -120 -98 -98 -170 -186 -65
textile fibers
Man-made
54 -819 -678 -446 -408 360 714 1,068 1,423 1,595 2,218 2,534
filaments
Man-made staple
55 -1,400 -1,550 -1,161 -1,194 -1,471 -1,302 -901 -1,133 -1,098 -861 -628
fibers
Wadding, felt,
56 -532 -704 -408 -608 -814 -704 -831 -1,099 -1,902 -1,899 -2,054
special yarns
57 Carpets -804 -458 -617 -197 -407 -247 -285 -227 -350 -227 -368
Special woven
58 -563 -457 -373 -437 -381 -356 -409 -289 -294 -151 -176
fabrics
Impregnated
59 -870 -1,095 -753 -387 -748 -771 -738 -589 -607 -356 -182
fabrics
Knitted or
60 -341 -23 -37 -149 -185 -187 -146 -251 -364 -411 -584
crocheted fabrics
Knitted clothing
61 -4,037 -3,664 -4,199 -9,862 -7,536 -6,581 -6,197 -6,111 -8,332 -9,412 -11,827
(thousand Euros)

and accessories
Not knitted or
62 crocheted clothing 12,115 7,402 12,219 3,968 1,206 2,785 3,112 1,525 -947 -169 -4,840
and accessories
Other textile
63 -739 -1,126 -900 828 799 1,088 2,082 1,323 1,032 1,715 768
articles
Footwear, headgear,
XII umbrellas and -951 -979 -1,458 -1,145 -963 -704 -652 -1,235 -3,070 -2,387 -3,167
similar articles
Footwear, gaiters
Annex 7.

64 and the like; parts -665 -693 -804 -1,336 -715 -263 -232 -941 -2,548 -1,801 -2,255
of such articles
Headgear and
65 -197 -218 -156 -273 -244 -245 -265 -212 -394 -371 -487
parts thereof
66 Umbrellas -49 -37 -29 -71 -64 -161 -124 -44 -76 -127 -123
Prepared feathers
67 -40 -30 -468 536 61 -35 -30 -38 -52 -89 -301
and down
318 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 7 319

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Articles of stone,
plaster, cement,
asbestos, mica or
XIII similar materials; -29,454 -29,692 -12,559 -11,284 -11,280 -10,541 -10,227 -10,079 -10,890 -16,426 -15,690
ceramic products;
Balance of trade for Constanța county, 2007-2017

glass and
glassware
68 Articles of stone -3,015 -5,205 -3,137 -3,713 -3,899 -3,672 -4,515 -3,114 -2,302 -4,205 -2,279
69 Ceramic products -19,704 -17,912 -6,196 -5,005 -4,474 -3,855 -3,175 -4,118 -4,920 -7,665 -9,401
Glass and
70 -6,735 -6,575 -3,225 -2,566 -2,906 -3,014 -2,537 -2,847 -3,669 -4,555 -4,010
glassware
Base metals and
XV articles of base 69,163 91,250 29,800 115,737 155,126 76,047 85,556 -30,861 -70,068 -92,525 -62,325
metal

72 Iron and steel 153,170 191,359 126,018 175,758 210,644 105,523 115,474 10,840 -22,632 -48,492 -33,621

Articles of iron or
73 -51,681 -68,518 -79,760 -43,928 -37,503 -19,123 -18,814 -32,210 -35,937 -33,169 -21,517
steel
Copper and
74 -13,900 -9,884 -4,514 -3,695 -7,176 -4,294 -3,763 -2,706 -1,838 -1,525 -923
articles thereof
Nickel and articles
(thousand Euros)

75 -1 -2 0 -215 -10 -13 -12 -15 -8 -1 -3

thereof
Aluminum and
76 -9,315 -10,154 -6,268 -2,344 -510 1,133 2,225 1,951 3,837 1,864 4,553
articles thereof
Lead and articles
78 134 61 24 139 94 66 -547 79 46 9 -75
thereof
Zinc and articles
79 72 -659 -174 -562 -1,286 -800 -943 -724 -1,324 -1,714 -2,154
thereof
Tin and articles
80 0 0 0 -11 -6 -8 -24 -25 -8 0 0
thereof
Annex 7.

Base metals
81 0 0 -5 -18 -143 -84 -42 -34 -114 -76 -54
unspecified
Tools, cutlery of
82 -1,673 -1,835 10,497 -783 -1,238 -883 -1,902 -2,050 -2,326 -2,184 -2,026
base metal
Miscellaneous
83 articles of base -7,641 -9,117 -16,017 -8,604 -7,740 -5,467 -6,095 -5,969 -9,764 -7,237 -6,506
metal
320 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 7 321

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Machinery/
mechanical
appliances;
electrical
XVI -303,336 -350,914 -370,509 -245,573 -208,540 -163,570 -231,243 -204,626 -215,223 -229,052 -180,043
equipment; tv
Balance of trade for Constanța county, 2007-2017

image, sound
recorders/
reproducers

Nuclear reactors,
boilers, machinery
84 -223,586 -272,043 -196,267 -129,418 -160,112 -104,450 -103,550 -131,523 -163,458 -184,923 -146,611
and mechanical
appliances

Electrical
machinery and
equipment; sound
85 -79,751 -78,871 -174,242 -116,156 -48,429 -59,121 -127,693 -73,105 -51,764 -44,128 -33,432
and television
recorders and
reproducers

Vehicles, aircraft,
vessels and
XVII associated 212,661 312,482 410,739 374,798 423,538 278,172 228,454 141,144 252,215 471,311 378,053
transport
(thousand Euros)

equipment

Railway or tramway
locomotives,
rolling stock,
86 track fixtures and -428 -1,354 -482 -1,049 -307 -244 558 -456 -659 -206 -993
fittings. Traffic
signal equipment
of all kinds

Vehicles (other
than railway or
Annex 7.

87 -58,246 -70,469 -25,485 -19,826 -28,856 -32,020 -29,204 -42,141 -40,782 -41,057 -53,248
tramway rolling
stock)

Aircraft,
88 -483 -146 -480 -938 -414 -529 -224 -108 -382 -658 -464
spacecraft

Ships, boats and

89 271,818 384,450 437,187 396,612 453,114 310,963 257,324 183,849 294,040 513,231 432,759
floating structures
322 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 7 323

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
checking, precision,
Balance of trade for Constanța county, 2007-2017

XVIII -8,006 -12,268 -11,186 -21,982 -11,400 -7,274 -7,095 -9,226 -10,718 -12,891 -11,378
medical or surgical
instruments
and apparatus;
watches; musical
instruments
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
90 -6,646 -10,184 -9,514 -19,935 -9,354 -5,190 -5,194 -6,754 -7,866 -10,076 -8,844
checking, precision,
medical or surgical
instruments and
apparatus
Clocks and
91 watches and parts -678 -885 -715 -795 -760 -833 -902 -1,138 -1,503 -1,628 -1,244
thereof
Musical
92 -681 -1,200 -958 -1,252 -1,285 -1,251 -999 -1,334 -1,348 -1,188 -1,289
instruments
Miscellaneous
(thousand Euros)

XX manufactured -13,142 -26,454 -13,918 -11,033 -9,639 -10,184 -10,591 -10,825 -14,306 -14,448 -15,828
articles
Furniture; lamps
and lighting
94 -10,580 -23,414 -10,359 -7,656 -6,354 -5,338 -6,171 -5,616 -7,789 -8,741 -9,603
fittings (including
components)
Toys, games and
95 -1,419 -1,638 -2,365 -1,646 -1,464 -2,178 -1,748 -1,866 -2,529 -2,066 -2,764
sports equipment
Miscellaneous
96 manufactured -1,143 -1,402 -1,195 -1,731 -1,820 -2,667 -2,672 -3,343 -3,988 -3,641 -3,460
Annex 7.

articles
Goods non-
included in
XXII Combined -2,870 -3,246 -1,731 -1,177 5,557 9,496 14,925 20,616 11,804 8,134 10,732
Nomenclature
other sections

Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța

324 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 8 325

Annex 8. Balance of trade at the level of Romania,

2007-2017 (thousand Euros)

Sections and
Balance of trade at the level of Romania, 2007-2017

Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Total -21,773,003 -23,515,741 -9,868,936 -9,508,929 -9,659,981 -9,634,163 -5,755,218 -6,056,349 -8,361,022 -9,972,182 -12,956,526
Live animals and
I -618,035 -913,312 -790,002 -550,857 -381,548 -303,770 -368,630 -483,089 -472,414 -626,787 -746,967
animal products
1 Live animals 133,821 74,604 56,459 99,936 127,322 164,229 150,838 126,349 159,292 208,074 243,265
Meat and edible
2 -526,391 -688,243 -567,637 -385,860 -235,738 -216,731 -261,196 -339,491 -324,244 -407,242 -479,711
offal
Fish and
3 -74,386 -97,515 -94,520 -96,277 -83,583 -94,901 -100,460 -118,332 -133,557 -155,346 -177,127
crustaceans
Milk and dairy
4 products; eggs; -119,539 -167,480 -156,990 -145,527 -170,131 -130,319 -148,302 -135,157 -155,515 -245,912 -309,678
honey
Other products of
5 -31,540 -34,677 -27,314 -23,129 -19,418 -26,047 -9,511 -16,457 -18,390 -26,361 -23,718
animal origin
II Vegetable products -596,524 -61,052 122,096 484,027 772,787 553,992 1,529,356 1,558,023 1,037,348 1,108,105 1,142,793
Live trees and
6 -51,714 -80,233 -76,980 -81,167 -93,469 -90,125 -84,920 -90,445 -93,124 -112,179 -126,756
flowers
(thousand Euros)

Edible vegetables,
7 -101,775 -113,858 -78,323 -84,398 -99,157 -106,525 -106,164 -139,221 -184,449 -278,630 -269,935
roots and tubers
8 Edible fruit -206,946 -211,834 -136,819 -116,789 -115,233 -160,176 -214,810 -246,726 -395,173 -509,702 -573,544
9 Coffee, tea, spices -96,038 -110,201 -104,394 -117,366 -145,716 -154,764 -152,691 -159,977 -192,628 -218,167 -222,606
10 Cereals -119,690 329,381 380,905 644,433 762,180 963,070 1,653,821 1,694,683 1,462,238 1,505,125 1,548,724
Products of milling
11 -90,705 -119,630 -81,787 -54,631 -86,253 -81,961 -94,309 -86,350 -81,638 -78,381 -84,667
industry
Seeds and
oleaginous fruits,
12 80,946 266,728 232,709 309,343 566,985 204,391 546,960 603,668 546,445 826,000 900,153
industrial and
Annex 8.

medicinal plants
Gums, resins and
13 other vegetable -11,563 -21,759 -13,515 -14,656 -17,067 -20,409 -18,655 -18,287 -24,341 -26,832 -28,579
saps
14 Straw materials 961 358 302 -742 519 491 123 681 18 871 3
Animal or
III -76,109 -121,551 -72,370 -53,025 -3,747 -55,817 34,370 49,452 39,693 4,684 19,144
vegetable fats
Animal or
15 -76,109 -121,551 -72,370 -53,025 -3,747 -55,817 34,370 49,452 39,693 4,684 19,144
vegetable fats
326 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 8 327

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Prepared
foodstuffs,
IV -925,941 -1,085,851 -840,573 -687,630 -812,418 -945,216 -862,728 -668,402 -741,627 -1,105,831 -1,398,333
beverages and
tobacco
Balance of trade at the level of Romania, 2007-2017

Preparations of
16 -24,366 -29,033 -22,170 -7,747 -129 -4,245 5,644 -4,082 -16,270 -12,484 -43,567
meat and fish

Sugar and sugar

17 -150,302 -215,262 -201,654 -165,607 -229,329 -266,152 -210,101 -139,831 -195,595 -217,357 -233,845
confectionery

Cocoa and cocoa

18 -73,301 -90,918 -72,593 -94,143 -106,366 -107,228 -123,618 -140,569 -161,742 -190,474 -192,987
preparations

Preparations of
19 -100,952 -139,365 -118,175 -117,644 -130,551 -147,352 -165,882 -170,134 -210,552 -250,199 -281,441
cereals

Preparations of
20 vegetables and -132,387 -162,825 -122,500 -98,998 -105,267 -106,851 -129,961 -157,520 -186,146 -224,753 -231,469
fruits

Miscellaneous
21 -201,088 -229,841 -193,277 -179,795 -172,856 -191,935 -184,807 -191,464 -216,285 -240,084 -270,691
edible preparations

Alcoholic and non-

22 -101,337 -139,271 -82,241 -55,061 -120,569 -110,090 -124,287 -120,066 -149,405 -204,795 -226,458
alcoholic beverages
(thousand Euros)

Residues and
23 waste from the -125,731 -168,302 -206,538 -197,013 -178,862 -225,483 -200,141 -193,208 -196,266 -213,222 -276,196
food industry

Tobacco and
manufactured
24 -16,477 88,966 178,573 228,377 231,509 214,119 270,423 448,471 590,633 447,539 358,317
tobacco
substitutes

V Mineral products -3,843,880 -4,707,937 -2,098,870 -3,119,186 -3,968,408 -4,518,329 -3,152,497 -2,533,393 -1,824,889 -1,983,845 -2,917,441

Salt; sulphur,
Annex 8.

25 stones; plaster, -97,137 -188,390 -74,361 -91,177 -92,043 -99,928 -62,318 -62,950 -72,448 -89,022 -79,195
lime and cement

26 Ores, slag and ash -463,076 -455,851 -96,195 -267,310 -247,683 -224,146 -223,642 -160,512 -162,537 -175,369 -232,253

Mineral fuels
and mineral
27 -3,283,666 -4,063,697 -1,928,314 -2,760,700 -3,628,682 -4,194,256 -2,866,539 -2,309,930 -1,589,906 -1,719,454 -2,605,992
oils; bituminous
substances
328 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 8 329

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Products of the
VI -2,743,665 -3,299,077 -3,229,203 -3,005,749 -3,270,720 -3,249,009 -3,578,873 -3,848,965 -4,282,822 -4,844,358 -5,325,672
chemical industry

Inorganic
Balance of trade at the level of Romania, 2007-2017

28 -79,405 -92,077 -65,808 -18,129 1,390 -44,254 -83,673 -91,032 -36,771 -69,200 -48,305
chemicals

29 Organic chemicals -228,448 -348,317 -457,983 -381,077 -580,702 -522,224 -497,284 -505,746 -531,329 -442,397 -549,747

Pharmaceutical
30 -1,376,173 -1,649,801 -1,496,394 -1,517,569 -1,585,105 -1,561,720 -1,697,997 -1,756,917 -1,731,851 -2,030,365 -2,194,202
products

31 Fertilizers 289,505 402,477 136,131 270,445 372,906 317,171 55,870 -10,360 -274,826 -400,247 -430,589

Tanning or
32 -308,002 -310,033 -272,213 -287,800 -312,492 -302,685 -304,926 -321,690 -344,692 -359,232 -374,321
dyestuff extracts

33 Essential oils -279,812 -364,722 -306,800 -286,755 -222,297 -199,373 -178,960 -184,765 -248,604 -306,362 -357,421

Soap; washing
34 -202,344 -216,529 -160,449 -128,901 -115,913 -124,823 -136,201 -181,273 -215,468 -245,860 -289,625
preparations

Albuminoidal
35 -82,505 -92,010 -81,275 -84,331 -98,675 -105,352 -110,467 -121,127 -127,557 -126,506 -129,924
substances

Pyrotechnic
(thousand Euros)

36 products and -26,429 -39,631 -31,802 -40,341 -45,294 -45,875 -44,100 -49,823 -59,429 -63,517 -75,089
explosives

Photographic or
37 cinematographic -33,672 -32,614 -28,356 -31,206 -33,640 -32,547 -30,238 -30,705 -32,701 -29,546 -28,697
goods

Miscellaneous
38 chemical -416,378 -555,819 -464,254 -500,086 -650,896 -627,328 -550,898 -595,527 -679,592 -771,124 -847,751
products
Annex 8.

Plastics, rubber
VII and articles -1,632,085 -1,601,452 -1,106,136 -1,369,135 -1,471,866 -1,350,480 -1,258,643 -1,306,018 -1,518,413 -1,631,324 -1,953,652
thereof

Plastics and
39 -1,548,535 -1,640,531 -1,292,793 -1,580,704 -1,706,034 -1,841,060 -1,939,573 -2,046,087 -2,297,148 -2,433,053 -2,698,871
articles thereof

Rubber and
40 -83,549 39,079 186,656 211,568 234,168 490,580 680,930 740,069 778,735 801,729 745,220
articles thereof
330 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 8 331

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN

Raw hides
and skins and
VIII leather, furs and -529,258 -461,857 -369,798 -397,602 -433,639 -400,496 -424,615 -513,209 -518,325 -537,230 -597,111
Balance of trade at the level of Romania, 2007-2017

manufactures
thereof

Raw hide and

41 -556,063 -468,163 -376,019 -387,890 -436,387 -398,938 -431,431 -476,292 -438,232 -412,494 -402,937
skins and leather

42 Leather goods 37,962 13,532 10,890 -3,630 13,705 9,768 15,809 -29,866 -74,435 -116,820 -186,106

Furskins and
43 manufactures -11,156 -7,227 -4,667 -6,082 -10,958 -11,326 -8,993 -7,051 -5,657 -7,916 -8,068
thereof

Wood products,
IX excepting 413,294 350,289 542,902 831,546 1,072,249 1,239,207 1,489,375 1,415,180 1,276,055 1,003,008 951,949
furniture

Wood, timber and

44 421,240 360,242 549,906 839,499 1,079,913 1,247,107 1,496,482 1,422,569 1,284,030 1,012,609 962,568
articles of wood
(thousand Euros)

Cork and articles

45 -5,529 -6,093 -4,568 -5,026 -4,925 -5,055 -4,771 -5,143 -5,225 -6,154 -6,817
of cork

Manufactures of
straw, of esparto
46 -2,417 -3,859 -2,437 -2,925 -2,737 -2,846 -2,336 -2,247 -2,750 -3,448 -3,803
or of other plaiting
materials

Paper and articles

X -688,014 -804,473 -732,876 -713,278 -740,387 -634,986 -632,341 -651,912 -686,056 -719,344 -696,324
of paper
Annex 8.

