CHAPTER ONE

REGIONAL AND HINTERLAND STUDY

1.1. The Study Region

Oromia is the largest National Regional State in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
and lies between 3040′ and 10035′ North latitude 34005′ to 43011′ East longitude and covers a
geographic area of about 364,606 square kilometers (BoFEDO GIS data base) and accounts for
almost about 32% of the country (Sub-Regional Atlas of Central Oromia, 2001). Relatively
Oromia is bordered by all National Regional Governments of Federal Republic of Ethiopia
except Tigray National Regional State.

1.1.1 Location
Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne is one of the 18 zones of Oromia and organized in to six
districts i.e. Sululta, Mulo, Welmera, Sebeta Hawas, Akaki and Berek. The eight municipal town
administrations are Burayu, Dukem, Gelan, Holeta, Lega Tafo- Lega Dadi, Sebeta, Sululta and
Sendafa Bake towns. Finfinne city is the administrative center of the zone.
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A. Relative Location

Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne/Addis Ababa is a recently formed zone through organizing
six districts of Oromia which are located surrounding Finfinne/Addis Ababa and they are
bordered by four zones of Oromia i.e. in the north and north east by North Shewa, in the west by
West Shewa, in south west by South West Shewa and in the East by East Shewa zone.

This zone relatively located adjacent to the national and the region’s capital Addis
Ababa/Finfinne hence the high ways that radiates from Finfinne/Addis Ababa to the rest of the
country and neighboring countries passes through this zone. This is an opportunity for the zone
to make it more active in transportation and this contributes for the zone in the attraction of both
domestic and foreign direct investment.
B. Astronomical Location
Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne is approximately located between 8° 34' 30" to 9° 32' 36"
North latitude and 38° 25' 3" to 39° 08' 1" East longitudes.

1.1.2 Area
According to Oromia Finance and Economic Development Bureau, GIS data Base, the area of
the zone is 4807.98 km2. The following table depicts area of districts in the zone.

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Table 1.1.1 Area of the Districts in Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne

Area in
No Districts Capital Town Percent
2
Km Hectare
1 Sululta Sululta 1,169.87 11,6987 24.3
2 Mulo Hojadure 499.94 49,994 10.4
3 Welmera Holota 814.12 81,412 16.9
4 Sebeta Hawas Sebeta 912.90 91,290 19.0
5 Akaki Dukem 693.61 69,361 14.4
6 Berek Sendafa Bake 717.54 71,754 14.9
Total 4807.98 480,798 100.0
Source: Oromia Finance and Economic Development Bureau, GIS Data Base
The assessment of the total area of the planning or study region is estimated about 4,807.98
square kilometers or 480,798 hectares. When its proportion is compared to the total area of
Oromia National Regional State i.e.364, 606 square kilometers Special Zone Surrounding
Finfinne covers about 1.32%. The size of study /planning region is a potential for the
development of the study region. The area distribution at district level indicates that Sululta
district is the largest that covers about 24.3% of the study region and followed by Berekand
Sebeta Hawas districts which account about 14.9% and 19% respectively. The percentage area
distribution in the zone ranges from 10.4% in Mulo district which is the smallest to 24.3% in
Sululta district which is the largest implies there is disparity in area distribution this implies
opportunity of having land resource potentials varies accordingly.

1.2 HINTERLAND OF SENDAFA BAKE TOWN

1.2.1 Selection of the Hinterland
Defining the hinterland of Sendafa Bake town was one important task undertaken in the revision
of the structure plan of the town. The identification of the hinterland was decided in discussion
made with multi-disciplinary professionals of the study team. Different criteria were used to
decide the hinterland of Sendafa Bake town. These are: Geographical proximity, administrative
catchment, social service catchment, infrastructure catchment i.e. transport interaction both
passenger and freight flow, market catchment, supply of agricultural products, availability of
construction materials and adjacent district adversely affected by urban development or
expansion of Sendafa Bake town like pollution.
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Therefore, Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne is selected as the study region i.e. broader
planning boundary and the surrounding districts i.e. Berek, Jida, Aleltu and Gimbichu are
selected as the hinterland of the town and included in this study.

1.2.2 Physical Characteristics

A. Location
Astronomically the hinterland is located 8° 48' 9" to 9° 37' 25" North latitudes and 38° 51' 49" to
39° 22' 38" East longitudes. Therefore, the hinterland extends for about 49′ 16" North-south (and
vice versa) which is an extension of some about 91 km earth distance and 30′ 48′′ east-west (and
vice versa) which is an extension of some 56 km earth distance (around the equator 10
approximately equals 111 km). The earth distance considers the extreme tips where the latitudes
and longitudes touch the hinterland. The hinterland is relatively located in the north-east part of
the study region and Sendafa Bake town acts as node for rendering different services. The
situational location of Sendafa Bake town contributes for the town to act as node for movement
of passengers and freights from Addis Ababa to the hinterland.

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B. Area
The land resource of the hinterland is more than 2,655.04 km2 or 228,202.79 hectares it covers
about 55.22% of the study region. In the hinterland almost 32.75% the area is covered by
Gimbich district and followed by Berek, Jida and Aleltu which are covers 27.03%, 24.6 2 and
15.60 % respectively. Land is a natural resource and hence a greater potential or opportunity in
the interaction and development of Sendafa Bake town.

C. Shape
The latitudinal and longitudinal extension of the hinterland somehow used to estimate its shape.
Accordingly the hinterland extends (57 km by 91 km). The L/B (long axis/short axis of an area)
for a circle will be 1, which is the minimum value. The, greater the value of L/B, the shape gets
less compact. Thus, with this rough indicator the shape of the hinterland is roughly closer to a
circle since L/B compactness ratio is about 1.6. As the shape gets more compact it is advantage
for physical and social infrastructure development, hence increases accessibility and saves
traveling time and cost in the hinterland if not influenced by other factors like the monotonous
topography.

D. Topography
The hinterland is mainly lies on the North West highlands particularly on Shewa plateau which
lies west of the Great East African Rift Valley. The high altitude in the hinterland highly controls
the climate of the hinterland and hence the area experiences temperate climatic condition.
Sendafa Bake town is situated on plateau topography. Some peak points include mount Berek
(3,228m) and Yerer (3,100m).

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Image 1.2.1 Topographic Features surrounding Sendafa Bake Town

The landscapes of the hinterland which are the result of internal and external forces include
plateaus, foot slopes/piedmont plains, valleys, complex landform hills, and mountains. The
planning town-Sendafa Bake town is situated on plateaus of North West high lands of Ethiopia.
From these highlands there are many streams or small rivers commenced and flow towards the
town and they are good sources of water for domestic uses. However, in case of high and
continuous rainfall the town and the surrounding area have a probability of inundated by flood.
Therefore, good watershed management is required to avoid flooding risks in Sendafa Bake
town.

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E. Drainage System
The hinterland is found within two major basins i.e. Awash and Abay River basins. Awash River
drainage basin occupies the southern part and covers larger part of the hinterland while Abay
River basins occupies the northern part of the hinterland. The project town is situated in the
Awash River drainage basin. There are many perennial and intermittent rivers drain to tributaries
of Awash River and used for domestic and small scale irrigation.

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F. Climate
Climate is one of the physical factors that influence human activity especially in agricultural
society through its impacts on soils and vegetation cover of an area. Climate consists of several
elements. The major ones are temperature, rainfall, wind and pressure. Factors like latitude,
altitude, distance from the sea and ocean current controls the distribution of these elements. In
Ethiopia latitude and altitude are the two most important that controls of the elements of the
climate. Similarly in the hinterland climate is influenced by altitude and latitude.

Depending on the vertical altitudinal variation in the hinterland there are three major agro-
climatic zones. The vertical altitudinal variation creates suitable condition for growing of
different crops that ranges from warm to cool thermal zone.

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Table 1.2.1Agro-ecological Zones of the Hinterland

Percentage share of the agro-climatic zone

District Temperate Sub-Tropical Tropical
(Baddaa) (Badda Daree) (Gammoojjii)
Berek 72 28 -
Gimbichu 52 27 21
Aleltu 72 22 -
Jida 100 - -
Hinterland Average 74 21 5
Mean annual Temperature (0c) 10-15 15-20 20-25
Average Annual rain fall (mm) 800-1000 500-900 450-750
Source: Physical and Socio-economic profile of respective districts, 2010

The percentage share of the agro-climatic zones of the hinterland is dominated by temperate
(Baddaa) covers 74% and followed by sub-tropical (Badda Daree) that covers 21% tropical
(Gammoojjii) covers only5%. Sendafa Bake town is situated in temperate (Badda) climate
which is good for human habitation and conducive for development endeavors.

Temperature
Since Ethiopia is a tropical country theoretically temperature is supposed to be uniformly high
throughout the year but this condition is modified by the existing relief of the country. Thus
temperature distribution is affected to greater extent by variation in altitude than latitude Refer
Table1.2.1.

Rain fall
In the hinterland the conventional classification of the agro-climate indicates that the lion share is
temperate (Baddaa) and followed by sub-tropical (Badda Daree) hence they have good
distribution of rainfall Refer Table1.2.1.

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G. Soil Distribution
According to FAO classification the hinterland is endowed with five different major soils. These
are Chromic Luvisols, Eutric Nitosols, Lithosols, Pellic Vertisols and Vertic Cambisols. The
presence of different soils in the hinterland is a potential for practicing agriculture, it supports
different natural vegetation and also they are source for construction purposes. The soil type in
the project town is Pellic Vertisols. Vertisols are heavy, mostly dark colored clay soils containing
more than 30% clay. They are heavily cracking soils found in areas with long dry season and
gently sloping large flat lands. Such soils have fairly good agricultural potential. Land
preparation is difficult because during the dry season they become hard, while during wet season
they get very sticky and hence short time is available for land preparation. Most of the vertisols
are better recommended for grazing purposes. The properties of vertisols also have impact on
construction activities.

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1.2.3 Natural Vegetation
Natural vegetation is a direct reflection of climate of an area. Based on the climate in the
hinterland there are two major broad natural vegetation regions. These are: Broad Leaved Forest
Region and Coniferous Forest Region. These natural vegetation regions are the climatic climax
vegetations but currently replaced by eucalyptus trees. The climatic climax vegetations are only
fond in few pockets as indicator of the original vegetation.

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Table 1.2.2 Climatic Climax Natural Vegetation in the Hinterland

No Natural Vegetation Region Dominant Species Growing Elevation (m)

1 Broad Leaved Forest Region Arundinaria (Leman) and Aningeria (Kerero) 1600-2600
Coniferous Forest Region
2 • Semi-Temperate forests Podocarpus 1700-2200
• Temperate Forests Juniper Procera_ Gaatiraa/Tid- a conifer 2200-2500

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Wildlife
There is no any known national park, game reserves, sanctuaries and reserved areas for wild life
conservation in the hinterland. However, wild animals like bush buck, baboon, porcupine, velvet
monkey, jackal, duiker, warthog, hyena, tiger and rabbit are some of the wild animals found in
the hinterland.

Land Use Land Cover

Land use land cover in the hinterland including surrounding the planning town is intensively
cultivated.

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1.3 Human Resource of the Hinterland
In any development activities human being plays the greatest role through their technical and
manual power. Accordingly, in the hinterland some characteristics of the population are
explained with regard to this topic an attempt is made to see size, sex, sex ratio and spatial
distribution of population in the hinterland.

1.3.1 Population Size and Spatial Distribution

Population Size
The size of population in the hinterland of Sendafa Bake town was male population 153,403 and
female 147,242 in total 300,645 (CSA, July, 2010). The sex ratio in the hinterland is 104
According to the 2007 census the sex ratio of Oromia Region is 101 at country level was 102
males for 100 females. Male population in the hinterland is 51 % while the female population

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49%. According to the 2007 at Oromia level 50.4% was male while 49.6% was female and at
national level the proportion of sex was 50.5% for male while 49.5% for female.

Spatial Distribution of population

Population distribution in the hinterland is affected by physical factors i.e. climate (temperature
and rainfall) and topography, soil fertility, resource endowments and urban development in the
hinterland. Even though there is a difference at district level the population density in the
hinterland is 118 persons per km2 area. This large density of population in the hinterland creates
pressure on the existing scarce natural resource like forest; expansion of agricultural land and on
different social services of the hinterland and this may result in rural-urban migration mainly to
the planning town_ Sendafa Bake town.

1.3.2 Urban System in the Hinterland

The urban system or the network of urban centers in the hinterland just like the study region and
the national urban system it forms a step-like hierarchy that forms a primate city pattern. The
hierarchical organization of urban centers in the hinterland is depicted using the total population
of the towns.
Table 1.2.3 Urban Centers in the Hinterland
District Town Population
Sendafa Beke 11,771
Bereh
Lega Tafo Lega Dadi 13,270*
Jida Sirti -
Aleltu Mikewa 2,933
Gimbichu Chafe Donsa 6,327
Source: CSA, 2007
*Projected by Finance & Economic Development Bureau, 2009

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Figure 1.2.1 Urban Hierarchy in the Hinterland

In terms of population in the hinterland Lega Tafo Lega Dadi town is the largest and followed
by Chafe Donsa. In sum, urban hierarchy in the hinterland reflects the dominance of small urban
centers.

Level of Urbanization in the Hinterland

The level of urbanization in the hinterland is relatively larger in Berekand followed by Gimbichu
district. The level of urbanization in the hinterland is about 6.9% which is low compared to the
level of urbanization of the zone which is about 29%. The level of urbanization in this zone is
high as compared to Oromia National Regional State i.e. 12.4%.
Table 1.2.4 Level of Urbanization in Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne

Rural Urban Total Level of

District
Population Population Population Urbanization (%)
Bereh 88,916 11,771 100,687 11.7
Jida 58,874 - 58,874 -
Aleltu 58,428 2,933 61,361 4.8
Gimbichu 94,427 6,327 100,754 6.7
Hinterland 300,645 21,031 321,676 6.9
Special Z. Surrounding Finfinne 566,069* 228,420* 794,489* 28.8
Oromia 23,788,431 3,370,040 27,158,471 12.4
Ethiopia 61,962,335 11,956,170 73,918,505 16.2
Source: Population CSA, 2007
*Projected by Finance & Economic Development Bureau, 2009

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1.4 Physical and Social Infrastructures in the Hinterland
1.4.1 Physical Infrastructures
Roads
Roads are important physical infrastructure that facilitates the movement of vehicles, peoples
and animals from one place to another on land surface. Their availability and standard varies
depending on the economic capacity of a country. Roads are used by different forms of
transportations. Transportation provides access to natural resources and promotes trade, allowing
a nation to accumulate wealth and power. It plays significant role in the process of production
and distribution both in agriculture and manufacturing economic activities. Transport also
influences the provision of different services. Road transport is the only modern mode of
transport in the hinterland for both passengers and freight movement.

Table 1.2.5 Road Density in the hinterland

Road Type (km) Road Density

Total Area
District Total Per Per 1000
population km2 Asphalt Gravel
1000/km2 people
Bereh 100,687 717.54 20 104.5 124.5 173.51 1.24
Jida 58874 653.68 - 46 46 70.37 0.78
Aleltu 58428 414.22 22 105 127 306.60 2.17
Gimbichu 94427 869.6 - 36 36 41.40 0.38
Total 312,416 2,655.04 42 291.5 333.5 125.61 1.07
Source: Computed based on data from Finance and Economic Development Office of each
Districts, 2010

The road density in the hinterland is 125.61 km per 1000 km2 and 1.07 km per 1000 people. At
country level the distribution is 35.9 km/1000 km2 area and 0.53 km/1000 people in November
2006 that is stated by the road sector development program sector phase III. There is better road
network in the hinterland that indicates it is more accessible part of the region. The Federal
asphalt highway that runs from Addis Ababa/Finfinne to the Mekele or northern part of the
country contributed for the road density of the hinterland and hence facilitates the connectivity of
the hinterland at national and international level.

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Communication Services (Telephone and Postal services)

Digital, mobile and wireless telecommunication service was provided in the district capitals, and
peasant associations in the hinterland. The mobile phone and wireless telephone service is under
expansion to cover large areas. In the hinterland only few towns have postal service.

Electric Service
In the hinterland the district centers and some peasant villages are connected to electricity. The
electric services have shown growth from time to time and a source is hydro.

Water supply
According to the data obtained from the physical and socio-economic profile of each district the
level of water supply in the rural areas of the hinterland indicates as there is lower coverage and
it is 58.06%, 45.8%, 58.8% in Berek Alaltu and Gimbichu districts respectively. The urban water
supply coverage in Alaltu and Gimbich districts is 90% and 96% respectively. In Jida district the
water supply coverage both for rural and urban areas is 29.6%. There is a problem of sufficient
potable or clean water supply particularly to the rural community this requires an effort to
improve this situation. The sources of water supply are wells, springs, ponds, rivers and tape-
water.

1.4.2 Social Infrastructures

Under this sub-topic an attempt is made to assess the social infrastructures of the hinterland of
Sendafa Bake town. The major focuses are education and health institutions. The availability and
coverage of each social service at different level and professionals’ distribution and their
adequacy would be assessed.

Education
Primary Education (Grade 1-8)
Access
In the hinterland the assessment of school distribution and student enrollment in the primary
education indicates that there are 168 schools and 42,576 student enrollment. School distribution
as of grade level is not uniformly distributed among the districts of the hinterland.

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Table 1.2.6 Education (1-8)

No of Schools Student Enrollment No of Teachers

District
1-4 5-8 1-8 Total 1-4 5-8 Total 1-4 5-8 Total
Bereh 39 - 12 51 12,750 2,945 15,695 248 57 305
Jida 8 13 - 21 3,383 1,233 4,616 - - 81
Aleltu 34 - 13 47 1,018 1,340 2,358 - - 294
Gimbichu 19 30 - 49 13,029 6,878 19,907 200 158 358
Hinterland 100 43 25 168 30,180 12,396 42,576 - - 1,038
Source: Socio-economic profile of districts, 2009/10

Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR): Pupil-teacher ratio is one of the indicators of the quality and
efficiency of education. The assessment of primary education (grade 1-8) in the hinterland
reveled that pupil-teacher ratio is frothy one students per teacher (1:41) this ratio is lesser than
the standard set by Ministry of Education (MOE) i.e. fifty students per teacher (1:50). Ratio
under standard implies under utilization of resource.

Secondary School Education (Grade 9-10 and 11-12)

Access
In the hinterland there are only 3 secondary schools, 2,208 student enrolled and 67 teachers. In
Berek district i.e. that immediately surrounds the planning town have no high school (Grade 9-
10) and hence put student pressure on the planning town_ Sendafa Bake. There is no preparatory
(Grade11-12) in the hinterland.

Table 1.2.7 Education (Grade 9-10)

No of Student No of No of
District Schools Enrollment Teacher sections
9-10 9-10 s
9-10 9-10
Bereh - - - -
Jida 1 264 10 6
Aleltu 1 654 18 -
Gimbichu 1 1,290 39 -
Hinterland 3 2,208 67
Source: Socio-economic profile of districts, 2009/10

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Pupil-Teachers Ratio: In the hinterland pupil-teachers ratio is thirty three student per teacher
(1:33) far below the national standard which is fifty students per teacher (1:50) implies under
utilization of resource.

Health Services
Health service in the hinterland is rendered through 59 health posts, 8 health centers, 7 clinics
and 1 drug shop.

Table 1.2.8 Health Institution Distribution in the Hinterland

District Health center Health post Clinic Drug shop

Bereh 2 18 1 -
Jida 1 3 1 -
Aleltu 2 6 1 -
Gimbichu 3 32 4 1
Hinterland 8 59 7 1
Source: Socio-economic profile of districts, 2009/10

Health Center to Population Ratio: this is one of the indicators to appraise the availability and
adequacy of health institution in an area. The standard of Ministry of Health, health center (a
primary health care unit) is planned to serve 25,000 people (1:25,000). In the hinterland one
health center serves 37,581 people which means larger than the standard. According to the
standard 2 additional health centers are required in the hinterland.

Table 1.2.9 Health institutions to Population Ratio

Total Health Health HP/Pop. HC/Pop.

District
populationpost (HP) center (HC) Ratio Ratio
Bereh 88,916 18 2 1:4,940 1:44,458
Jida 58,874 3 1 1:19,625 1: 58,874
Aleltu 58,428 6 2 1:9,738 1:29,214
Gimbichu 94,427 32 3 1:2,951 1:31,476
Hinterland 300,645 59 8 1:5,096 1:37,581
Standard - - - 1:5,000 1:25,000
Source: Computed from Socio-economic profile of districts, 2009/10

Health post to Population Ratio: this ratio in the hinterland is 1:5,096 and this implies that it is
bit to the standard.
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Health Professionals
The availability of health institution is one part of health service provision and the next important
part of it is the availability of health professionals at each level of health institutions. The
distribution of health professionals in the hinterland is depicted in Table 1.2.10.

