ET.

Sela (humbleFool) Mational Sudles

Mlasua
Step 4

Ploneer Column

(Brieily Discuss it)

Step 5 n-
The Anglo-Ndebele war
(Briefly Discuss the it)

JUSTIFY THE RISE OF MASS NATIONALISM FROM 1943-1978

Long standing political and econormic ISues remained unresolVEd

zcf
Negative effects of setler legislation on land distribution e.g Land Appolntrnent Act: Land
Husbandry Act, Land Tenure Act

Dispossession of traditional terrilories and translocation to overcrowded dry and tsetse fly
infected reserves
Loss of major means of production-
loss of independence e
oResentrment of coercive labor tactics like Chibharo (forced tabor)
Untair labor legislation e.g passes law, industrial Cancellation Act
Rise of militant Trade Unions in 1940s as a reaction to seter indiference to labor problems.
Violent / nuthless suppression of Afican strikes and repressive laws
Some African countries were geting their independence e.g. Ghana

IDENTIFY 5 ACTS OF PARLIAMENT USED TO DISADVANTAGE INDIGENIOUS PEOPLE FROM

1898-1975
Native Reserves Order Council 1898

Hut tax 1 03
Dog Tax and Land Banik Acts 1912

Land Tenure Ac! 1969

rbal Trust Land Act 1965
Europeans Produce Act 1917

.Morrs Charter Commission 1925

Land Apportionment Act 1934
E.T.Seka (humblefoal) National Studies

Cattle Levy Act 1934

Industrial Conciliaion Act 1934

Racial discimination 1934
Maize Control Act

oLand husbandry Act 1951

Pass Laws PAA

QUESTION

a) Explore the causes and objectives of the Third Chimurenga

b) Examine the extent to which these objectives have been met

QUESTION

Examine the steps which were taken in the colonization of ZIMBABWE

QUESTION

a) outline the negative impacts made so far by some Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
operating in Zimbabwe.
b) Demonstraie how media has shaped perceplions of people in your community to be consciOUS

of their civic responsibilties

QUESTION
Outline the stages cf law making process in Zimbabwe

Critique the conditionality's prolfered by the Breton Woods institutions to developing countries ike
Zimbabwe when giving out financial aid

QUESTION

Using practical examples in Africa, explain the three (3) Cs of International Relation

QUESTION

Dernonstrate how the principle of separation ol powers function in the Zimbabwean context

Question
E.T. Selka (humblefool) National Studies
Page
) Ouline the negative impacte rnada so far by some Won-Governmental Orgaiztione
12 marks
(HGOS)
romotinglencouraging laziness and dependerncy syndrone among Zimbabweans
working against govemment policies eg. blactk empowerment. indigenization, land and

redistbution etc.
Play a role in dumping useless andlor obsolete products or technology
Test drugs on peopie

They sponsor and support opposition political parties

the interests of their mother which are invariably opposed to
They represent
government policies
Some of them engage in subversion and espionage

Encourage brain drain

Interfere in the political alífairs of the country

which opposed to African values and
They cause the spread of foreign cultures are

beliefs
be conscious of
Demonstrate how media has shaped perception of people in yoOur comnunity to
thelr responsibilities [ 8 marks]

(felevision, radio, and newspapers) regarded

Media is the main means of mass communicalion

collectively
to vote in the harmonized elections, e.g
Media has encouraged citizen of Zimbabwe
the people to register to vote
ZEC uSed the media to encourage
of trees
to grovw rees, avoid cuting down
EMA through media has encouraged people
Media also highlighted lhe dangers of drinking

Encourage people lo desist from violence

Flight adverts on the prevision of HIV and AIDS

intormation e.g. on corrupton
Helps the police with
Any other relevant points

Question
in Zimbabwa 20 marks)
Outine the stages of law making process

Stage 1 first reading

notice of a moton
bil has been gazetted, the member responsible must serve
After a

the house to bing in the bill

that leave be granted by
ET. Seka (fhumbleFool) Mational Studies

On the day specied in the notice, the moion for leave is moved and, i granled, he

member must bring a copy of a bill lo the clerk at the table, vho reads the lüitle of the

Dill.

Ris the bringing of the copy to the cierks and the subequent reading of the title
theraof wihich is regarded as the firet reading.