47 Pulp -12,761 -14,176 -26,073 -36,015 -25,472 -26,771 -38,163 -43,760 -54,174 -62,874 -62,275

Paper and articles

48 -584,226 -664,027 -597,956 -601,836 -673,093 -592,336 -588,552 -604,398 -632,472 -648,919 -625,758
of paper

Printed books and

49 -91,027 -126,271 -108,848 -75,427 -41,821 -15,878 -5,626 -3,754 590 -7,552 -8,291
newspapers
332 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 8 333

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Textiles and
XI 303,793 68,233 162,913 133,976 102,279 107,766 84,815 -46,012 -312,242 -606,184 -800,295
textile articles
50 Silk -11,167 -13,346 -633 -9,184 -16,534 -6,925 -21,476 -5,187 -3,869 -26,265 3,227
Balance of trade at the level of Romania, 2007-2017

51 Wool -231,419 -192,877 -142,268 -150,173 -180,766 -159,823 -126,729 -133,717 -139,607 -157,653 -149,459
52 Cotton -581,194 -448,413 -332,965 -371,577 -395,206 -352,099 -360,658 -362,678 -339,825 -330,011 -305,747
Other vegetable
53 -43,641 -31,729 -17,636 -16,403 -20,621 -15,965 -14,910 -15,811 -15,834 -16,419 -15,135
textile fibers
Man-made
54 -403,618 -336,656 -298,366 -337,193 -379,083 -385,487 -408,419 -450,389 -508,727 -507,774 -498,208
filaments
Man-made staple
55 -264,509 -217,083 -126,705 -138,574 -140,056 -147,184 -143,742 -181,038 -200,714 -191,648 -171,471
fibers
Wadding, felt,
56 -75,979 -92,711 -69,106 -73,738 -109,883 -112,158 -132,161 -183,782 -197,157 -189,291 -199,783
special yarns
57 Carpets -51,946 -53,123 -31,653 -26,180 -27,968 -34,960 -37,100 -36,682 -44,856 -60,734 -65,615
Special woven
58 -140,900 -124,837 -102,003 -109,065 -123,992 -121,939 -127,793 -140,203 -139,712 -128,012 -121,275
fabrics
Impregnated
59 -221,083 -225,926 -160,492 -169,884 -222,732 -264,381 -289,010 -305,618 -394,909 -409,148 -401,870
fabrics
Knitted or
60 -189,123 -173,831 -150,938 -186,431 -215,597 -217,836 -222,224 -233,539 -226,012 -231,775 -215,727
crocheted fabrics
Knitted clothing
61 523,878 375,672 339,921 389,754 403,724 377,935 352,470 307,917 232,365 118,234 -13,338
(thousand Euros)

and accessories
Not knitted or
62 crocheted clothing 1,966,208 1,588,240 1,213,274 1,271,761 1,443,086 1,440,865 1,487,605 1,545,981 1,508,195 1,382,274 1,162,227
and accessories
Other textile
63 28,286 14,853 42,481 60,866 87,907 107,724 128,960 148,736 158,419 142,039 191,878
articles
Footwear, headgear,
XII umbrellas and 845,873 686,902 581,295 672,436 739,753 707,087 734,410 726,293 642,351 536,579 423,432
similar articles
Annex 8.

Footwear, gaiters
64 and the like; parts 852,829 699,698 584,509 674,925 747,526 710,765 739,096 732,727 656,772 554,437 446,860
of such articles
Headgear and
65 821 -2,008 3,104 5,861 -3,595 1,943 2,259 1,444 -3,418 -3,250 -7,024
parts thereof
66 Umbrellas -6,519 -9,214 -4,811 -6,261 -7,267 -5,588 -7,095 -8,021 -8,242 -9,819 -10,159
Prepared feathers
67 -1,258 -1,574 -1,508 -2,089 3,090 -33 150 142 -2,761 -4,789 -6,245
and down
334 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 8 335

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Articles of stone,
plaster, cement,
asbestos, mica or
XIII similar materials; -708,156 -860,501 -454,487 -439,543 -495,769 -409,409 -396,030 -419,881 -481,338 -538,694 -617,744
Balance of trade at the level of Romania, 2007-2017

ceramic products;
glass and
glassware
68 Articles of stone -249,106 -292,797 -166,258 -167,926 -175,580 -153,379 -141,784 -151,304 -174,116 -192,148 -199,760
69 Ceramic products -273,731 -340,449 -127,099 -120,823 -109,983 -93,069 -91,890 -103,795 -115,211 -128,765 -167,102
Glass and
70 -185,318 -227,254 -161,130 -150,794 -210,206 -162,962 -162,355 -164,782 -192,012 -217,780 -250,883
glassware
Base metals and
XV articles of base -860,676 -1,560,829 -894,396 -665,982 -625,991 -700,478 -1,068,186 -1,616,554 -2,041,726 -2,278,482 -2,638,902
metal

72 Iron and steel 157,661 -295,882 87,330 323,319 112,273 -47,197 -234,901 -564,174 -749,762 -749,207 -903,996

Articles of iron or
73 -654,776 -725,285 -560,798 -471,280 -341,561 -238,204 -287,435 -265,555 -362,454 -440,499 -584,505
steel
Copper and
74 -190,737 -235,515 -128,636 -193,068 -242,336 -206,690 -216,950 -337,474 -421,864 -418,298 -440,521
articles thereof
Nickel and articles
(thousand Euros)

75 -28,959 -16,509 -12,993 -18,755 -22,290 -24,474 -19,674 -29,586 -41,070 -42,388 -41,465
thereof
Aluminum and
76 171,398 107,906 63,102 107,704 260,712 247,150 181,090 135,618 128,577 84,409 51,796
articles thereof
Lead and articles
78 50,640 38,617 5,826 9,379 17,179 11,900 13,974 19,119 9,910 -8,832 1,897
thereof
Zinc and articles
79 76,056 50,353 -17,710 -48,632 -61,418 -53,143 -55,104 -64,542 -74,350 -72,166 -101,279
thereof
Tin and articles
80 -5,879 -7,782 -1,718 -3,026 -9,101 -7,710 -7,807 -8,827 -11,457 -20,246 -16,493
thereof
Annex 8.

Base metals
81 -18,729 -17,864 -17,282 -19,613 -21,315 -24,368 -37,140 -83,934 -66,213 -53,775 -55,960
unspecified
Tools, cutlery of
82 -164,390 -177,898 -96,044 -124,978 -142,977 -166,314 -154,242 -168,548 -193,218 -236,689 -268,366
base metal
Miscellaneous
83 articles of base -252,959 -280,970 -215,473 -227,034 -175,157 -191,430 -249,997 -248,651 -259,824 -320,789 -280,010
metal
336 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 8 337

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Machinery/
mechanical
appliances;
electrical
Balance of trade at the level of Romania, 2007-2017

XVI -6,299,863 -5,654,166 -2,846,269 -3,257,858 -2,900,075 -3,115,078 -2,854,479 -2,326,986 -2,725,340 -2,072,093 -3,149,506
equipment; tv
image, sound
recorders/
reproducers

Nuclear reactors,
boilers, machinery
84 -4,313,967 -4,091,071 -2,132,094 -2,426,447 -2,645,119 -2,483,666 -1,764,608 -1,916,249 -2,511,582 -2,121,660 -2,381,438
and mechanical
appliances

Electrical
machinery and
equipment; sound
85 -1,985,896 -1,563,095 -714,174 -831,411 -254,955 -631,412 -1,089,872 -410,737 -213,759 49,566 -768,068
and television
recorders and
reproducers

Vehicles, aircraft,
vessels and
XVII associated -3,525,758 -2,992,156 1,992,825 2,301,042 2,312,994 2,747,950 4,099,736 3,606,748 3,389,313 3,319,715 3,788,526
transport
(thousand Euros)

equipment

Railway or tramway
locomotives,
rolling stock,
86 track fixtures and 97,547 121,588 111,373 36,500 5,608 19,934 26,457 79,112 96,671 23,746 29,756
fittings. Traffic
signal equipment
of all kinds

Vehicles (other
Annex 8.

than railway or
87 -4,203,153 -3,864,727 939,417 1,508,363 1,526,951 1,946,343 3,057,313 2,676,644 2,378,024 2,460,140 3,275,812
tramway rolling
stock)

Aircraft,
88 -128,819 -51,479 -53,787 -77,648 -144,968 12,836 19,875 116,163 73,103 1,519 -225,701
spacecraft

Ships, boats and

89 708,668 802,462 995,823 833,827 925,401 768,838 996,090 734,829 841,516 834,310 708,659
floating structures
338 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 8 339

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
Balance of trade at the level of Romania, 2007-2017

checking, precision,
XVIII -591,437 -629,130 -300,873 -354,208 -416,772 -392,286 -411,895 -380,515 -447,575 -180,192 431,530
medical or surgical
instruments
and apparatus;
watches; musical
instruments
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
90 -564,490 -592,685 -274,972 -333,380 -390,817 -364,133 -385,463 -347,992 -409,244 -132,579 484,551
checking, precision,
medical or surgical
instruments and
apparatus
Clocks and
91 watches and parts -30,591 -36,443 -25,991 -19,206 -23,628 -26,379 -24,457 -28,264 -35,892 -43,477 -48,443
thereof
Musical
92 3,644 -3 90 -1,624 -2,327 -1,775 -1,976 -4,258 -2,439 -4,135 -4,578
instruments
Miscellaneous
(thousand Euros)

XX manufactured 334,963 157,521 459,520 660,079 771,905 825,650 1,026,074 1,082,095 1,074,220 990,628 943,072
articles
Furniture; lamps
and lighting
94 573,691 454,150 653,584 835,583 968,973 1,067,971 1,282,258 1,420,919 1,500,067 1,521,027 1,514,363
fittings (including
components)
Toys, games and
95 -84,894 -156,756 -107,620 -73,287 -89,098 -85,620 -102,326 -133,688 -204,708 -284,330 -319,089
sports equipment
Miscellaneous
96 manufactured -153,834 -139,875 -86,442 -102,218 -107,970 -156,699 -153,857 -205,136 -221,139 -246,069 -252,201
Annex 8.

articles
Goods non-
included in
XXII Combined -31,526 -25,338 5,366 22,018 89,394 259,539 255,562 300,795 232,764 189,462 184,974
Nomenclature
other sections

Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța

340 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 9 341

Annex 9. Revealed comparative advantage of

Constanța county, 2007-2017
Revealed comparative advantage of Constanța county,

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Live animals and
I 2.08 1.26 1.38 2.16 2.01 2.53 2.57 2.57 3.75 4.79 5.15
animal products
1 Live animals 2.75 1.85 2.35 4.26 3.93 5.73 5.64 5.23 7.18 9.29 10.07
Meat and
2 0.22 0.13 0.06 0.57 1.00 0.33 0.49 1.02 2.01 1.58 1.91
edible offal
Fish and
3 0.63 0.18 1.78 1.04 0.08 0.11 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.01 0.08
crustaceans
Milk and dairy
4 products; eggs; 0.39 0.30 0.37 0.21 0.36 0.15 0.17 0.31 0.80 0.34 0.32
honey
Other products of
5 0.45 0.29 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.19 0.06 0.19
animal origin
Vegetable
II 2.08 0.83 0.72 0.58 2.07 2.60 2.82 3.06 3.87 3.51 3.56
products
Live trees and
6 0.00 0.18 0.00 1.56 0.78 0.76 0.11 0.12 0.47 0.58 0.04
flowers
Edible vegetables,
7 0.02 0.76 0.45 0.30 0.51 0.74 0.35 0.26 0.49 1.42 1.66
roots and tubers
8 Edible fruit 0.97 0.62 1.08 0.11 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.46 0.77 0.38
2007-2017

9 Coffee, tea, spices 0.32 0.02 0.02 0.09 0.14 0.15 0.22 0.33 0.32 0.14 0.20
10 Cereals 3.02 0.91 0.41 0.48 2.38 2.95 2.99 3.35 3.92 3.54 4.39
Products of milling
11 0.04 0.56 2.68 0.21 0.33 0.25 0.48 0.69 0.49 2.20 5.71
industry
Seeds and
oleaginous fruits,
12 2.16 0.75 1.20 0.83 2.01 2.48 3.05 3.12 4.60 3.88 2.69
industrial and
medicinal plants
Annex 9.

Gums, resins and

13 other vegetable 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.00
saps
14 Straw materials 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.18 0.04 0.00 0.00
Animal or
III 0.77 0.20 0.08 0.21 0.04 0.17 0.73 1.18 1.17 0.86 1.10
vegetable fats
Animal or
15 0.77 0.20 0.08 0.21 0.04 0.17 0.73 1.18 1.17 0.86 1.10
vegetable fats
342 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 9 343

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Prepared
foodstuffs,
IV 0.78 0.56 0.41 0.36 0.23 0.15 0.20 0.18 0.23 0.31 0.50
beverages and
Revealed comparative advantage of Constanța county,

tobacco

Preparations of
16 4.33 4.60 4.12 1.58 0.47 0.35 0.15 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.01
meat and fish

Sugar and sugar

17 4.57 1.94 1.24 0.56 0.38 0.49 0.70 0.65 1.35 1.39 1.53
confectionery

Cocoa and cocoa

18 0.01 0.19 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.04 3.73 5.54
preparations

Preparations of
19 0.05 0.12 0.17 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.26 0.36 0.32 0.43
cereals

Preparations of
20 vegetables and 0.01 0.17 0.08 0.12 0.07 0.09 0.13 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.19
fruits

Miscellaneous
21 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02
edible preparations

Alcoholic and non-

22 1.17 0.75 0.83 0.72 0.53 0.38 0.30 0.24 0.70 0.26 0.20
alcoholic beverages

Residues and
23 waste from the 1.22 0.47 0.20 1.11 0.97 0.17 0.58 0.72 0.81 0.42 1.11
food industry
2007-2017

Tobacco and
manufactured
24 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
tobacco
substitutes

V Mineral products 6.05 5.54 6.77 7.07 7.21 8.58 8.87 8.96 9.00 8.59 9.46

Salt; sulphur,
Annex 9.

25 stones; plaster, 0.68 2.36 1.15 0.93 1.43 1.23 1.35 1.92 2.20 2.96 3.90
lime and cement

26 Ores, slag and ash 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.30 1.01 0.05 0.01 0.26 0.18 0.00

Mineral fuels
and mineral
27 6.19 5.65 6.96 7.33 7.48 8.89 9.24 9.25 9.34 8.86 9.76
oils; bituminous
substances
344 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 9 345

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Products of the
VI 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.13 0.19 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.15
chemical industry
Revealed comparative advantage of Constanța county,

Inorganic
28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
chemicals

29 Organic chemicals 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.16 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.50

Pharmaceutical
30 0.16 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.09 0.10 0.11
products

31 Fertilizers 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.12 0.44 0.08

Tanning or
32 0.23 0.10 0.14 0.23 0.03 0.19 0.11 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00
dyestuff extracts

33 Essential oils 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.05

Soap; washing
34 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 1.07 1.86 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.04
preparations

Albuminoidal
35 0.02 0.14 0.01 0.08 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.00
substances

Pyrotechnic
36 products and 0.52 0.15 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.00 0.00
explosives
2007-2017

Photographic or
37 cinematographic 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.00
goods

Miscellaneous
38 chemical 0.41 0.36 0.32 0.99 1.27 0.60 0.08 0.30 0.47 0.37 0.54
products
Annex 9.

Plastics, rubber
VII and articles 1.52 1.44 1.39 1.26 1.19 0.84 0.86 0.81 0.92 0.93 0.83
thereof

Plastics and
39 3.05 3.02 3.50 3.30 3.16 2.46 2.47 2.21 2.45 2.43 2.11
articles thereof

Rubber and
40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
articles thereof
346 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 9 347

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN

Raw hides
and skins and
Revealed comparative advantage of Constanța county,

VIII leather, furs and 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04
manufactures
thereof

Raw hide and

41 0.06 0.06 0.01 0.16 0.10 0.08 0.23 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17
skins and leather

42 Leather goods 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00

Furskins and
43 manufactures 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.02
thereof

Wood products,
IX excepting 0.78 0.57 0.85 1.00 0.86 0.76 0.62 0.61 0.97 0.64 0.50
furniture

Wood, timber and

44 0.78 0.57 0.85 1.00 0.86 0.76 0.62 0.61 0.97 0.64 0.50
articles of wood

Cork and articles

45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
of cork
2007-2017

Manufactures of
straw, of esparto
46 0.00 0.00 0.71 2.56 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
or of other plaiting
materials

Paper and articles

X 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.15 0.02 0.00 0.00
of paper
Annex 9.

47 Pulp 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.03 0.01 0.58 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00

Paper and articles

48 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00
of paper

Printed books and

49 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.61 0.02 0.00 0.00
newspapers
348 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 9 349

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Textiles and
XI 0.10 0.06 0.11 0.11 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.10 0.11 0.10
textile articles
Revealed comparative advantage of Constanța county,

50 Silk 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
51 Wool 0.24 0.07 0.08 0.23 0.26 0.55 0.35 0.35 0.42 0.31 0.40
52 Cotton 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
Other vegetable
53 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.02 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.06
textile fibers
Man-made
54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.18 0.26 0.30 0.40 0.54 0.61 0.67
filaments
Man-made staple
55 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00
fibers
Wadding, felt,
56 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.00
special yarns
57 Carpets 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00
Special woven
58 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02
fabrics
Impregnated
59 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
fabrics
Knitted or
60 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
crocheted fabrics
Knitted clothing
61 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02
and accessories
Not knitted or
62 crocheted clothing 0.14 0.10 0.19 0.17 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.07
2007-2017

and accessories
Other textile
63 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.17 0.13 0.14 0.21 0.16 0.20 0.23 0.15
articles
Footwear, headgear,
XII umbrellas and 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
similar articles
Annex 9.

Footwear, gaiters
64 and the like; parts 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
of such articles
Headgear and
65 0.00 0.10 0.01 0.03 0.16 0.02 0.06 0.13 0.02 0.01 0.01
parts thereof
66 Umbrellas 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00
Prepared feathers
67 0.00 0.00 0.49 1.38 0.23 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.00
and down
350 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 9 351

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Articles of stone,
plaster, cement,
asbestos, mica or
Revealed comparative advantage of Constanța county,

XIII similar materials; 0.15 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.18 0.26 0.22 0.28
ceramic products;
glass and
glassware
68 Articles of stone 1.50 0.15 0.21 0.15 0.18 0.14 0.24 0.92 1.29 1.11 1.12
69 Ceramic products 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.02
Glass and
70 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.09 0.08 0.16
glassware
Base metals and
XV articles of base 0.94 0.94 1.22 1.35 1.11 0.81 0.82 0.57 0.35 0.23 0.24
metal

72 Iron and steel 1.76 1.76 2.46 2.54 2.30 1.79 1.97 1.46 0.71 0.32 0.29

Articles of iron or
73 0.19 0.18 0.13 0.29 0.12 0.17 0.22 0.14 0.18 0.18 0.19
steel
Copper and
74 0.32 0.19 0.02 0.30 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.19 0.21 0.37
articles thereof
Nickel and articles
75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.00 0.00
thereof
Aluminum and
76 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.13 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.31 0.32 0.39
articles thereof
2007-2017

Lead and articles

78 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.00
thereof
Zinc and articles
79 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.46 0.01 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.77 1.46 0.00
thereof
Tin and articles
80 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00
thereof
Annex 9.