Table 1.2.10 Health Personnel distribution and institutions to Population Ratio

Health Laboratory Health HO/Pop. NR/Pop.

District Nurses Sanitarians assistance Ratio Ratio
Officers Technicians
Bereh - 16 1 2 2 - 1:55,57
Jida 1 10 1 3 1 1: 58,874 1:5,887
Aleltu 2 17 3 4 2 1:29,214 1:3,437
Gimbichu 5 20 3 1 1 1:18,885 1:4,721
Hinterland 8 63 8 10 6 1:37,581 1:4,772
Standard 1:10,000 1:5,000
Source: Computed from Socio-economic profile of districts, 2009/10

Health Workers to Population Ratio: is one of the ratios take to evaluate the level of service
delivery for the population. The following report assesses and presents the situation in the
hinterland of Sendafa Bake town.

Health Officer-population Ratio: of the hinterland as depicted in Table1.2.10 is 1:37,581

which is larger than the standard of Ministry of Health i.e. one physician (health officer) for
10,000 people. According to the standard additional 22 physician (health officer) are required.

Nurse -population Ratio: in the hinterland the nurse -population ratio is 1:4,772 roughly it is to
the standard of Ministry of Health.

1.5 Rural-Urban and Urban-Urban Linkage in the Hinterland

1.5.1 Geographical Linkage

Sendafa Bake town is located about 38 km in the North Eastern part of Addis Ababa/Finfinne the
capital of the country and Oromia National Regional State and Zonal Administrative center of
Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne. Its physical linkage or proximity to Addis Ababa has created
strong economic and social linkages. There is a continuous daily movement of people from
Sendafa Bake to Addis Ababa/Finfinne and vice versa for different economic, social, and etc
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reasons. Because of its proximity to Addis Ababa/Finfinne people from nearby districts
especially have interest either to dwell or invest in Sendafa Bake town.

1.5.2 Administrative Linkage

Administrative linkage is discussed based on the structure or level of administration at which
management of public affairs are managed. Administratively, Sendafa Bake town is granted the
status of 2nd “B” grade town by Bureau of Works and Urban Development of Oromia and it is
administrative center of Berek district. Therefore, there is rural-urban administrative linkage.

1.5.3 Spatial (physical) Linkage: this type of linkage is expressed through infrastructures
linkages. Rural areas and urban centers are connected by infrastructures network, mainly by
roads, telecommunication and electricity linkages among themselves (urban-rural and urban-
urban).

Road Network (Transport) Linkage

Available modern mode of transport in the hinterland of Sendafa Bake town is only road
transport. Road transport is playing a significant role in the daily communication between
Sendafa Bake, Addis Ababa/Finfinne and in the hinterland there by facilitating urban-urban and
urban-rural economic and social linkages. Regular city bus and mini buses are providing
transportation service between Sendafa Bake and Addis Ababa/Finfinne. This regular
transportation service facilitates daily commuting of people between the two urban centers and
other towns in the hinterland of the project town. In the following paragraphs different indexes
and models were applied to analyze the road network linkage and interactions in the hinterland
of Sendafa Bake town.
Connectivity: is one of transport model used in the analysis of geographic network. This model
can be applied in the urban-rural and urban-urban linkage through road transport. The model helps
to identify how urban centers in the hinterland are spatially connected to each other by means of
land route. Thus, it measures the degree to which a node or an urban center is connected by
direct route to each other. As a result the level of connectivity that is important idea in urban
development would be analyzed and comments provided. In this study Beta Index and Gamma
Index are taken to analyze the rod net work in the hinterland.

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 e e
Beta Index (β) = Gamma Index (γ) =
n 3(n − 2)

Where, e_ is the number of links-road connecting the nodes (towns)

n_ is the number of nodes- the towns

Let represent the towns by letters: Sendafa Bake =A, Lega Tafo Lega Dadi =B, Chafe Donsa
=C, Mikewa =D, Sirti =E
Then 0 and 1 is assigned based on the nature of connection that exists between the towns
accordingly if there is direct connection assigned 1 while if there is no direct connection
assigned 0 (1= direct link 0= no direct link).

Table 1.2.11 Route Matrix Analysis in the Hinterland

Town A B C D E Total Rank
A - 1 1 1 1 4 1st
B 1 - 0 0 0 1 2nd
C 1 0 - 0 0 1 2nd
D 1 0 0 - 0 1 2nd
E 1 0 0 0 - 1 2nd

There are 4 direct links at Sendafa Bake town and there is a direct between Lega Tafo Lega Dadi
and Sirti other towns in the hinter land are indirectly connected to each other by road throgh
Sendafa Bake town. Based on this rout matrix analysis which utilizes road transport two different
indexes was analyzed to identify the level of connectivity in the hinterland.

Beta Index is 0.8 as the value of Beta Index is less than 1 the road network in the hinterland
composed of branches that do not forms a circuit. Even there is no one circuit that connects
urban centers that facilitates fast movement in the hinterland.

In case of Gamma Index (γ) the connectivity index always lies between 0.00, for a null
graph(when there is no network), and 1.00 for a complete graph (where there exists a complete
circuit). Thus, the solution indicates that the hinterland of Sendafa Bake town is only 0.7 which
is still below half of a circuit that implies the links are branched with no circular linkage.
Therefore, an intervention is required to increase the road network in the hinterland and hence

23
facilitates for fast rural-urban and urban-urban linkages and an overall urban and rural
development in the hinterland of Sendafa Bake town.

Connectivity Index(C): This index analyzes the existing number of links available in the
network with the maximum number of possible links.

e
C=
1
n(n − 1)
2
1
Where, n (n-1) the maximum number of possible links
2
n: is the number of nodes in the network
e: is the number of links or edges in the network
Connectivity index varies between 0.00 indicating no connectivity to 1.00 indicating maximum
connectivity.
The Connectivity Index is 0.4 which is below half of the index indicating low connectivity in the
hinterland of Sendafa Bake town. The maximum possible number of links is 10 if every node is
directly connected to one another but the number of links in the hinterland is 0.4 which is 40% of
the maximum possible number of links. Thus, 40% of the maximum possible number of links is
currently operating in the hinterland to bring the total maximum possible links 60% of network
development needs an attention. To increase the connectivity in the hinterland more effort is
required to improve urban-urban and rural urban linkage and contributes for sustainable urban
development.
Accessibility Matrices
The road network linkage of the hinterland is analyzed following the road route that currently
exists in the hinterland to analyze this accessibility matrices have been utilized.
Route Matrix: is one of the accessibility matrix models employed to assess the road network
linkage in the hinterland of Sendafa Bake town. The accessibility matrix can apply route matrix
in Table 1.2.11 to identify the most accessible node. Accordingly all the towns have only one
direct link with the planning town_ Sendafa Bake therefore the town have four direct links
which is the maximum.

24
Accessibility Matrix: Depending on the links whether it is direct or not direct that influence its
accessibility rank is assigned to the each nodes accordingly each towns have only one direct
connection to Sendafa Bake town in this case more accessibility may be consider distance and
type of road that connects these towns with Sendafa Bake, hence Mikewa and Lega Tafo Lega
Dadi are more accessible in the hinterland.

1.5.4 Communication Linkage

Telecommunications: There is a linkage between Sendafa Bake town and other parts of the
country through a digital automatic and mobile telephones. Urban-urban telecom linkage
between the project town and other urban centers and in the hinterland is conducted through
regular fixed, wireless, and mobile phone services.

Postal services: The postal service is available at postal agent level and plays its part in linkage
of the town with Sendafa Bake town and other areas.

1.6 Potentials and Problems (Planning Issues) in the Hinterland

Potentials

 Location: relative advantage

 Climate: agro-climatic conditions (i.e. Temperate and Sub-Tropical that is

suitable for Agriculture activities and animal husbandry.

 lies on the highway that connects Finfinne/Addis Ababa with the northern part of
the country

 Proximity to the national capital-38 km From Finfinne/Addis Ababa

 Area : the large land is a potential for different development initiatives and there is a
probability of endowment of natural resources

 There is huge human labor resource which is good for establishment of labor intensive
industry

25
  Rural-urban and urban-urban linkage
• Spatial (physical) Road Network Linkage
• Urban-Urban_ fair Road Network
• Rural-Urban_ Weak Road Network

Major environmental Problems

• Deforestation
• soil erosion

In sum the planning team should take in to consideration the potential, problems and the linkages
that exists between the hinterland and the planning town Sendafa Bake and the plan should
attempt to bring an integrated development both the built up area and the surrounding hinterland
and the zone in general.

26
 CHAPTER TWO

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE TWON

2.1 Historical extent and political changes leading to the foundation of the Town

History confirms that urbanization usually takes places around religious or ritual sites,
administrative or military compass, commercial sites etc. Therefore; a study of history of a town
requires investigation of such activities. The foundation and development of Sendafa town can
only be understood through the study of such historical developments.

According to Tullana Oromo tradition; Sandafa area was the home of different Tullama Oromo
Groups including Oborii, Kura, Jidda, Obo, Konnon, Hawwee etc. A thoughtful investigation of
Tullama Oromo tradition shows that splinters Oromo of groups of the three Tullama branches (
Dacci; Bacho, and Jiille), mainly the first two branches in habited the area According to
tradition and written sources, the Oromo of the area lived under the Gada system that fully
functioned as an economic, social and political institution until the 1870s( BATO 2006, Horvath
1966; informants 1,3,5,6,9).

In the nineteenth century, the Oromo of the area, like Oromo elsewhere, came under political and
socio- economic transformation as the result of both internal and external factors. Internally, the
Oromo underwent economic transformation with the development of agriculture. The economic
transformation was leading to the emergence of powerful Abba Bullas who were frequently
leading their respective groups to war, either against fellow Oromo groups or external enemies.
The external factor was mainly, the Showan Kingdom’s expansion towards the Tullama Land.
This expansion became acute in the 1840s and series of campaigns with some interruptions were
waged by the Showan Kingdom to subdue the neighboring Oromo. These continuous efforts
were, however, succeeded in the 1870s when most of the Oromo in the vicinity of Finfinne came
under the military control of Menelik. Menelik’s conquest brought about a number of socio-
economic and political consequences.

27
As the result of conquest and subsequent incorporation of the area under the Showan Kingdom,
the Gada system ceased to perform it’s a political and Administrative purposes and came under
the Showan Amhara domination. Its culture and tradition also came more and more under
Christian Amhara cultural domination (Crummey 2000; informants 1, 3, 5, 9).

In the meantime, the area was under profound economic change. The Showan expansion which
had aimed at controlling both the economic and politics of the area had made all efforts to
achieve that aim. After conquest and establishment of Finfinne in 1886, all the land in the area
came under direct or indirect control of the Showan Amhara rule from which the Emperor could
grant it to whichever he liked. Another aspect of the economic transformation of the area was the
emergence of periodic markets. Sendafa very close to Rogge, one of the major trade centers of
the period, had already developed as a trade center, very close to present day central part of
Sendafa town. Sendafa believed to have been served as trade center and a strong periodic market
had already developed before the foundation of Finfinne as a capital. According to our
informants, the main merchants at Sendafa market were the Tigri/Worjehi muslim merchants. It
can be argued that these trade activities attracted the attention of Menelik as his grand aim was to
control the economy so as to achieve his political goals. It is in this line that, as our informants
told us, Xurash Hirphaye, from Hurufa, close to Sendafa, was granted land from around what is
today callyed Abdaarii Indo Xurash. This land became a center of trade where for domestic as
well as external trade. Merchants from south western part of the country to the north and vice
versa used Sendafa as one commercial center. It was around this center one of the active mudin
Tigri/ Warjhi trader named Ahmed Qurshu emerged and extensive trade was conducted. These
trade activities believed to have had created urban pre- conditions for Sendafa (Horvath 1966;
informants 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9).

2.2 Foundation, Growth and Development

2.2.1 The Name Sendafa – Beke
According to tradition, the term Sendafa is the name of one type of grass growing in the area,
specifically around one of the rivers crossing the town, Laga- Jila. According to our informants,
the town adopted the name Sendafa upon its formal or official foundation by the Italians. The
Italizan governor of the area, upon declaring the foundation of the town, summoned the people to

28
the ceremonial area to appear with grasses (or green plants), according to Oromo culture. When
people appeared with different types of grass the Italian governor was inspired by the Sendafa
grass and then declared the name of the new town as Sendafa (informants 1, 2, 5). Another
version of the story Says that Sendafa is the Traditional name of the area by which it has been
known for long period of time, of occurs with alternative name laga- Jila, but the governor made
it official ( informants 4,5,6,7,9)

According to one tradition the name Beke was given to the area in the second of the nineteenth
century on the occasion of the foundation of Beke St. Marry Church. According to our
informants, this took place during the battle of Iambabo (which took place in 1882). Our
informants say that huge number of the surrounding Oromos were butized enmass and accepted
Christianity as religion. The surrounding Oromo then said Bakkee Abbaateen bisheenii nu
cuuphe (a place or Beke where we were baptized by the Abba and the place bore that name since
that period. The town also took that name when it was established in the 1950s. Another tradition
says that Beke the name of the river that crosses the town and of the area used for a long period
of time. According to tradition, both the place of baptism, the church site and later the town took
or adopted this very traditional name Sendafa- Beke is a name adopted using the combination of
the names of the tow towns after they were joined in 2004 ( informants 1,2,3,6,9 ; official
document of Sendafa town).

2.2.2. Foundation, Growth and Development

During their occupation period (1935- 41), the Italians contribution to the urbanization in
Ethiopia was manifested in various ways. After occupying the area in 1936, the Italians
constructed their army camp at Sendafa. Then, they formed a nucleus of present day Sendafa
town. They moved the old periodic market close to the camp and, as discussed above, declared
the foundation of the town and the name Sendafa (Bahru 1991; Horvathe 1966; informants 1, 2,
4, 7). One of the Italians endeavourers to consolidate their Administration and exploit the
resources was conducting extensive road construction. The Desse road, as it was called, was one
of the five major roads radiating the capital. As it passed through Sendafa the impact of this road
on the urbanization of the town was significant. The Italians offered land free of charge to those
who would build house and as the economic significance of the town increased this offer also
29
increased in magnitude and people migrated to the town from the surrounding areas and distant
areas. Usually people from similar origin settled in close to one another. Migration and
settlement led to a number of quarters namely Lagan Jila, Billi Toliyo, Abdari Indo- Xurash,
Bulga- Safar, Maychaw Safar etc. information 1,2,3,4,5,6,).

According to our informants, Bulga- safar bore that name due to the fact that a lady from Bulga
opened a drinking house around the quarter and many people from the same origin settled there
in a large number. Maychew Safar gained the name because people who had involved in the
campaign for the baltle of Machew in 1935 later settled the area. The other quarters namely
Laga- Jila, Billi Toliyo and Abdari Indo- Xurash are old local names and maintained their
traditional names after the new settlement. Indo Xurash was the known pioneer settler, Xurash
Hirphaye. Although our informants could not clearly state how the practice first initiated, Abdari
Indo- Xurash remained a ritual site. Laga- Jila is also called Malka- Dullacha. Tradition relates
the site to the historic journey of the local Gada to Oda Nabe. It states that Laga- Jila served as
an alternative, site declaration of Gada resolutions for local Gada (Jila). The name remained
intact after the new settlement (informants 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8).

The history of Sendafa- Beke can’t be complete without looking at the separate development of
Beke. Beke began to develop as a separate town since late 1960s (1959 E.C). According to our
informants, a certain Nauaxe got land in the locality from a local balabat named Dagaga Jilo,
brother of the leading balabat of the area Bati Jilo. Na’ue inturn gave the land on a base of share
(locally called awarassu) to a certain Mikael Birru, who is believed to be an Armenian origin. In
1936, Mikael was chased out by the Italians. After liberation the land was granted to Abba
Hanna Jima as an uncultivated land (xef) and later Abba Hanna gave it to his sister Alamite
Jima. This piece of land became a nucleus for the town of Beke because a drinking house and
lintel mill was established on Alemitu’s land. These activities attracted people to the site to get
those services and other people also began to come and built houses near Alemita’s land.
Another important economic activity that attracted more people to the site is Lentil (a king of
bean locally called Misir) trade. In 1950s the trade was enhanced by the suitability of the soil to
sort out the bean and also available market (informants 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11).

30
Beke grew as a separate town during the Derg period. As the result its link with Alaltu, town the
seat of Alaltu district to which Beke was accountable and Sendafa, which was very close to it,
became strong. This linkage developed from time to time until finally the two towns were joined
to become one unified town, Sendafa- Beke in 2009 (informants 4, 5, 6, official document of
Sendafa town).

Compared to its age, the urban growth and development of Sendafa- Beke is very limited. This is
of course true to most towns of the region and the country at large, an issue that requires broad
investigation of the country’s urban history. Nevertheless, the developments of some
infrastructures and involvement of Services have contributed to the growth of the town.
Education in the area was initiated by the opening of Jima Sanbate Primary School in 1946/7.
This school was named after the name of a famous patriot, Jima Sanbate, who was killed by the
Italians while conducting active resistance against them (Greenfield 1965; informants 3, 5, 8, 11)

More over in the 1960s, the town got Electricity supply, postal services and water supply. In
1973 (1967 E.C) the Ethiopian police college (Formerly Abba Dina police college) was
established at Sendafa. Currently it is upgraded to Ethiopian police University College. This
establishment has contributed to the urbanization process of the town.

Finally, based on its current development the closeness to the capital i.e. Finfinee, its location on
main road, suitable and available land for investment and residence etc. Sendafa can be promoted
to one of the major urban center of the region. Furthermore, a culturally significant site of Barrak
Mountain, Laga, - Jila and others can easily enhance its tourist attractiveness with cautions plan
implementation.

31
 CHPTER THREE

URBAN PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SENDAFA BAKE TOWN

3.1 Geographical Setting
3.1.1 Location, Area and Shape
Location
Sendafa Bake Town is relatively located roughly 38 km north east of Finfinne/Addis Ababa,
along the Addis Ababa to Mekele highway. As the town is very close to Addis Ababa (both to
domestic and international market), good infrastructures and availability of excess land resource
and conducive policy environment currently the town and its environs are attracting both
domestic and foreign direct investments.
Astronomically the town extends roughly from 9006'14"to 9010'30" N latitudes and 38057'60" to
390 04'53" E longitudes. According to the grade level urban center classification of Bureau of
Works and Urban Development of Oromia, 2009 the town has got a “2nd B” rank.
Area
In the preparation of structure plan of Sendafa Bake town Oromia Urban Planning Institute
surveyed the existing built up and expansion areas to the rural villages in all directions in
November 2010 and covers an area of 5,259.42 hectares. With the current expansion the large
adjacent farm land is incorporated in to the built-up area of the town and hence increases its area
however one-third of the expansion area in south-west is already occupied by Turkish investment
and not allowed for assigning of different urban land uses.
Shape
Based on the current expansion the shape of Sendafa Bake town is elongated that extends
linearly along the highway that runs from Addis Ababa/Finfinne to Sheno. A shape of an area
can be easily measured and defined quantitatively if it is compact. With the simplest measure of
compactness-length-breadth ratio (L/B) i.e. the ratio of the longest axis to the shortest axis
indicates 7 (14km/2km). Length-breadth ratio is 1 for high compactness and 100 for complete
linear shape. Therefore, the solution of L/B for Sendafa Bake town indicates that the town
possesses a linear shape. A compact shape i.e. when an area has a short distance among its
extremes has advantage in the provision of urban infrastructures while the linear development of
the town has an impact on easy provision of urban infrastructures.
32
3.1.2 Topography
Sendafa Bake Town is located under the foot of the north-west highlands in particular on the
Shewa plateau (Entoto ridge) which lies west of the Great East African Rift Valley. The area is
characterized by dissected high plateaus and mountains associated with hills, valleys and gorges.
The landscape of the town is fall under plateau and there are two pockets of hills or minor scarps
in the northern of the expansion areas.

The altitude classification of the town ranges between 2,496 to 2,656 meter above sea level
(m.a.s.l.) and the average elevation of the town is about 2,558.8 m.a.s.l. (Source: Base map,
OUPI, 2010).

33
Slope Analysis
The topography of the Sendafa Bake town is plateau and detail slope analysis has been made to
decide which areas are appropriate for what activities or which areas are subjected flood
inundation and etc. The slope generated is based on the xyz coordinates surveyed by surveying
team of Oromia Urban Planning Institute November 2010.