Stage z eference to the Parliamentary Legal Committee

The house in which the bill onginates refers it to the Pariamenary Legal Commitee

(PLC)
lts purpose is to examine ll bills and stalutory instruments and determine whether

they are in conformity with he Declaration of rights and other provisions of the
constitution.

Stage 3 Second Reading

This third stage is opened by the sponsoring minister, who makes a speech outining

which it is based.
the purposes of the bül and the principles upon
This is followed by debate of these principles
No discussion on individual clause is permissible, although reterence may be made to

these clause as part of the debate.

Consideration by Committee
Stage4
committee set up for
Next, the bill is considered clause by clause, either by a special

the purpose or a commitee of the whole house.

commitee of the whole house

The practice in Zimbabwe is to use
a

and debaled
At this stage, amendments to individual Clauses are proposed
the wishes of the
Amendments are not usualy successtul f they run against

overnment

Reporing Stage
Slage
of the bil, as amended, to the whole house.
his stage involves making a report
repori stage is a
commitee of the whole house, the
If the bill was considered by
a

mere fomaity.
 E.T. Selka (humbleFool) National Studies
Page
f # was considered by a special commitee, his stage allowS olher members oi ne

house to propose amendments.

Stage 6 Referral to the Pariliamertary Legal Commities (PLC)

f the bilis amended at the committee andor report stages, it is referred to the PLc,

which will scrutinize any amendmenls according to the procedures outlined in stage 2

Stage Third Reading

This is the stage at which the bill is put to a vote for either approval or rejecton.

NO reading per se takes place and, unless some members have given notice that they

wish to do so, there is no debate.

i.e. the minimum nurmber of people required to constitute a valid meeting

1ne quorum,
of the House of Assembly.
must be a two-thirds majority fron the
owever, tor a Consttution Bll to pass, there
total membership of each house.

Transmission to the other House

Stage
been passed by the house in which it originated, an
As soon as the bill has

authenticated copy of it s transmitted to the house.

amendments.
bil or pass it with or without
The second house may reject the
the bill to the
the bill with amendments, it relurn
Where the second house passes

house of ongin.
anendments made to the
reject, agree to, or incorporate the
The house ol ongin may
bill by the second house

is given to the National Assembly.

However, primacy

Presidential Assent
Stage 9

assented to by the president

A bll becomes law only after being
Natonal Assembly has
fhouses, or after the
After bill has been passed by both
a
assent
overridden the Senate, it is presented
to the president for
House ot ASsembly
the bill in question, but the
Again, if the president rejects
and return the bill to the
majority
secures the felevant fwo-thirds
Subsequently 21 days or
wo options: either assent to the bill within
President, he/she is given
for fresh electons.
dissolve Parliarment and call
E.1L. Seka (humblefuol) National Studies Pase

to
Quosilon 7 Critique tie conditlonalitoo profierod by Bretton woods instituton
financlal aid SMarkej
davoloping counirios to Zimbaiwre when giving out
the Breton woods
The lollowing are the conditionalities for receiving aid to developing countries by

institutionsS
the
Trade liberalization Ifree trade and goods and services-this led to
destruction of homo industries and markets
in
fioat has resulted
F r e e circulation of capital or allowing the currency to
devaluaion of currencies thus creating crisis in Zimbabwe
control of some
of parastatals saw the government losing
Privatizalton
companies and most corporabons

Reduction of expenditure, education and healith

saw a
number of workers
as social and
laid off in the crealion mmense poverty as well
being resuling
political untest

nse to inliaton thus makng t virtualy

Removal of price controis gave
Zimbabweans to access the basic commodities
impossible for ordinary
and deforestation
More emphasis on cash crops led to food shortages
children and women disproporionately
They hurt the
properily cushion the laid of workers
T h e social dimension fund could not
thus undermine nation
Their aid can be used to gain political mileage and
sovereigntyY
a
are set of conditionlities imposed upon
SAPs are not democraic -they

debt strapped country by these lFis

three (3) Cs of International Relations [20 marks]

in Africa, explain the
Using practical examples
IR.
Students should
demonstrate the knowledge of 3 Cs of

Conflict
Competluon
Corporation

Conflict

Contict

and Namibia over the Sedudu islands

seen in the case
of Botswana
t can be
Zimbabwe was the mediator
Robert Mugabe of
there.
disturbance in Lesotho
where SADC managed to send soldiers
The political
ET. Seka (humbieko0 National Studies
Page
Unrest in Mozambique where terrorist groups are iying to destablize the country