Base metals
81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.00 0.00
unspecified
Tools, cutlery of
82 0.01 0.01 3.39 0.19 0.03 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02
base metal
Miscellaneous
83 articles of base 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01
metal
352 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 9 353

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Machinery/
mechanical
appliances;
Revealed comparative advantage of Constanța county,

electrical
XVI 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.09 0.02 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02
equipment; tv
image, sound
recorders/
reproducers

Nuclear reactors,
boilers, machinery
84 0.07 0.05 0.09 0.22 0.06 0.16 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04
and mechanical
appliances

Electrical
machinery and
equipment; sound
85 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01
and television
recorders and
reproducers

Vehicles, aircraft,
vessels and
XVII associated 1.57 1.57 1.69 1.64 1.34 0.90 0.67 0.44 0.89 1.51 1.23
transport
equipment

Railway or tramway
2007-2017

locomotives,
rolling stock,
86 track fixtures and 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.12 0.00 0.01 0.09 0.00
fittings. Traffic
signal equipment
of all kinds

Vehicles (other
Annex 9.

than railway or
87 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01
tramway rolling
stock)

Aircraft,
88 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.07
spacecraft

Ships, boats and

89 7.62 7.53 8.10 10.06 9.25 7.25 5.34 5.02 9.32 17.64 18.93
floating structures
354 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 9 355

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
Revealed comparative advantage of Constanța county,

measuring,
checking, precision,
XVIII 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00
medical or surgical
instruments
and apparatus;
watches; musical
instruments
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
90 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
checking, precision,
medical or surgical
instruments and
apparatus
Clocks and
91 watches and parts 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.31 0.00 0.00
thereof
Musical
92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.11 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.00
instruments
Miscellaneous
XX manufactured 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.01
articles
Furniture; lamps
2007-2017

and lighting
94 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.00
fittings (including
components)
Toys, games and
95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00
sports equipment
Miscellaneous
96 manufactured 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.13 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.16 0.23
Annex 9.

articles
Goods non-
included in
XXII Combined 0.00 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.57 0.61 0.92 1.06 1.00 1.00 1.08
Nomenclature
other sections

Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța

356 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 10 357

Annex 10. Michaely indicator for

Constanța county, 2007-2017
Michaely indicator for Constanța county, 2007-2017

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Live animals and
I 2.08 1.26 1.38 2.16 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06
animal products
1 Live animals 2.75 1.85 2.35 4.26 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.07
Meat and
2 0.22 0.13 0.06 0.57 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
edible offal
Fish and
3 0.63 0.18 1.78 1.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
crustaceans
Milk and dairy
4 products; eggs; 0.39 0.30 0.37 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01
honey
Other products of
5 0.45 0.29 0.05 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
animal origin
Vegetable
II 2.08 0.83 0.72 0.58 0.07 0.09 0.14 0.15 0.19 0.18 0.17
products
Live trees and
6 0.00 0.18 0.00 1.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
flowers
Edible vegetables,
7 0.02 0.76 0.45 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
roots and tubers
8 Edible fruit 0.97 0.62 1.08 0.11 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
9 Coffee, tea, spices 0.32 0.02 0.02 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 Cereals 3.02 0.91 0.41 0.48 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.12 0.13
Products of milling
11 0.04 0.56 2.68 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
industry
Seeds and
oleaginous fruits,
12 2.16 0.75 1.20 0.83 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.05
Annex 10.

industrial and
medicinal plants
Gums, resins and
13 other vegetable 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
saps
14 Straw materials 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Animal or
III 0.77 0.20 0.08 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
vegetable fats
Animal or
15 0.77 0.20 0.08 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
vegetable fats
358 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 10 359

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Prepared
foodstuffs,
IV -0.02 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03
beverages and
Michaely indicator for Constanța county, 2007-2017

tobacco

Preparations of
16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
meat and fish

Sugar and sugar

17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
confectionery

Cocoa and cocoa

18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
preparations

Preparations of
19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00
cereals

Preparations of
20 vegetables and 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
fruits

Miscellaneous
21 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
edible preparations

Alcoholic and non-

22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
alcoholic beverages

Residues and
23 waste from the 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
food industry

Tobacco and
manufactured
24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00
tobacco
substitutes

V Mineral products 0.35 0.38 0.32 0.28 0.31 0.37 0.38 0.46 0.35 0.26 0.30
Annex 10.

Salt; sulphur,
25 stones; plaster, 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
lime and cement

26 Ores, slag and ash -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Mineral fuels
and mineral
27 0.36 0.39 0.32 0.29 0.31 0.37 0.38 0.46 0.35 0.27 0.30
oils; bituminous
substances
360 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 10 361

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Products of the
VI -0.07 -0.08 -0.11 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.09
chemical industry
Michaely indicator for Constanța county, 2007-2017

Inorganic
28 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
chemicals

29 Organic chemicals -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

Pharmaceutical
30 -0.03 -0.03 -0.05 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.05 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04
products

31 Fertilizers 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

Tanning or
32 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
dyestuff extracts

33 Essential oils -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

Soap; washing
34 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
preparations

Albuminoidal
35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
substances

Pyrotechnic
36 products and 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
explosives

Photographic or
37 cinematographic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
goods

Miscellaneous
38 chemical -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
products
Annex 10.

Plastics, rubber
VII and articles 0.01 0.02 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03
thereof

Plastics and
39 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01
articles thereof

Rubber and
40 -0.02 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
articles thereof
362 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 10 363

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN

Raw hides
and skins and
Michaely indicator for Constanța county, 2007-2017

VIII leather, furs and -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
manufactures
thereof

Raw hide and

41 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
skins and leather

42 Leather goods 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

Furskins and
43 manufactures 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
thereof

Wood products,
IX excepting 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00
furniture

Wood, timber and

44 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00
articles of wood

Cork and articles

45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
of cork

Manufactures of
straw, of esparto
46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
or of other plaiting
materials

Paper and articles

X -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
of paper
Annex 10.

47 Pulp 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Paper and articles

48 -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
of paper

Printed books and

49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
newspapers
364 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 10 365

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Textiles and
XI -0.06 -0.05 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06
textile articles
Michaely indicator for Constanța county, 2007-2017

50 Silk 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
51 Wool -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
52 Cotton -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00
Other vegetable
53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
textile fibers
Man-made
54 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
filaments
Man-made staple
55 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
fibers
Wadding, felt,
56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
special yarns
57 Carpets 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Special woven
58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
fabrics
Impregnated
59 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
fabrics
Knitted or
60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
crocheted fabrics
Knitted clothing
61 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
and accessories
Not knitted or
62 crocheted clothing 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
and accessories
Other textile
63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
articles
Footwear, headgear,
XII umbrellas and -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
similar articles
Annex 10.

Footwear, gaiters
64 and the like; parts -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
of such articles
Headgear and
65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
parts thereof
66 Umbrellas 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Prepared feathers
67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
and down
366 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 10 367

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Articles of stone,
plaster, cement,
asbestos, mica or
Michaely indicator for Constanța county, 2007-2017

XIII similar materials; -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
ceramic products;
glass and
glassware
68 Articles of stone 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
69 Ceramic products -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass and
70 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01
glassware
Base metals and
XV articles of base 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.02 -0.01 -0.03 -0.06 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08
metal

72 Iron and steel 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.11 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03

Articles of iron or
73 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03
steel
Copper and
74 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
articles thereof
Nickel and articles
75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
thereof
Aluminum and
76 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
articles thereof
Lead and articles
78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
thereof
Zinc and articles
79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
thereof
Tin and articles
Annex 10.

80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
thereof
Base metals
81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
unspecified
Tools, cutlery of
82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
base metal
Miscellaneous
83 articles of base -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
metal
368 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 10 369

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Machinery/
mechanical
appliances;
Michaely indicator for Constanța county, 2007-2017

electrical
XVI -0.24 -0.23 -0.25 -0.26 -0.27 -0.25 -0.27 -0.27 -0.28 -0.27 -0.27
equipment; tv
image, sound
recorders/
reproducers

Nuclear reactors,
boilers, machinery
84 -0.13 -0.12 -0.11 -0.10 -0.11 -0.11 -0.12 -0.12 -0.13 -0.12 -0.12
and mechanical
appliances

Electrical
machinery and
equipment; sound
85 -0.11 -0.11 -0.14 -0.16 -0.15 -0.14 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15
and television
recorders and
reproducers

Vehicles, aircraft,
vessels and
XVII associated 0.05 0.07 0.21 0.18 0.12 0.06 0.04 -0.01 0.06 0.17 0.12
transport
equipment

Railway or tramway
locomotives,
rolling stock,
86 track fixtures and 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
fittings. Traffic
signal equipment
of all kinds
Annex 10.

Vehicles (other
than railway or
87 -0.13 -0.12 -0.06 -0.06 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.08 -0.09 -0.09 -0.09
tramway rolling
stock)

Aircraft,
88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01
spacecraft

Ships, boats and

89 0.19 0.19 0.28 0.25 0.19 0.13 0.11 0.07 0.15 0.26 0.22
floating structures
370 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 10 371

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
Michaely indicator for Constanța county, 2007-2017

measuring,
checking, precision,
XVIII -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
medical or surgical
instruments
and apparatus;
watches; musical
instruments
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
90 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
checking, precision,
medical or surgical
instruments and
apparatus
Clocks and
91 watches and parts 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
thereof
Musical
92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
instruments
Miscellaneous
XX manufactured -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
articles
Furniture; lamps
and lighting
94 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
fittings (including
components)
Toys, games and
95 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
sports equipment
Miscellaneous
Annex 10.

96 manufactured 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
articles
Goods non-
included in
XXII Combined 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
Nomenclature
other sections

Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța

372 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 11 373

Annex 11. Michaely indicator for

Romania, 2007-2017

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Live animals and
I -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
Michaely indicator for Romania, 2007-2017

animal products
1 Live animals 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Meat and
2 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01
edible offal
Fish and
3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
crustaceans
Milk and dairy
4 products; eggs; 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
honey
Other products of
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
animal origin
Vegetable
II -0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02
products
Live trees and
6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
flowers
Edible vegetables,
7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
roots and tubers
8 Edible fruit 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
9 Coffee, tea, spices 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
10 Cereals 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Products of milling
11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
industry
Seeds and
oleaginous fruits,
12 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02
industrial and
Annex 11.

medicinal plants
Gums, resins and
13 other vegetable 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
saps
14 Straw materials 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Animal or
III 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
vegetable fats
Animal or
15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
vegetable fats
374 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 11 375

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Prepared
foodstuffs,
IV -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
beverages and
tobacco

Preparations of
16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
meat and fish
Michaely indicator for Romania, 2007-2017

Sugar and sugar

17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
confectionery

Cocoa and cocoa

18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
preparations

Preparations of
19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
cereals

Preparations of
20 vegetables and 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
fruits

Miscellaneous
21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
edible preparations

Alcoholic and non-

22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
alcoholic beverages

Residues and
23 waste from the 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
food industry

Tobacco and
manufactured
24 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
tobacco
substitutes

V Mineral products -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.06 -0.06 -0.07 -0.05 -0.04 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03
Annex 11.

Salt; sulphur,
25 stones; plaster, 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
lime and cement

26 Ores, slag and ash -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Mineral fuels
and mineral
27 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.05 -0.06 -0.07 -0.05 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03
oils; bituminous
substances
376 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 11 377

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Products of the
VI -0.04 -0.04 -0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.05 -0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.07 -0.06
chemical industry

Inorganic
28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
chemicals

29 Organic chemicals 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
Michaely indicator for Romania, 2007-2017

Pharmaceutical
30 -0.03 -0.03 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03
products

31 Fertilizers 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01

Tanning or
32 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00
dyestuff extracts

33 Essential oils 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Soap; washing
34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
preparations

Albuminoidal
35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
substances

Pyrotechnic
36 products and 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
explosives

Photographic or
37 cinematographic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
goods

Miscellaneous
38 chemical -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
products
Annex 11.

Plastics, rubber
VII and articles -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
thereof

Plastics and
39 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03
articles thereof

Rubber and
40 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
articles thereof
378 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 11 379

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN

Raw hides
and skins and
VIII leather, furs and -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
manufactures
thereof

Raw hide and

41 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
Michaely indicator for Romania, 2007-2017

skins and leather

42 Leather goods 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Furskins and
43 manufactures 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
thereof

Wood products,
IX excepting 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02
furniture

Wood, timber and

44 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02
articles of wood

Cork and articles

45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
of cork

Manufactures of
straw, of esparto
46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
or of other plaiting
materials

Paper and articles

X -0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
of paper
Annex 11.

47 Pulp 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Paper and articles

48 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
of paper

Printed books and

49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
newspapers
380 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 11 381

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Textiles and
XI 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
textile articles
50 Silk 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
51 Wool 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
52 Cotton -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00
Other vegetable
53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
textile fibers
Michaely indicator for Romania, 2007-2017

Man-made
54 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
filaments
Man-made staple
55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
fibers
Wadding, felt,
56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
special yarns
57 Carpets 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Special woven
58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
fabrics
Impregnated
59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
fabrics
Knitted or
60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
crocheted fabrics
Knitted clothing
61 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
and accessories
Not knitted or
62 crocheted clothing 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02
and accessories
Other textile
63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
articles
Footwear, headgear,
XII umbrellas and 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
similar articles
Annex 11.

Footwear, gaiters
64 and the like; parts 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
of such articles
Headgear and
65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
parts thereof
66 Umbrellas 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Prepared feathers
67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
and down
382 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 11 383

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Articles of stone,
plaster, cement,
asbestos, mica or
XIII similar materials; -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
ceramic products;
glass and
glassware
Michaely indicator for Romania, 2007-2017

68 Articles of stone 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
69 Ceramic products 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Glass and
70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
glassware
Base metals and
XV articles of base 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 -0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
metal

72 Iron and steel 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

Articles of iron or
73 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
steel
Copper and
74 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01
articles thereof
Nickel and articles
75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
thereof
Aluminum and
76 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
articles thereof
Lead and articles
78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
thereof
Zinc and articles
79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
thereof
Tin and articles
Annex 11.

80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
thereof
Base metals
81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
unspecified
Tools, cutlery of
82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
base metal
Miscellaneous
83 articles of base 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
metal
384 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 11 385

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Machinery/
mechanical
appliances;
electrical
XVI -0.03 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.03 -0.01 -0.01 0.01 0.01
equipment; tv
image, sound
recorders/
reproducers
Michaely indicator for Romania, 2007-2017

Nuclear reactors,
boilers, machinery
84 -0.04 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01
and mechanical
appliances

Electrical
machinery and
equipment; sound
85 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02
and television
recorders and
reproducers

Vehicles, aircraft,
vessels and
XVII associated -0.02 0.00 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
transport
equipment

Railway or tramway
locomotives,
rolling stock,
86 track fixtures and 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
fittings. Traffic
signal equipment
of all kinds
Annex 11.

Vehicles (other
than railway or
87 -0.05 -0.03 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07
tramway rolling
stock)

Aircraft,
88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
spacecraft

Ships, boats and

89 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01
floating structures
386 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 11 387

Sections and
Chapters of the 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
CN
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
checking, precision,
XVIII -0.01 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
medical or surgical
instruments
and apparatus;
Michaely indicator for Romania, 2007-2017

watches; musical
instruments
Optical,
photographic,
cinematographic,
measuring,
90 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
checking, precision,
medical or surgical
instruments and
apparatus
Clocks and
91 watches and parts 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
thereof
Musical
92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
instruments
Miscellaneous
XX manufactured 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
articles
Furniture; lamps
and lighting
94 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
fittings (including
components)
Toys, games and
95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
sports equipment
Miscellaneous
Annex 11.

96 manufactured 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
articles
Goods non-
included in
XXII Combined 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
Nomenclature
other sections

Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța

388 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 12 389

Annex 12. Value (FOB) (thousand Euros)

Value (FOB) (thousand Euros) and share of exports by partner

and share of exports by partner countries (%),

Constanța county, 2011-2017
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

United Arab
AE 10,519.47 0.74% 9,657.42 0.42% 9,405.62 0.39% 23,016.99 0.88% 10,367.54 0.51% 88.49 0.00% 157.62 0.01%
Emirates

AF Afghanistan 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 6.50 0.00% 32.50 0.00% 1.98 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
countries (%), Constanța county, 2011-2017

Antigua and
AG 0.47 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 2.31 0.00%
Barbuda

AL Albania 91.89 0.01% 151.44 0.01% 103.47 0.00% 0.06 0.00% 1,785.69 0.09% 7,852.12 0.40% 32,415.23 1.62%

AM Armenia 364.44 0.03% 58.61 0.00% 29.14 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 6.74 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

AO Angola 0.00 0.00% 0.35 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 40.59 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

AT Austria 119.78 0.01% 10,031.89 0.43% 11,308.17 0.47% 4,930.27 0.19% 8,518.59 0.42% 9,381.24 0.48% 10,476.67 0.52%

AU Australia 1.60 0.00% 1.02 0.00% 15.37 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 34.40 0.00% 8.55 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

AZ Azerbaijan 0.00 0.00% 1,749.30 0.08% 13.20 0.00% 7,133.80 0.27% 0.00 0.00% 6,695.48 0.34% 7,749.13 0.39%

Bosnia and
BA 1,038.06 0.07% 441.44 0.02% 78.90 0.00% 159.07 0.01% 281.78 0.01% 941.54 0.05% 470.12 0.02%
Herzegovina

BB Barbados 1.09 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

BD Bangladesh 65.81 0.00% 72.41 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 9,555.00 0.37% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

BE Belgium 91.13 0.01% 2,426.30 0.10% 10,961.60 0.45% 14,177.41 0.54% 37,091.34 1.82% 18,868.95 0.96% 1,805.92 0.09%

BF Burkina Faso 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

BG Bulgaria 218.91 0.02% 253,592.51 10.90% 193,240.45 8.00% 193,637.81 7.40% 106,349.41 5.23% 116,363.18 5.92% 118,397.58 5.93%
Annex 12.