34
Table 3.1.1 Slope Classification, Area Covered and Its Suitability for Urban Expansion
Slope
Area Percentage Suitability for urban
classification
(ha) (%) development or expansion
(%)
0-2 1,519.23 28.9 Less preferable (Excessively plain)
2-3 1,331.87 25.3 More Preferable
3-4 1,194.86 22.7 More Preferable
4-6 710.4 13.5 More Preferable
6-8 337.43 6.4 More Preferable
8 - 11 132.48 2.5 Preferable
11 - 20 33.15 0.6 Less Preferable
Total 5,259.42 100
Source: Computed from surveyed xyz coordinate points, 2010

Accordingly the slope analysis made indicates that the slope ranges 0% to 17% and the mean of
the slope class intervals is 3%. Large amount of land in the expansion areas i.e. in south-west,

35
south and south-east their slope is lower than 2%. The lion share of expansion areas that have
slope below 2% are located in the Turkish investment sites and on this site there is no any land
use is going to be assigned. These areas are drained by rivers from the chain of mountains
northern part of the town i.e. the plateaus and hence the plan needs to be consider while the land
is proposed for different uses. There is only a pocket of land with steep slope which is roughly
greater than 10% and even this area can be utilized for different activities with appropriate
conservation of soil and reforestation.
In general the land use proposals or land use development of the town become well if it
considers the slope distribution within the town. To this end Table3.1.2 depicts the general slope
classification, area covered and its suitability for urban expansion and the allocation of particular
land use particularly in the new expansion areas become more appropriate if it consider the
topographic constraints upon land use development of the town that is depicted in Table 3.1.2.
Table 3.1.2 Topographic constraints upon land use development
Large scale commercial, Small scale commercial,
Moderate Low
Average site Industrial or Industrial or Organized
density density
slopes (%) institutional or high density institutional or high play
residential residential
residential density residential
0-1 Slight Moderate Moderate Moderate Severe
1-3 None None None None None
3-5 Moderate Slight Slight Slight Slight
5-8 Severe Moderate Moderate Slight Moderate
8-15 Severe Severe High Moderate High
15-25 Severe Severe Severe High Severe
>25 Severe Severe Severe Severe Severe
Source: Hallow C. L. and John L. Motloch (1985)

3.1.3 Drainage
Sendafa Bake town is located within Awash River drainage basin and drained by rivers and/or
streams commenced from Entonto ridge. There are many perennial rivers and/or streams in this
particular catchment. As depicted on Map 3.1.1 there are several rivers and/ streams that crosses
the town and the volume of water increases during rainy season (June-September).
Drainage density is one of the criteria that used in the selection of site in the expansion areas of
the town. Drainage implies the movement of rivers or streams through natural water courses.
Even though water is important for the development of the town problems related with these
36
rivers like erosion and formation of gullies, over bank flow and inundation are some of the
problems within the urban proper and the expansion areas. So areas exposed for these problems
should get attention while the plan is prepared.

Drainage density implies the average length of river or streams within the unit area (Drainage
density equals total river or stream length/total area of the town). The total length of streams in
Sendafa Bake town is 82.22 km, the total planning area is 52.59 km2 (Base Map of OUPI, 2010).
Therefore, river or streams of the town with a length of 1.56 km flow in a total area of 1km2.
Thus, there is a probability of inundation of areas that have low slope or gradient adjacent to
their left and right banks of these rivers and/or streams. Therefore, the plan should consider
adequate buffer zone along these river and/or stream banks.

3.1.4 Soil Distribution

Sendafa Bake town is mainly covered by Pellic Vertisols. The presence of different soils in is a
potential for practicing agriculture, it supports different natural vegetation and also they are
source for construction purposes.
The soil type in the project town is Pellic Vertisols. Vertisols are heavy, mostly dark colored clay
soils containing more than 30% clay. They are heavily cracking soils found in areas with long
dry season and gently sloping large flat lands. Such soils have fairly good agricultural potential.
Land preparation is difficult because during the dry season they become hard, while during wet
season they get very sticky and hence short time is available for land preparation. The properties
of vertisols also have impact on construction activities.

3.1.5 Climate
Climatic data on temperature, wind direction and speed of Sendafa Bake town is not available
and an attempt has been made to adapt the climatic condition of Addis Ababa_ Bole which is the
nearest metrological station.
Temperature: The mean annual temperature of the town is about 15.70c which is the
characteristic of a warm temperate climate.

37
Rainfall: The analysis of rain fall is based on 25 years data collected form a mateorological
station within the town by Ethiopian Mateorological Agency. Accordingly the mean annual
rainfall is about 1055 mm. In the town the highest rainfall occurs during northern summer i.e.
between June-September and covers about 79.2% of the total rainfall of the mentioned year. The
second largest rainfall occurs during March, April and May and covers 15.1%. About 5.7% is
distributed over the remaining months of the year. The rainfall data indicates that the town
receives large amount rainfall and there are many streams that cross through the town their banks
should get a buffer zone. And also there are wider areas that have slope or gradient below 2%
that may have a probability of inundation and causes sheet and gully erosion. Therefore, the plan
should assign appropriate land use for those areas exposed for such problems.
The average monthly rainfall of the town for 25 years i.e. from 1984 to 2008 is computed based
on the available rainfall data. Thus, July, August and June receive heavy rainfall. This is an
opportunity for crop production and rearing of animals and cultivation of different fruits and
vegetables suitable to this agro-climatic condition.

38
Wind: As the mateorological station within the town is not registering wind direction an attempt
has been made to adapt from Addis Ababa_ Bole which is the nearest metrological station.
Accordingly the south east trade winds account about 48.9% i.e. easterly winds are the dominant
winds in the year. Therefore, highly pollutant industries and other urban activities that emit
smoke, dust particles, noise and unpleasant smell are recommended to be located opposite to the
prevailing wind direction, preferably in the western fringe of the town.

3.1.6 Natural Vegetation

Vegetation is a direct reflection of the climate of the area. Accordingly the climatic climax
vegetation of Sendafa Bake town is covered by Juniperous forests which are destroyed by severe
deforestation through time and intensive reforestation of eucalyptus trees. However the project
town and its surrounding /hinterland are mainly covered by eucalyptus forests owned by the
government, community and individuals. Planting of indigenous species trees for healthy and
balanced eco-system in the town and its environs is very important. Considering the low
coverage of vegetation hilly areas and river banks, gullies and etc in the plan should be allotted
to the development of forests particularly indigenous species that contributes a lot in the
protection of the natural environment of the town.

39
3.1.7 Constraints for Urban Expansion

Physical/natural constraints: There are some physical constraints within the urban proper and
expansion areas for urban development. The slope distribution as already discussed in the above
paragraph there are areas below 2% these areas are may be a floodable land and their probability
of rising in construction cost, accesses and store water and serve as breading insects that may
causes different diseases is high. There are also some gullies along the river and/streams and
course (route) of streams that cross the town. In the northern expansion areas there are some
pocket hilly areas with a slope of about 17% which is difficult for easy allocation of urban land
uses since it is a problem in construction and easy access at current development of the town.

Man made constraints: The constraints are found both in the existing parts of the town and the
new expansion areas. In the urban proper there are governmental organizations (National
Defense camp and Police University College) that occupies large area of land, hinder accesses
and make that particular site inactive. In south-western expansion area of the town is occupied by
Turkish investment site and this area is one-third of the current total area of the town. This site
hinders the physical expansion of the town towards that direction and currently as the land use
that is adjacent to the town proper is not known and hence it may causes problem of
compatibility and hence before deciding the proposal land use of the town the site plan of
Turkish investment site should examined and get an attention.

3.2. Geological conditions

3.2.1. Regional Geology
The oldest rock in the country, which forms the basement, is of Precambrian age. Overlying this
basement rock is the Mesozoic sedimentary succession and/or Cenozoic Volcanics except where
the basement rocks are overlain by Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, quaternary deposits or simply
exposed to the surface. The largest part of the country (about 32%) is covered by volcanic rocks
of different ages and types. One can categorize these volcanic rocks based on various criteria
such as age (tertiary and Quaternary volcanics), and taking rift formation as a reference (pre- rift
& post- rift volcanics). The volcanic rocks of the country can also be described as the Trap series
volcanics and Aden Series volcanics, which is the same as to say post rift volcanics. The trap
series represent the oldest volcanic rocks in the country compared to Aden series volcanics.

40
The major uplifting followed by cracking of horn of Africa gave rise to the formation of Trap
series. It is comprised mainly of flood basalt with some trachytes and rhyolites, especially on its
upper part. The trap series forms the northwest and southeast plateau, reaching its maximum
development in central Ethiopia attaining a thickness of up to 3km, (Mengesha et. al 1996).
Trap series is hardly distinguished from the Aden Volcanic series based on the petrographic
analysis, Mohr (1971). Hence though not conclusive, morphological distribution may be
employed to distinguish them. The trap series predates the rift faulting and usually occupies great
height of the Ethiopian and Somalian Plateau, where as the Aden volcanic series are associated
with well – preserved volcanic cones or lava flows, Mohr (1971).
Due to the fact that the Sandafa Bake lies between the plateau and the rift floor, the geological
history of the area is an integral part of the evolution or development of the Ethiopian plateau
and the Rift system. According to Mohr (1964), the present morphology, and geological setting
of this part of Ethiopia are the results of two major post-Paleozoic tectonic events, which were
followed by important phases of volcanic activity. The first tectonic event (the epierogenic
uplift), which occurred in late Mesozoic – Early Tertiary period, produced the Afro- Arabian
Dome. As an immediate consequence of up arched landmass under tension, gave rise to the
extrusions of voluminous basaltic magma through fissures (Mohr, 1983). The extrusion of the
Trap series fissure basalt of Ethiopia during Eocene - Oligocene was the major and widespread
volcanic episode of the whole Cenozoic. According to Kazmin (1975), contemporaneous
eruption formed shield volcanoes mainly consisting of basaltic lava and developed on both the
southeastern & the western plateau in Miocene.
The second tectonic event resulted in development of rift and associated volcanic phenomena
during Tertiary – Quaternary period was superimposed on the long uplifted Afro – Arabian
swell, whose axis approximately runs north – south. The main Ethiopia Rift was the result of
extensional tectonics that trends in NNE- SSW. It started to develop in the Miocene. According
to Zennettin et al., (1980), Rift related volcanic rocks were outpoured when fissural volcanism in
the adjacent plateau had died out.

Initial sagging of the main Ethiopian Rift started about 14 to 15Ma (Mega Annum) and was
followed by major episodes of rifting at 10, 5, 4 and 1.8 to 1.6 Ma. Each stage of rifting and
down faulting was accompanied by a bimodal (silicic-mafic) volcanism in the rift and formation
41
of basaltic and trachytic shield volcanoes on the rift shoulders & margins, (Kazmin et al., 1980).
There were wide spread basaltic cinder cones eruption as well as restricted local flows of olivine
basalt and olivine trachy- basalt in Akaki – Bishoftu areas, contemporaneously with the
emplacement of per alkaline rhyolites, trachyte lavas and ignimbrites (Mohr, 1964).
Quaternary volcanism was not confined to Rift; it also took place on plateaus, Mohr (1971).
These Quaternary alkaline basalts and trachytes were erupted along the pre- existing structures
on the north - west and south - east plateaus. Their well - preserved structures and/or unmodified
geomorphologic features such as cinder cones and small collapse craters, especially in heavy
rainfall and perennial stream region indicate their recent age, Mengesha et al (1996).
Even though the major geological structures in the country mostly parallel to the rift system,
some faults run transversally to it on North West Ethiopian plateau. An example is the East -
West oriented lineament that extends from Kassam River in the east through Finfine (Addis
Ababa) to Ambo in the west. This lineament, called Ambo fault belt, starts from the western
escarpment of the rift, and goes further to Wollega, Mengesha, et al (1996).
Different researchers have been studied the geology of Finfinne (Addis Ababa) and its
surroundings both locally and regionally. As the works by Mohr (1967, 1971), Zenettin et al.
(1973, 1974, 1977), Kazmin et al. (1975), Morton et al. (1979) described rock units reveals the
Miocene-Pleistocene volcanic succession ranging from older plateau volcanic to younger Rift
volcanic.
North and south of the long basaltic range running from Finfine (Addis Ababa) to Debra Berhan
(Ethiopia) there are large ignimbritic plateaux which are very similar both morphologically and
lithologically, and which are considered to be stratigraphically equivalent by previous
researchers. Accurate geological reconstructions and many radiometric age determinations have
allowed these plateaux to be distinguished into two distinct ignimbritic formations. The first
corresponds to the most recent rocks (Miocene) of the « trap Series », and the second to the
Pliocene « Balchi Series ».

42
 Figure3.2.1. Location of Regional Geology of the study area

The two formations are separated from one another by attributable to the « Termaber » central-
type volcanism taking place in the Finfine (Addis Ababa)-Debra Berhan area more recently than
in other parts of the Ethiopian plateau.

3.2.2. Physiographic Setting

Ethiopia is a country of great geographical diversity with high and rugged mountains, flat topped
plateau, deep gorges, river valleys and plain. The physiographic of Sandafa Bake is an extensive
drainage system located in the northern Ethiopian plateau that slowly descends to the Main
Ethiopian Rift and has an elevation drop of about 1km in a space of about 30km towards the
south (Figure 2). As it can be seen in this figure the topography close to the ridge in the north is
sharp and tends to flatten towards south. In the northern and northeastern of the town, there is
continuous rugged mountain chain of Barrak (has continuous chain with Intoto ridge mount) that

43
running east- west direction in northeast of Finfine. This present rugged landform of the area is
due to volcano – tectonic activity formed the plateau and rift followed by later erosion and river
dissection.
Figure3.2.2. Profile showing elevation drop of the study area from Barrak (Gudata) ridge to the plateau

3.2.3. Local Geology

Sendafa Bake town is located in northern Showa within a distance of about 39-40km northeast of
Finfine (Addis Ababa) in cetral Ethiopia. The study area is found near the margin to the west
(northwest) of the Great Ethiopian Rift valley located within eight (8) and above MM.scale
intensity of earthquake. It is one of the fast growing towns in Oromia Region, Spatial Zone
surround Finfinne, Barrak Administrative District. It is the district capital town situated along the
main asphalt road that passes from Finfinne to Debre-birhan.
Different researchers have been studied the geology of Finfine and its surroundings. As the
works by Mohr (1967, 1971), Zenettin et al (1973, 1974), Kazmin et al (1975), Morton et al
(1979) described rock units reveals the Miocene-Pleistocene volcanic succession ranging from
older plateau volcanic to younger Rift volcanic.
Due to the location of the study area with respect to the Main Ethiopian Rift, the rocks were subjected to
rift tectonics that is manifested by a number of fault systems having a general trend of the rift system
(Northeast – Southwest), but there are some faults and lineaments oriented East –West, North – West and
Northeast – Southwest.

44
The volcanic rocks belonging to the trap series include Ashangi group and Shield group. These
rocks have been considered to be related with extensive fracturing that occurred synchronously
and immediately following the uplift of the Arabo Ethiopian swell (Mohr, 1971; Kazmin, 1975).
Similar to other areas of central high lands of the country, Sandafa Bake and surrounding areas
geology covered with thick volcanic rock. The exposures that highly exposed within stream cut
(Sandafa Bake streams) and others indicate the presence of this rock locally and the mentioned
continuous ridge of Dire or Intoto regionally shows the coverage of basaltic rocks. Description of
the local geology of the can be made easily from modification on the surface due to high degree
of erosion and different quarry sites exposure. In some localities even to a depth more than 2-3m
the existing rock unit and structures could be identified within stream cut.
In the study area within the study basin and peripheries different rock types of the volcanic rocks
exposed and identified during field observation. In general the study area is covered by
lithologies of Basaltic unit, Ignimbrite unit, Rhyolite unit, tuff, volcanic ash, and trachytes, of
volcanic rocks. There are also alluvial and lacustrine sedimentary deposits in lower slope areas
and in river banks of flat slope of the area.

I. Basaltic Unit
It is also known as the Finfine (Addis Ababa) basalt. They overlie Intoto silicics and outcrops
mainly occur in the Intoto Mountain, central Addis Ababa, along the Dire Mountain to the
Gudda Mountain to the northeast of the town. The weathered basalt also exists outcropped in the
whole town from the Athletics center through along the police college up to the quarry site to the
north of the town.
It is found in the whole district in region with black or dark grey in color. Their composition can
be porphyritic olivine basalt, porphyritic feldspar basalt & pyroxene basalts. Individual flows are
usually easily observed & paleosols & scoraceous horizons are found at the bottom of flows in
many places (Kebede Tsehayu and Taddese Hailemariam, 1990). It has fine to medium grain size
and consists silica and oxide minerals.

45
Picture3.2.1. Quarry site of Basalt that found to the north in the town

But it is difficult to identify mineral contents of basalt in the study area due to it’s highly exposed
to weathering and generally too fine-grained extrusive volcanic rock.

II. Ignimbrite Unit

A light-colored volcanic rock (felsic rock silicon-rich) consisting of lava and glass that were
welded together by intense heat. It is found in southern part of the study area and also in the
center of the town around municipality. This quarry is also widely available in near districts like
in Alaltu which is about 15km to the east from Sandafa Bake.

III. Rhyolitic Unit

They are fine grained light-colored volcanic rocks. They are extrusive rocks that have the same
chemical composition as granite, that contain minerals quartz, feldspar and mica.It is extensively
used as dimension stone, flooring tiles in public and commercial buildings and monuments.
There are also other lithologies of volcanic rocks of trachytes and volcanic ash exposed in and
around the town covering small area.

3.2.4. Construction Minerals (Materials)

The area is available with a variety of volcanic rock construction material. Some of them are;
Basalt, Ignimbrite, Rhyolite, Sand, etc.

Basalt: This quarry is suitable in dimension stones and crushed aggregates as a construction
material in buildings and roads. This quarry site is widely exist in and aound the town, specially
following mountainous ridge in the northern and northeastern of the town.
46
Ignimbrite: The soft ignimbrites, which are common in the study area, can be worked with

simple technology to squared building-blocks and slabs suitable for a wide range of applications.

Sand: loose, incoherent mass of mineral materials in a finely granular condition, usually

consisting of quartz, with a small proportion of mica, feldspar magnetite, and other resistant
minerals. It is the product of the chemical and mechanical disintegration of rocks under the
influences of weathering and abrasion. There have been disposal of sand deposit in Sandafa Bake
town (the study area), which is deposited by seasonal wind and flood condition, which has low
quality in the river banks of the area.

3.2.5. Industrial and Metallic Minerals

One can say that there is as all a scarce of industrial, metallic and precious minerals in and
around Sandafa Bake town that promote or attract investment opportunity and enhance
environmentally friendly mineral resource development.

3.2.6. Mining Activity of the Area

Mining is, in its broadest sense, the process of obtaining useful minerals from the earth’s crust.
The process includes excavations in underground mines and surface excavations in open-pit or
open-cut mines. Although many mineral deposits exist in Ethiopia, thick layers of volcanic lava
cover the older ore-bearing rock and render exploitation difficult. As all there is no mining
activity in the study area except the quarry and quarrying open excavation, from which any
useful stone is extracted for building and engineering purposes, and the operations required to
obtain rock in useful form from a quarry. So, there have been no environmental impacts caused
from mining activity in the area except from the quarry.

In general, the owner of the quarry sites is mostly the local people and there are no crasher
machines except some quarry sites owned by Chinese constructor for construction purpose. All
activities in the area have been going on in traditional manners (except in some areas Chinese
use crasher machines) and the quarry sites located nearby the town. For that matter, there have
been problems identified concerning the quarries in the environmental impact during of
exploiting the resources in and around the town.

47
  formation of new cliffs, depressions and gullies
 formation of poorly drained areas and artificial ponds
 aggravation of soil erosion
 Damaging land that can be used for other purpose etc.