Competition

Competition can be positive or negalive

Zimbabwe compeled with other Afican counties to host the 2018 orád cup
There is compeition in commerce with other African countries
There is also competition in education. Zimbabwe is fighting to maintain the top

position in literacy

Corporation
African countries are signing many mull-lateral agreements

Several regional and cotnental organizations have been formed and these are

SADC

African Union
Ecowas etc.
other in all tie above organization
African countries are co0perating with each

Question
Zimbabwean
of powers functions in the
Demonstrate how the principle of separation
context 20 marks]

Sludent should demonstrate the

knowiedge of the doctrine
doctrine divides the nstutons of government into three ie.
Separation of powers

and judiciary
Legislature, execulive
balances
tis there for check and

1) Legislature
Makes aws
Debate presidential speeches

Scrutinize the budget

Oversight over the national purse

Pass bills
confidence on the president
Can pass vole of
no

Amends laJwS

Repeal laws
adrministration
Control over republic
E.T Seka
(humblef ool) National Studies

2) Executive
Assents to bil from the paiament

Declares state of emergencles e.g. wars disasters

Commander -in -chief of the detense forces

Implements new laws

Executive authority is vested in the President

He upholds the consttubon

Appoints cabinet ministers

Has prerogative ot mercy

Appoint judiciay

Represents the nabon

Make the law through decrees

e ascends to all legisiaton

) Judiciary
constitution
Guardianship of the

interprets the aw
Protector of the fundamental nights
function over
a Superision
e.g. nigner cOurts have
Courts have a supervis0ry Tunction

tower ocOurts responsbilty ct managing

distressed comparnes
Courts may be given the
to alensiforeigners
to grand citlizenship
Courls may be authorzed

of government is not
allowed to affect the operations of the
each am
However, it should be noted that

other

QUESTION development in Zmbabwe from 1980-

political and economic posl-independence
Discuss the soclal,

1990

QUESTION countries economic

Worid Bank for third wvorid
conditilonalibes given by the IMF and
Outline any five

refoms
 National Studies
E.T. Selka (humbleFool)

QUESTION
outined in the constitulion of Zimbabwe
Discuss the 5 various freedoms as

QUESTION
List any five functions of Pariament

QUESTION

Discuss the major tealures of globalizaion

QUESTION
educaton, health, poitical
introduced in the following sectors, the 6conomic,
Explain any four changes
after 1980.
and social in Zimbabwe

QUESTION

Outine and explain at least eight cinC responisibilibes.

QUESTION
civilization in the Mutapa State in the following
areas,
Show the extent of development of Afñican
medicine, metallurgy and agnicuiture.

QUESTION historical and Colonial

Trace and analyze how the Zimbabwean government has been correcting

justices since 1s60.

QUESTION
have been used by the West to
Demonstrale the extent to which non-govermimental organizalions

undermine the interests of Zimbabwee

QUESTION materials can be

burdened by servicing debt and selling cheap
raw
Analyze howa developing country
economicaly self-reliant.

QUESTION
sustainabie
Demonstrale how economic activibes at Great Zimbabwe were

QUESTION
distoried the LAND REFORM
Show how terns like "Tand grab, "Tam seizures, Tarm occupatons" etc.

that conmenced in 200.

ET Seka (humbleFool) National Studies

QUESTIOM
Discuss how he economic aclivilies in he Mutapa State were suslainable

Expected answers
and nuls
several crops such as miet, sorghum, rapoko
Crop cultivationiproduction they grew
to supplement their diet (balanced diet)
Trade and for tribute payment
and cate
Animal rearing- hey kept such animals hike goats, sheep
and rade
and skins lor local consumption, tribule payment
This provided them with milk, meat

there was both internal and extemal trade

Trade-

tor glass beads,

soapstone carvings
n exchange
They traded in such lems as minerals, Vory,

and brass ware

y

which did not contribute

to the development
The trade was untair to the
local as they got goOds
for personal use
of their state but were just consurmables
grain, skins,
in he form ot catte, sheep, goats (ivestock),
Tnbute payment- tnbue was pad
to show ioyality to the King9
were produced by the people
Vory and other products that

wealth of the state

This contribuled to
arrows
Several tools
Were made trorn ron, 6.9. äxes, hoes, spearsS,
Iron smeltng/lool making

fruits (neat, skins, ivory)

hey hunted animals and gahered
Hunting and
gathering

QUESTION and economicaly by the war of dispossess

ion of
affectod socially
Describe how Africans were

1893-1 1694.
leaderless and directionioss
Ndebele people were left
The administration
answerable to the colonial
were now
lost their power as they
Afncan chiefs