BH Bahrain 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 2.45 0.00% 20.86 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

BR Brazil 5.76 0.00% 18.97 0.00% 18.65 0.00% 0.06 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

BS Bahamas 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.87 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

BY Belarus 35.71 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 6.26 0.00% 75.27 0.00% 100.65 0.01% 421.71 0.02%

CA Canada 136.99 0.01% 159.68 0.01% 81.85 0.00% 112.71 0.00% 238.85 0.01% 200.54 0.01% 129.84 0.01%
390 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 12 391
Value (FOB) (thousand Euros) and share of exports by partner

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Democratic
CD Republic of 0.52 0.00% 5,006.14 0.22% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 6,556.49 0.33% 5,740.57 0.29%
Congo

CG Congo 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 9,344.24 0.39% 5,207.98 0.20% 2.17 0.00% 4,923.03 0.25% 2,263.94 0.11%

CH Switzerland 112.08 0.01% 545.64 0.02% 371.80 0.02% 176.94 0.01% 702.70 0.03% 180.61 0.01% 1,030.49 0.05%

CI Côte d’Ivoire 0.00 0.00% 9.75 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 1.41 0.00%
countries (%), Constanța county, 2011-2017

CK Cook Islands 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 1.41 0.00%

CL Chile 0.00 0.00% 5.37 0.00% 2,808.31 0.12% 152.78 0.01% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

CM Cameroon 0.00 0.00% 8.19 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 6.82 0.00% 10.45 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

CN China 4,658.75 0.33% 4,919.71 0.21% 3,639.79 0.15% 3,288.85 0.13% 4,626.58 0.23% 3,956.55 0.20% 3,712.02 0.19%

CU Cuba 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.23 0.00% 0.02 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

CY Cyprus 20.94 0.00% 60,173.91 2.59% 523.23 0.02% 5,036.91 0.19% 5,563.13 0.27% 2,254.93 0.11% 4,213.98 0.21%

Czech
CZ 44.44 0.00% 3,734.48 0.16% 4,720.94 0.20% 11,983.48 0.46% 12,792.44 0.63% 6,394.67 0.33% 7,658.28 0.38%
Republic

DE Germany 547.08 0.04% 172,909.89 7.43% 34,893.12 1.44% 32,623.67 1.25% 30,881.80 1.52% 57,807.90 2.94% 84,696.27 4.24%

DJ Djibouti 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 25,260.70 0.97% 1,931.96 0.10% 5,113.87 0.26% 1.50 0.00%

DK Denmark 19.84 0.00% 3,071.93 0.13% 3,316.53 0.14% 4,560.38 0.17% 2,012.30 0.10% 1,115.72 0.06% 704.49 0.04%

DZ Algeria 3,118.43 0.22% 611.11 0.03% 4,961.30 0.21% 5,816.76 0.22% 8,199.67 0.40% 10,791.80 0.55% 953.48 0.05%

EE Estonia 2.28 0.00% 19.59 0.00% 760.57 0.03% 1,080.65 0.04% 137.53 0.01% 198.24 0.01% 312.92 0.02%

EG Egypt 57,499.07 4.05% 112,433.99 4.83% 115,602.52 4.79% 106,730.52 4.08% 140,801.93 6.93% 165,890.84 8.44% 24,462.18 1.23%

ES Spain 94.01 0.01% 55,223.95 2.37% 22,976.86 0.95% 68,363.48 2.61% 49,795.52 2.45% 22,232.59 1.13% 49,118.21 2.46%
Annex 12.

ET Ethiopia 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 7,975.25 0.30% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

FI Finland 6.80 0.00% 98.23 0.00% 112.90 0.00% 74.63 0.00% 80.54 0.00% 0.13 0.00% 242.48 0.01%

FO Faroe Islands 3.02 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

FR France 290.90 0.02% 13,057.54 0.56% 14,656.95 0.61% 13,070.19 0.50% 28,001.97 1.38% 34,000.44 1.73% 26,223.04 1.31%

United
GB 118.43 0.01% 11,607.64 0.50% 15,769.96 0.65% 14,258.93 0.54% 11,960.18 0.59% 4,881.02 0.25% 4,843.42 0.24%
Kingdom
392 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 12 393
Value (FOB) (thousand Euros) and share of exports by partner

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

GE Georgia 149,889.81 10.55% 187,093.73 8.04% 254,927.29 10.55% 210,924.25 8.06% 146,094.17 7.19% 122,664.11 6.24% 128,901.93 6.46%

GH Ghana 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 84.13 0.00% 30.67 0.00% 2,499.91 0.12% 134.27 0.01% 0.85 0.00%

GI Gibraltar 11,062.71 0.78% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 9,737.82 0.48% 2,609.05 0.13% 0.00 0.00%

Equatorial
GQ 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 1.90 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 35.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
Guinea
countries (%), Constanța county, 2011-2017

GR Greece 84.44 0.01% 31,921.99 1.37% 83,348.72 3.45% 175,249.90 6.70% 26,514.31 1.30% 19,859.21 1.01% 16,486.48 0.83%

South
Georgia and
GS 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.23 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
the Sandwich
Islands

GY Guyana 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 17.23 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

HK Hong Kong 193.04 0.01% 368.49 0.02% 2,274.82 0.09% 3,866.67 0.15% 3,553.23 0.17% 676.37 0.03% 70.86 0.00%

HR Croatia 2,122.21 0.15% 8,618.67 0.37% 834.87 0.03% 3,356.33 0.13% 1,578.27 0.08% 1,679.50 0.09% 1,848.09 0.09%

HU Hungary 282.74 0.02% 35,540.22 1.53% 19,192.54 0.79% 39,676.95 1.52% 49,654.86 2.44% 33,301.50 1.69% 44,281.17 2.22%

ID Indonesia 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 2,028.32 0.08% 109.37 0.01% 646.13 0.03% 1,588.26 0.08%

IE Ireland 6.68 0.00% 131.34 0.01% 4,581.60 0.19% 362.38 0.01% 299.49 0.01% 142.90 0.01% 264.53 0.01%

IL Israel 12,462.87 0.88% 47,427.53 2.04% 75,722.68 3.13% 66,015.15 2.52% 15,465.11 0.76% 61,249.26 3.12% 30,957.92 1.55%

IN India 16,694.54 1.18% 16,473.81 0.71% 16,585.38 0.69% 20,132.65 0.77% 12,033.28 0.59% 21,529.87 1.10% 23,487.67 1.18%

British
IO Indian Ocean 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 101.38 0.01%
Territory

IQ Iraq 513.65 0.04% 18,870.00 0.81% 2,431.09 0.10% 1,120.48 0.04% 1,728.74 0.09% 8,988.99 0.46% 2,005.60 0.10%
Annex 12.

Islamic
IR Republic of 0.00 0.00% 4,379.75 0.19% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
Iran

IS Iceland 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 12.71 0.00% 3.42 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 739.57 0.04% 60.68 0.00%

IT Italy 778.70 0.05% 39,383.91 1.69% 53,076.38 2.20% 62,829.35 2.40% 57,806.17 2.84% 54,271.85 2.76% 67,384.42 3.37%

JO Jordan 21,521.12 1.52% 31,228.29 1.34% 65,986.71 2.73% 55,043.85 2.10% 80,911.21 3.98% 73,027.88 3.72% 126,021.13 6.31%

JP Japan 10.34 0.00% 2,939.10 0.13% 0.04 0.00% 7.13 0.00% 40.09 0.00% 67.98 0.00% 48.25 0.00%
394 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 12 395
Value (FOB) (thousand Euros) and share of exports by partner

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

KE Kenya 0.00 0.00% 23.74 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 44.41 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

KM Comoros 12.87 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

Saint Kitts
KN 19.16 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
and Nevis

Democratic
People´s
KP 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.15 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
Republic of
countries (%), Constanța county, 2011-2017

Korea

Republic of
KR 1,792.79 0.13% 1,187.97 0.05% 3,103.32 0.13% 91.74 0.00% 3,648.40 0.18% 163.79 0.01% 35.83 0.00%
Korea

KW Kuwait 125.94 0.01% 93.53 0.00% 129.84 0.01% 82.29 0.00% 39.04 0.00% 24.41 0.00% 12.59 0.00%

KZ Kazakhstan 9,013.95 0.63% 62.25 0.00% 268.38 0.01% 443.62 0.02% 49.90 0.00% 4.42 0.00% 37.62 0.00%

LB Lebanon 79,266.64 5.58% 69,306.25 2.98% 75,719.20 3.13% 174,085.40 6.65% 207,803.59 10.22% 31,534.25 1.60% 100,004.40 5.01%

LK Sri Lanka 0.00 0.00% 0.02 0.00% 8,316.00 0.34% 23.29 0.00% 1,424.39 0.07% 956.64 0.05% 2,278.08 0.11%

LR Liberia 105,854.27 7.45% 82,001.58 3.52% 36,319.48 1.50% 3.61 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 45.80 0.00% 114,510.89 5.74%

LT Lithuania 3.80 0.00% 3,089.69 0.13% 2,123.17 0.09% 2,681.54 0.10% 4,556.19 0.22% 5,107.76 0.26% 3,384.98 0.17%

LU Luxembourg 2.18 0.00% 624.45 0.03% 27.01 0.00% 51.60 0.00% 1,232.93 0.06% 15.13 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

LV Latvia 1.36 0.00% 31.16 0.00% 25.22 0.00% 38.57 0.00% 163.17 0.01% 125.26 0.01% 0.18 0.00%

Libyan Arab
LY 11,387.85 0.80% 57,200.56 2.46% 95,186.58 3.94% 95,736.61 3.66% 41,055.28 2.02% 49,147.31 2.50% 64,678.81 3.24%
Jamahiriya

MA Morocco 1,113.19 0.08% 519.11 0.02% 2,432.59 0.10% 4,693.10 0.18% 3,935.74 0.19% 1,635.38 0.08% 546.02 0.03%

Republic of
MD 46,276.90 3.26% 66,245.60 2.85% 100,452.00 4.16% 126,421.11 4.83% 133,070.42 6.55% 125,147.84 6.37% 184,929.67 9.26%
Moldova
Annex 12.

ME Montenegro 12.40 0.00% 601.25 0.03% 189.10 0.01% 2.98 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

MG Madagascar 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 194.67 0.01% 933.85 0.05%

Marshall
MH 0.07 0.00% 26,404.40 1.1 3% 24,137.61 1.00% 0.00 0.00% 268,786.30 13.22% 517,559.22 26.33% 303,211.40 15.19%
Islands

Former
Yugoslav
MK 4,548.16 0.32% 3,765.48 0.16% 3,458.62 0.14% 3,217.52 0.12% 2,715.89 0.13% 2,524.04 0.13% 1,767.52 0.09%
Republic of
Macedonia
396 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 12 397
Value (FOB) (thousand Euros) and share of exports by partner

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

MM Myanmar 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 4.46 0.00% 337.38 0.02% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

MN Mongolia 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 1.06 0.00%

MR Mauritania 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 5,154.39 0.21% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 4,987.88 0.25%

MS Montserrat 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 15.31 0.00%

MT Malta 0.85 0.00% 10,815.78 0.46% 8,453.47 0.35% 33.80 0.00% 82.83 0.00% 527.71 0.03% 976.92 0.05%
countries (%), Constanța county, 2011-2017

MU Mauritius 0.00 0.00% 5.46 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

MX Mexico 376.72 0.03% 72.43 0.00% 147.20 0.01% 445.50 0.02% 530.91 0.03% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

MY Malaysia 0.00 0.00% 0.11 0.00% 0.13 0.00% 31.83 0.00% 0.20 0.00% 7,492.22 0.38% 1.86 0.00%

New
NC 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 148.27 0.01% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
Caledonia

NG Nigeria 26.74 0.00% 17,855.98 0.77% 4,095.22 0.17% 5,031.08 0.19% 0.00 0.00% 66.93 0.00% 2,432.01 0.12%

NL Netherlands 129.41 0.01% 29,597.46 1.27% 47,806.83 1.98% 37,113.47 1.42% 37,717.03 1.86% 16,227.80 0.83% 16,133.19 0.81%

NO Norway 37.89 0.00% 164.92 0.01% 15,972.83 0.66% 125,094.99 4.78% 126.73 0.01% 1,270.93 0.06% 56.41 0.00%

NP Nepal 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 35.19 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

NZ New Zealand 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.08 0.00% 0.50 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.28 0.00%

OM Oman 0.00 0.00% 67.14 0.00% 104.54 0.00% 18.54 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 247.94 0.01% 0.00 0.00%

PA Panama 35.26 0.00% 186.07 0.01% 1,623.15 0.07% 0.00 0.00% 28,334.14 1.39% 25.18 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

PE Peru 0.68 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

PH Philippines 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 1,900.07 0.08% 0.02 0.00% 0.02 0.00% 205.50 0.01% 486.79 0.02%
Annex 12.

PK Pakistan 26,187.67 1.84% 176.72 0.01% 16,102.75 0.67% 31,959.10 1.22% 16.54 0.00% 2,161.25 0.11% 0.00 0.00%

PL Poland 64.33 0.00% 9,431.29 0.41% 8,827.48 0.37% 8,800.85 0.34% 8,313.63 0.41% 8,845.33 0.45% 20,730.82 1.04%

PT Portugal 11.37 0.00% 18,316.64 0.79% 9,973.99 0.41% 10,064.71 0.38% 19,911.85 0.98% 8,624.76 0.44% 27,886.88 1.40%

PW Palau 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 7.82 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

QA Qatar 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 7.55 0.00% 163.18 0.01% 26.61 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
398 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 12 399
Value (FOB) (thousand Euros) and share of exports by partner

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Supply and
QR fuel within 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 1.28 0.00%
intra-EU trade

Supply and
fuel within
QS 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 319.91 0.02%
third country
trade
countries (%), Constanța county, 2011-2017

Countries and
territories not
QV specified in 0.42 0.00% 0.02 0.00% 2.19 0.00% 1.62 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 1.71 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
the intra-EU
trade

Countries and
territories
QW not specified 2,346.28 0.17% 3,257.35 0.14% 4,607.72 0.19% 3,542.59 0.14% 3,056.43 0.15% 2,432.33 0.12% 2,747.22 0.14%
in the third
country trade

Russian
RU 2,120.28 0.15% 7,756.55 0.33% 3,045.05 0.13% 4,443.79 0.17% 7,924.72 0.39% 364.50 0.02% 1,266.35 0.06%
Federation

SA Saudi Arabia 18,616.56 1.31% 11,497.34 0.49% 23,710.08 0.98% 277.03 0.01% 20,384.42 1.00% 179.84 0.01% 258.59 0.01%

SD Sudan 153.41 0.01% 137.92 0.01% 0.00 0.00% 3,143.25 0.12% 12.99 0.00% 11.77 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

SE Sweden 25.65 0.00% 201.01 0.01% 275.41 0.01% 144.25 0.01% 327.77 0.02% 545.13 0.03% 3,372.49 0.17%

SG Singapore 3,718.99 0.26% 76.32 0.00% 17.69 0.00% 7.55 0.00% 44.64 0.00% 5.20 0.00% 5.14 0.00%

SI Slovenia 12.49 0.00% 1,264.64 0.05% 23,864.28 0.99% 467.86 0.02% 454.07 0.02% 815.97 0.04% 419.83 0.02%

SK Slovakia 43.49 0.00% 2,916.68 0.13% 3,678.02 0.15% 6,412.69 0.25% 8,907.07 0.44% 14,509.06 0.74% 10,513.45 0.53%
Annex 12.

SL Sierra Leone 10.93 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.29 0.00% 10.90 0.00%

SM San Marino 16.88 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

SN Senegal 329.12 0.02% 3,225.23 0.14% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.90 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

SO Somalia 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 188.05 0.01% 109.32 0.01%

SR Suriname 30.50 0.00% 65.32 0.00% 47.26 0.00% 90.82 0.00% 94.28 0.00% 17.91 0.00% 13.37 0.00%
400 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 12 401
Value (FOB) (thousand Euros) and share of exports by partner

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Syrian Arab
SY 16,882.83 1.19% 7,142.61 0.31% 7,272.37 0.30% 2,124.59 0.08% 4,908.09 0.24% 2,775.57 0.14% 1,551.62 0.08%
Republic

TG Togo 0.00 0.00% 10,110.45 0.43% 0.00 0.00% 77.78 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 4.64 0.00% 4.31 0.00%

TH Thailand 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 13.22 0.00% 98.33 0.00% 148.06 0.01% 123.07 0.01%

TM Turkmenistan 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.04 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
countries (%), Constanța county, 2011-2017

TN Tunisia 35,425.40 2.49% 66,135.97 2.84% 7,169.21 0.30% 17,028.56 0.65% 10,813.52 0.53% 2,340.91 0.12% 22,237.56 1.11%

TR Turkey 470,921.59 33.16% 279,651.81 12.02% 400,074.53 16.56% 512,484.28 19.58% 296,823.34 14.60% 181,887.92 9.25% 196,282.18 9.83%

TW Taiwan 0.48 0.00% 55.18 0.00% 133.46 0.01% 335.54 0.01% 414.92 0.02% 163.00 0.01% 172.55 0.01%

United
TZ Republic of 0.00 0.00% 3.51 0.00% 0.21 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.42 0.00% 2.27 0.00%
Tanzania

UA Ukraine 183,237.91 12.90% 236,767.53 10.17% 218,650.62 9.05% 142,850.28 5.46% 14,479.22 0.71% 9,902.92 0.50% 9,861.81 0.49%

US United States 664.37 0.05% 965.13 0.04% 2,206.89 0.09% 6,245.27 0.24% 3,549.66 0.17% 1,720.47 0.09% 1,255.34 0.06%

UY Uruguay 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 5.15 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

UZ Uzbekistan 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 1,088.15 0.05% 646.20 0.03% 1,213.80 0.06%

VE Venezuela 0.00 0.00% 23.08 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 19.40 0.00%

Virgin Islands
VG 0.00 0.00% 24.10 0.00% 195,145.35 8.08% 63,056.04 2.41% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
(British)

VN Vietnam 28.13 0.00% 210.31 0.01% 41.71 0.00% 153.83 0.01% 84.54 0.00% 32,683.79 1.66% 73.76 0.00%

VU Vanuatu 32.21 0.00% 2.26 0.00% 24.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

XK Kosovo 13.80 0.00% 77.89 0.00% 130.48 0.01% 125.98 0.00% 99.62 0.00% 92.06 0.00% 29.95 0.00%
Annex 12.