On this respect the following measures are recommended.

 concerned authorities have to control and monitor the quarrying activity
 limiting the area of quarrying activities
 making an environmental impact assessment before issuing license for quarrying, etc

3.2.7. Energy Resources

Energy is an important element in Sandafa Bake development strategy, because it could be a
source of foreign exchange and is a catalyst for industrial progress. Ethiopia has a diversity of
modern energy sources (hdro, geothermal, solar, natural gas, etc). Currently, about 90% of the
rural population still relies on traditional biomass fuel (wood) as their primary energy resource.
In Sandafa Bake and its surrounding there are a few of energy resources; hydroelectric power.
There is also coal deposit, naturally occurring combustible material consisting primarily of the
mineral carbon, but with low percentages of solids, liquid, and gaseous hydrocarbons and other
materials, such as compounds of nitrogen and sulfur, in the area of Goraa Kebele in Alaltu
district.
3.2.8. Soils
Soil characteristics of the area may be dependant up on the topographic setting and type of parent
material from which the soil originated and some other factors. The loose material that covers the
land surfaces of Earth and supports the growth of plants. In general, soil is an unconsolidated, or
loose, combination of inorganic and organic materials. The inorganic components of soil are
principally the products of rocks and minerals that have been gradually broken down by weather,
chemical action, and other natural processes. The organic materials are composed of debris from
plants and from the decomposition of the many tiny life forms that inhabit the soil.
Soils vary widely from place to place. Many factors determine the chemical composition and
physical structure of the soil at any given location. The different kinds of rocks, minerals, and
other geologic materials from which the soil originally formed play a role. The kinds of plants or

48
other vegetation that grow in the soil are also important. Topography—that is, whether the
terrain is steep, flat, or some combination—is another factor.
The soil in the area is a type of dark brown in color with fine to medium grain size by testing
with sieving analysis test. As the topographic terrain of the study area is flat it has its own effect
on soil formation.
The part of the soil that is not solid is made up of pores of various sizes and shapes—sometimes
small and separate, sometimes consisting of continuous tubes. Soil scientists refer to the size,
number, and arrangement of these pores as the soil's porosity. Porosity greatly affects water
movement in the soil.

Picture3.2.2. Cross-section of soil of the area

The soil of the area has high swell –shrinkage limit and due to this constructing huge engineering
structures is not advisable and also is not good for construction purpose because it has a cracking
behavior.

Picture3.2.3. Opening (cracking) of land due to high swell-shrinkage soil property of the area

49
This may cause land subsidence in relation to long period of drought that lower the water table of
ground water and any supportive part of land that cause it. The soil of the area easily eroded
during rainy season making flood channel in the town due the absence of indigenous trees and
absence of soil erosion controlling methods. As all no more detail investigation could be done on
physical and engineering properties of soils due to limited scope of the study.

3.2.9. Geological Structures

It is in accordance with the location of the study area at the shoulder of the Main Ethiopian Rift
that the project area has been subjected to the rift tectonics, which is manifested by a number of
major and minor fault systems. As it can be seen from the map of the geological structures of
area compiled by BCEOM – Seureca (2000) the general trend of most of these faults follow the
rift system (NE – SW) orientation but there are some faults with orientation of east – west and
northwest-southeast . The major lineament oriented along east – west that extends from the study
area in the north through Finfine (Addis Ababa) to Ambo in the west, cuts across the Western rift
escarpment and uplifted its northern block (Zennettin et al., 1978) which was during the late
Miocene time. In study area there is no geological structures as the area is flat, but there are fault
structures in the outside of the town in northern and northeastern.

3.2.10. Hydrogeology of the Area

Water supplies fall into two basic categories: surface water and groundwater.

A. Surface Hydrogeology
Surface water hydrology relates the dynamics of flow in surface water systems. It is the water
that exists in streams, rivers or lakes. When rain falls on the ground, much of the precipitation
drains across the surface of the earth and collects in ravines, streams and creeks. Gradually, these
smaller waterways join together and form rivers. It also includes the relation between rainfall
and surface runoff (seasonal); this relationship is an important aspect of water resources for
sewerage (wastewater) or drinking water, for agriculture, environmental protection, and for flood
control.

Run-off = precipitation - (infiltration + evapo-transpiration); the remaining water flow into rivers
and streams. In relation to this looking catchments area, degree of soil porosity, slope and shape
of catchment area, intensity of rainfall in catchment area and obstruction in the flow of water due
50
to trees, etc of the study area is very important. So, the area has low catchment area due to its
land shape and flat slope, porous soil, get high annual rainfall, and also somewhat not covered by
forest.
In the study area, Sandafa Bake, there are scarcity of surface water due to the location of the area
in the plateau and absence of indigenous trees. However, there are few of rivers in the area that
flows from north to south following the topography (from higher slope to lower slope) that
means from Barrak (Gudata) mount to the plateau area. These rivers are; Jilaa river, Bake river,
Gudata Jorroo river, Haadha Warre river, Qulxubbii river, and Arera river available in the area.
From these rivers except Jilaa, Bake, and Gudata Jorroo rivers, they dry during dry season and
get high recharge from rainfall during rainy season and exist as rivers.

Picture3.2.4. Jilaa River with exposed volcanic rock in the river bank

These rivers of Sandafa Bake that flow from high mount to plateau are the sub-catchment of
Lagadadhi that is located at the south of the study area. The surface water of the area is polluted
by solid and liquid waste disposal mainly from Police University College, abattoir and drawn
wastes in every part of the town.

B. Groundwater Hydrogeology
Groundwater flow runs through rocks and soils. It may appear at the surface in the form of
springs, or may be tapped by wells. Precipitation and melt water percolate into the ground and
reach a level, known as the water table, at which all of the spaces in the rocks are filled with
water. Groundwater flows from areas where the water table is higher to areas where it is lower.
51
When groundwater reaches streams, it supplies a base flow that change little from day to day and
can persist for many days or weeks without rain. During periods of sustained drought, however,
the water table can fall so low that streams and wells dry out. When precipitation falls to the
ground, not all the water runs into the rivers as surface flow. Some precipitation becomes
groundwater after seeping down into the earth and collecting within underground reservoirs
called aquifers. The hydro-geological conditions which exist in the country are highly varied as a
result of the complexity in geology, physiographic, and climate.
In the aquifer classification which accounts for the aquifer types and the aquifer productivity, the
area and its surrounding are included in the areas of extensive aquifers with brownish clay soil,
weathered basalt, pumice (volcanic ash), highly weathered rhyolite, and other aquifer of volcanic
rock, drill cutting sample was collected at every two-meters interval in the area. Hydro-
geological field observations such as the distribution and magnitude of spring discharges, the
degree of fracturing of the rock units, the thickness of the formations, and the extent of
weathering are some of the significant field observations which provided indirect evidence as to
whether a rock unit is likely to be an aquifer of low, moderate or high productivity. From this
point of view, the aquifers of the area are of high productivity.
The calibrated model is used to forecast groundwater flow pattern, the interaction of groundwater
and surface water, and the effect of pumping on the well field under different scenarios. The
result indicates that the groundwater flows regionally to the south converging to the major well
field. Reservoirs and rivers play an important role in recharging the aquifer. Simulations made
under different pumping rate in area indicate that an increase in pumping rate results in
substantial regional groundwater decline, which will lead to the drying of springs and shallow
hand dung wells. That is why there is no springs and shallow hand dung water body, except the
deep well from where the town get water supply.

The groundwater movement is generally in the same direction as the drainage. So, it is shown
from figure below, it flows from north to south direction in area. Groundwater exists in areas
beyond municipality (proposed well field) in Hadha Waree flat area due to its high catchment.
This water body can be extracted within 200m up to 300m deep. The central plain part of the
catchment is covered with settlement and only small plot of land left mainly as pastures and
alternative crops with highly or scattered trees of more dominant homestead tree.
52
Figure3.2.4. Groundwater flow pattern with aquifer productivity

In general, groundwater is of major importance to civilization, because it is the largest reserve of

drinkable water in regions where humans can live and less contaminated by wastes and
organisms.

C. Water Supply
The town gets water supply from underground water of deep drill; boreholes. Currently the town
gets water supply source from eight (8) boreholes and these have 280 cubic meter daily
discharge. From these boreholes only five of them give service. The rest three have low
discharge during dry season due to low recharge (catchment) and drop of water table. For this
reason and population density increase, lack of water supply might happen in the town. That is
why new project is going to be constructed in order to minimize water supply problems in the
area Haadha Waaree field beyond municipality. There are reasons for decline of discharge
(yield) of boreholes; long period of dry season, lack of indigenous trees, and this causes water
table fall low in area.
The water demand standard of one person is 35 liter per a day (35L/a day/ a person). In the area
the water demand of one person is 20 liter per a day. When it is calculated using the standard
formula, there is about 15 liter gaps. It is possible to calculate for the coming ten years by taking
the projected population number and using the standard formula. This shows that water demand
and water supply of the town is not balanced.

D. Water Quality
From sample taken from the well field at the end of constant discharge testing in the table below
shows chemical water analysis of the area.
53
Table3.2.1. Physico-chemical water analysis results of well

Source (borehole)=deep well Measured value WHO maximum allowable conc.mg/l

TDS (mg/l) 219 1000
PH 9.6 6.5-8.5
Sodium (mg/l) 74 200
Calcium (mg/l) 2.28 200
Chloride (mg/l) 21.8 250
Nitrate (mg/l) 3.1 45
Source: Sendafa Bake Water Office

The physico-chemical analysis result indicates that the water quality of the well is within the
acceptable values of the maximum permissible WHO standards except PH value which is little
bit higher than the value of maximum allowable WHO standard.

3.2.11. Geological Hazards

The main ones are: Earthquakes, Volcanic eruptions, Landslides, Floods, subsidence and others.
Geologic processes affect every human on the Earth all of the time, but are most noticeable when
they cause loss of life or property.

A. Earthquakes
Occur when energy stored in elastically strained rocks is suddenly released. This release of
energy causes intense ground shaking in the area near the source of the earthquake and sends
waves of elastic energy, called seismic waves, throughout the Earth. Earthquakes can be
generated by bomb blasts, volcanic eruptions, and sudden slippage along faults.

The distribution of seismicity is highest along relatively narrow belts that coincide with plate
boundaries which include, divergent, transcurrent and convergent and also can occur in the stable
portions of continents that are not near plate boundaries.

54
Map3.2.1. Seismic hazard areas of Ethiopia

Source: Mapping Agency of Ethiopia

As the study area, Sandafa Bake, is located near to the Main Rift Valley of Ethiopia, earthquake
might happen in the area with the probability of occurring 0.99 in 100 years. As it is shown on
the map the town is located in the seismic intensity of eight (8) and above MM. scale, which
shows high probability of occurrence of earthquake in the area. Earthquake can be predicted and
controlled by: long- term forecasting, paleo-seismology (study of prehistoric), and seismic gaps.

B. Flooding
Floods have been occurring throughout Earth history, and are expected so long as the water cycle
continues to run. Most flooding is a function of the total amount and distribution of rainfall and
rate of infiltration. In less developed countries, humans are particularly sensitive to flood
casualties because of high population density, absence of zoning regulations, lack of flood
control, and lack of emergency response infrastructure and early warning systems.

In the area there is flash flood that originates from the surrounding areas of high slope and rush
down towards the flat part of the town and causes damage. This is very common in rainy season
in the whole town. According to the information gathered from the questionnaire filled by
55
selected residents and also observed during the field study; Girar Barrak, central hotel, around
municipality, around bake sloppy area and road banks due to diversion of flood channel during
road construction, and the whole town is the victim of flood especially during rainy season due
its topographic difference of the area.
Picture3.2.5. Seasonal flood effect eroded fertile soil making environmental change

Flood can be caused as result of high precipitation, low infiltration, low evaporation and low
interception. This is also depends on the rock and soil types of the area. This problem needs to be
considered during the structural preparation of the town. As the flood of the area is flash flood,
which characteristically have short lag times, are more problematical. Thus, in the areas known
to be susceptible to flash floods, a flash flood warning is often issued any time heavy rainfall is
expected because there is always the chance of a flash flood accompanying heavy rainfall. As all
the area is affected by flood because there is lack of flood control like ditches, trenches, culvert
etc and lack of early warning systems. So, controlling this cause is very important.

Flood controlling methods;

 Constructing channels/ditches along areas assigned to be of flood victim
 Covering affected areas by forest
 Diverting long coming flood (zoning regulation)
 Early warning systems (metrological)

56
C. Volcanic Hazards
A volcanic hazard refers to any potentially dangerous volcanic process (lava flows, pyroclastic
flows, ash). A volcanic risk is any potential loss or damage as a result of the volcanic hazard that
might be incurred by persons, property, etc. or which negatively impacts the productive
capacity/sustainability of a population. Risk not only includes the potential monetary and human
losses, but also includes a population’s vulnerability. Earthquakes related to volcanic activity
may produce hazards which include ground cracks, ground deformation, and damage to
manmade structures. As the study area, Sandafa Bake, is located near the MER (Main Ethiopian
Rift), attention should be given to the clues which indicate volcanic eruptions such as;
• Geophysical observation (thermal and magnetic properties of rocks)
• topographic monitoring (ground tilt, swelling of volcanoes)
• monitoring seismicity (increase in frequency of small earthquakes)
• Apart from the psychological adjustment to losses, the only major human adjustment to
volcanic hazard is evacuation.
D. Landslides
Any perceptible down slope movement of rock or regolith mainly to the force of gravity.
Landslides cause major socioeconomic impacts on people, their possessions, industry,
infrastructure, etc. Their impact is increasing due to population increase. Increase in population
lead to deforestation and cultivation of sloppy areas. As the area of the study area is flat no such
landslide may occur. The main short term effects that are the immediate or apparent reasons for
initiation of landslide movement are; rainfall, water (hydrogeology), earthquakes, slope
excavation, and slope loading by construction. There are prevention methods; reducing driving
force for instance unloading slope and subsurface drainage and increasing resisting force
(reforestation, retaining walls, etc).

E. Subsidence
It is sinking of ground surface vertically downward due to the removal of natural support from
underground surface of the earth. Causes of subsidence (if it happen in the region);
 dissolution of rocks which creates sinkholes (underground voids)
 nature of rock types and layering (weak layers like shale overlain by harder layers may
settle
57
  pressure from underground water in cracks
 earthquake shaking

Mitigating the effects of subsidence (if it happen in the area);

 controlling land use to avoid large scale changes in regional water table
 avoiding excessive withdrawal of fluids
 Re - injection of water to compensate for pumped fluid etc.

3.2.12. Recommendations
The geological studies conducted in and around Sandafa Bake have identified some major
problems which have to be considered during the preparation and implementation of the plan.
Therefore, the following are shortly recommended as planning issues;
1. Geological materials of construction are abundantly available around the area and may be
considered as an input in the construction and development of the town.
2. As Sandafa Bake is located in plateau near the Main Ethiopian Rift, which is active zone
of volcano tectonic and seismic activities where earthquake possibly (8 and above MM.
scale intensity) occur in the area, the preparation of the plan and its implementation
should take this into consideration.
3. Land surface of Sandafa Bake area is covered by thick dark soil which is very thick in
some places. This type soil formed in place is believed to be the weathered product of its
parent material which is volcanic rocks; it cannot serve as a construction material. As the
soil is expansive, it ought to be removed to a depth in the place during construction of
large engineering structures.
4. As it is mentioned in the hydrogeology part of this study, it is the southern parts of the
town recommended for its good groundwater potential. The urban expansion and other
construction activities should never include these area; especially the upstream side and
sufficient buffer area must be given in order that the groundwater resource should not be
polluted.

58
3.3 ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
3.3.1 General Background
Sendafa Bake town is located in Bereh wereda and has similar landscape which ranges from
2498 to 2656 meters above sea level as shown on the next elevation model.

Map 3.3.1: Elevation Model of Sendafa Bake town

3.3.2 Existing Situation of Urban Green Areas in the Town

The existing open spaces, greeneries, play grounds, stadium and other sport fields, identified on
the plan as can be seen on the next map are not uniformly distributed.

Map 3.3.2: Existing Open Spaces and Greeneries in the Town

Though there is no planned and/or properly organized
. community/public green area in Sendafa Bake town, there is a
considerable natural and man-made urban green areas
(vegetation/trees covers) thinly distributed in the boundary of
the town. Most of these are eucalyptus trees and other human
planted trees.
Picture 3.3.1: View of the Town
Legend
Main Roads
Rivers
Stadium
Athiletic Center
Open Spaces
Recreation
1,250
625 0 1,250 Meters
Boundary of the Town

Neighborhood Play Grounds and Green Areas: As can be seen from the map above, the
distribution of the existing open spaces and greeneries in the town are not uniform (They are
concentrated in an area around the centre of the town and others do not have at all). As can be

59
seen from the next accessibility map, many areas of the town do not have access to play grounds,
open spaces and stadium.
Map 3.3.3: Accessibility Map to Play Grounds and Open Spaces

. Legend
Boundary of the Town
Stadium
Open Spaces
Recreation
Athiletic Center
Access to Open Spaces within 400 Ms
Access to Open Spaces within 800 Ms
Access to Open Spaces within 1 KM
Access to Recreation within 1 KM
Access to Stadium within 1 KM
Access to Stadium within 3 KMs
Access to Stadium within 5 KMs
Area which Needs Medium Consideration
1,900 950 0 1,900 Meters
Area Which Needs Special Consideration

The next map shows inaccessible areas to open spaces, greeneries up to 1 KM.
Map 3.3.4: Inaccessible Areas to Open Spaces, Greeneries Up to 1 KM.
. Legend
Main Roads
Accessible Areas to Open Spaces, Recreation or Stadium within 1 KM
Inaccessible Areas to Open Spaces, Recreation or Stadium within 1 KM

Meters
0 490980 1,960 2,940 3,920

So, sufficient open spaces should be reserved for play grounds, development of public toilet,
temporary storage of solid wastes and for different social festivals in the preparation of LDP. In
the process, great attention in the red, medium attention in the yellow and less attention in the
white color should be taken as shown in the next map.

Map 3.3.5: Inaccessible Areas to Open Spaces, Greeneries Up to 1 KM.

.

Legend
Boundary of the Town
Main Roads
Area Which Needs Special Consideration
1,600 800 0 1,600 Meters Area which Needs Medium Consideration

60
A. Road Side Green Areas: There is one high way which is asphalted and crossing the town
(from Addis Ababa to Sheno) and other roads connecting different neighborhoods in the town
and the town to different rural areas. This is shown on the next map.
Map 3.3.6: Existing All Main and some secondary Roads in Sendafa Bake town
There are no continuous and planned green zones, green lawns,
.
green belt, greened and planned pedestrian walk ways, the main
To Sheno
To Muka Turi & Back to AA
road and roundabout/square in the town. Therefore, street side
trees/greeneries in the town need adequate planning interventions.
There is only one roundabout in the town located around the
To Chafe Donsa
interior of the town. The existing main and secondary roads in the
To Addis Ababa

Legend
town are bare (are not astonished with greeneries) and the
Main Roads
Secondary Roads
roundabout in the town is not on the main road. Moreover, there
0 600
1,200 2,400 Meters
Boundary of the Town
are no street cleaners, guardians and nursery site workers.

3.3.3 Urban Agriculture

In Sendafa Bake town, there are agricultural activities including dairy farming, cattle raring,
horticulture and these all are carried out spreading throughout the town and other undeveloped
agriculture at out skirt of the town, which is fringe urban agriculture. Currently, about 20
hectares of the total area of the town is being used for dairy farming.

3.3.4 Municipal Abattoir

The town has one government owned abattoir located around the center in 01 kebele on the edge
of Kultubi (Seasonal Stream). It has been giving services for both Christians and Muslim
residents in the town and on average; about six cattle are examined and slaughtered per day. The
total area of the abattoir is 2,562m2.
Map 3.3.8: Location of the Existing Abattoir in Sendafa Bake town

. Most of solid wastes are removed (discharged) in open areas around

the abattoir and because of this, many scattered bones are observed in
Legend
Boundary of the Town the surrounding environment and even little in farther areas. Liquid
Main Roads
Rivers or Seasonal Streams

1,600 800 0 1,600 Meters

Exsisting Residential
Exsisting Abattoir wastes also disposed into pit (pool) which is located inside the fence

61
and flow to the nearby seasonal stream. As per the analysis made on the issue; the site does not
full fill the criteria set to propose for these functions.

Map 3.3.9: Ring Analysis of Some Indicators to Select Abattoir

From the area which is indicated in white color indicated above,
. most part is reserved for Turkey investment as shown on the first
map and abattoir for the town (a minimum of 1.5 hectares) can
be selected from the total of 212.7 hectares indicated on the
second map below.

Legend
Boundary of the Town
Main Roads
Rivers
Exsisting Abattoir
Existing Residential Area
100 Ms Buffer from all Rivers
500 Ms Buffer from the Exsisting Residential
1,700 850 0 1,700 Meters
1 KM Buffer from the Existing Residential

Map 3.3.10: Accepted and Rejected Area Based on Prevailing Wind Direction

Legend
Boundary of the Town
Turkey Investment Area
1,700 850 0 1,700 Meters
Options for Abattoir

More over, residents of the town should use only the abattoir and keep its sanitation.