Blacks lost heir independence

Atricans lost their freedom

as law
the Shona police
tactics by instauing
their divide and conquer
The setlers enforced
as nleror
erforcers over he Noebele whom they regarded
matters relating to blacks
giver and a judge
in
as a law
Each white man regarded lirmsef

Blacks were exposed lo seter brutaity

 National StuGies
PI$e
E.T. Seta (humbiet oo

of catile and land

Blacks were dispossessed

Taxation
Backs losl their economic acivibes

QUESTION the Great Zimbabwe

state.
of the ecornomic activities of
Discuss the sustainabiliy

etc wich were more localy

such as millet, rapok0, Sorghum,
Agnculture- grew crops
was sustanable,
the methods ot
hence the type of crop production
made available,
nutrienis arnd re uced
soil erosion
Culbvabion protected the sol
were resistant to diseases.
Livestock were local breeds that

lo
axes and pICKS) wfich were not damaging
iools were used (hoEs,
Mining Smple

the environiment

depiete the widite populalon

metalurgy could not
Hunting and gathering-hunting and gathering
home-maoe nets for hshing. Huntng
anid
(bores and arrows, taps, GOgs

were seasonal

Metallurgy
Trade

QUESTION affacted by the cperations

of the international

countries of the world

How are developing

finance? the
concentrabon of finance capital in
control and
International finance is the growth,
IMF and WB.
international finance institutions, e.g.

interest rates
developed countries at very high
those institutions
and by
Control of finance
is by
to developirng countnes

countries are affected

How developing
financial institutions
from developed counthes and from
countries borrow capital
Developing
interest rates
iMF and WB at very high
e.g.
t1 Seka (humbiefool)
National Studies
Pag

DISCUSS THE IMPACT OF NGOs IN ZIMEABWE:

POSITIVE (economic impact)

Employment creation for locals and extemals

Project funding
lmprovement in the standard of living
cyciones erc.
Providng assistance in
times of disasters e.g. drought, floods, earthquaxes,

Social impact

Donation medical equipment and drugs to fght chronic diseases e.g. AIDS, EBOLA, SARS.

CORONA etc.
Education on health and hygiene

the under privileged

Offening educabonal assistance to orphans and
Child feeding in rural areas

Negative impact

Sponsonng opposiuon partes

the interest on their mother countries

Represen tation
Durmping procucis
Testing drugs on people
locals
Encouraging the dependency syndrome of

OF MEDIA IN ZIMBABWE AND HOW IT HAS SHAPED THE PERCEPTIONS

DISCUSS THE ROLE
SOCIETY
AND VALUES OF ZIMBABWEAN

. Inform
television continue to deliver both local
o
Mass media such as newspapers, radio and

news services Such as cB, Herald, Newsday, among others,

and global news. Major
goung on.
intorm people about whats

Educate
ET.Seka (humble Fool) National Studies

o Buliding new schools

Expansion ol pnmary and secondary educatior

Expansion of technical education, teacher training and university educaton.

Health

Additional health facilities i.e. clinics and hospitals

Training ot more health personnel

personnel
Employment of expatriale
1990
Free health service up to

Social welfare facilities

bilind and disabled, drought relief

Schools fees, hospital fees,
catering for the

Cooperatives poulty projects,

schemes,
imigaion
to work together
economic to encourage people
Social and
cooperabves
and knitting
bread making, sewing

Legislation decisions, human ngnts,

freedom

and independent
Act-18 years. voting9
of Majority
Legal age
Labor Relations
Act
of expressions,

Economics achievements

commodibes

Subsidies on basic
actvibes and employment
economic
of
Parastatals, Expansion ZESA and Hwange Coliery
ZSCO,
industnes eg. NRZ,
in strategic
Govemment shares

tamers
Resettement of peasant

Prize controls
1s30
Minimum Wage Act
Training of manpower-21MDEF

Agricultural expänisIons

CHIMURENGA
THE THIRD
CAUSES OF
OBJECTIVE AND THE
EXPLAIN THE
ET. Selka (humblefool) Naional Studies

Developing cOuntries pay back the loan wilh very high interest rales

Developing countries become indebted to the developed countries and to the IMF and w5

neir economies are controlled by the IMF and WB lor by developed nabons

Developing countries develop a dependency syndrome

oDeveloping countries become dominatled by the IMF and WB

with difticuit
Developing countries are forced to implement economic Adjustment programs
conditions
the wonid marKet,
ney are torced to devalue their currencies to make their goods cheap on

making it dificult for them to generate adequate foreign cuTency

of cheap raw materials and importers of expensive
Developing countries become producers
countries
finished products from developed
hence become poorer and poorer
The developing countries
QUESTION
Discuss the types of NGOs and their impact to your community.