XS Serbia 98,826.61 6.96% 142,682.70 6.13% 14,753.12 0.61% 28,889.38 1.10% 25,107.39 1.23% 45,470.97 2.31% 32,278.46 1.62%

ZA South Africa 5,556.75 0.39% 8,709.67 0.37% 0.02 0.00% 0.30 0.00% 0.02 0.00% 62.03 0.00% 30,754.15 1.54%

ZM Zambia 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.90 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

Total 1,420,168.10 100.00% 2,326,982.85 100.00% 2,415,688.03 100.00% 2,617,330.49 100.00% 2,033,052.75 100.00% 1,965,394.30 100.00% 1,996,653.33 100.00%

Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța

402 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 13 403

Annex 13. Value (CIF) (thousand Euros)

Value (CIF) (thousand Euros) and share of imports by partner

and share of imports by partner countries (%),

Constanța county, 2011-2017
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

AD Andorra 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 2.45 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

United Arab
AE 19,196.27 0.74% 17,947.14 0.52% 53,014.68 1.75% 53,226.31 1.55% 19,205.15 0.74% 15,007.39 0.66% 25,800.44 0.96%
countries (%), Constanța county, 2011-2017

Emirates

AL Albania 0.01 0.00% 4.20 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

AM Armenia 0.00 0.00% 9.52 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

AR Argentina 392.27 0.02% 6.73 0.00% 1.32 0.00% 7.23 0.00% 1,520.82 0.06% 4,833.11 0.21% 2,493.34 0.09%

AT Austria 525.53 0.02% 11,523.28 0.33% 15,871.57 0.52% 21,003.48 0.61% 23,787.61 0.92% 21,628.70 0.95% 24,082.72 0.90%

AU Australia 32.43 0.00% 14.87 0.00% 37.89 0.00% 36.59 0.00% 93.50 0.00% 15.84 0.00% 99.26 0.00%

AZ Azerbaijan 0.00 0.00% 25,043.71 0.73% 326.92 0.01% 48,831.55 1.42% 64,528.64 2.48% 27,509.51 1.21% 226,682.19 8.43%

Bosnia and
BA 11.50 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 18.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 11.70 0.00% 0.91 0.00% 371.57 0.01%
Herzegovina

BD Bangladesh 29.97 0.00% 58.18 0.00% 100.47 0.00% 87.62 0.00% 98.48 0.00% 90.03 0.00% 45.82 0.00%

BE Belgium 252.74 0.01% 5,458.64 0.16% 4,717.00 0.16% 7,767.85 0.23% 9,271.89 0.36% 8,746.45 0.39% 11,200.13 0.42%

BG Bulgaria 492.59 0.02% 136,110.78 3.94% 61,113.91 2.01% 94,891.11 2.77% 97,774.40 3.77% 93,921.34 4.14% 93,950.01 3.50%

BR Brazil 73.23 0.00% 54.80 0.00% 378.70 0.01% 150.22 0.00% 8,563.74 0.33% 10,057.13 0.44% 0.02 0.00%

BY Belarus 18.67 0.00% 53.73 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 1.27 0.00% 343.89 0.01% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

CA Canada 320.12 0.01% 195.18 0.01% 1,216.75 0.04% 172.19 0.01% 162.71 0.01% 334.50 0.01% 226.29 0.01%
Annex 13.

CH Switzerland 518.04 0.02% 266.04 0.01% 520.78 0.02% 170.31 0.00% 409.38 0.02% 242.37 0.01% 221.35 0.01%

CL Chile 0.00 0.00% 0.01 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.04 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 116.92 0.00%

CM Cameroon 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.23 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

CN China 42,354.40 1.64% 41,647.48 1.21% 44,704.58 1.47% 77,887.20 2.27% 55,249.75 2.13% 48,079.07 2.12% 43,785.15 1.63%

CO Colombia 11.88 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
404 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 13 405
Value (CIF) (thousand Euros) and share of imports by partner

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

CY Cyprus 18.74 0.00% 613.16 0.02% 508.75 0.02% 919.21 0.03% 2,062.88 0.08% 2,101.58 0.09% 1,450.28 0.05%

Czech
CZ 248.58 0.01% 8,123.06 0.24% 8,984.26 0.30% 8,262.96 0.24% 10,139.84 0.39% 14,083.01 0.62% 11,455.32 0.43%
Republic

DE Germany 2,044.61 0.08% 80,359.41 2.33% 149,104.45 4.91% 73,825.12 2.15% 87,439.64 3.37% 71,205.50 3.14% 66,490.75 2.47%

DK Denmark 51.79 0.00% 2,706.46 0.08% 4,321.58 0.14% 2,700.73 0.08% 3,884.55 0.15% 5,802.37 0.26% 5,748.80 0.21%
countries (%), Constanța county, 2011-2017

DZ Algeria 0.00 0.00% 211.84 0.01% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 2,925.63 0.13% 0.00 0.00%

EC Ecuador 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 858.36 0.03% 958.33 0.04% 1,236.89 0.05%

EE Estonia 3.03 0.00% 41.16 0.00% 127.46 0.00% 218.70 0.01% 349.51 0.01% 807.08 0.04% 740.90 0.03%

EG Egypt 1,837.77 0.07% 553.18 0.02% 490.05 0.02% 4,470.44 0.13% 4,211.64 0.16% 8,269.84 0.36% 14,305.82 0.53%

ES Spain 246.18 0.01% 56,252.12 1.63% 7,922.37 0.26% 8,416.31 0.25% 10,978.23 0.42% 12,907.57 0.57% 22,028.75 0.82%

ET Ethiopia 0.00 0.00% 104.88 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 57.97 0.00%

FI Finland 58.27 0.00% 1,299.89 0.04% 500.42 0.02% 1,306.04 0.04% 2,609.23 0.10% 2,571.88 0.11% 3,592.77 0.13%

FR France 621.20 0.02% 50,070.79 1.45% 10,529.86 0.35% 16,822.71 0.49% 23,910.45 0.92% 14,215.92 0.63% 21,078.49 0.78%

United
GB 299.00 0.01% 5,445.59 0.16% 5,875.77 0.19% 11,956.01 0.35% 25,188.66 0.97% 14,205.25 0.63% 12,054.17 0.45%
Kingdom

GE Georgia 3,457.25 0.13% 7.53 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 505.95 0.01% 98.04 0.00% 491.84 0.02% 676.22 0.03%

GH Ghana 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 1.08 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

GR Greece 173.79 0.01% 6,610.78 0.19% 7,610.19 0.25% 6,765.92 0.20% 7,955.33 0.31% 14,102.02 0.62% 18,425.91 0.69%

HK Hong Kong 53.57 0.00% 123.48 0.00% 25.34 0.00% 10.67 0.00% 35.65 0.00% 22.71 0.00% 17.99 0.00%

HR Croatia 2,480.07 0.10% 12,406.87 0.36% 3,577.20 0.12% 2,170.54 0.06% 6,642.76 0.26% 2,131.47 0.09% 540.69 0.02%
Annex 13.

HU Hungary 1,176.04 0.05% 41,365.32 1.20% 19,826.22 0.65% 19,806.30 0.58% 26,294.29 1.01% 21,864.30 0.96% 31,291.28 1.16%

ID Indonesia 113.50 0.00% 77.97 0.00% 53.60 0.00% 22.31 0.00% 98.07 0.00% 107.01 0.00% 44.77 0.00%

IE Ireland 45.38 0.00% 212.19 0.01% 356.15 0.01% 711.93 0.02% 1,133.96 0.04% 910.48 0.04% 963.20 0.04%

IL Israel 661.16 0.03% 417.63 0.01% 348.22 0.01% 451.63 0.01% 629.26 0.02% 1,756.38 0.08% 889.68 0.03%

IN India 4,146.03 0.16% 15,940.37 0.46% 716.61 0.02% 708.05 0.02% 1,418.98 0.05% 2,763.38 0.12% 4,527.60 0.17%
406 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 13 407
Value (CIF) (thousand Euros) and share of imports by partner

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

IQ Iraq 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 33,096.37 1.27% 25,547.19 1.13% 121,560.83 4.52%

Islamic
IR Republic of 54,513.70 2.11% 9,071.57 0.26% 12.52 0.00% 14.83 0.00% 798.07 0.03% 304.30 0.01% 10,475.74 0.39%
Iran

IS Iceland 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 4.01 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
countries (%), Constanța county, 2011-2017

IT Italy 1,596.17 0.06% 128,901.13 3.74% 69,852.25 2.30% 75,326.40 2.20% 91,014.52 3.50% 102,246.51 4.51% 85,559.21 3.18%

JO Jordan 608.92 0.02% 113.73 0.00% 3.21 0.00% 0.03 0.00% 11.38 0.00% 16.64 0.00% 112.96 0.00%

JP Japan 5,344.62 0.21% 2,762.81 0.08% 3,008.63 0.10% 6,245.23 0.18% 8,931.51 0.34% 9,908.12 0.44% 4,313.94 0.16%

KH Cambodia 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.20 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 68.32 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

Republic of
KR 125,979.71 4.88% 108,093.85 3.13% 84,455.67 2.78% 153,852.93 4.48% 159,290.66 6.13% 151,180.64 6.67% 55,125.13 2.05%
Korea

KZ Kazakhstan 1,908,293.61 73.92% 2,155,564.28 62.47% 1,694,924.66 55.82% 2,166,319.23 63.13% 721,612.51 27.79% 685,590.53 30.25% 816,422.86 30.38%

LB Lebanon 74.13 0.00% 234.67 0.01% 179.78 0.01% 234.44 0.01% 208.81 0.01% 649.77 0.03% 71.65 0.00%

LR Liberia 0.00 0.00% 2.89 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

LT Lithuania 12.77 0.00% 71.36 0.00% 206.38 0.01% 499.24 0.01% 332.02 0.01% 230.82 0.01% 420.51 0.02%

LU Luxembourg 19.94 0.00% 847.00 0.02% 220.10 0.01% 269.57 0.01% 2,249.36 0.09% 635.03 0.03% 66.72 0.00%

LV Latvia 6.39 0.00% 1,045.47 0.03% 706.27 0.02% 1,114.82 0.03% 786.10 0.03% 511.05 0.02% 358.84 0.01%

Libyan Arab
LY 19,825.40 0.77% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 45.38 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
Jamahiriya
Annex 13.

MA Morocco 0.04 0.00% 3,743.37 0.11% 7,895.59 0.26% 12,602.19 0.37% 17,636.00 0.68% 12,890.77 0.57% 19,347.79 0.72%

Republic of
MD 4,970.53 0.19% 2,396.91 0.07% 5,277.21 0.17% 3,625.05 0.11% 5,477.93 0.21% 5,187.11 0.23% 9,034.96 0.34%
Moldova

ME Montenegro 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 17.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

Marshall
MH 1.24 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
Islands
408 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 13 409
Value (CIF) (thousand Euros) and share of imports by partner

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Former
Yugoslav
MK 188.73 0.01% 55.22 0.00% 126.30 0.00% 28.96 0.00% 72.88 0.00% 53.86 0.00% 87.09 0.00%
Republic of
Macedonia

MM Myanmar 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 223.60 0.01% 377.60 0.01%

MO Macau 0.00 0.00% 29.07 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
countries (%), Constanța county, 2011-2017

MT Malta 6.82 0.00% 10.62 0.00% 114.18 0.00% 719.63 0.02% 73.92 0.00% 53.74 0.00% 15.89 0.00%

MX Mexico 60.49 0.00% 7,662.78 0.22% 4,682.01 0.15% 5.31 0.00% 3.54 0.00% 0.59 0.00% 0.08 0.00%

MY Malaysia 2,378.72 0.09% 1,213.03 0.04% 1,593.37 0.05% 893.15 0.03% 2,080.73 0.08% 1,296.91 0.06% 443.28 0.02%

NL Netherlands 426.96 0.02% 32,256.79 0.93% 20,137.43 0.66% 26,420.61 0.77% 31,507.82 1.21% 25,808.08 1.14% 29,577.21 1.10%

NO Norway 2,533.98 0.10% 3,737.01 0.11% 4,753.45 0.16% 2,241.01 0.07% 630.22 0.02% 5,822.74 0.26% 1,420.43 0.05%

NP Nepal 0.37 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 1.46 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

NZ New Zealand 2.36 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.73 0.00% 92.79 0.00% 0.69 0.00% 86.04 0.00%

OM Oman 12,004.85 0.47% 4,993.53 0.14% 2,972.09 0.10% 1,995.75 0.06% 0.00 0.00% 39,575.45 1.75% 1.18 0.00%

PA Panama 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 1,275.55 0.04% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.11 0.00% 0.06 0.00%

PE Peru 0.00 0.00% 165.38 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

PH Philippines 3.21 0.00% 53.40 0.00% 26.75 0.00% 0.14 0.00% 3.38 0.00% 22.19 0.00% 0.29 0.00%

PK Pakistan 18.50 0.00% 45.91 0.00% 28.94 0.00% 3.69 0.00% 5.38 0.00% 14.76 0.00% 5.34 0.00%

PL Poland 568.78 0.02% 10,212.00 0.30% 8,873.17 0.29% 15,176.33 0.44% 13,953.32 0.54% 13,988.26 0.62% 15,570.40 0.58%

PT Portugal 34.84 0.00% 476.32 0.01% 621.86 0.02% 572.95 0.02% 3,972.45 0.15% 4,999.44 0.22% 7,753.90 0.29%
Annex 13.

Countries and
territories not
QV specified in 4.55 0.00% 36.62 0.00% 15.21 0.00% 20.76 0.00% 17.78 0.00% 15.42 0.00% 37.96 0.00%
the intra-EU
trade

Countries and
territories
QW not specified 0.00 0.00% 3.29 0.00% 441.74 0.01% 1.69 0.00% 548.28 0.02% 12.66 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
in the third
country trade
410 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 13 411
Value (CIF) (thousand Euros) and share of imports by partner

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Russian
RU 208,047.18 8.06% 296,160.43 8.58% 600,070.06 19.76% 399,681.65 11.65% 816,682.99 31.45% 620,146.07 27.36% 728,106.67 27.09%
Federation

SA Saudi Arabia 0.11 0.00% 22,170.37 0.64% 66.51 0.00% 35.52 0.00% 49.26 0.00% 4,796.55 0.21% 4,855.04 0.18%

SE Sweden 76.87 0.00% 5,555.22 0.16% 5,852.00 0.19% 3,636.27 0.11% 8,561.45 0.33% 5,793.83 0.26% 3,757.26 0.14%

SG Singapore 771.69 0.03% 6,106.15 0.18% 13,303.74 0.44% 196.85 0.01% 223.63 0.01% 49.39 0.00% 4.33 0.00%
countries (%), Constanța county, 2011-2017

SI Slovenia 76.82 0.00% 2,096.61 0.06% 1,618.35 0.05% 1,909.01 0.06% 1,938.55 0.07% 1,314.89 0.06% 1,035.10 0.04%

SK Slovakia 175.44 0.01% 5,813.67 0.17% 7,984.00 0.26% 8,575.03 0.25% 8,513.49 0.33% 10,332.79 0.46% 6,577.66 0.24%

SM San Marino 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 3.25 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

SV El Salvador 0.02 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.07 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.07 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

Syrian Arab
SY 0.00 0.00% 3.35 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 4,502.39 0.17% 0.50 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
Republic

TH Thailand 749.66 0.03% 293.82 0.01% 1,026.38 0.03% 206.76 0.01% 324.11 0.01% 648.41 0.03% 850.10 0.03%

TM Turkmenistan 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 64,262.92 2.47% 14,748.45 0.65% 11,154.35 0.42%

TN Tunisia 8.36 0.00% 3,246.31 0.09% 1,593.96 0.05% 2.15 0.00% 19.35 0.00% 57.97 0.00% 548.93 0.02%

TR Turkey 80,292.02 3.11% 68,040.63 1.97% 62,147.35 2.05% 66,520.37 1.94% 68,369.85 2.63% 80,727.39 3.56% 86,214.92 3.21%

TW Taiwan 251.41 0.01% 513.16 0.01% 447.27 0.01% 718.97 0.02% 6,900.06 0.27% 821.47 0.04% 431.66 0.02%

UA Ukraine 30,861.24 1.20% 25,823.42 0.75% 11,726.68 0.39% 8,497.43 0.25% 8,016.61 0.31% 5,280.16 0.23% 9,961.72 0.37%

US United States 24,783.09 0.96% 14,808.79 0.43% 9,947.22 0.33% 6,223.24 0.18% 12,163.53 0.47% 5,506.70 0.24% 2,031.12 0.08%

UY Uruguay 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 75.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

UZ Uzbekistan 370.32 0.01% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%
Annex 13.

VE Venezuela 6,325.78 0.25% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

VN Vietnam 44.10 0.00% 0.24 0.00% 80.72 0.00% 259.13 0.01% 791.25 0.03% 195.45 0.01% 677.02 0.03%

VU Vanuatu 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 3.13 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00% 0.00 0.00%

XS Serbia 7,150.07 0.28% 4,891.89 0.14% 5,266.36 0.17% 2,696.13 0.08% 2,897.97 0.11% 3,149.10 0.14% 5,064.40 0.19%

ZA South Africa 45.04 0.00% 36.15 0.00% 52.96 0.00% 32.49 0.00% 1,272.80 0.05% 1,372.99 0.06% 1,451.57 0.05%

Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța

412 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 14 413

Annex 14. Balance of trade by partner

countries, Constanța county, 2011-2017 (Euros)
Balance of trade by partner countries, Constanța county,

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

AD Andorra 0.00 0.00 -2,449.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

United Arab
AE -8,676,804.49 -8,289,710.57 -43,609,063.08 -30,209,320.16 -8,837,615.97 -14,918,898.39 -25,642,820.80
Emirates

AF Afghanistan 0.00 0.00 6,500.00 32,500.00 1,979.35 0.00 0.00

Antigua and
AG 465.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2,306.36
Barbuda
AL Albania 91,881.25 147,244.47 103,468.00 60.00 1,785,691.08 7,852,120.92 32,415,225.71

AM Armenia 364,443.75 49,085.11 29,137.50 0.00 6,743.68 0.00 0.00

AO Angola 0.00 350.00 0.00 0.00 40,585.43 0.00 0.00

AR Argentina -392,271.85 -6,725.11 -1,317.75 -7,229.09 -1,520,821.82 -4,833,107.54 -2,493,344.66

AT Austria -405,740.21 -1,491,382.59 -4,563,403.02 -16,073,212.72 -15,269,014.11 -12,247,459.42 -13,606,048.87

AU Australia -30,835.37 -13,853.64 -22,519.20 -36,593.45 -59,096.33 -7,284.70 -99,255.34

2011-2017 (Euros)

AZ Azerbaijan 0.00 -23,294,404.93 -313,728.85 -41,697,752.65 -64,528,639.63 -20,814,029.44 -218,933,055.95

Bosnia and
BA 1,026,557.18 441,441.70 60,903.25 159,071.76 270,081.14 940,633.39 98,544.32
Herzegovina

BB Barbados 1,084.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

BD Bangladesh 35,838.05 14,224.02 -100,465.15 9,467,382.19 -98,483.60 -90,032.03 -45,815.40

BE Belgium -161,615.19 -3,032,338.89 6,244,598.17 6,409,563.20 27,819,449.23 10,122,499.27 -9,394,210.00

BF Burkina Faso 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Annex 14.