3.3.5 Public Toilet

There are ten public toilets (with a total of twenty classes) in the town. Even though neither the
town’s municipality nor other related sectors do not have organized data on the current number
of houses and facilities of houses, information from residents of the town indicate that most of
residents in the town use pit latrine. Open deification, especially on the market days is also
practiced as method of disposal in the town. This defecation is undertaken in river banks, under

62
 existing trees and on degraded areas of the town and human excreta is usually seen on different
corners of the town.
3.3.6 Waste Management
A. Solid Waste
A persistent problem for local government is inadequate collection and disposal of house hold
garbage. Kinds of solid wastes generated from Sendafa Bake town are mostly organic wastes
which are related to cow dung, food and vegetable residues, ashes, and other organic wastes;
plastics, rubber and their products; pieces of textile types; non combustible stones and others;
hazardous wastes; paper and paper product types; Pieces of wood types, grasses and combustible
leaves; pieces of metals and dusts from sweeping of floors and others. Since the town does not
have solid waste disposal site, most wastes end up in open dumps threatening both surface and
ground water quality and causing floods which provides a breeding ground for disease carrying
pests.
According to S.C. Santra, 2001, per capita solid waste generation rate for developing countries,
was estimated to be 0.5 kg /day/person. Based on this, the amount of municipal solid waste
generated in Sendafa Bake town is projected and calculated as shown on the next table.
Table 3.3.1: Projected per capita solid waste generation in the town
Solid waste Solid Waste Required
Generated per day Generated Required Trips/Day
Year in EC

Population

(0.5 KG/person) in m3/year Containers Using 1 Big Or

Medium
KG M3
Dump Truck
3 3
2010 25,578 12,789 47.4 17,301 6(8m ) or 8(6 m ) 6 or 8
2021 39,916 19,958 73.9 26,973 9(8m3) or 13(6 m3) 9 or 13
Source: Owen Computation Based On Existing and Projected Population Data
Converted by assuming specific weight of 270 kg/m3 (un-compacted density)
Number of required trucks assuming 5 trips per vehicle day
As per review of related literature, to select solid waste disposal site, buffering zone of 100 m
around the faults; 200 m and 100 m respectively for permanent and temporary rivers; 400 m for
water wells in the region; 300 m around populated urban or rural areas; 300 m around

63
agricultural and industrial centers; 300 m to Road Network and buffer of 5 km should be applied
around the coastal zone. In addition, Protection from strong winds, Transportation Issues,
Altitude, Size and shape of Landfill, Public health, safety, etc should be seen in detail. Based on
these criteria and structure plan manual available in Oromia Urban Planning Institute, the
general site available for this purpose is as shown on the next maps.

Map 3.3.11: Existing Settlements and Inappropriate Areas Because of Settlements

Existing Settlements Inappropriate Area Because of

.
Settlements

Legend
Boundary of the Town Athiletic Center
Exsisting Residential Mosque
KGs Ortodox Church
Elementary Schools & Acadamies Protestant Church
High School Recreation
1:58,000 Colleges and TVET Stadium 1:60,000

Map 3.3.12: Roads and Inappropriate Areas because of existing roads in the town

Map 3.3.13: Water Bodies and Others in the Town

Multiple ring analysis by taking the existing
rivers, residential areas, main roads and high
tension as inputs shows that the area in deep
green color on the border of the town fit the
criteria.

64
Map 3.3.14: Multiple Ring Analysis of Different Indicators
So, the most appropriate site to select solid waste
−
disposal site (without considering other
indicators like slope and wind direction) is the
green color shown on the western part of the
next map.

1:50,000

Map 3.3.15: Primary Options for Solid Waste Disposal Site

−
In addition, the best places for waste disposal areas are the ones
with lower altitude than the other part of the urban center. The
slope analysis of the town is presented as follows.
Legend
Boundary of the Town
Main Roads
1:45,000 First Round Options for Solid Waste Desposal Site

The general view of elevation of the town is indicated in five classifications as shown on the
map below. From this, the suitable area for solid waste disposal site can be analyzed and this is
supported by contour analysis of the town as can be seen from the next map. As per the existing
standard, the most suitable site to select solid waste disposal site (without considering other
indicators) is the position with the lower slope (the green color) in the boundary of the town.

Map 3.3.16: Appropriate Slope for Solid Waste Disposal Site

.
Furthermore, solid waste disposal site should not be located
on sink areas and this analysis is presented on the next maps

Legend
Up to 2545 masl
1,700 850 0 1,700 Meters
Boundary of the Town

65
 Map 3.3.17: Flow Direction and Level of Sinks in the Town

The process of the intersection of the two main results obtained from the above analysis
including the prevailing wind direction which is from South East to North West (as reported by
physical planner in the team) is indicated on the next map.

Map 3.3.18: Intersection of the Indicators (The Two Main Results)

− .

AND

Legend
Legend
Boundary of the Town
Main Roads
Up to 2545 masl
1,700 850 0 1,700 Meters
1:45,000 First Round Options for Solid Waste Desposal Site Boundary of the Town

From the result the area indicated in rose color in the second map below is reserved for Turkey
investment and should be rejected.

66
Map 3.3.19: Intersection of the Indicators (The Two Main Results)
. .

Legend
Legend
Boundary of the Town
Boundary of the Town Turkey Investment Area
1,750 875 0 1,750 Meters Result of the Intersection 1,750 875 0 1,750 Meters
Result of the Intersection

As indicated above, the result of the intersection (the final area to select solid waste disposal site)
is shown on the next map by the green color in the Western part of the town. The total area of
these sites is 113.5 hectare and the solid waste disposal site of the town can be selected from
this.

Map 3.3.20: Final Result of the Intersection

. .
Option 1 Option 1
86.1 Hectare 86.1 Hectare

Option 5 Option 5
7.5 Hectare Option 2 7.5 Hectare Option 2
27.4 Hectare 27.4 Hectare

Option 4 Legend Option 4 Legend

8.7 Hectare Option 3 Boundary of the Town 8.7 Hectare Option 3 Boundary of the Town
8.2 Hectare 8.2 Hectare
Main Roads Main Roads
900450 0 900 Meters 900450 0 900 Meters
Finally Selected Options Finally Selected Options

This result should be supported by provision of other requirements wide enough area for this
purpose (which may range from 10-20 hectare including a 500m deep green field or forestry
surrounding the site), and strengthening the existing road networks to the site.

B. Liquid Waste: Current information from the town municipality indicates that most
households in the town use pit latrines which potentially contaminate surface and underground
water resources. Thus, random deification in any open spaces and under bushes especially on the
weekly market days is common practice in the town. This is because of shortage of private,
communal and public toilet facilities in the town and low awareness to use the existing ones.
Similarly, most of domestic and commercial generated liquid wastes like sewages from kitchens,

67
washing clothes, liquid wastes generated from hotels, restaurants and small cafes drain into the
nearby street sides and on open spaces in the surrounding area and have bad smell which may
have impact on the town’s residents in general.

C. Water Pollution: Water pollution is directly related to ground pollution and other
environmental problems discussed above. There are about eight (three big rivers and five
seasonal streams) crossing the town. Different kinds of wastes disposed into the ditches, under
bridges, inside the gulley beds and others are directly eroded to the nearby existing river and
finally to Awash.

Mechanism of solid and liquid waste management, the general landscape of the town,
incompatible land use allocation in the town and other similar conditions in the town are among
the factors to make worse the pollution hazard on surface and groundwater. The problem is
further exacerbated by the low level of awareness and reluctance of the private investors and the
community about waste management, as well as insufficient man power and skill of the
municipal officials to enforce relevant laws and regulations.

D. Air Pollution: The major cause of air pollution in Sendafa Bake town is the existing not
graveled dry whether road especially during windy weather. The existing traditional energy
sources and other human activities are among the other factors that propped up the problem.
Information from the town municipality shows that types of fuel for cooking at household level
in Sendafa Bake town include: fire wood, dung, fire wood and charcoal, fire wood and dung,
kerosene, firewood and kerosene, electricity and others. On the other hand, inappropriate solid
and liquid waste management and out of place use abattoir are the other causes of the problem.
So it is better to promote intensive and selective reforestation and raise public awareness and
promote realization of the importance of green areas and biodiversity in the town.

E. Noise Pollution: Even though residents of Sendafa Bake town do not have very significant
noise pollution, people living adjacent to the main road crossing the town, music shops, churches
(Ortodox and protestant), mosques, market area, etc are affected by this problem. In addition, as
per the information from land administration and technical department of Sendafa Bake town
municipality, the land use of the town is not separately planned. It is of mixed types in which
different activities which are the causes of noise pollution are sited in residential areas, schools
68
and other similar areas of the town. To reduce the probable pollution from the existing and the
emerging large and small scale industries, industrial area should be proposed on the Western part
of the town and compatibility of the other land uses must be kept as specifically recommended in
different areas of this paper.

3.3.7 Deterioration of Vegetation /Forest Covers

The major causes of deforestation in and around Sendafa Bake town are for fire wood
consumption, for construction, and to make different materials from wood. Therefore, immediate
intervention measures such as continuous afforestation and reforestation of indigenous species
are mandatory; Encourage participation of the private sector in zoo and recreational park
developments; Put environmental impact assessment study as precondition/basic requirement for
the new investments and conduct regular supervision for the implementation.

3.3.8 Soil /Land Degradation

In addition to different constructions and interferances, querrying is one of the activities that
intensified land degradation of the town and the site on higher slope in Northern part of the
town. So, the economic benefit of this activity should be related to the environmental
degradation in and around the town.

3.4. Physical Infrastructure

3.4.1 Road and Transport

A. Road

Roads are the one of the most important physical infrastructures that facilitates movement within
the town but the coverage and quality of roads in the project town remains very low. Currently,
including the expansion areas there is only about 13.5 km of road (Addis Ababa-Sheno Road) is
asphalted. The roads within the town are not to the standard rather there are sub-standard gravel
surfaced collector and earth roads in different parts of the town. The collector roads in existing
built up areas are not well designed to facilitate easy movement within the town. There is no
clear hierarchical arrangement of the road that invites different vehicles from one part of the
town to another and thus motorized traffic movement from one end to the other is mainly limited
along the main asphalt road.
69
I. Intra-Urban Transport
Motorized Transport: Motorized transport in the town rendered service and there are 5 mini
bus-which accommodates 12 passengers; 3 taxis that have a capacity of accommodating 6
passengers and 1 Bajaj which accommodates 3 passengers. This different size taxi services are
available only along the major asphalt highway. Due to the fact that most of the town is not
covered by suitable collector and local roads and not well surfaced as a result the motorized
transport service is not cover the wide range of the town. In addition the terminals of the taxi
service do not have appropriate station or taxi bay and they share the highways this contributes
for congestions and cause accidents both on life and properties and hence the spatial plan should
give a solution while proposing land use of the town. Other problem is the existing one fuel
station don’t distribute benzene so they are forced to drive to Lege Dadi Lege Xafo town to fuel
their taxi or bajaj to improve this service discussion should take place among the concerning
bodies.
Non-motorized Transport: There are 155 horse drawn carts that serve the relatively wider
range of the town. Like most developing countries walking on foot is the major mode of mobility
it is also true in Ethiopia where the share is estimated to be between 75-85 percent. This is true in
60 percent for major towns of Ethiopia, (ERA, 2005). Sendafa Beke Town is not different from
this fact because of poor development of hierarchically structured roads within the town that
invites these motorized vehicles. Therefore, most of the population has not gets motorized
transport service throughout the town except on the asphalt highway and hence the lion share of
the town’s population is pedestrians.

Horse drawn carts are the important non-motorized transport that renders intra-urban
transportation services in the town. Currently more than 155 horse dawn carts (Gari) are
operating in the town. The municipality assigned four terminals for horse dawn carts service in
the town i.e. around Tele, Wuhalemat, Municipality and Tullu Barrak. Even though they give
important service the internal access roads have an impact to operate throughout the town
efficiently and hence the plan should consider on planning of hierarchically organized roads that
facilitates easy movement within the town. This improves time and cost of transportation for
population and improves their live.

70
II. Inter-urban Transport

Regular Transport from the Towns Bus Station

There is a regular transport service between Sendafa Bake town and the surrounding towns and
Addis Ababa city from the bus station by medium public transport that accommodates up to 24
passengers is depicted in the following Table 3.1.3. This doesn’t include passengers transported
by mini buses, Addis Ababa city bus transport service, public transport that passes through the
town from northern part of the country and other vehicles.

Table 3.4.1 Average Daily Transport Interaction of the town with Hinterland Towns and Addis Ababa
Average number of trips and
Distance
Departure Destination passengers per day
(km)
Trips Passengers
Sendafa Bake Chafe Donsa 27 10 300
Sendafa Bake Dirre 17 5 120
Sendafa Bake Alaltu 15 15 180
Sendafa Bake Sirti 37 6 (per week) 144
Sendafa Bake Addis Ababa 38 60 1440
Total (Two way) 4,368
Source: Sendafa Bake Bus Station, 2010

III. Addis Ababa City Bus Transport Service

Addis Ababa city bus transport extends a regular city bus transport service between Addis Ababa
city and Sendafa Beke town and the surrounding rural areas from 12:00 A.M up to 9:00 P.M.
There are two terminals one is at Merkato and the second is at Megenagna and their destination
is Sendafa and Bake respectively. The interval or waiting time is 40 or 45 minutes of and a
running time between 1:30 hours or 1:40 hours. There are 10 to 11 single trips between Addis
Ababa city and Sendafa Beke town. Through these trips on average about 2200-2500 passengers
are transported between Sendafa Bake and Addis Ababa city. Currently there are four buses on
operation i.e. two for Sendafa and the other two for Bake. The service is rendered along the
highway utilizing bus stop to facilitate the service they should changed into bus bays and shelter
facilities should provided for the passengers and these areas should supported by zebras to
minimize traffic problems. Appropriate parking and turn place should be prepared both in
Sendafa and Bake parts of the town. In addition the town administration should have good work

71
relationship with the organization to expand the service and any problem that harms the
provision of the service.

IV. Mini bus Transport Service

There is a mini bus transport service that accommodates 12 passengers between Addis Ababa
city and Sendafa Bake. There are many mini buses that are involved in this transport service.
Their terminal within Addis Ababa is Megenagna. In Sendafa Bake they collect passengers along
the highway but they should have a terminal within the town so the plan should consider
correcting this problem through allocating land for this service.

V. Traffic Volume
The highway that connects northern part of the country passes through Sendafa Bake town and
also its proximity to Addis Ababa contributes for the movement of large number of vehicles
through the town. The annual average daily traffic volume indicates that about 4,220 (ERA,
2009) vehicles of all types enter in to and exist through the town. The projection of the current
traffic volume is expected to increase to about 7000 vehicles of all types by the year 2020. This
implies that the town plan should prepare good hierarchically organized road network, bus
station, terminals and road side parking sites.
Figure 3.4.1 Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) 2000-2009

Source: Computed from AADT of Ethiopian Road Authority, 2010

72
The Addis Ababa-Sendafa Bake and Sendafa Bake Debre Berhan annual average daily traffic
indicates that the volume of S/Buses (≤ 27Seats) is large. These buses are public transport
vehicles and therefore, the bus station and road networks should be to the standard.
Table 3.4.3 Growth Rate and Projection of Traffic Volume of AADT
Growth Rate Projection for
Vehicle counting station (% ) 2020 (End Of
(2000-2009) Planning Period)
Addis Ababa_ Sendafa 3.55 2,507
Sendafa _ Debre Berhan 2.81 2,141
Jihur_ junction _ Sendafa 7.10 2,177
Source: Computed from AADT of Ethiopian Road Authority, 2010

In sum, if the current growth rate of traffic volume continues at the end of the planning period
i.e. 2020 is depicted in Table 3.4.3. Therefore, all transport related services needs to be
developed in the town.

VI. Bus station

The present bus station of Sendafa Bake town was used for cattle market and as it is adjacent to
the general market and residential areas those cattle escaped from the fence causes problems to
the population as a result it was simply changed to bus station. The bus station has one entrance
both for departure and destination traffic and the road lead towards the bus station is narrow. The
location of the bus station is not central when the elongated shape of the town is considered
between Sendafa and Bake and new expansion areas. The bus station lacks facilities like office,
shelter for the passengers, public telephone, toilet, cafeteria, and water services. Thus, relocation
of the bus station in central and accessible site is necessary.

B. Telephone Service
The Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation Sendafa Beke Area Offices (Area Offices found
both in 01 (Sendafa) and 02 (Beke) localities) give fixed line, mobile, internet and fax services.
The number of clients which have fixed telephone line in Sendafa Beke town and its surrounding
in 2011 is 878. Concerning the domestic (incoming and outgoing) and international (incoming

73
and outgoing) calls for various years couldn’t obtained due to the reluctance of the authorized
office to provide full information on the subject matter. It is true that the information on number
of clients and applicants for five years is not obtained due to the same cause.
Table 3.4.4 Number of Fixed Telephone by Clients and Applicants and Type of Ownership, 2011

Ganda Type of Ownership (Number of clients)

Residential Commercial Governmental Total
01(Sendafa) 584 - 109 693
02 (Beke) 183 - 2 185
Total 767 - 111 878
Source: Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation Sendafa Beke Area Office
As of type of clients are held by residential 767 (87.4%) 111 are governmental (12.6%) in the
year 2011. These figures indicate that the industrial firm, commercial and others are absent.
C. Postal Service
The existing postal office of Sendafa Beke town was founded in 1965 E.C. It is located in Ganda
01 (Sendafa) along the second arterial road. The location of this post office is not convenient to
service delivery for its customers and the house that serves as an office is old and dilapidated
one. Thus it needs relocation at appropriate place and at new building. In addition to collecting
and dispatching letters, the postal office gives the services of revenue stamp selling, postage
stamp selling, money transfer, distribute express EMS and. The Postal Office has 50 boxes that
all supplied to the customers. Concerning the distribution of the incoming and the outgoing
domestic and international letters there is scarcity of data except that of 2002 E.C.

Table 3.4.5 Distribution Postal service in Sendafa Beke Town

Domestic International
Year Incoming Outgoing Incoming Outgoing
Ordinary Registered Ordinary Registered Ordinary Registered Ordinary Registered
2011 2741 559 976 767 969 81 347 77
Source: Sendafa Beke Postal Office, 2011

D. Electric Service
Sendafa Beke town started to get electric power in 1965 E.C and now there is 24 hours electric
power service in the town. The town has got HEP (hydro electric power) from national grid that
its substation is located in Finfinnee, Gerji area. The town has a power system of 15 KVA. The
daily electric production capacity of the town at the moment is below the actual demand of the

74
town because the actual coverage of electric power supply is about 70% and 95% of the town’s
streets have light coverage. The following table shows trend of power consumption by types of
function 1998-2002 E.C
Table3.4.6 Trend of electric power consumption by type of function in last five years
Types No. of clients in a year No. of applicants in a year
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Residential 2138 2569 3556 3591 3760 152 157 588 568 167
Commercial 18 32 38 98 133 11 15 41 47 97
Industrial 3 5 18 29 42 3 7 19 38 41
Governmental 4 4 7 9 9 4 12 12 12 12
Public Org. 2 2 2 3 3 4 15 17 17 17
Total 2165 2612 3621 3730 3941 174 248 677 682 496
Source: EEPCo Eastern Addis Ababa Region Marketing and Sales District Customer Service Center
As it is pointed out by the service center the least power consumer of the town is the residential
since the owners of residential houses are living away from the town. The trend of consuming
power is continuously increasing from year to year. The following table indicates the number of
clients and applicants for electric service in 2003 E.C.
Table 3.4.7 The No of clients and applicants in 2003 (2011) for electricity
Functions No of clients Percentage No of applicants Percentage
Residential 3760 95.2 167 66.3
Commercial 133 3.4 97 19.6
Industrial 42 1.1 41 8.3
Governmental 9 0.2 12 2.4
Public organization 3 0.1 17 3.4
Total 3947 100.0 496 100.0
Source: EEPCo Eastern Addis Ababa Region Marketing and Sales District Customer Service Center
As can be seen from both tables’ high numbers of clients (95.2%) are found in residential
function, commercial, industrial, governmental and public functions account to 3.4%, 1.1%,
0.2% and 0.1% respectively. As it is indicated in the above table there are about 496 applicants
in the waiting list, of which about 66.3% are residential. Even though there are no heavy
investment sectors, which need high power, as growth and development emerges there will be a
need for additional power, then the corporation should be cautious for it.
The corporation distributes power for the surrounding peasant associations on request from their
respective associations. The other important thing to pinpoint is the power system stretched to
the town is 15 KV line, then since it create dangerous conditions on human, animals and
properties the high tension line should be buffered by 7.5 meter both sides.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4. DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STUDY

4.1 Population Size and Characteristics

4.1.1 Introduction
Demographic analysis is concerned with the size, composition, and distribution of populations;
their patterns of change over time through births, deaths, and migration; and the determinants
and consequences of such changes. Population studies yield knowledge important for planning,
particularly by governments, in fields such as health, education, housing, social security,
employment, recreational facilities and environmental preservation. Such studies also provide
information needed to formulate government population policies, which seek to modify
demographic trends in order to achieve economic and social objectives.
Thus, this part of the paper presents the population characteristics; population size, age and sex
composition, ethnic and religious composition, population dynamics, population projection and
doubling time of Sendafa Beke town depending on the data of CSA of 1994, 2007, population
projection of Oromia Finance and Economic Development Bureau and field assessment of the
expansion areas.