Developmental NGOs

the rural areas of Zimbabwe

inirastructure in
much in the construction of
Have contributed

a culture ot dependency
This has also produced

repair broken down equipment

it dificult to
People find

piggery and chicken rearing projects

eFinanced co-operatives in

Advocacy NGOs
take specitic acbon to
and lobby government to
raise awareness in the exising problems
They
deal with that type of problem

womens nghts, the girl chid, human rights and

awareness on such issues as
Have raised

democrac
Western values to be superior
culture assuming
Have interfered in local African

violence
incidents of political
They have interfered politically by exaggerating

that were critical to the govemment

Supported organizations

Media disintormation

Relief NGOs
T Seka (humblekool) National Studies
PS
They provie relef in tems of disaster, such as earthquakes, drought, vokcanic enuplions, etc

Assistance in fom of clean water, medicine, food, clothing, shelter, doctors

 ET Seka (humblefool) National studies

loaders can express their views and rally public support for their policies. Through the mass media e

govennent can infom, explain and convince the public over their prograns.

Survellancelwatchdog function

out tor instanaes

he news media plays also the vital role of watchdog'" over the govermment, looking
stale
over the afairs of the city,
ot maituncton and cormuption. The public would have far less control
Revelations by the
and nabonal govemment without the probing questions of investigative reporlers.
very instrumental m
led to important Parliamentary investigatons. The media
was
press have
often uncover evidence of
unearthing the Salarygate as well as the Willowgate Scandals. Reporters
the resignaton of high governiment
unethical and sometmes ilegal conduct of officials, thus causing

officials

Negative Impacts of media

counties
valiues from foreign
Propagate cultural homo sexually and
neo-liberalisim, moral
values eg.
imposition of foreign ideologies eg.

military protes
Zimbabwe
Pobcuzing ot socio-economic issues eg. land issue of

Media has cultvated negative opinions

Zimbabweans
Leads to sell-denial among

WERE TAKEN IN THE

COLONISATION OF
DISCUSS THE STEPS WHICH

Step 1

Grobier Treaty (1887)

(Brialily Discuss the Treaty

Sup
Moffat Treaty (Feb 1886)
(Brialy Discuss the Treaty)

Stup 3
Rudd Cencession 30 October 1888

(Briefly Discuss the Concession)

t.Seka (humbleroo) National Studies

The media educales the

public on a variety of topics through such toois as
newspapers, radio and TV. Public
Broadcasting Service television programs offer a
wide range ot educational content for
people of all ages. TV and radio stalion websies
often offer free information for
parents, leachers and students.

Entertain

Radio and television statons offer programs ranging from music to talk showS, polibical
prografms, dramas and reality 1V shows. The larger number of cable and satelite

channels now available has created channels dedicated to classic movies, ftness
programs and books. Popular and famous drama like Kapfupi, Sabhuku Vharazipi

always enlertain people

Socialize

Social media has become a key media method, with friends and family passing along

and discussirng intormation, adioe and videos on the intemet through a variety of

tools, ranging from WhatsApp. WeChat, YouTube, Facebook, Twiter, Linkedln etc.

Public Opinion

Public opinion is the engine that keeps the wheels of a democracy turming. Though we eiect officials to
conduct our government, they are restrained by the infuence of the same public opinion that put them

into office. The average person is strongily afected by the sOCral group and the opinion leoders who
reflect the cpinions obtained from the mass media. Thus the divergent views and in-depth analyses

presenled by the mass media are of vital importance in the stance Limbabweans take on critical issues.

Seting the Agenda

The media cannot report on an infinite number of stories, so they must cho0se which are the most
newsworthy. By choosing which stories to present to the public, the news media help determine the
most important issues; in other words, the journalists set the agenda. Agenda-setting is crucial
because il shapes which issues will be debated in public.