BG Bulgaria -273,679.61 117,481,728.71 132,126,544.51 98,746,699.02 8,575,007.97 22,441,843.31 24,447,568.31

BH Bahrain 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2,446.00 20,855.20 0.00

BR Brazil -67,471.01 -35,834.28 -360,053.66 -150,156.08 -8,563,740.08 -10,057,131.80 -18.36

BS Bahamas 0.00 0.00 0.00 866.79 0.00 0.00 0.00

BY Belarus 17,039.49 -53,732.98 0.00 4,994.38 -268,627.95 100,653.16 421,711.07

CA Canada -183,127.02 -35,499.66 -1,134,907.94 -59,477.87 76,130.93 -133,964.28 -96,448.58

414 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 14 415

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Democratic
Balance of trade by partner countries, Constanța county,

CD Republic of 516.00 5,006,136.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 6,556,493.67 5,740,566.13

Congo

CG Congo 0.00 0.00 9,344,238.10 5,207,979.17 2,168.13 4,923,028.49 2,263,942.89

CH Switzerland -405,960.30 279,600.36 -148,980.76 6,629.05 293,326.38 -61,765.74 809,135.27

CI Côte d’Ivoire 0.00 9,748.74 0.00 14,180.77 0.00 0.00 0.00

CK Cook Islands 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1,411.97

CL Chile 0.00 5,351.14 2,808,308.65 152,741.92 0.00 0.00 -116,918.21

CM Cameroon 0.00 8,189.77 0.00 0.00 6,592.25 10,453.10 0.00

CN China -37,695,650.49 -36,727,772.23 -41,064,790.69 -74,598,352.25 -50,623,162.35 -44,122,524.37 -40,073,128.71

CO Colombia -11,884.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

CU Cuba 0.00 0.00 230.25 18.18 0.00 0.00 0.00

CY Cyprus 2,197.52 59,560,755.33 14,476.55 4,117,703.89 3,500,251.64 153,352.06 2,763,706.60

Czech
CZ -204,146.55 -4,388,578.86 -4,263,325.90 3,720,522.01 2,652,593.31 -7,688,335.84 -3,797,041.81
Republic
2011-2017 (Euros)

DE Germany -1,497,528.69 92,550,478.66 -114,211,323.51 -41,201,456.73 -56,557,842.84 -13,397,594.29 18,205,521.25

DJ Djibouti 0.00 0.00 0.00 25,260,702.65 1,931,955.19 5,113,868.23 1,504.50

DK Denmark -31,954.86 365,462.27 -1,005,043.08 1,859,651.77 -1,872,247.93 -4,686,644.98 -5,044,306.25

DZ Algeria 3,118,428.08 399,264.69 4,961,296.28 5,816,756.60 8,199,666.87 7,866,166.32 953,477.96

EC Ecuador 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -858,364.14 -958,330.27 -1,236,885.59

EE Estonia -748.54 -21,576.01 633,102.49 861,948.46 -211,985.57 -608,838.59 -427,981.58

EG Egypt 55,661,294.85 111,880,811.84 115,112,470.40 102,260,080.55 136,590,288.02 157,621,006.51 10,156,358.11

Annex 14.

ES Spain -152,169.04 -1,028,166.84 15,054,491.60 59,947,171.64 38,817,292.97 9,325,021.55 27,089,462.63

ET Ethiopia 0.00 -104,884.03 0.00 7,975,252.23 0.00 0.00 -57,968.61

FI Finland -51,462.64 -1,201,661.33 -387,527.86 -1,231,405.32 -2,528,688.39 -2,571,749.63 -3,350,294.41

FO Faroe Islands 3,024.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

FR France -330,303.31 -37,013,242.60 4,127,087.19 -3,752,512.70 4,091,522.23 19,784,523.55 5,144,544.69

416 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 14 417

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

United
Balance of trade by partner countries, Constanța county,

GB -180,576.52 6,162,048.19 9,894,189.79 2,302,920.17 -13,228,481.25 -9,324,229.93 -7,210,749.55

Kingdom

GE Georgia 146,432,561.79 187,086,200.06 254,927,294.21 210,418,297.74 145,996,131.86 122,172,275.72 128,225,709.17

GH Ghana 0.00 0.00 84,126.57 30,672.51 2,498,826.33 134,271.42 849.85

GI Gibraltar 11,062,711.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 9,737,815.70 2,609,054.57 0.00

Equatorial
GQ 0.00 0.00 1,900.00 0.00 0.00 35,000.00 0.00
Guinea

GR Greece -89,348.38 25,311,205.72 75,738,537.81 168,483,979.56 18,558,981.22 5,757,182.80 -1,939,433.79

South
Georgia and
GS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 233.42 0.00 0.00
the Sandwich
Islands
GY Guyana 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17,232.77 0.00

HK Hong Kong 139,476.23 245,016.85 2,249,473.39 3,855,991.91 3,517,576.63 653,655.39 52,869.93

HR Croatia -357,855.59 -3,788,205.32 -2,742,324.29 1,185,792.82 -5,064,492.26 -451,972.32 1,307,401.51

HU Hungary -893,304.21 -5,825,105.27 -633,679.32 19,870,647.97 23,360,567.85 11,437,202.84 12,989,880.95

2011-2017 (Euros)

ID Indonesia -113,497.60 -77,970.71 -53,596.55 2,006,010.68 11,296.01 539,117.84 1,543,495.48

IE Ireland -38,697.85 -80,847.11 4,225,450.47 -349,544.06 -834,476.02 -767,576.68 -698,670.50

IL Israel 11,801,700.45 47,009,902.98 75,374,461.00 65,563,510.90 14,835,852.89 59,492,882.68 30,068,240.88

IN India 12,548,512.11 533,445.48 15,868,775.92 19,424,594.01 10,614,292.58 18,766,488.14 18,960,063.39

British
IO Indian Ocean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 101,384.83
Territory
IQ Iraq 513,649.78 18,869,996.69 2,431,092.78 1,120,478.18 -31,367,635.48 -16,558,192.95 -119,555,228.87
Annex 14.

Islamic
IR Republic of -54,513,704.45 -4,691,821.40 -12,516.77 -14,825.02 -798,067.31 -304,300.59 -10,475,742.11
Iran

IS Iceland 0.00 0.00 12,712.00 3,419.00 0.00 735,560.00 60,683.48

IT Italy -817,470.30 -89,517,215.93 -16,775,874.65 -12,497,053.75 -33,208,346.30 -47,974,656.43 -18,174,789.71

JO Jordan 20,912,205.85 31,114,554.89 65,983,501.27 55,043,820.86 80,899,838.92 73,011,237.10 125,908,169.42

JP Japan -5,334,277.28 176,297.36 -3,008,595.54 -6,238,101.50 -8,891,421.04 -9,840,133.63 -4,265,693.92

418 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 14 419

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

KE Kenya 0.00 23,738.09 0.00 0.00 44,413.48 0.00 0.00

Balance of trade by partner countries, Constanța county,

KH Cambodia 0.00 0.00 0.00 -195.48 0.00 -68,324.76 0.00

KM Comoros 12,872.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Saint Kitts
KN 19,155.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
and Nevis

Democratic
People´s
KP 0.00 0.00 0.00 145.93 0.00 0.00 0.00
Republic of
Korea

Republic of
KR -124,186,926.96 -106,905,881.08 -81,352,353.95 -153,761,186.65 -155,642,259.35 -151,016,854.15 -55,089,299.38
Korea

KW Kuwait 125,937.54 93,526.83 129,836.06 82,294.56 39,036.69 24,412.59 12,587.04

KZ Kazakhstan -1,899,279,653.61 -2,155,502,030.26 -1,694,656,271.77 -2,165,875,605.68 -721,562,604.71 -685,586,102.47 -816,385,238.44

LB Lebanon 79,192,512.14 69,071,580.96 75,539,422.80 173,850,956.98 207,594,776.34 30,884,481.48 99,932,752.33

LK Sri Lanka 0.00 15.28 8,316,000.00 23,291.06 1,424,390.05 956,639.47 2,278,077.35

LR Liberia 105,854,274.25 81,998,696.75 36,319,484.60 3,612.24 0.00 45,803.99 114,510,893.25

2011-2017 (Euros)

LT Lithuania -8,970.66 3,018,329.71 1,916,788.75 2,182,295.18 4,224,171.66 4,876,945.43 2,964,471.53

LU Luxembourg -17,756.92 -222,548.24 -193,091.10 -217,962.92 -1,016,438.55 -619,898.92 -66,720.95

LV Latvia -5,028.37 -1,014,314.75 -681,050.79 -1,076,246.95 -622,925.72 -385,789.94 -358,660.69

Libyan Arab
LY -8,437,551.34 57,200,556.76 95,186,575.68 95,691,226.42 41,055,283.29 49,147,310.64 64,678,806.66
Jamahiriya

MA Morocco 1,113,148.63 -3,224,269.11 -5,462,996.07 -7,909,094.54 -13,700,261.14 -11,255,385.41 -18,801,770.39

Republic of
MD 41,306,376.77 63,848,690.29 95,174,787.16 122,796,058.79 127,592,495.39 119,960,731.65 175,894,706.92
Moldova
Annex 14.

ME Montenegro 12,400.00 601,249.94 189,096.72 2,980.00 0.00 -17,000.50 0.00

MG Madagascar 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 194,674.97 933,849.56

Marshall
MH -1,171.25 26,404,395.30 24,137,613.73 0.00 268,786,300.78 517,559,220.75 303,211,398.64
Islands

Former
Yugoslav
MK 4,359,431.47 3,710,258.31 3,332,317.49 3,188,566.27 2,643,012.20 2,470,179.44 1,680,429.07
Republic of
Macedonia
420 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 14 421

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

MM Myanmar 0.00 0.00 0.00 4,459.84 337,377.09 -223,598.38 -377,603.69

Balance of trade by partner countries, Constanța county,

MN Mongolia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1,059.23

MO Macau 0.00 -29,067.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

MR Mauritania 0.00 0.00 5,154,389.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 4,987,878.26

MS Montserrat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15,309.67

MT Malta -5,970.52 10,805,154.51 8,339,292.49 -685,828.92 8,910.78 473,972.42 961,025.34

MU Mauritius 0.00 5,456.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

MX Mexico 316,229.12 -7,590,354.00 -4,534,808.37 440,191.45 527,370.98 -588.55 -81.07

MY Malaysia -2,378,720.31 -1,212,918.38 -1,593,242.88 -861,315.78 -2,080,534.40 6,195,310.86 -441,423.89

New
NC 0.00 0.00 0.00 148,265.71 0.00 0.00 0.00
Caledonia

NG Nigeria 26,744.34 17,855,984.98 4,095,217.62 5,031,059.87 0.00 66,928.17 2,432,008.65

NL Netherlands -297,552.80 -2,659,333.08 27,669,398.06 10,692,855.61 6,209,202.30 -9,580,275.91 -13,444,013.68

2011-2017 (Euros)

NO Norway -2,496,084.96 -3,572,087.25 11,219,387.79 122,853,972.35 -503,496.37 -4,551,814.57 -1,364,021.27

NP Nepal -369.79 0.00 0.00 -1,460.00 0.00 35,192.19 0.00

NZ New Zealand -2,362.41 0.00 0.00 -651.98 -92,286.61 -693.32 -85,762.61

OM Oman -12,004,850.00 -4,926,385.50 -2,867,551.67 -1,977,212.23 0.00 -39,327,512.32 -1,179.27

PA Panama 35,261.75 186,066.52 347,602.54 0.00 28,334,144.02 25,062.72 -60.48

PE Peru 678.96 -165,376.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

PH Philippines -3,210.66 -53,401.76 1,873,326.16 -120.06 -3,358.09 183,311.08 486,502.91

Annex 14.

PK Pakistan 26,169,170.02 130,815.57 16,073,807.64 31,955,411.37 11,150.72 2,146,486.71 -5,344.82

PL Poland -504,454.30 -780,706.97 -45,687.76 -6,375,474.59 -5,639,683.80 -5,142,927.57 5,160,423.55

PT Portugal -23,465.53 17,840,318.61 9,352,128.06 9,491,757.49 15,939,399.18 3,625,319.56 20,132,978.85

PW Palau 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7,815.00 0.00

QA Qatar 0.00 0.00 0.00 7,545.90 162,586.23 26,607.54 0.00

422 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 14 423

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Supply and
Balance of trade by partner countries, Constanța county,

QR fuel within 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1,284.54

intra-EU trade

Supply and
fuel within
QS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 319,909.59
third country
trade

Countries and
territories not
QV specified in -4,138.17 -36,600.17 -13,020.16 -19,136.34 -17,779.93 -13,715.94 -37,958.97
the intra-EU
trade

Countries and
territories
QW not specified 2,346,281.42 3,254,058.10 4,165,978.54 3,540,907.79 2,508,154.63 2,419,668.51 2,747,217.25
in the third
country trade

Russian
RU -205,926,898.59 -288,403,879.99 -597,025,007.72 -395,237,857.09 -808,758,271.85 -619,781,575.72 -726,840,319.83
Federation

SA Saudi Arabia 18,616,443.87 -10,673,022.07 23,643,573.70 241,511.78 20,335,161.02 -4,616,710.55 -4,596,455.73

SD Sudan 153,411.51 137,921.95 0.00 3,143,250.00 12,989.03 11,774.43 0.00

2011-2017 (Euros)

SE Sweden -51,220.32 -5,354,214.85 -5,576,591.04 -3,492,016.60 -8,233,687.26 -5,248,697.87 -384,767.22

SG Singapore 2,947,299.06 -6,029,824.60 -13,286,050.84 -189,300.79 -178,986.79 -44,193.46 809.17

SI Slovenia -64,325.85 -831,963.62 22,245,935.07 -1,441,149.12 -1,484,482.40 -498,918.87 -615,270.79

SK Slovakia -131,954.56 -2,896,983.33 -4,305,978.36 -2,162,341.30 393,573.99 4,176,276.28 3,935,796.45

SL Sierra Leone 10,933.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 290.00 10,900.61

SM San Marino 16,882.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 -3,245.00 0.00 0.00

Annex 14.

SN Senegal 329,122.63 3,225,234.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 895.39 0.00

SO Somalia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 188,054.29 109,322.07

SR Suriname 30,499.87 65,323.30 47,261.00 90,823.78 94,283.91 17,914.09 13,373.41

SV El Salvador -20.51 0.00 -70.57 0.00 0.00 -67.88 0.00

Syrian Arab
SY 16,882,832.68 7,139,259.83 7,272,372.02 2,124,585.40 405,702.76 2,775,067.74 1,551,621.23
Republic
424 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 14 425

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

TG Togo 0.00 10,110,450.23 0.00 77,776.25 0.00 4,639.68 4,307.94

Balance of trade by partner countries, Constanța county,

TH Thailand -749,661.92 -293,816.73 -1,026,379.43 -193,531.46 -225,782.65 -500,350.80 -727,025.39

TM Turkmenistan 0.00 0.00 37.00 0.00 -64,262,922.36 -14,748,447.24 -11,154,349.36

TN Tunisia 35,417,039.65 62,889,658.29 5,575,247.30 17,026,410.58 10,794,169.45 2,282,931.66 21,688,633.36

TR Turkey 390,629,567.80 211,611,181.32 337,927,172.77 445,963,915.36 228,453,488.01 101,160,531.89 110,067,257.81

TW Taiwan -250,930.95 -457,980.23 -313,816.81 -383,436.24 -6,485,142.93 -658,476.03 -259,117.47

United
TZ Republic of 0.00 3,509.76 208.91 0.00 0.00 416.63 2,271.75
Tanzania

UA Ukraine 152,376,670.25 210,944,113.73 206,923,937.57 134,352,848.05 6,462,607.03 4,622,762.71 -99,916.91

UG Uganda 0.00 0.02 -308.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

US United States -24,118,719.79 -13,843,661.20 -7,740,326.74 22,030.45 -8,613,872.22 -3,786,232.82 -775,784.95

UY Uruguay 0.00 0.00 5,150.00 0.00 0.00 -75,000.00 0.00

2011-2017 (Euros)

UZ Uzbekistan -370,323.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 1,088,149.44 646,198.26 1,213,803.42

VE Venezuela -6,325,779.33 23,082.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19,404.00

Virgin Islands
VG 0.00 24,097.53 195,145,348.74 63,056,038.72 0.00 0.00 0.00
(British)

VN Vietnam -15,975.01 210,067.39 -39,012.67 -105,297.21 -706,714.04 32,488,339.56 -603,255.69

VU Vanuatu 32,211.63 2,257.52 20,874.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

XK Kosovo 13,800.00 77,893.95 130,477.97 125,977.83 99,620.18 92,059.43 29,954.95

Annex 14.