4.1.2 Population Size

The population and housing census conducted in 1994 and 2007 by Central Statistical Authority
are considered here to see the trend of the population size of the town under study. As it
indicated above, Sendafa Beke town is the capital town of Berak District with the population size
of more than 25,578 including the population of expansion areas. According to the 1994 and
2007 population and housing census of CSA the total population of the town was 7,482 and
12,298 respectively. These figures are typically of that of the town, which is not included, the
figure of population of the expansion areas. In the case of expansion areas, there is large area of
land included to the town with its population size of 10,491, the detail briefed in table 04. The
number of Households in 1994 was 1,822, in 2007 was 3000 and in 2011 it becomes 3,772 and
the average family size of the town in 1994 was 4.1 in 2007 was 4.0 and 2011 remains the same
with that of 2007 (4.0).

76
Table 4.1: Population Size of Sendafa Beke Town by Sex and five Year Age Groups: 2011

All Ages Both Sexes Male Female

25,578 13,099 12,479
0-4 2702 1381 1321
5-9 2504 1242 1262
10-14 2610 1217 1393
15-19 4430 2236 2194
20-24 3163 1697 1466
25-29 2781 1437 1344
30-34 2097 1080 1017
35-39 1741 940 801
40-44 994 591 403
45-49 676 391 285
50-54 562 275 287
55-59 345 191 154
60-64 320 129 191
65-69 258 114 144
70-74 175 81 94
75-79 106 48 58
80-84 50 23 27
85-89 33 14 19
90+ 31 12 19
Source: Computed based on 2007 census result and 2011 population projection considering the 1994
census age group proportion unchanged

4.1.3 Population of the Town and the Expansion Areas

There have been various population counts conducted during the past times to determine the size
and growth of the population of the town. The Central Statistical Authority made the national
population and housing censuses in 1984 and 1994, especially the census made in 1994 showed
that the population of the town was 7,482 (male population 3,549 and female population 3,933,
the sex ratio was 90.2). During the same year the total household was 1822 and the average
household size was 4.1. Similarly, the population and housing census made in 2007 showed that
the total population of the town was about 12,298 (male population 6,373 and female population
5,925, the sex ratio was 107.6). Then, this size of population distributed in two Gandas, the lower
concentration of population was observed in Ganda 02 (Beke, 6,025), the higher distribution was

77
observed in Ganda 01 (Sendafa, 6,273). The following table shows the distribution of population
of 2007 and the projected population of 2011.

Table 4.2: Population Distribution of Gandas by Sex 2007 and 2010 (projected)
Town Administrative Number of Population, 2007 Number of Population, 2011
Division (Ganda)
No of Total Male Fem. No of Total Male Female
HH HH
Ganda 01 (Sendafa) 1530 6273 3249 3024 1924 7694 3985 3709
Ganda 02 (Beke) 1470 6025 3124 2901 1848 7393 3833 3560
Total 3000 12298 6373 5925 3772 15087 7818 7269
Source: Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia, 2007 and own computation.

There are also six peasant associations that immediately sharing boundary with and some portion
of the localities included to Sendafa Beke town, namely: Dabe Muda Gudo (90%), Lege Beri
Lege Bollo (70%), Girar Berek (75%) and some parts of Tikuye and Xabo. The former three
localities are from Berek district which its administrative center is sendafa Beke while the later
two localities are from Aleltu District which it were separated from the former District. As it is
indicated in table 04, all the five localities contain more than 18,385 populations of which about
10491 populations incorporated to the town during the project study time. The following table
shows the detail.

Table 4.3: Population of the PAs Bordering the Town and Population included to the town, 2011
Total population of Gandas (2007) Pop. Included to the town (2011)
Peasant Associations
(PAs) No of HH Total Male Fem No of HH Total Male Fem
Dabe Muda Gudo 760 3783 1878 1905 760 3798 1885 1913
Lege Beri Lege Bollo 654 3269 1674 1595 494 2470 1265 1205
Girar Berek 578 2888 1437 1451 504 2518 1253 1265
Tikuye 892 4461 2299 2162 240 1200 618 582
Xabo 797 3984 2054 1930 101 505 260 245
Total 3681 18385 9342 9043 2099 10491 5281 5210
Source: CSA, 2007 and Own Field Assessment, 2011

4.1.4 Sex and Age Composition

A) Sex ratio
Sex is one of the basic characteristics of population. Sex composition is very important for any
analysis, as data on sex provides useful information about reproductive potential, human
78
resource, level of school attendance by each sex, and so on. As shown in table 01 above, male
population’s proportion is 51.2% whereas the female ones are 48.8%. Thus, females’ proportion
is lower than the male counterparts.
B) Age Composition
Age is one the basic demographic characteristics of a population. Age data are useful for
demographic analysis and for various types of socio-economic development planning. As it is
shown in the above table the population distribution of Sendafa Beke Town by age group and sex
in 2011 indicated that out of the total population, about 30.6% of its population is less than 15
years of age, 66.9% in the intermediate age group (15-64) and 2.5% above 64 years of age.
This data indicate that a significant proportion of the population was within the age group 15-64
implying a higher intermediate age group. The young dependency ratio for the town was
estimated to be 45.7% meaning, of 100 persons in the working age group (15-64) had to support
on the average over 46 persons whose age is between 0-14. And also, the old dependency ratio
for the town was estimated to be 3.8% meaning, of 100 persons in the working age group (15-64)
had to support on the average 4 persons whose age is 65 and above.
Table 4.4: Population by Broad Age Group, Sex and Dependency Ratio, 2010
Age Group Total Population Size % Male % Female % Dependency Ratio
Total 25,578 100 13,099 51.2 12,479 48.8 49.5
0 -14 7,816 30.6 3,840 49.1 3,976 50.9 45.7
15 -64 17,109 66.9 8,967 52.4 8,142 47.6 -
65+ 653 2.5 292 44.7 361 55.3 3.8
Source: Extracted from Population and Housing Census of 2007 report and field survey result

4.1.5 Ethnic and Religious Composition

A) Ethnic Group
The Population and Housing Census of 1994 and information obtained from the town
administration revealed the fact that there are different ethnic groups that residing in Sendafa
Beke town. As it is indicated in the table 05, among the various ethnic groups in the town,
Oromo (64.8%) constituted the major proportion of the total population. Next to Oromo,
Amhara, Werji, Guragie, Tigray, Siltie and others formed about 25.2, 5.0, 2.2, 1.1, 0.5 and 1.2
percent respectively. The following table shows the detail.

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Table 4.5: Distribution of Population by Ethnic Group and Sex, 2011
Total Male Female Percent
All persons
25,578 13,099 12,479 100
Oromo 16,578 8,570 8008 64.8
Amhara 6,451 3,204 3,247 25.2
Werji 1,274 638 636 5.0
Guragie 563 321 242 2.2
Tigray 288 140 148 1.1
Siltie 119 71 48 0.5
Others 305 155 150 1.2
Source: computated based on the 1994 and 2007 Census Report and field assessment

B) Religious Group
The Population and Housing Census conducted in 1994 showed that, the largest proportion of the
residents of the town was the followers of Orthodox religion, which constituted about 83.8%.
Muslim, Protestant, others and Catholic religion followers constitute about 15.1, 0.9, 0.2 and
0.01 percent respectively. But the Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia conducted in 2007
by the Central Statistical Authority declared that the majority of the population of the town was
also the follower of Orthodox religion which comprised about 84.2%, followed by Muslim,
Protestant, Others and Catholic constituted about 31.4%, 3.9%, 0.4% and 0.1% respectively.
Regarding religious composition of the population of the expansion areas we tried to incorporate
in the above mentioned figure of 2007 census. The following table reveals the religious
composition of the town by sex with the projected population of 2011.
Table 06: Distribution of Population of Sendafa Beke Town by Religious Group, 2011
Religion
Sex All persons
Protestant Orthodox Catholic Muslim Other
Both sexes 25,578 1006 21518 29 2910 115
Male 13,099 528 10994 19 1483 75
Female 12,479 478 10524 10 1427 40
Percent 100 3.9 84.2 0.1 11.4 0.4
Source: CSA, 2007, Population projection-2011 and Own Field Assessment

4.1.6 Population Projection

As it is explained above, the information of population and housing census conducted in 1994
and 2007 have been considered here to see the trend of the population size of the town under
study. According to the 1994 and 2007 population and housing census the total number of the

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population was 7,482 and 12,298 respectively. In 2011, according to population projection of
Oromia Finance and Economic Development Bureau, the total population of the town went to be
15,087. The total population that incorporated to the town during the structure plan preparation
time is estimated to be about 10,491. The detail disclosed in tables 03 and 04 above separately.
Between 1994 and 2007 the population size of the town was growing on the average at 3.82
percent per annual. But between 2007 and 2011 population of Sendafa Beke town growth rate
increased to 5.1 percent and its number was grown to 15,087. To project the current (2011)
population size of the town to the end of the planning period (2021) an attempt has been made to
examine the growth rate of the town experienced during 1994-2007. The growth rate observed
during 1994-2007 appears to be low 3.82% when compared to the average annual growth rate
of the urban population at national level, which was 4.11% during the inter-censual period
(1984-1994). But the growth rate observed after the third national census appeared to be high due
to certain factors. These all expressed above are the projection of urban area that doesn’t
incorporated the expansion areas. When we project the urban area including the expansion areas
the figure becomes different. The number of population ought to be 7,482 in 1994, 12,298 in
2007 and 25,598 in 2011 and the growth rate was 3.8% which is lower than the national level.
The following table shows the growth trend of the population of the town.

Table 4.7: Population Size of Sendafa Beke Town and its Growth Trend
Average
Year Population Size Periods
Growth Rate %
1994 7,482 - -
2007 12,298 13 3.8
2011 15,087 4 5.1
2011 25,578 4.9*
2016 31,953 5 4.5
Source: Computed based on Census reports of 1994, 2007 and Field Assessment
* Including the expansion
To project the population size of Sendafa Beke town to the end of the planning period, future
growth rate had to be estimated and applied to the base year (2011) population for the projection
purpose. The base year population size of the town has been estimated to be 25,578. As it is
explained above the population size of the town was annually growing at an average growth rate
of 3.8% during 1994-2007. Generally, the town expected to exhibit high increasing rate of
growth(5.1%) during the past four years (2007-2011) since this is a typical characteristic of
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medium and small towns which is resulted from the pull factors such as searching for better
employment opportunities, fond for basic social services (education, health, housing, etc.) from
the surrounding areas. Hence, three alternative growth rates are assumed under three projection
variants: High variant, Medium variant and Low variant. Under the high variant the growth rate
the town experienced during 2007–2011 assumed to remain constant during the planning period.
On the other hand, the observed growth rate is assumed to decline to 4.5% and 3.5%, during the
planning period, under the medium and low variant, respectively.
Accordingly, the population size of the town is expected to grow to about 48,786 and 31,046
under the high and low variants of the projection, respectively, while under the medium variant,
which will be used for estimation of social services and housing demand, the population size of
the town is expected to grow to around 39,916 by the end of the planning period (2021). The
number of Households of the town in 2021 expected to be 9,072 and the average family size of
the town also expected to be 4.4.

Table 4.8: Projected Population size of Sendafa Beke Town for 2021/2013 E.C
Projection Assumed Base Year Projected Population Size by
Variants Growth Rates Population Year
2011 2016 2021
High 5.5 31,273 39,054 48,786
Medium 4.5 25,587 31.953 39,916
Low 3.5 19,901 24,852 31,046
Source: Computed based on census reports

4.1.7 Doubling time

The doubling time of the town is the time needed for the town to double itself and can be
calculated as 70 per the annual growth rate of the town.

Doubling time =70/4.5% =15.6 Years

This indicates that, nearly after 16 years the populations of Sendafa Beke town will double itself.
This is a short doubling time when compared with the doubling time of Ethiopia, which is 23
years. The small doubling time is due to large influx of people from rural areas to Sendafa Beke
town due to seeking for urban job, educational opportunities, and some commercial and business
activities. The proximity of the town to Finfinnee tends the people to prefer the area for living
and it considered as another factor for attracting the people.

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The other factor for short doubling time is the presence of different facilities like education
which attract people especially students from other places to attend high school, preparatory
education, technical education and presence of different colleges in the town especially the
Ethiopian Police University College and Annole College. The majority of trainees in different
higher educational institutions are not only from the town and the surrounding rural hinterlands
rather come from other parts of the country. So, these have partly would increase the population
of the town that will make the doubling time of Sendafa Beke town to be shorter.
4.2 Urban Social Services
A) Introduction
This section of the paper presents the report on data analysis of social services that affect or
influence the Basic Plan Preparation. The study was conducted in Oromia Special Zone
Surrounding Finfinne of Oromia Regional State, Sendafa Beke town. The overall objective of
the study is to prepare Structural Plan for Sendafa Beke town by gathering all relevant data on
social, economic, demographic, geological, physical, environmental as well as historical aspect
of the town. As the social aspect is concerned, this part of the study includes the following
specific objectives:
• To assess the prevalence of different social services like education, health, housing,
recreational facilities and religious (worship and cemetery),
• To find out the various social problems those directly or indirectly influence social
development activities of the area,
• To indicate the remedies for the problems of respective social services.
Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne is one of the 18 zones of Oromia that established in
1985 E.C separated from formerly the so called Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne
Administrative Division which was its capital situated at Debre Birhan. Sendafa Beke is the
capital town of Berek District that emerged as a district town by merging Sendafa and Beke
towns together. As far as this town is concerned, currently the Oromia Urban Planning Institute
is undertaking a study on the Structural Plan preparation of the town.
Since town planning is a continuing process, it deals not only with physical design, but also with
social, economic, environmental and historical analysis that help for the facilitation of structure
plan preparation. For which all of these issues need the collection and analysis of data about the
town and its population, the availability of social services and economy. Hence, in the following
83
section, we will try to deal with one of these points-social aspects of the town (educational,
health, housing, recreational facilities and religious aspects (worship places and cemeteries).

4.2.1 Educational Services

A) General Overview of Education
It is a general truth that education plays a pivotal role in bridging the gaps of social, political,
economical aspects of the globe in general and the country in particular. As far as this issue is
concerned, at present, Ethiopia is devising different strategies that citizens at least get primary
education. Ethiopia has become a partaker of the Millennium Development Goal. Thus, in the
case, Millennium Development Goal focuses on the importance of universal primary education
where children everywhere will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.
It seems from this fact that schools in the study area constitute various categories where it is
easier to implement the fulfillment of the objective of the MDG. Accordingly, the distribution of
schools ranges from KG to college levels.

B) Education Coverage in the Town (Number and Types of Schools)

Seeing the type and number of schools in the area helps us a lot for the future proposal of the
respective service by the plan. The following table presents the distribution of the mentioned
school levels.

Table 4.9: Distribution of Schools by Level and Ownership, 2011

Schools Ownership
Level Total Government Private Community
KG 9 - 8 1
1-4 3 2 1 -
1-8 5 3 2 -
9-12 1 1 - -
Colleges 3 2 1 -
Total 21 8 12 1
Percentage 100 38.1 57.1 4.8
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Education Office, 2011
As indicated in the above table, there are a total of 21 schools, in the area where 9 (42.8%) of
them are KGs, 8 (38.1%) are elementary schools, 1 (4.8%) is high school (9-12) and 3 (14.3%)
colleges. Concerning the ownership, 8 (38.1%) educational institutes owned by government, 12
(57.1%) are owned by private investors and 1 (4.8%) is owned by the community. To express
further, eight kindergartens are owned by private and one is owned by the community. Five
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elementary schools are owned by government and three owned by private. The only high school
is owned by government. The existing three colleges are owned by government two, by private
organizations one. Generally we can observe from the above table that the involvement of
private investors in educational delivery is relatively better and encouraging for the middle and
high income brackets. And the contribution of religious and non-governmental organizations for
the destitute and low economic condition is absent. Similarly, the government involvement
especially in Kindergarten is absent and forced the individuals of low income directly to send
their children to regular schools. This condition may affect the teaching learning process and the
children’s future social and mental development. Above all the amount of KGs in the town is not
sufficient for the existing population. Therefore, the concerned bodies should interfere and think
over the condition and involve in educational delivery for the young future development.
The following table reveals the current situation of the existing educational institutions especially
in relation to distribution by gandas, ownership, land area they occupied, etc.

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 Table 4.10: The Existing Situation of Schools
Name of school Level Owner Location (Ganda) Distance Direction Area (m2)
Ship from the from the Existing Standard
center center
Ganda 01 KG Comm. 01 (Sendafa) 500 m 500-3,000
Almikos KG Private 01 (Sendafa) 500 m 500-3,000
Sky View KG Private 01 (Sendafa) 800 m 500-3,000
Tullu Berek KG Private 01 (Sendafa) 350 m 500-3,000
Lega Embut KG Private 01 (Sendafa) 800 m 500-3,000
Kristolobe KG Private 01 (Sendafa) 750 m 500-3,000
Mars Academy KG Private 01 (Sendafa) 2 km 500-3,000
Abdi Boru KG Private 02 (Beke) 5 km 500-3,000
Rohobot KG Private 02 (Beke) 5 km 500-3,000
Almikos 1-6 Private 01 (Sendafa) 500 m 15,000-25,000
Sky View 1-6 Private 01 (Sendafa) 800 m 15,000-25,000
Tullu Berek 1-4 Private 01 (Sendafa) 350 m 15,000-25,000
Falle 1-4 Gov 02 (Beke) 2 km 15,000-25,000
Sendafa 1-4 Gov 01 (Sendafa) 1 km south 18,699 15,000-25,000
Beke 1-8 Gov 02 (Beke) 5 km East 106,462 15,000-25,000
Jima Senbete 1-8 Gov 01 (Sendafa) - Center 40,426 15,000-25,000
Dabe Guddo* 1-4 Gov Dabe M. Guddo 5 km South 15,721 15,000-25,000
Sendafa Secondary 9-12 Gov 01 (Sendafa) 1 km West 110,705 30,000-60,000
Sendafa TVETC College Gov 01 (Sendafa) 1 km West 26,523
Annole College Private 01 (Sendafa) 2 km South
Eth. Police Univ. C. Gov 01 (Sendafa) Center - ≈100 hec.
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Administration Education Office, 2011
* Expansion

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C) School Population and Trends of Enrollment in Each Level of Education
Population affects the quality of any service to be rendered. In a similar way, school
populations in any level of education determine the quality of education thereby indicating
the need for additional classrooms and schools in the upcoming times.
As it is indicated in table below, the number of enrolled pupil in KG level in 2002 and 2003
E.C was 701and 708 respectively. Consequently, elementary first cycle (1-4) from 1999 to
2003 goes to be 2536, 2656, 2847, 2964 and 2395 respectively. And in elementary second
cycle (5-8) the trend was 2654, 2577, 2647, 2681 and 2743 in the indicated years
respectively.
Similarly, the enrollment of students in high schools (9-10) was 1721, 1613, 2175, 2180 and
2074 respectively, in preparatory schools the enrollment was looking 232, 311, 387, 426 and
474 respectively. The figure reveals that the trend of enrollment was regularly and
irregularly increasing and that it needs special attention of educational intervention for the
forthcoming ten years. The following table reveals student enrollment by school level, year
and sex for the last five years.