Link betwean the Governiment and the People

Mass media definiely acts as a link between the govermment and the people, thus building up the
politcal fabris of the Zimbabwean democracy. There are several channels through which political
 T Seka thumbleFool)
National Stludies
Poge
INTRODUCTI0

The Ihird Chimurénga is the struggle by the people of Zimbabwe to regain possession af the means o

producbon. 0.9. Land that had largely been in the hands of the white setlers for more than hundred

yoars

his struggle is a folow -up to the first Chimurenga and second Chimurenga especially of later whicn

brought about political independence.

Causes of the third Chimurenga

The Lancaster House Agreement

Which legalized the maintenanco and continued possession of the land by the setlers

Controlled the legislative competency and sovereignty of the new state through the willing

seller, willing buyer clause which was not meaningfully mplemented

Bntain s falure to honor the Lancaster Agreernent by not hunding the Land Retorm

Continued economic marginalization of the indigenous

The Land Donor Conference of 1998 and tailure by the donors to fund the Land Reform

Program
the Bitsh tor the opposition part which was against the Land
White settiers and support

Reform program

0BJECTIVES OF THE THIRD CHIMURENGA

the landless inJigenous people of zimbabwe.

To repossess and redistribute land among

To ernphasize the counitrys soveregnty and independence

1o tght ne0-colonialisrm and remove the vesige of imperialism

To gain poss0Ssions of other means of production.

the business and economic activities of

To encourage the indigenous people to parbcipate in all
he county
To facilitate the possession of capital with which to start a busines_

To translate the victory in anod combat of the second Chimurenga into a sOcial and economic

victory

STATE ANY FVE CVIC RESPONSIBILITES AND EXPLAIN THEIR MEANING AND PURPOSE?
 ea humblet ool)

National Studies
DEFIWITION
CWIC
responsibliies are the social, economic,
political and cultural obligaions and responsibilitbes that
every citizen is expected to
carry out in the soclety for hishor benefit and lor the common
country. good al the

Civic responsibilties:

Disease and health

management
Personally avoiding drugs and excessive drinking in order to be
productive and maintain good health
relabons with others. To assist and
prevenüng the spread of such as AIDS, EBOLA, SARS CORONA
etc, by avoiding irresponsible behavior.

Disaster management

Helping by donating food, ciothes and sheler to victim of disasters. Preventing the occurrence of
accidence at work so as to help in controling injury and destruction of property and equipment.

Defending the nation

Spreacdimg tho good name of the county

Paying tax lo assist in buiding public revenue

Presenting cultural value

Being patiolc
EConomic responsibilities

Working hard and being productive

Bing creatve, establshing businesses

Using resources economicaily
Exposing cornuption and theft
Payng taxes
olical civic responsibilities

Being construcbive in poltical discussion

R e g s l n g as a voler and voting n aill electons

Cherishing and respecting unity and natonal hentage

Respecting and tolerating other taces, tribes, relgious, and beliefs
 E.T-Selia (humbie Fo ol) National Studies
PAe

From the ecturer

This is a revised and updaled matenal specifically made for students preparing for HEXCO
examinations in NATIONAL STUDIES. It has been deliberately made simple to understand as ris

mainly written in point form.

Pleasant reading

E.T Seka
(humbleFool) 24 July 2021

RHODESA
OF NATIONALISM IN SOUTHERN
DISCUSS THE FACTORS THAT LED TO THE RISE
AMONG AFRICANS FROM 1898 TO 1965

of traditional powers by chiels.

Loss sovereignty/loss
labor and low salanies for
sem-skiled for whites and unskilled
Job color-bar reservation sxilled
Africans according to the industrial Conciliation A (1934)

WoIK piaoes
Brutandes eg. at
Pass laws-restricting freedom movement.

representalion
Lack of voting rights-inadequate pariamentary
A and group
in educaton/iacist education e.g. 9roup
Educational bottlenecks/iracial imbalances

B schools
woTKS
Forced labor e.g. n mines pupic
Taration-but tax, cattle tax elc.

condiions -iow salanes/wages

not alowed to lorm rade unions poor housing.
Poor workaing
unhealthy working conditons

and Servants Act (1901), Maize Control Act (1934) Land Husbandry
Colonial legislation- Master
Act (1954)

OF THE ZIMBABWEAN GOVERNMENT

DISCUSS THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIVEMENTS

BETWEEN 1980 TO 1990

Social achlevements

Educabon

Reconstruction of schools