XS Serbia 91,676,541.09 137,790,809.06 9,486,764.85 26,193,248.99 22,209,422.29 42,321,868.35 27,214,061.56

ZA South Africa 5,511,707.19 8,673,520.11 -52,948.23 -32,189.92 -1,272,773.53 -1,310,960.08 29,302,579.90

ZM Zambia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 897.92 0.00 0.00

Total 1,161,307,109.78 1,123,715,336.04 -620,806,872.32 -814,376,720.66 563,811,334.02 301,169,092.31 691,009,850.04

Source: Own processing of data supplied by DJS Constanța and from TEMPO Online
 426 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 15 427

Annex 15. Sections and chapters of the

national/county/municipal exports, Romania, counties with growth poles
Sections and chapters of the CN that account for more than 10 % of

CN that account for more than 10 % of national/

county/municipal exports, Romania, counties
with growth poles and Bucharest, 2011-2017, %

County/ Sections and chapters of the

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
city Combined Nomenclature (CN)

Machinery/mechanical appliances;
XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 26.9% 25.4% 25.2% 26.0% 27.8% 29.4% 28.4%
sound recorders/reproducers

Electrical machinery and

85 equipment; sound and television 18.1% 15.8% 15.0% 15.6% 17.1% 18.4% 17.5%
recorders and reproducers

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery

84 8.8% 9.5% 10.3% 10.4% 10.8% 11.0% 11.0%
Romania and mechanical appliances
and Bucharest, 2011-2017, %

Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and

XVII 14.4% 15.2% 17.0% 16.4% 16.8% 17.6% 18.1%
associated transport equipment

Vehicles (other than railway or

87 12.0% 12.8% 14.3% 14.2% 14.5% 15.4% 16.3%
tramway rolling stock)

Base metals and articles of base

XV 12.4% 12.0% 9.7% 9.3% 8.4% 9.6% 10.4%
metal

Machinery/mechanical appliances;
XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 30.5% 28.7% 30.9% 32.7% 33.3% 37.0% 36.3%
sound recorders/reproducers

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery

84 21.4% 18.5% 20.2% 21.7% 21.3% 24.2% 23.4%
and mechanical appliances
Annex 15.

Brașov Electrical machinery and

85 equipment; sound and television 9.1% 10.1% 10.7% 10.9% 12.0% 12.8% 12.9%
recorders and reproducers

Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and

XVII 25.9% 26.2% 26.5% 28.0% 29.0% 29.4% 29.1%
associated transport equipment

Vehicles (other than railway or

87 24.6% 23.5% 22.4% 24.3% 26.2% 26.4% 25.6%
tramway rolling stock)
 428 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 15 429

County/ Sections and chapters of the

national/county/municipal exports, Romania, counties with growth poles

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20 17

Sections and chapters of the CN that account for more than 10 % of

city Combined Nomenclature (CN)

Machinery/mechanical appliances;
XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 69.7% 26.9% 28.5% 31.7% 33.0% 36.7% 38.6%
sound recorders/reproducers

Electrical machinery and

Cluj
85 equipment; sound and television 65.9% 15.0% 14.3% 17.9% 20.6% 23.6% 24.9%
recorders and reproducers

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery

84 3.8% 12.0% 14.2% 13.8% 12.4% 13.1% 13.7%
and mechanical appliances

V Mineral products 43.0% 49.7% 30.9% 32.7% 33.3% 37.0% 36.3%

Mineral fuels and mineral oils;

27 42.8% 49.5% 20.2% 21.7% 21.3% 24.2% 23.4%
bituminous substances

Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and

XVII 19.3% 13.7% 11.5% 7.3% 15.0% 26.6% 22.2%
Constanța associated transport equipment

89 Ships, boats and floating structures 19.2% 13.5% 11.3% 7.1% 14.7% 26.4% 22.0%
and Bucharest, 2011-2017, %

II Vegetable products 9.6% 11.4% 17.0% 17.9% 21.8% 21.0% 20.0%

10 Cereals 5.8% 8.7% 11.9% 12.7% 14.4% 12.9% 13.9%

Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and

XVII 27.1% 59.0% 54.8% 51.0% 50.3% 45.1% 47.6%
associated transport equipment

Vehicles (other than railway or

87 26.6% 58.9% 54.7% 50.9% 49.7% 44.8% 47.0%
tramway rolling stock)
Dolj
Machinery/mechanical appliances;
XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 23.8% 16.2% 27.3% 27.1% 23.9% 23.8% 28.0%
sound recorders/reproducers

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery

84 6.1% 6.6% 23.1% 19.9% 16.5% 15.0% 20.3%
and mechanical appliances

Machinery/mechanical appliances;
Annex 15.

XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 58.2% 64.1% 60.8% 59.0% 59.9% 58.9% 57.9%
sound recorders/reproducers

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery

84 57.2% 63.2% 59.4% 57.3% 58.6% 57.6% 56.6%
and mechanical appliances
Iași

XI Textiles and textile articles 10.8% 8.5% 9.2% 10.8% 10.4% 11.1% 12.8%

Base metals and articles of base

XV 15.5% 13.2% 9.5% 10.2% 9.0% 8.5% 10.4%
metal
 430 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 15 431

County/ Sections and chapters of the

national/county/municipal exports, Romania, counties with growth poles

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20 17

Sections and chapters of the CN that account for more than 10 % of

city Combined Nomenclature (CN)

Machinery/mechanical appliances;
XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 31.9% 36.1% 36.7% 35.4% 38.5% 36.2% 35.7%
sound recorders/reproducers
Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
84 20.4% 23.5% 14.3% 17.9% 20.6% 23.6% 24.9%
and mechanical appliances
Electrical machinery and
85 equipment; sound and television 11.5% 12.6% 12.2% 11.2% 12.5% 14.4% 16.4%
recorders and reproducers
Prahova
V Mineral products 41.3% 36.5% 27.2% 31.1% 23.0% 23.6% 18.8%
Mineral fuels and mineral oils;
27 41.1% 36.4% 27.1% 30.9% 22.9% 23.5% 18.7%
bituminous substances
Prepared foodstuffs, beverages
IV 5.1% 4.0% 7.1% 7.7% 9.3% 12.1% 16.2%
and tobacco
Tobacco and manufactured tobacco
24 0.5% 0.0% 5.4% 6.0% 7.4% 9.4% 11.0%
substitutes
Machinery/mechanical appliances;
XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 40.8% 44.4% 40.0% 43.6% 47.5% 51.7% 45.5%
sound recorders/reproducers
Electrical machinery and
and Bucharest, 2011-2017, %

85 equipment; sound and television 34.7% 39.1% 34.4% 37.7% 40.8% 45.1% 38.8%
recorders and reproducers
VII Plastics, rubber and articles thereof 14.7% 15.3% 14.3% 14.2% 14.1% 12.7% 12.5%

40 Rubber and articles thereof 13.0% 13.6% 12.5% 12.2% 12.1% 10.7% 10.4%
Timiș
Optical, photographic,
cinematographic, measuring,
checking, precision, medical
XVIII 6.1% 6.0% 5.9% 6.3% 6.3% 6.8% 12.4%
or surgical instruments and
apparatus; watches; musical
instruments
Optical, photographic,
cinematographic, measuring,
90 6.1% 6.0% 5.9% 6.3% 6.3% 6.8% 12.4%
checking, precision, medical or
surgical instruments and apparatus
Machinery/mechanical appliances;
Annex 15.

XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 21.4% 23.4% 26.3% 29.0% 28.5% 28.0% 26.7%
sound recorders/reproducers
Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
84 13.4% 12.7% 12.7% 14.1% 14.2% 14.1% 13.3%
and mechanical appliances
Bucharest Electrical machinery and
85 equipment; sound and television 8.1% 10.7% 13.6% 14.8% 14.4% 13.8% 13.3%
recorders and reproducers
II Vegetable products 13.9% 11.2% 18.2% 18.4% 17.9% 19.2% 18.7%

10 Cereals 6.8% 8.1% 12.3% 12.1% 12.4% 11.7% 10.4%

Source: Own processing of data supplied by NIS and from TEMPO Online
 432 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 16 433

Annex 16. Counties and municipalities

account for more than 50 % of the national exports, Romania, counties
Counties and municipalities where some sections and chapters of CN

where some sections and chapters of CN account

for more than 50 % of the national exports,
Romania, counties with growth poles and
Bucharest, 2011-2017, %
Sections and chapters
County/city of the Combined 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Nomenclature (CN)

1 Timiș 80 Tin and articles thereof 60.6% 55.2% 50.9% 76.3% 71.8% 72.4% 83.9%
with growth poles and Bucharest, 2011-2017, %

Pyrotechnic products and

2 Bucharest 36 63.3% 72.3% 62.9% 74.7% 81.4% 87.6% 83.5%
explosives

Clocks and watches and

3 Bucharest 91 31.4% 34.1% 29.8% 34.4% 63.4% 80.8% 78.2%
parts thereof

Manufactures of straw, of
4 Bucharest 46 esparto or of other plaiting 52.3% 38.3% 64.2% 51.3% 64.1% 61.7% 71.8%
materials

5 Cluj 66 Umbrellas 2.9% 0.4% 0.4% 26.3% 51.7% 65.4% 69.4%

12. Seeds and oleaginous

6 Bucharest 12 fruits, industrial and 62.0% 44.5% 58.4% 60.2% 56.9% 61.4% 66.4%
medicinal plants

Ships, boats and floating

7 Constanța 89 48.6% 37.4% 26.0% 25.1% 34.7% 60.4% 60.3%
structures

Salt; sulphur, stones;

8 Bucharest 25 67.3% 74.2% 70.5% 62.2% 63.7% 65.5% 58.4%
plaster, lime and cement

9 Bucharest II Vegetable products 50.6% 44.5% 51.8% 51.7% 54.9% 54.4% 56.8%

10 Bucharest 29 Organic chemicals 44.1% 59.6% 47.4% 42.2% 49.8% 58.5% 56.0%

11 Bucharest 10 Cereals 47.2% 47.9% 52.8% 52.3% 58.6% 54.4% 55.8%

Annex 16.

12 Bucharest 30 Pharmaceutical products 49.1% 47.3% 45.2% 46.1% 40.0% 46.6% 53.7%

Special codes from the

13 Bucharest 99 6.5% 68.3% 65.1% 52.8% 56.9% 51.6% 53.2%
Combined Nomenclature

Miscellaneous chemical
14 Bucharest 38 25.8% 25.3% 49.2% 53.1% 46.0% 51.2% 52.9%
products

15 Cluj 47 Pulp 46.3% 63.6% 56.8% 39.9% 41.0% 51.2% 52.0%

Source: Own processing of data supplied by NIS and from TEMPO Online
 434 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 17 435

Annex 17. Sections and chapters of

of national/county/municipal imports, Romania, counties with growth

the CN which account for more than 10 % of

Sections and chapters of the CN which account for more than 10 %

national/county/municipal imports, Romania,

counties with growth poles and Bucharest,
2011-2017, %
County/ Sections and chapters of the
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
city Combined Nomenclature (CN)

Machinery/mechanical appliances;
XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 27.5% 26.6% 27.7% 27.3% 28.5% 28.1% 27.7%
sound recorders/reproducers

Electrical machinery and

85 equipment; sound and television 15.4% 14.2% 15.4% 14.7% 15.1% 15.6% 15.5%
recorders and reproducers
poles and Bucharest, 2011-2017, %

Romania
Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery
84 12.1% 12.4% 12.4% 12.6% 13.3% 12.5% 12.2%
and mechanical appliances

Base metals and articles of base

XV 11.3% 10.7% 10.5% 10.8% 10.7% 10.0% 10.5%
metal

Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and

XVII 7.6% 7.5% 7.8% 8.6% 9.2% 10.1% 10.0%
associated transport equipment

Machinery/mechanical appliances;
XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 23.1% 25.2% 26.6% 28.2% 28.9% 30.4% 32.0%
sound recorders/reproducers

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery

84 13.7% 15.4% 15.3% 16.3% 16.0% 16.2% 18.2%
and mechanical appliances
Annex 17.

Brașov Electrical machinery and

85 equipment; sound and television 9.4% 9.8% 11.3% 11.9% 12.9% 14.2% 13.8%
recorders and reproducers

Base metals and articles of base

XV 15.8% 14.0% 13.7% 14.6% 15.5% 17.4% 18.1%
metal

VII Plastics, rubber and articles thereof 7.3% 8.1% 8.8% 9.6% 9.8% 10.3% 11.4%
 436 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 17 437

County/ Sections and chapters of the

of national/county/municipal imports, Romania, counties with growth

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20 17

city Combined Nomenclature (CN)
Sections and chapters of the CN which account for more than 10 %

Machinery/mechanical appliances;
XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 48.9% 20.4% 21.4% 23.2% 26.4% 27.1% 26.7%
sound recorders/reproducers

Electrical machinery and

85 equipment; sound and television 41.3% 7.6% 9.7% 10.2% 11.5% 13.1% 13.7%
recorders and reproducers

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery

Cluj 84 7.6% 12.8% 11.7% 13.0% 14.9% 14.1% 13.1%
and mechanical appliances

V Mineral products 10.4% 24.1% 22.8% 20.1% 16.0% 11.4% 13.9%

Mineral fuels and mineral oils;

27 10.2% 23.9% 22.6% 19.9% 15.8% 11.2% 13.7%
bituminous substances

Base metals and articles of base

XV 7.7% 11.1% 11.3% 10.6% 11.5% 12.2% 11.8%
metal
poles and Bucharest, 2011-2017, %

V Mineral products 68.5% 75.8% 76.7% 76.9% 66.7% 63.6% 71.6%

Constanța
Mineral fuels and mineral oils;
27 68.0% 75.3% 76.2% 76.5% 66.3% 63.1% 71.2%
bituminous substances

Machinery/mechanical appliances;
XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 38.3% 35.7% 44.2% 40.5% 36.8% 31.5% 37.4%
sound recorders/reproducers

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery

84 26.4% 21.4% 29.4% 27.9% 27.0% 22.3% 26.8%
and mechanical appliances

Dolj Electrical machinery and

85 equipment; sound and television 12.0% 14.3% 14.8% 12.6% 9.7% 9.3% 10.6%
recorders and reproducers

Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and

XVII 20.7% 27.3% 26.6% 26.9% 28.9% 32.4% 31.6%
associated transport equipment

Vehicles (other than railway or

87 20.6% 27.2% 26.3% 26.9% 28.6% 32.1% 31.3%
tramway rolling stock)
Annex 17.

Machinery/mechanical appliances;
XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 47.1% 44.0% 36.1% 36.3% 39.4% 36.8% 35.5%
sound recorders/reproducers

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery

84 43.8% 39.2% 31.5% 29.8% 33.4% 30.9% 30.4%
Iași and mechanical appliances

Base metals and articles of base

XV 13.5% 16.0% 17.1% 16.2% 16.0% 13.5% 14.5%
metal

XI Textiles and textile articles 8.0% 7.8% 9.3% 10.2% 8.7% 9.6% 10.3%
 438 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 17 439

County/ Sections and chapters of the

of national/county/municipal imports, Romania, counties with growth

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20 17

city Combined Nomenclature (CN)
Sections and chapters of the CN which account for more than 10 %

V Mineral products 46.9% 37.1% 36.9% 38.5% 27.7% 26.2% 25.5%

Mineral fuels and mineral oils;

27 46.7% 36.9% 36.5% 38.3% 27.5% 26.0% 25.3%
bituminous substances

Prahova
Machinery/mechanical appliances;
XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 18.5% 21.5% 16.3% 13.6% 15.4% 14.7% 15.5%
sound recorders/reproducers

Prepared foodstuffs, beverages

IV 4.7% 7.4% 10.2% 10.0% 13.2% 14.1% 14.2%
and tobacco
poles and Bucharest, 2011-2017, %

Machinery/mechanical appliances;
XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 42.4% 44.1% 42.3% 43.1% 45.4% 47.9% 46.8%
sound recorders/reproducers

Timiș Electrical machinery and

85 equipment; sound and television 33.3% 36.5% 33.9% 35.0% 36.7% 40.2% 38.8%
recorders and reproducers

VII Plastics, rubber and articles thereof 16.4% 14.2% 12.8% 12.3% 11.4% 10.8% 11.0%

Machinery/mechanical appliances;
XVI electrical equipment; tv image, 24.8% 25.3% 28.2% 29.1% 28.5% 27.9% 27.3%
sound recorders/reproducers

Electrical machinery and

85 equipment; sound and television 13.4% 13.8% 15.7% 15.0% 14.9% 15.0% 15.5%
Annex 17.

Bucharest recorders and reproducers

Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery

84 11.4% 11.5% 12.6% 14.1% 13.6% 12.9% 11.8%
and mechanical appliances

VI Products of the chemical industry 16.8% 18.2% 17.6% 18.0% 17.1% 16.5% 16.6%

Source: Own processing of data supplied by NIS and from TEMPO Online
 440 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 18 441

Annex 18. Counties and municipalities

CN account for more than 50% of national imports, Romania, counties
Counties and municipalities where some sections and chapters of the

where some sections and chapters of the CN

account for more than 50% of national imports,
Romania, counties with growth poles and
Bucharest, 2011-2017, %

Sections and chapters

County/city of the Combined 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
with growth poles and Bucharest, 2011-2017, %

Nomenclature (CN)

Clocks and watches and

1 Bucharest 91 68.9% 65.5% 50.9% 76.3% 71.8% 72.4% 83.9%
parts thereof

2 Bucharest 30 Pharmaceutical products 67.4% 71.5% 62.9% 74.7% 81.4% 87.6% 83.5%

Knitted clothing and

3 Bucharest 61 46.2% 47.1% 29.8% 34.4% 63.4% 80.8% 78.2%
accessories

Manufactures of straw, of
4 Bucharest 46 esparto or of other plaiting 42.7% 37.1% 64.2% 51.3% 64.1% 61.7% 71.8%
materials

Toys, games and sports

5 Bucharest 95 50.3% 50.5% 0.4% 26.3% 51.7% 65.4% 69.4%
equipment

6 Bucharest 10 Cereals 36.4% 52.6% 58.4% 60.2% 56.9% 61.4% 66.4%

Miscellaneous edible
7 Bucharest 21 61.1% 61.0% 26.0% 25.1% 34.7% 60.4% 60.3%
preparations
Annex 18.