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Table 4.11: Trends of Enrolment and participation rate of Students by school Levels, sex and Year 1999-2003 E.C.
School 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Cycle M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T
Kindergarten 362 339 701 358 350 708
% 51.6 48.4 100 50.6 49.4 100
1-4 1240 1296 2536 1313 1343 2656 1369 1478 2847 1419 1545 2964 1127 1268 2395
% 48.9 51.1 100 49.4 50.6 100 48.1 51.9 100 47.9 52.1 100 47.1 52.9 100
5-8 1448 1206 2654 1362 1215 2577 1375 1272 2647 1330 1351 2681 1361 1382 2743
% 54.6 45.4 100 52.9 47.1 100 51.9 48.1 100 49.6 50.4 100 49.6 50.4 100
9-10 1130 591 1721 984 629 1613 1314 861 2175 1267 914 2181 1181 893 2074
% 65.7 34.3 100 61 39 100 60.4 39.6 100 58.1 41.9 100 56.9 43.1 100
11-12 167 65 232 233 78 311 304 83 387 315 111 426 316 158 474
% 72 28 100 74.9 25.1 100 78.6 21.4 100 73.9 26.1 100 66.7 33.3 100
TVET 216 140 356 238 97 335
% 60.7 39.3 100 71 29 100
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Education Office, 2011

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Concerning participation rate at primary schools by sex, the above table indicates, in 1999 male
and female participation rate was 51.8% and 48.2%, in 2000 participation rate was 51.1% and
48.9%, in 2001 participation rate was 49.9% and 50.1%, in 2002 it went to be 48.7% and 51.3%
respectively.
Similarly, participation rate at every level in 2003 E.C indicates, at KG male and female students
are 50.6% and 49.4%, at primary first cycle 47.1% and 52.9%, at primary second cycle 49.6%
and 50.4%, at high school 56.9% and 43.1%, at preparatory level 66.7%, 33.3% and at TVET
71.0% and 29.0% respectively. Here the participation rate of female students at the high school is
lower than that of the male counterparts. Especially this rate is very low at the Preparatory level.
The lower participation rate at these levels of school implies that female students might fail to
pass national examinations at grades 8 and 10. As information gathered from different sources
indicates the causes for lower participation of female students, at these levels varies from place
to place based on the socio-cultural system of the localities though the condition of Sendafa Beke
town is almost similar with other Oromian Towns. Therefore, the concerned bodies and the
public at large should badly work towards the female educational involvement to help
maximization of participation rate at the mentioned levels of education for the benefit of the
whole community since teaching females is teaching the whole society.
According to Sendafa Beke Town Administration Education Office, the number of students in
each level of education consists of urban and rural students. The only thing is the absence of
separate data for each. From this we can deduce that this amount of students come from both
areas of origin to attend school in the town.
About 1500 students coming from the rural areas, it is reported by the education office that some
students come from the surrounding 23 Gandas found in Berek district and from neighboring
districts such as Gimbichu, Aleltu, Hagere Mariam, etc. These students usually coming for high
school and preparatory school levels from these mentioned areas since they have no such
services in their localities or they prefer here to attend education for the presence of relative
facility.
As a result of the move of students from the 23 Gandas of Berek District and the other nearby
districts of Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne, East and North Shewa zones; there is
problem of over crowdedness of classrooms and miss-match between the number of students and

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the available teachers. Those trends add numbers on dropout and repetition cases. Therefore, the
teaching and learning process is somehow being affected negatively.

D) Educational Efficiency
When the issue comes to the efficiency of educational services of the town, dealing with dropout
and repetition rate is crucial. The following table deals with the trend of repetition rate of
students ranging from elementary first cycle to preparatory schools.

Table 4.12: Trends in Repetition Rate of Primary and Secondary Schools

Year Enrolled Drop Number of Repeaters Rate of
(E.C) out Existing Repetition
Male Female Total Students Male Female Total
2000 3892 3265 7157 513 6644 441 432 873 13.1%
2001 4362 3694 8056 668 7388 438 615 1053 14.3%
2002 4331 3921 8252 650 7602 - - -
Source: Compiled from data collected from Sendafa Beke Education Office

Complete data for repetition rate of the last five years except of 1998 and 1999 reveals that
13.1%, 14.3% and 0.0% for the years of 2000, 2001 and 2002 respectively, though the figure is
of three years the rate seems increasing it was high for the years 2000 and 2001. The major
contributing factors for this repetition rate were: problems of school environment, large student-
school ratio, large student-classroom ratio, family social and economic problems, distance of
schools from students localities, influence that comes from students families, etc.

Table 4.13: Trends in Dropout Rate of Students

Year Enrolled Number of Dropout Rate of Dropouts
Male Female Total Male Female Total %
2000 3892 3265 7157 295 218 513 7.2
2001 4362 3694 8056 413 255 668 8.3
2002 4331 3921 8252 399 251 650 7.9
Source: Compiled from data collected from Sendafa Beke Education Office
The dropout rate for the years 2000-2002 was 7.2%, 8.3% and 7.9% respectively. As it is
indicated in the table, the dropout rate was increasing irregularly. Then, if the prospect of this
trend might be continued in such manner it ought to significantly affect the efficient utilization of
resources in every level of educational services of Sendafa Beke town for the upcoming years.
The identified contributing factors for the dropout of students are; lack of awareness of parents
and students on education, social and economic problems of students and their families, distance
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of schools from their localities, harmful traditional practices prevail in the society such as
abduction, marriage without the consent of female students, etc.

E) Educational Quality
There are also other factors that affect the quality of education. Teachers’ level of qualification,
student-teacher ratio and student-section ratio are among the factors determining the quality of
education in general and in the study area in particular. Thus in the succeeding sections, we will
try to deal with the ratio accordingly.

Table 4.14: Student -Teacher and Student-Classroom Ratios, 2011

School Stud Qualified Student – Teacher Ratio Class- Student – Classroom Ratio
Cycle ents Teachers Existin Standard Gap rooms Existin Standard Gap
KG 708 33 g 1:22 1:40 -18 - g - 1:40 -
1-4 2395 53 1:45 1:40 +5 23 1:104 1:40 +64
5-8 2743 62 1:44 1:40-50 - 20 1:137 1:50 +87
9-10 2074 43 1:48 1:40-50 - 13 1:160 1:40 +120
11-12 474 10 1:48 1:40-50 - 4 1:119 1:40 +79
Source: Sendafa Beke District Education Office, 2011
As can be seen from the table, there are 33 KG teachers, 53 primary first cycle teachers where all
are certificate holders, 62 primary second cycle teachers of which all are diploma holders and 43
and 10 high school and preparatory teachers respectively where we find all to be degree holders.
In that of students to teachers’ ratio, in elementary second cycle observe above the standard
instances by almost 5 students. In other school levels it looks reasonable distribution of teachers
except in the areas of KG where there is high concentration of teachers. This also need special
attention since it creates human resource wastage.
In the student to classroom ratio part, in all school levels the ratio is found out to be highly above
the standard where the gaps are intolerable. This further indicates us the absence of enough
classrooms that forces students to undertake the teaching-learning process being in overcrowded
situations. This is highly observable in high school (9-10) and elementary second cycle (5-8),
Preparatory (11-12) and elementary first cycle education levels which 120, 87, 79 and 64
students above the standard set for the mentioned school levels. This is because for these school
levels students come to the town from twenty three gandas of Berek district and other
neighboring districts of North and East Shewa Zone. For these shortages there is a need of
planning intervention in terms of adding classrooms where there are shortage of such facilities

91
and building additional schools since schools held students over their capacity. The student to
school ratio at KG, Elementary (first cycle and second cycle), High School and Preparatory
School computed as 1:79, 1:598, 1:1372, 1:2074 and 1:474 respectively. Here the highest
overcrowding of students per school is observed in High schools (9-10) where it exceeds by
1274 that of the maximum standard number of students set for High schools.
The Maximum standard student to school ratio set by Ministry of Education for primary level is
up to 1600 and for high school level is up to 800. When we observe the student to school ratio in
kindergartens and primary schools the ratio are going to be 74 and 1285 respectively. But the
schools to student ratio in high school and in preparatory school are going to be 2074 and 474
respectively which the former is above the standard set by the Ministry of Education.

F) Education Related Problems in the Town

There are some factors that hinder education from achieving its goal. In this particular study
area, absence of enough qualified teachers, schools and shortage of classrooms are the major
factors negatively affecting the teaching-learning processes. Besides these two major problems,
the absence of the compulsory school facilities such as reference/text books and reading rooms
(libraries) and necessary furniture such as desk, laboratory and laboratory materials, physical
education facilities, etc. contributes to the so far mentioned problems.
As it is observed the schools in the town are relatively found in better physical condition when
compared with similar towns of Oromia. But some schools become old and deteriorating that
needs attention of rehabilitation. The physical conditions are measured based on relative terms
that they are assumed to have well-built classrooms and fenced compounds as well as they
occupy enough school compounds as to the standard. In the later case, all of the government
schools in the town occupied enough areas of land which is comparable with the standard set by
the concerned body. The following table summarizes the proposed educational services for
coming ten years.

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Table 4.15: Proposed Educational Services for the Planning Periods

Population
School Cycles Existing Standard Gap projection Total
Current Projected
KG 9 25,578 39,916 1:1,000-2,500 1 6 16
Primary 5 25,578 39,916 1:5,000-10,000 - 1 6
High School 1 25,578 39,916 1:10,000-15,000 - 1 2
Source: computed based on data collected different sources

4.2.1 Health Services

I. Distribution of Health Institutions and Health Professionals
A) Health Institutions
Health institutions comprise the very basic parts of social services. Concerning the distribution
of health institutions in the study area, the outcomes of the data indicate the availability of the
compulsory health institutions in the area. In this regard, hospitals, health center, clinics, health
posts, pharmacy, drug stores and rural drug vendors are the existing health institutions. To see
the number and type by their ownership statuses one can have a look at the following table.

Table 4.16: Distribution of Health Institutions by Type of Ownership

Health Institutions Number by Ownership
Government Private Total
Health Center 1 - 1
Clinics - 9 9
Health Posts 1 - 1
Pharmacy 1 2 3
Rural Drug Vendor - 2 2
Total 3 13 16
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Health office, 2011

As it is indicated in the above table, there are totally 16 health institutions. Among these
institutions 3 of them are owned by government and 13 are owned privately. The health
institutions owned by government are one Health Center (type A) located at Ganda 01 (Sendafa),
one Health Post located at 02 (Beke) and one Pharmacy and the clinics and Rural Drug Vendors
are owned by private. As it is expressed above the only Health Center serves more than 25,578
people of the town, the expansion areas and the rest of catchments areas. Based on the above
information, currently there is no gap of health institutions as much in the town. According to the
data obtained from Sendafa Beke town Health Office, the existing Health Center has three beds

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for patients need a bed service that is below what the standard demands for one health center
which is ten.

Hence, the health center plays a pivotal role in rendering the required services to the
beneficiaries making the town an important place for attracting peoples from the hinterland
areas. Moreover, the types of services the health center gives like outpatient service, bed service,
injection service, HIV/AIDS testing, counseling and follow up services as well as delivery
service makes it attract different individuals to the area. The health center is structurally
organized in five case teams; namely, triage, outpatient, delivery and inpatient, prevention and
administration case teams.
When the point comes to the health post, there is one health post in the town located at 01
(Beke). According to the standard one health post serves about 5,000-7,000 people. With the
existing urban population of Sendafa Beke town there is a gap of about three health posts taking
the expansion areas into consideration. To maximize the health coverage there should be two
additional health posts and one district hospital for the projected population of the town and the
hinterland which estimated to be more than 300,000.

B) Health Professionals
In line with health institutions, health professionals are worth talking since they have a mutual
interdependence with each other. Thus the presence of health professionals contributes to the
quality of the health service to be rendered. For detailed report, see the existing health
professionals in line with the current population and ratio in the town presented in the following
table.

Table 4.17: Health professionals in Relation to Served population (health center)

Health Professionals Number Population Ratio
Health Officer 2 1:12,789
Nurse/Senior 13 1:1,968
Nurse/Junior 1 25,578 1:25,578
Health Assistant 1 -
Pharmacist/Druggist 2 1:12,789
Laboratory Technologist 3 1:8,526
Health Extension 1 1:25,578
Sanitarian 1 1:25,578
Total 24
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Health office, 2011
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According to the above table, the varieties of health professionals constitute eight categories.
Hence, there are thirty five health professionals out of which the majorities are senior nurses
followed by laboratory technologist. These health professionals are those working in government
Health Center and Health Post mentioned in the above table.
When we pass to the ratio of health professional to that of the population, we come across one
Health Officer serving more than 12,789 individuals in the area. This according to the standard
set by the Ministry of Health is found out to be above the standard. This creates a wide gap
between the quality of the health service being delivered and the workload it creates on the
concerned professionals. In another development concerning Nurses relatively there is a better
ratio for that it is 1:1,968 where the standard is 1:5,000. Whereas, one laboratory Technologist, a
pharmacist, one Health Extension worker and one Sanitarian serving 8,526, 12,789, 25,578 and
25,578 respectively. There are no medical doctors in the health center at all. From this it can be
inferred that there is a scarcity of health professionals. Since this affects the quality of health
service negatively, the concerned body has to provide enough health professionals for the area.
Though it is reflected in all levels of professions the shortage is highly observed around medical
doctors. The standard set by the Ministry of Health confirms that one doctor assigned for 10,000
people and one nurse for 5,000 people. The following table reveals the location, land area
covered and the distance of the existing government held health institutions.

Table 4.18: Location and Land Area Covered by Health Institutions

Health Institution Location (Ganda) Land Area in Average distance from
Meter Square center of the town
Sendafa H. Center Sendafa 7000 1 km
Beke Health Post Beke 4000 5 km
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Health Office and Field Survey Assessment, 2011
II. Diseases and their Causes
According to the information gathered from the health office, Acute upper respiratory infection,
all other intestinal parasites (helminthes), unspecified bronchopneumonia, homicide and injury
inflicted by others, gastritis and duodenum, all other diseases of Gut (alimentary canal diseases),
tonsillitis and adenoids, muscular and unspecified rheumatism, unspecified anemia and fever,
etc., are diseases prevalent in the town causing mortality and morbidity. The causes for the
diseases are lack of personal and environmental sanitation and poor hygiene due to absence and
improper usage of public and personal toilets, lack of bathing facilities, absence of waste
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 disposal sites, absence of adequate clean and enough potable water, low awareness of the
community on communicable diseases, fighting and conflict with each other due to excessive
alcohol intake and accident, hard climatic condition, viral case, contamination of food and water,
etc. On top of this, there are diseases that recurrently emanated and renamed the ten top diseases
that exacerbate problems related to health in the area. The following table presents the ten top
diseases during the past five years.

Table 4.19: Ten Top Diseases

Year
2000 2001 2002
Diagnosis No. Diagnosis No. Diagnosis No.
087 1087 101 963 087 1212
043.9 882 149 812 043.9 917
090 & 091 815 090 & 091 717 149 879
149 704 087 571 090& 091 857
101 583 043.9 470 101 645
114.6 413 121 370 114.6 534
094 397 114.6 313 094 473
123 348 094 286 123 467
137.1 201 065.4 192 065.4 343
065.4 171 123 152 137.1 191
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Health Office, 2010.

Key:
a) 087 Acute upper respiratory infection g) 094 Tonsillitis and Adenoids
b) 043.9 All other intestinal parasites h) 123 Muscular and unspecified rheumatism
c) 149 Homicide and injury inflicted by others i) 665.4 Unspecified anemia
d) 090 & 091 Unspecified & bronchopneumonia j) 137.1 Fever
e) 101 Gastritis and duodenum k) 121 Infection of skin
f) 114.6 All other diseases of Gut
As it is mentioned above the major causes for the problems are lack of personal and
environmental sanitation; overcrowded household and lack of drinking water since most of the
diseases prevail are water borne diseases. The town is exposed to lack of and improper usage of
latrine and bathing services, poor balanced diet (malnutrition) and bad management of waste
disposals etc.

III. Situations of HIV/AIDS

It is clear that currently HIV/AIDS is not only health problem but also a social and economic
trouble of the whole community. To look on the situation of HIV/AIDS in Sendafa Beke town,

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the trends of HIV positive persons for the last five years is taken into account. Data obtained
from Sendafa Beke town administration Health Office treated in the following table.

Table 4.20: Trends of HIV/AIDS Positive Persons in the Past Five Years
Year No visited No of HIV positive
Male Female Total Male % Fem. % Total %
1998 420 87 507 39 9.3 41 24.8 80 15.8
1999 250 117 367 17 6.8 29 47.1 46 12.5
2000 3008 2107 5115 47 1.6 61 2.9 108 2.1
2001 2100 987 3087 111 5.3 170 17.2 281 9.1
2002 1542 3250 4792 67 4.3 145 4.5 212 4.4
Total 7,320 6548 13868 281 3.8 446 6.8 727 5.2
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Health office, 2011*this data includes some of the hinterland areas
According to the above table, there are a total of 13,868 individuals who have visited the health
center in five years and tested for HIV/AIDS. Out of the mentioned amount males account for
7,320 (52.8%) while females were 6,548 (47.2%). Those who are found out to be HIV/AIDS
positive are 281 individuals for which the higher number (446) is that of females (61.3%). When
we see the trend, in the indicated five years of the health center the number of persons who
visited health institutions for HIV/AIDS test is irregularly on increasing rate. By the same token
persons tested to be HIV/AIDS positive is somewhat irregularly on increasing rate for both males
and females for the last five years. In comparison of males with females, females are more
victims of HIV/AIDS than males in the study area. This indicates us that females continue to be
victims of HIV/AIDS more than males for various and obvious reasons. Generally, the
prevalence rate for the years of 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002 was 15.8%, 12.5%, 2.1%, 9.1%
and 4.4% respectively, and the total prevalence rate for the last five years was 5.2%.
The reasons as referred by the term risk behaviors include: multiple sexual relations (having
more than one partner), unprotected (unsafe) sexual practice, early sexual exercise and rape,
over- drinking (alcoholism), female circumcision (FGM), visiting prostitutes (commercial sex
workers), lack of behavioral change, migration from rural to urban and lack of awareness on
prevention and control mechanisms.
There are some major problems that can be discussed in line with HIV/AIDS in the town.
Accordingly, mortality and morbidity, susceptibility to different opportunistic diseases, reduces
active human power and productivity, occupies health institutions beds, stigma and

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discrimination, the increase of dependent children as a result of losing either one or two of the
parents, high number of orphans and vulnerable children, poverty and becoming care taker of
children of deceased parents are worth mentioning.

IV. Suggested Solutions for HIV Related Problems

To mitigate HIV/AIDS related problems some intervention programs such as counseling and
testing and provision of the following services undergone by government; care and support for
beneficiaries/victims which include medical support (including provision of ART that reduce
morbidity and mortality) and protection of HIV transmission from mother to child.
To minimize HIV/AIDS related problems: holding awareness raising programs for the local
people in the area on HIV/AIDS prevention and controlling mechanisms through the available
potentials such religious institutions (churches, mosques, ritual ceremonies, etc.), mini-media of
schools, community based organizations (afooshaas), NGOs, public gatherings, health
institutions at different levels, etc. The concerned bodies have to create income generating
activities for family members left with no help so that it can reduce dependency attitudes.
V. Health Related Problems and Suggested Remedies
A) Health Related Problems
There are various problems that revolve around health in the study area. The health center has
the scarcity of vehicles for transportation of patients to other health institutions and for
purchasing of medical supplies and equipments in the health center. There is scarcity of man
power in the health center as indicated in the section that talks of health professionals and lack of
budget for care and support of peoples living with HIV/AIDS in the town.
The other problems are lack of environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, absence of
potable water and malnutrition. The latter is mainly the case with children under five. On the
whole, observation and information from the concerned bodies indicated that the above
mentioned health problems are prevalent in the study area.

B) Suggested Remedies for Health Related Problems

• Family planning and health education,
• Provision of education on environmental and personal hygiene to the community,
• Proper management of solid and liquid waste,
• Assigning additional manpower and allocating the compulsory health facilities, such as
essential drugs, medical equipments, car for transportation, etc.,

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 • Allocating sufficient budget for care and support of people living with HIV,
• Constructing additional health posts and new district hospital,
• Trying to distribute safe and clean drinking water for the population,
• Upgrading the living condition of the poor and promoting balanced food,
• Improving the physical condition of health institutions.
Table 4.21: Proposed Health Institutions for the Coming Planning Period
Health Existing Current Projected Standard Gap projection Total
Institutions Pop. Pop.
District Hospital 1 39,916 64,393 1:100,000 - 1 1
Health Post 1 39,916 64,393 1:5,000-7,000 3 2 6
Source: BoFED population projection and Fieldwork Data, 2011

4.2.3 Housing Services

A) General Overview of Housing

According to the Population and Housing Census conducted in 2007 by the central statistical
Authority (CSA), there were 3,430 housing units and 3,567 households in Sendafa Beke town.
The ratio of the total number of the households to the housing unit calculated to be 1.04
indicating the average number of households per 100 housing unit to be 104. In other words, for
every 100 households there were on average about 96 housing units.
On the other hand the information gathered from the Report of the 2007 Population and Housing
Census for the total population and Sendafa Beke Town Administration Municipal Office for
housing information indicate that there are 6,866 housing units and 5,871 households (total
population 25,578 and 4.4 average household number) in the town in 2011. At the same time, the
ratio of the total number of households to the housing unit is calculated to be almost 0.9
indicating the average number of households per 100 housing unit to be 90, this figure reveals
that there is excess housing units in the town. The figure further indicates that there are more that
525 housing units that nobody is living in. The following consecutive tables show housing units
by ownership, housing units by function and housing conditions.