Headgear and parts

8 Bucharest 65 34.9% 45.1% 70.5% 62.2% 63.7% 65.5% 58.4%
thereof

Printed books and

9 Bucharest 49 67.6% 61.9% 51.8% 51.7% 54.9% 54.4% 56.8%
newspapers

Not knitted or crocheted

10 Bucharest 62 42.5% 48.6% 47.4% 42.2% 49.8% 58.5% 56.0%
clothing and accessories
 442 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 18 443

CN account for more than 50% of national imports, Romania, counties

Sections and chapters

Counties and municipalities where some sections and chapters of the

County/city of the Combined 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Nomenclature (CN)

Alcoholic and non-alcoholic

11 Bucharest 22 66.3% 60.5% 52.8% 52.3% 58.6% 54.4% 55.8%
beverages

Cocoa and cocoa

12 Bucharest 18 58.4% 57.1% 45.2% 46.1% 40.0% 46.6% 53.7%
preparations
with growth poles and Bucharest, 2011-2017, %

13 Cluj 47 Pulp 16.8% 14.5% 65.1% 52.8% 56.9% 51.6% 53.2%

14 Bucharest 09 Coffee, tea, spices 57.8% 55.3% 49.2% 53.1% 46.0% 51.2% 52.9%

Pyrotechnic products and

15 Brașov 36 60.3% 57.6% 56.8% 39.9% 41.0% 51.2% 52.0%
explosives

16 Bucharest 33 Essential oils 63.3% 61.9% 49.0% 50.4% 50.6% 51.8% 54.1%

Photographic or
17 Bucharest 37 55.7% 57.2% 57.6% 57.4% 59.1% 57.5% 52.7%
cinematographic goods

Miscellaneous chemical
18 Bucharest 38 47.1% 47.3% 47.9% 48.9% 52.1% 51.8% 52.2%
products

Sugar and sugar

19 Bucharest 17 36.9% 41.5% 46.8% 42.1% 36.3% 57.5% 51.7%
confectionery
Annex 18.

Products of the chemical

20 Bucharest VI 51.5% 54.6% 50.2% 49.5% 51.5% 50.8% 50.9%
industry

21 Bucharest 19 Preparations of cereals 64.4% 57.9% 54.0% 52.5% 48.2% 49.3% 50.1%

Source: Own processing of data supplied by NIS and from TEMPO Online
444 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 19 445

Annex 19. Sections and chapters of the

than 9, counties with growth poles and Bucharest, 2011-2017, %
Sections and chapters of the CN whose RCA value is greater

CN whose RCA value is greater than 9, counties

with growth poles and Bucharest, 2011-2017, %

Sections and chapters

County/city of the Combined 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Nomenclature (CN)

1 Cluj 66 Umbrellas 0.5926 0.2273 0.2017 13.3531 23.9051 29.1381 28.5919

2 Cluj 47 Pulp 9.4791 34.3463 30.3859 20.2281 18.9607 22.8184 21.4334

Ships, boats and floating

3 Constanța 89 9.2509 7.2458 5.3384 5.0229 9.3210 17.6369 18.9278
structures

4 Dolj 35 Albuminoidal substances 20.5330 5.5160 2.6325 4.5995 6.0790 13.1736 13.8397

Miscellaneous edible
5 Prahova 21 15.3385 12.2305 1.8072 2.0504 2.0634 3.1328 11.7395
preparations

Paper and articles of

6 Cluj 48 2.5877 7.3162 5.8804 6.8870 6.5662 7.9356 10.2465
paper

7 Constanța 01 Live animals 3.9310 5.7330 5.6432 5.2323 7.1800 9.2909 10.0703

Mineral fuels and mineral

8 Constanța 27 7.4780 8.8903 9.2441 9.2471 9.3435 8.8605 9.7591
oils; bituminous substances

9 Constanța V Mineral products 7.2077 8.5819 8.8668 8.9566 8.9974 8.5896 9.4636
Annex 19.

Tobacco and manufactured

10 Prahova 24 0.4643 0.0076 5.0163 4.3621 4.2685 7.0192 9.4105
tobacco substitutes

Paper and articles of

11 Cluj X 2.8846 8.0840 6.8301 6.6348 6.2505 7.4797 9.3699
paper

Source: Own processing of data supplied by NIS and from TEMPO Online
446 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 20 447

Annex 20. Sections and chapters of the

Sections and chapters of the CN whose MI value is greater than

CN whose MI value is greater than 0.1, counties

0.1, counties with growth poles and Bucharest, 2011-2017, %

with growth poles and Bucharest, 2011-2017, %

Sections and chapters

County/city of the Combined 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Nomenclature (CN)

Nuclear reactors, boilers,

1 Iași 84 machinery and mechanical 0.1340 0.2407 0.2789 0.2751 0.2513 0.2665 0.2620
appliances

Machinery/mechanical
appliances; electrical
2 Iași XVI equipment; tv image, 0.1108 0.2014 0.2466 0.2271 0.2053 0.2213 0.2243
sound recorders/
reproducers

Vehicles, aircraft, vessels

3 Brașov XVII and associated transport 0.1017 0.0972 0.1168 0.1596 0.1872 0.1979 0.2192
equipment

Ships, boats and floating

4 Constanța 89 0.1907 0.1342 0.1078 0.0705 0.1451 0.2615 0.2176
structures

Vehicles (other than

5 Brașov 87 railway or tramway rolling 0.1277 0.1113 0.1153 0.1489 0.1814 0.1922 0.2122
stock)

Machinery/mechanical
appliances; electrical
6 Prahova XVI equipment; tv image, 0.1339 0.1464 0.2043 0.2186 0.2305 0.2152 0.2023
sound recorders/
reproducers

Vehicles, aircraft, vessels

7 Constanța XVII and associated transport 0.1819 0.1252 0.0987 0.0584 0.1296 0.2433 0.1976
Annex 20.

equipment

8 Constanța II Vegetable products 0.0423 0.0842 0.1584 0.1590 0.1826 0.1815 0.1763

Vehicles, aircraft, vessels

9 Dolj XVII and associated transport 0.0638 0.3163 0.2816 0.2405 0.2136 0.1270 0.1601
equipment

Vehicles (other than

10 Dolj 87 railway or tramway rolling 0.0600 0.3169 0.2835 0.2404 0.2110 0.1270 0.1570
stock)
448 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 20 449

Sections and chapters of the CN whose MI value is greater than

Sections and chapters

County/city of the Combined 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Nomenclature (CN)
0.1, counties with growth poles and Bucharest, 2011-2017, %

11 Bucharest II Vegetable products 0.1139 0.0790 0.1447 0.1485 0.1343 0.1469 0.1471

12 Constanța 10 Cereals 0.0319 0.0635 0.1147 0.1124 0.1197 0.1166 0.1294

Machinery/mechanical
appliances; electrical
13 Cluj XVI equipment; tv image, 0.2085 0.0650 0.0711 0.0850 0.0653 0.0959 0.1189
sound recorders/
reproducers

Nuclear reactors, boilers,

14 Prahova 84 machinery and mechanical 0.0827 0.0994 0.1536 0.1579 0.1721 0.1399 0.1142
appliances

Electrical machinery and

equipment; sound and
15 Cluj 85 0.2456 0.0733 0.0459 0.0772 0.0910 0.1051 0.1127
television recorders and
reproducers

Source: Own processing of data supplied by NIS and from TEMPO Online
Annex 20.
 450 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 21 451

Annex 21. Main export partners of

and of Bucharest, 2017, % - total national/county/municipal exports
Main export partners of Romania, of the counties with growth poles

Romania, of the counties with growth poles and

of Bucharest, 2017, % - total national/county/
municipal exports exceeding 3 %

ROMANIA Bucharest Brașov Cluj Constanța Dolj Iași Prahova Timiș

Germany – 23% Germany – 18% Germany – 38% Italy – 22% Marshall Is. – 15% Germany – 24% Germany – 24% Italy – 18% Germany – 35%

Italy – 11% Bulgaria – 8% France – 7% Germany – 18% Turkey – 10% Italy – 21% France – 12% Germany – 12% Italy – 13%

France – 7% Italy – 6% Italy – 7% France – 8% Moldova – 9% UK — 12% Belgium – 7% France – 6% France – 6%

Hungary – 5% Hungary – 6% Poland – 6% Netherlands – 6% Georgia – 7% France – 8% Poland – 6% UK – 6% Slovakia – 5%

UK – 4% France – 5% Spain – 6% Hungary – 5% Jordan – 6% Egypt – 6% UK – 5% Moldova – 5% Poland – 5%

Bulgaria – 3% Netherlands – 4% Belgium – 3% Poland – 4% Bulgaria – 6% India – 4% India – 5% Egypt – 4% Czechia – 4%

Bosnia and
Turkey – 3% Spain – 4% Turkey – 3% Bulgaria – 4% Liberia – 6% Italy – 5% Hungary – 3% Hungary – 3%
Herzegovina – 3%

Poland – 3% Greece – 4% UK – 3% Spain – 4% Lebanon – 5% Hungary – 3% Czechia – 5% USA – 3% Austria – 3%

exceeding 3 %

Spain – 3% UK – 4% Hungary – 3% UK – 4% Germany – 4% Hungary – 4% Bulgaria – 3%

Czechia – 3% Belgium – 3% Czechia – 3% Italy – 3% Moldova – 4% Czechia – 3%

Austria – 3% Austria – 3% Lebanon – 3% China – 3% Turkey – 3%

Annex 21.

Czechia – 3% Spain – 3% Korea – 3% Belgium – 3%

Source: Own processing of data supplied by NIS and from TEMPO Online

Color key: Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania
 452 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 22 453

Annex 22. Main import partners of

and of Bucharest, 2017, % - total national/county/municipal imports
Main import partners of Romania, of the counties with growth poles

Romania, of the counties with growth poles and

of Bucharest, 2017, % - total national/county/
municipal imports exceeding 3 %

ROMANIA Bucharest Brașov Cluj Constanța Dolj Iași Prahova Timiș

Germany – 20% Germany – 16% Germany – 39% Hungary – 20% Kazakhstan – 30% Germany – 24% Germany – 16% Germany – 22% Germany – 31%

Italy – 10% Hungary – 8% Italy – 10% Germany – 15% Russia – 27% Italy – 10% France – 14% Russia – 17% Italy – 12%

Hungary – 8% Italy – 8% France – 7% Italy – 15% Azerbaijan – 8% Turkey – 8% Italy – 10% Italy – 8% Hungary – 7%

Poland – 5% Poland – 7% China – 4% Poland – 8% Iraq – 5% Spain – 7% Moldova – 8% Kazakhstan – 6% China – 7%

France – 5% France – 6% UK – 4% Netherlands – 5% Bulgaria – 4% UK – 7% China – 6% Poland – 6% France – 4%

China – 5% China – 6% Hungary – 4% China – 5% Turkey – 3% Poland – 6% Turkey – 6% China – 4% Czechia – 4%

Netherlands – 4% Netherlands – 5% Poland – 4% Austria – 3% Italy – 3% Czechia – 6% Belgium – 4% UK – 4% Poland – 4%

Turkey – 4% Slovakia – 5% Austria – 3% Czechia – 3% Germany – 3% Hungary – 5% Spain – 4% Hungary – 3% Austria – 3%

Austria – 3% Austria – 4% Netherlands – 3% Spain – 3% Bulgaria – 5% Hungary – 4% France – 3% Netherlands – 3%

Russia – 3% Bulgaria – 4% Czechia – 3% China – 4% Poland – 3% Turkey – 3%

exceeding 3 %

Czechia – 3% Spain – 3% France – 4% Bulgaria – 3%

Bulgaria – 3% Turkey – 3% Belgium – 4% Netherlands – 3%

Spain – 3% Belgium – 3%
Annex 22.

UK – 3%

Source: Own processing of data supplied by NIS and from TEMPO Online

Color key: Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania
454 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 23 455

Annex 23. Evolution of the turnover

Evolution of the turnover and average no. of employees of the
top 10 exporting companies, Constanța county, 2007-2017

and average no. of employees of the top 10

exporting companies, Constanța county,
2007-2017

NACE 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Turnover
(thousand 5,429,312 8,665,022 6,281,160 7,099,250 10,174,809 12,323,113 11,748,667 13,490,673 9,881,196 8,774,322 11,192,755
SC ROMPETROL RON)
1920
RAFINARE SA
No. of
879 1,127 1,016 1,057 1,103 946 977 1,272 1,173 1,085 1,061
employees
Turnover
(thousand 108,303 130,361 137,213 218,656 483,949 884,372 1,779,525 2,205,538 2,376,058 2,647,749 2,961,386
SC AMEROPA RON)
4621
GRAINS SA
No. of
267 258 253 237 200 191 208 212 274 303 -
employees

SC DAEWOO- Turnover
(thousand 989,851 1,299,968 1,283,939 1,694,918 1,725,406 833,178 1,195,894 914,020 2,016,402 2,057,195 988,609
MANGALIA RON)
3011
HEAVY
No. of
INDUSTRIES SA 3,998 3,781 3,929 3,451 3,065 2,728 2,601 2,574 2,585 2,389 1,988
employees
Turnover
(thousand 267,834 703,979 921,999 2,307,765 796,939 813,037 1,022,058 1,237,476 934,055 124,861 58,089
SC GRUP SERVICII RON)
910
PETROLIERE SA
No. of
523 466 664 505 434 364 449 378 325 206 162
employees
Turnover
SC ROMPETROL (thousand 642,837 885,827 729,045 845,857 1,077,762 855,167 832,664 122,603 26 0 0
RON)
PETROCHEMICALS 2016
SRL No. of
501 537 512 490 471 0 0 0 5 4 1
employees
Turnover
SC ȘANTIERUL (thousand 335,672 564,807 547,543 322,227 67,466 296,751 192,480 113,453 226,784 135,888 229,831
RON)
NAVAL 3011
CONSTANȚA SA No. of
2,378 2,465 2,078 1,443 1,352 1,366 983 862 1,036 1,033 1,038
employees
Annex 23.

Turnover
(thousand 12,646 9,461 13,125 5,982 878 24,879 75,171 96,222 68,203 96,930 212,122
RON)
SC ALNASER SRL 4623
No. of
8 9 9 8 5 6 14 11 14 16 17
employees
Turnover
(thousand 74,288 133,635 187,557 338,141 544,497 822,429 1,155,312 1,277,145 1,117,942 971,522 643,307
SC BRISEGROUP RON)
4621
SRL
No. of
21 26 32 64 128 182 259 388 363 424 237
employees
456 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 23 457
Evolution of the turnover and average no. of employees of the

NACE 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
top 10 exporting companies, Constanța county, 2007-2017

Turnover
(thousand 57,779 66,951 62,697 83,296 145,931 223,011 184,473 153,943 229,802 244,937 272,473
SC MARIA RON)
4623
TRADING SRL No. of
114 113 108 207 264 277 248 259 305 359 394
employees
Turnover
(thousand 292,127 307,307 361,109 343,527 436,407 276,409 239,219 158,878 - - -
SC TOMINI RON)
3832
TRADING SRL No. of
325 258 183 197 205 199 172 143 - - -
employees
SILOTRANS SRL Turnover
CONSTANTA- TAX (thousand 5,465 23,734 26,831 22,676 21,017 22,835 31,266 30,109 22,540 24,015 24,829
RON)
REPRESENTATIVE 5210
FOR CHS EUROPE No. of
45 49 51 56 59 59 58 60 64 51 42
SA employees
Turnover
(thousand 3,255 2,211 6,266 24,495 35,580 97,603 105,032 105,121 128,824 168,190 185,334
SC AL KASTAL RON)
4623
CHARTERING SRL No. of
2 3 3 6 9 10 15 22 23 25 24
employees
Turnover
SC KIRAZOGLU (thousand 127,162 112,494 207,596 275,353 402,461 346,957 223,761 202,421 133,432 12,320 22,212
RON)
CORPORATION 4677
SRL No. of
51 45 48 49 55 77 72 77 61 40 25
employees
Turnover
(thousand 145,230 289,921 111,894 203,427 270,249 142,354 75,208 25,220 11,639 1,099 431
SC METAL HOUSE RON)
4677
CO. SRL No. of
20 20 31 32 32 25 23 21 13 12 9
employees
GRAIN Turnover
INTERNATIONAL (thousand - - - - 0 43 482 576 21 4 0
RON)
SRL - TAX
5229
REPRESENTATIVE No. of
OF CHANTEN - - - - 1 1 5 6 2 1 0
employees
TRADING LIMITED
SOYAPLUS Turnover
SRL - TAX (thousand 9,290 47,071 5,203 203 0 0 0 - - - -
RON)
REPRESENTATIVE 5210
Annex 23.

FOR CHS EUROPE No. of

2 2 2 3 2 2 2 - - - -
SA employees
Turnover
(thousand 26,105 49,013 173,989 54,830 89,884 323,683 - 243 - - -
SC ECO RON)
4671
PETROLEUM SA No. of
59 57 59 56 45 47 - 8 - - -
employees
Turnover
(thousand 49,588 78,262 2,728 37,383 99,565 8,701 36 0 - - -
RON)
SC SCANTEL SRL 3832
No. of
28 28 19 13 22 11 1 1 - - -
employees
458 Competitive Profile of Constanța Annex 23 459
Evolution of the turnover and average no. of employees of the

NACE 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
top 10 exporting companies, Constanța county, 2007-2017

Turnover
(thousand 15,723 23,411 33,527 44,943 52,866 64,640 57,969 67,574 58,742 100,386 73,403
SC TOLIL RON)
150
COMPANY SRL No. of
13 13 17 18 31 34 41 42 57 64 75
employees
Turnover
SC EUROPE (thousand - - 23,306 124,735 140,803 103,215 66,895 47,351 42,926 45,554 84,691
RON)
METAL TRADE 4672
SRL No. of
- - 4 11 14 23 17 10 10 10 12
employees
Turnover
SC METALBOND (thousand 62,152 66,559 - - 0 0 0 0 - - -
RON)
INSTRUCT 3832
COMIMPEX SRL No. of
9 5 - - 0 0 0 0 - - -
employees
Turnover
(thousand - - - - - - - - 10,894 61,789 89,058
SC ROJEN RON)
4639
COMMERCE SRL No. of
- - - - - - - - 12 24 32
employees
Turnover
SC T.A.R. (thousand - - - - - - 31,842 68,223 68,311 59,574 38,405
RON)
TRADING 4611
DIVISION SRL No. of
- - - - - - 3 5 9 9 9
employees
Turnover
SC UNITED (thousand - - - - - 0 23,327 47,139 30,101 68,993 73,095
RON)
FOR FOOD & 162
LIVESTOCK SRL No. of
- - - - - 0 16 19 19 32 35
employees
Turnover
(thousand 8,950 12,168 15,045 14,506 9,534 7,817 8,184 7,739 5,381 6,912 -
SC UNICO ITAL RON)
1413
SRL No. of
189 142 143 153 156 133 129 131 132 125 -
employees
Turnover
SC ASENA (thousand 25,488 66,343 4,803 3,863 6,085 63 - - - 0 -
RON)
IMPORT 3832
EXPORT'97 SRL No. of
28 31 25 14 11 2 - - - 0 -
employees
Annex 23.

Turnover
(thousand - - 41,099 231,017 316,631 227,742 15,082 179 177 190 193
SC MARIA RON)
4621
CEREALE SRL No. of
- - 4 8 14 16 10 6 2 2 1
employees
Turnover
(thousand - - 20 13,655 66,934 348,483 238,614 165 5 6 1
RON)
SC OIL PROD SRL 1920
No. of
- - 0 14 33 49 9 0 0 0 0
employees
Source: Own processing of data supplied by NISNote: Companies included in the top 10
exporters of 2016 are written in bold; companies that have reached zero turnover and
zero employees on average are highlighted in red