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Table 4.22: Housing units by Ownership
Ganda (Localities)
02
Ownership 01 (Sendafa Total Percent
(Beke)
Private 4,801 1,379 6,180 90.0
Government (Ganda and Municipality) 484 13 497 7.2
FBO 8 1 12 0.2
NGO 7 1 8 0.1
Others 169 - 169 2.5
Total 5,469 1,397 6,866 100
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Municipal Administration Office, 2011

As it is shown above the private (6,180), Government (497), NGO (8), FBO (12) and others
(169) owned houses consist about 90.0%, 7.2%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 2.5% respectively. The
Government owned houses further divided into Ganda (Kebele) and Municipality administered
houses. The figure reveals that the majority government owned houses found around Ganda 01
(Sendafa).
Table 4.23: Housing units by Purpose
Ganda (Localities)
Purpose 01 (Sendafa) 02 (Beke) Total Percent
Residence 5049 1302 6351 92.5
Commerce 75 40 115 1.7
Mixed use (Residence & Commerce) 161 45 206 3.0
Gov’t Office 44 5 49 0.7
FBO Office 8 1 9 0.1
NGO Office 7 4 11 0.2
Others 125 - 125 1.8
Total 5469 1397 6866 100
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Municipal Administration Office.

As it is indicated in the above table out of the total housing units (6,866) functionally the
residential houses accounts to 92.5%, mixed use (residential and commerce) 3.0%, pure
commercial 1.7%, Government offices 0.7%, NGO offices 0.2%, Faith Based Organizations
0.1% and others 1.8%. The information obtained from Sendafa Beke town Municipal
Administration Office, shows that there are no houses functionally serve as or held by industry
purposes.

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Concerning the physical condition of housing units in the town, 67.0% are considered as having
good status. The remaining categorized as having fair (12.0%) and poor (21.0%) condition. The
following table shows the housing condition of Sendafa Beke town.
Table 4.24: Housing Conditions
Number by Ganda
House Conditions
01 (Sendafa) 02 (Beke) Total Percent
Good 4597 769 4597 67.0
Fair 547 279 826 12.0
Bad 1094 349 1443 21.0
Total 5469 1397 6866 100
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Municipal Administration Office.

B) Problems Related to Housing

According to the CSA census of 2007, there were 3,349 housing stocks, about 72.9% of the
houses floors in the town are built from mud, 50.3% and 30.1% of the housing units had no
ceiling and the ceiling made from polythene sheet or madaberia respectively, 94.7% of the
housing units walls constructed from wood and mud. It is very important that looking at the
housing units number of years since construction. 28.9%, 24.9%, 13.3%, 9.0% and 23.9% of the
housing units constructed below 5, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19 and 20 years and above duration. As the
figure indicates about 23.9% of the housing units built before 20 years and most of them built
from mud and wood. Due to the mentioned conditions most of the houses especially the ganda
owned ones became very old and deteriorated. Thus, large number of houses needs to be
replaced or demolished. As it is indicated above about 21.0% of the housing units are at bad
condition and need rehabilitation or redevelopment.
The same census revealed that about 40.1% and 52.5% of the housing unit had no toilet and with
poor pit facility respectively and 93.5% of the housing unit had no bathing facility. Concerning
drinking water 8.3% and 10.2% were consuming potable water from unprotected well/spring and
river/lake/pond respectively. 17.1% of the housing units totally had no kitchens and 79.2% of the
housing units had traditional kitchen outside the housing units. Concerning the waste disposal,
41.6% and 5.5% of the housing units use or put away the waste at open space/behind the housing
units. Housing units that use fire wood and animal dung fuel for cooking were 77.6% and 58.0%.
From this condition one can deduce that the widely observed health problems of the town are
emanated from the mentioned problems. Thus there is a need of proposal of public toilets,
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bathing facilities, provision of safe and clean drinking water and in widely speaking improving
the living condition of the society at large.
There are also several other problems that pointed out by the Municipal Administration
authorities and by the public, among others the following are the major ones:

1. The government held houses, especially those owned by the gandas, are becoming old
and demolishing so that they worsen the image of the town since they didn’t get timely
maintenance from the time they confiscated by the government and due to poor
construction materials.
2. The house rent paid for the houses is very minimal, thus the money collected is not
enough for house maintenance and the rent is not timely gathered from the residents.
3. Due to the fact that the houses are demolished or dilapidated, the rented persons refuse to
pay the lease amount and take an initiation of constructing side houses by their own
money which may create conflicts with administrative bodies in the future.
C) Recommendations
Regarding the households 5,871 in 2011 is expected to grow to around 9,072 households by the
end of the planning period (2021). With the existing 5,871 households the housing units
/residential houses are 6,396 and there is no backlog of housing units. And even the data
obtained from the Municipal Office shows about 525 and above housing units are empty which
means in the indicated housing units no one is living in them. By the end of the planning period
about 3,201 new households will be formed and as it is indicated in table 30 above about 1,443
housing units at bad condition. This situation indicates that totally there will be a need for about
4,119 additional housing units during the plan period, 2021, (412 housing units every year)
assuming a one to one correspondence between households and housing units but about 3500
plot of land allotted for residential quarters. Thus, there will be a need of only 619 plots of land
for the next ten years.

4.2.4 Recreational Areas and Sport Facilities

I. General Overview
Prior to discussing the existing situation of recreational facilities of Sendafa Beke town, it seems
important to raise the concept of sports, play fields and stadium, theatre-cinema-community
center and green areas.
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Recreation facilities encompass open and developed facilities. They vary from one locality to the
other depending on the mode of life of the society, its culture and history. In our country’s
context, the following are the main recreation facilities: sport, theatre- cinema-community center
and green areas.

A) Sport
There are several types of sport facilities depending on the culture climate and practice of each
country or society. They have common feature; they need space. The space requirement is
related to the size of facilities, parking need and other requirements related to the building type.
The population size of most of the above facilities, except football, varies depending on the
demand of the services, number of players, spectators. This is because of either their level of
affordability or their popularity.

B) Play Fields and Stadium

Play ground, field and lots are very indispensable for neighborhood life since they allow
diversified sport activities and plays. They are also the most frequented and easily affordable
sport activities in the town of low-income countries. Planning should respond for this popular
demand. The location of neighborhood playfield and lots should be at the center of the
neighborhood, not adjacent to the collector roads for protection against car accident.
Planning of stadium should consider location and direction. The axis of the stadium should be in
North-South direction. Inclination in NE-SW direction is also possible and sometimes preferable
to protect the viewers from the sun. The location of stadium can be at the peripheral areas of the
urban centers but with walking distance accessibility from mass transport.

C) Theatre-Cinema-Community center
The area needed for the theatre, cinema and comity center depends on the number of seats. The
planning of these facilities should take into account the size of the hall and parking as well as
other specification of architectural design.
The floor area requirement for theatre, cinema, concert hall and community center is 0.5m2 per
person. In case of dance hall, the floor area should be 0.55m2 per person. The location of these
facilities should follow centralities (CBD and sub centers) to ensure fair distribution and
accessibility. They should be located at nearby distance from mass transport.

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D) Green Areas
Green Arecas include parks, Zoo, golf, botanic gardens, and pedestrian ways and flood prone
greens. They can be classified with formal and informal greens. The formal greens are parks and
open spaces with specific function and treatment. Informal greens are non-developed greens such
as trees, Wetland greens and flood prone areas.

II. Existing Recreational Services and Problems Identified

A) Existing Recreational Services
Bearing the above description in mind, it is very important to assess the existing situation of
recreational facilities in Sendafa Beke town. In the town there are:
• One Stadium site at ganda 01(Beke) in the town,
• One Public Library in Ganda 01 (Sendafa)
• There is one medium public hall at the center of the town that serve as public
gatherings of all types,
• There are three play grounds over the town,
• One sport field

B) Problems Identified
• The existing stadium is below the standard,
• The location, distribution and accessibility of the play grounds is not affirmed
accordingly,
• There sport fields are not properly organized,
• Absence of theatre and cinema centers,
• No cultural center,
• There are no youth centers,
• Absence of parks and zoos,
Regarding recreational services such as playgrounds and sport fields, there are not formally
organized facilities, especially because of lack of these facilities most the people in general and
the youth in particular forced to engage in unnecessary actions such as exposing to different
addictions (drug addiction, chewing chat, trapped by alcohol, engaging in criminal acts and anti
social norms and behaviors, etc.,), which affect the life and living condition of not only the
parties involved in but also the society at large. It is a bare fact that recreational facilities can
contribute a positive factor in creating good citizens and competitive labor force.

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C) Solutions for the Problems
Therefore, in every neighborhood playgrounds and sport fields, public libraries, cinema and
theatre center, youth centers, cultural center, Parks and one city level or district level stadium
should be proposed in the ongoing plan preparation based on the standard indicated in the above
tables.

4.2.5 Aspects of Religion (Worship Places and Cemeteries)

I. General Overview of the Existing Religions
Religion is an important point of discussion while preparing a town with any type of plan. It is
crucial in a sense that individual reflections and thoughts contribute for its well-being.

According to the 2007 Population and Housing Census by the Central Statistical Authority there
were four major religions in Sendafa Beke town. They were Orthodox, Muslim, Protestant, and
Catholic.

II. Worship Places

Concerning the worship places:
A) Orthodox has nine churches, namely,
1. St. Mika’el located in Ganda 01 (Sendafa)
2. St. Gabri’el located in Ganda 01 (Sendafa)
3. St. Sillase located in Ganda 01 (Sendafa)
4. St. Mariam located in Ganda 02 (Beke)
5. St. George located in the expansion area.

B) Muslims have three mosques that are:

1. Mosque located in Ganda 01 (Sendafa)
2. Mosque located in Ganda 01 (Sendafa)
3. Mosque located in Ganda 02 (Beke).
C) All the seven sects of protestant religion followers (Mulu Wengel, Mekane Yesus, Mekane
Kiristos, Birhane Hiwot, Hawariat, Rohobot Christian church, Jova Witness) have their own
worship places.

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III. Cemeteries
The Orthodox Church followers have two cemeteries at St. Mika’el church in 01 (Sendafa), at St.
Mariam church in 02 (Beke) and at St. George in the expansion area. The cemeteries have
sufficient places for current and future burial purposes. Muslims have one cemetery in ganda 01
(Sendafa) which is massive and sufficient in proportion to the number of Muslim population.
The Protestant followers have one cemetery in ganda 01 (Sendafa).

A) Problems identified concerning cemeteries

• There is no Municipal cemetery for those not categorized to all religious groups.
B) Solutions for the problems

• Municipal cemetery should be proposed in the ongoing structural plan preparation.

4.3 Social Welfare Services and Social Problems

4.3.1 Social Welfare Services
Social Welfare refers to all activities being undertaken by a community with a view to
facilitating the social and economic conditions that are conducive to a healthy life and a
sustainable development as well as to activities designed to meet the common needs of a society
or to solve its problems.

The main objective of social welfare services:

• Expand participatory development programs and services in order to deter the people
from exposure of different social problems by upgrading economic growth and
development,
• Study the causes of social problems and develop preventive measures by the participation
of the general public,
• Rehabilitate members of society who are already suffering from various social problems
and require special treatment and attention.
The segments of society whose social welfare is a priority concern are children particularly those
in especially difficult circumstances, youth, the family, women particularly those suffering from
severe economic and social deprivation, the elderly particularly those without support, persons
with physical and mental disabilities and those who are victims of various social problems.

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To put these aims into practice (the effective implementation of social welfare programs) the
participation of communities, civil societies, non-governmental organizations, religious
organizations and private sector is vital.

Thus, the following organizations engaged in alleviation of some social and economic problems
of persons in especial difficulties.

Table 4.33: Social Welfare Services Rendered by Different Organizations

Organization Type of Services Rendered No of Beneficiaries

Organization Male Female Total
Yenoh Merkeb AIDS Mekelakel NGO HIV Victims 526 1145 1671
Mahiber support
Berhane Hiwot Children’s and NGO Children and family 238 262 500
Family Service Organization support
Idilawit Metasebia Meredaja NGO HIV Victims
Mahiber support
Mekane Iyasus NGO Children’s support 116 115 231
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Labour and Social Affairs Office and own observation, 2011

In relation to the problems observed in the town social welfare services rendered is very least
when compared with other similar towns of the country, and the number of aid organizations is
only four in number. The above table indicates that, though their amount is very small, the
organizations mentioned contributed a lot to relieve the segment of society that exposed to
different social and economic problems. These people are children those lost their families
(either one or both families) due to HIV/AIDS, those exposed to abject poverty, women trapped
by different social problems, people living with HIV/AIDS, etc. This support somehow helps
people to stay at home, regardless of pushed out of their homes in search of the same support.
But as the problem rises, the current support is not enough that much to sustain the life of all
vulnerable groups to the end. As it is observed from the table, some of the projects are assistance
programs that may incorporate aid, relief and development activities. It is advisable and the
parties involved should be cautious that the services rendered should not promote dependency
conditions; either it should focus on developmental activities which encourage self reliance of
the section of society supported.

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It is true that there are persons that categorized as disadvantaged groups of people and should be
given due attention in alleviating their problems. The following table shows the figure of these
groups.

Table 4.34: Distribution of Disadvantaged Groups

Disadvantaged Groups Sex
Male Female Total
Disabled Persons 54 49 103
Elderly without Support 16 10 26
Orphan Children 78 60 138
Unemployed People 885 1359 2244
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Labour and social Affairs office, 2010

The proportion of male and female persons with disabilities accounts for about 52.4% and
47.6%, elderly without support 61.5% and 38.5%, orphan children 56.5% and 43.5% and
unemployed people 39.4% and 60.6% respectively. Concerning unemployment, one can observe
that in such small town the prevalence of large number of unemployed people denotes the
absence of employment opportunities in the town. The problem urge or need urgent intervention
to solve this issue by using different mechanisms such as engaging this group of people in
several income generating activities, creating training accessibilities in different vocational and
small scale industries to enable them be self reliant citizens. Due to unemployment many people
forced to involve in different social ills such as committing several criminal acts. It’s pointed out
that to reduce these criminal acts it is mandatory of engaging unemployed people in income
generating activities. As one can observe from the above data the majority of the vulnerable
groups (unemployed people) are female part of the society. It can be deduced that in most of the
time or usually females are exposed to several types of vulnerabilities because of devoid of
economic independence.
Thus, bearing in mind or understanding the interwoven women problems it demands long sighted
problem resolution activities to pullout them from these abject living condition. To slice some of
their problems, it is also possible; especially training the unemployed women in handicrafts, food
preparation, in other small scale activities, etc. and engage them in income generating activities.
The information gathered from Sendafa Beke Town Administration Women’s and Children
Affairs Office indicates about 1,598 women organized in associations at locality/kebele level that

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to fight several problems they confront collectively and be able to protect their rights
communally. To enable the women of the town self-sufficient and self-reliant the concerned
organizations should cooperate with their associations by providing credit facilities, by creating
accessibility to training, access to land of work place, access to better rental housing, etc. The
ongoing structural plan preparation should give due attention by allocating appropriate land for
multi faceted training center construction thereby to enable them trained and engaged in different
income generating activities. As we can observe from the above table, there are elderly without
support and children without parents (orphans) that need special attention of care. Thus the aid
organizations and the community through its community based organizations should support
these parts of the society by engaging the able bodied of them in self help programs and in
providing aids for those handicapped and destitute ones.

4.3.2 Social Problems

A) Dominant Social Problems
The purpose of social problems analysis is to assess the types (nature) of social problems in a
town, their prevalence and the overall situations of the groups of population who are
marginalized (disadvantaged by the existing problems and to give recommendations on how
these problems could be alleviated.When dealing with social problems one should be able to
identify the major types of social problems which are created by the existing urban livings and
affect the life of the urban residents and those segments of the society whose living conditions
are highly affected by or vulnerable to the existing social problems in the city.

The major problems subsumed under social problems are prostitution, lumpenness
(hooliganism), begging, drug and alcohol abuse, street life, crime against persons and properties,
juvenile delinquency, etc. the underlying causes of these problems are poverty, unemployment,
family breakdown, lack and lose of social control, imbalance development between the rural and
urban areas, Prevalence of harmful traditional practices, HIV/AIDS, etc.Social problems are
related to socio-economic aspects of the society and affect not only those who are directly
involved but also their families and the society at large. The dominant social problems of the
town are listed in the following table.

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 Table 4.35: Prevalence of Major Social Problems
Type of Social Current Estimated number of Victims of Social Problems
Problems Male Female Total
Prostitution - 101 101
Begging 12 18 30
Juvenile Delinquents 140 35 175
Drug/Alcohol Addiction 497 124 621
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Labor and Social Affairs and Administration and Security Offices, 2011

According to Sendafa Beke Town Administration Labour and Social Affairs Office, all of the
mentioned parts of the society are available in the town though an appropriate record is not
properly kept. The above figure depicts that of the problems listed the serious ones are the
increase in number and scope of prostitution, begging and addiction of alcoholism. The parties
trapped by this problem would be reluctant to be productive section of the society. Addicted
persons are pushed to different crimes such as rape, theft, homicide and stimulated for various
social ills. It is advisable that the concerned parts should conduct detail research to come up with
and design appropriate way outs from these problems.

B) Harmful Traditional Practices

The other problem that affects the life of people of the town is harmful traditional practices.
Among such practices the major ones are: rape, female circumcision (female genital mutilation,
FMG) and abduction. All the mentioned are mainly affect the life of girls and women by creating
moral and psychological problems which consequently deterring them from social, economic and
cultural participation. At the same time the practices invite health related troubles such as
complications during birth giving, unwanted pregnancy, be infected (contaminated) by
HIV/AIDS, etc and thereby costs the life of the victims. In other words, harmful traditional
practices create social and physical disturbances in human life and exacerbate economic
dependency and calls poverty which destroy the image of the society. Therefore, it need a
concerted efforts of different concerned bodies to put the laws, policies and conventions enacted
by the government and the United Nations bodies in practice to protect women from such evil
deeds and to promote their better living condition.

C) Crime
Crime is an act that violates a political, religious, or moral command and prevailing norms,
cultural standards prescribing how humans ought to behave and considered important in
110
protecting the interests of the state or the welfare of its citizens or subjects. According to the data
obtained from Sendafa Beke town Administration and Security Office, crime is one of the major
social problems in the town. The data revealed that during the previous years (1998-2001 E.C)
there were 1,147 persons committed crimes and reported to the Police. Among the committed 15
major types of crimes, the most common crimes were physical attack or assault, committed by
387 persons (33.7%), 370 persons committed different social crimes (23.5%), violation of law or
constitution committed by 330 persons (18.3%), followed by 213 persons committed theft
(18.6%), violation of law or constitution committed by 142 persons (12.4%), 29 persons
committed breach of trust (2.5%), holding or trafficking illegal weapon is (1.9%) committed by
22 persons, 21 persons (1.8%) committed homicide, 17 persons committed fraudulency (1.5%),
17 persons committed dispossession of virginity without consent of another party (1.5%), 11
persons committed hiding lost materials (0.9%), rape (0.6%) committed by 7 persons, 5 persons
(0.5%) committed looting, snatching and pick pocket, 4 persons committed attempt of killing
(0.4%), adultery (0.1%) is committed by 1 person, 1 person distributed forged money in the
society (0.1%). The following table discusses the detail.

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Table 4.36: The Situation of Criminal Acts of Sendafa Beke Town by Age Category, 1998-2001 E.C.
1998 1999 2000 2001
Age Category Age Category Age Category Age Category
Type of Crime

16-18

19-30

31-50

16-18

19-30

31-50

16-18

19-30

31-50

16-18

19-30

31-50
Total

Total

Total

Total
9-15

9-15

9-15

9-15
51+

51+

51+

51+
Homicide - - - - - - - 1 5 1 - 7 - 2 6 4 - 12 - 1 1 1 - 3
Attempt of killing - - - 1 - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 1 - 2 - - - - - -
Physical attack 18 42 17 3 80 2 15 41 33 4 95 2 15 55 28 8 108 - 14 53 36 1 104
Looting, - - - 2 - 2 - - 4 1 - 5 - - 1 1 - 2 - - - - - -
Snatching and
Pick Pocket
Hiding lost - - - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 4 2 1 9
material
Theft - 4 24 7 - 35 - 7 24 8 4 43 - 10 37 10 3 60 - 14 44 15 2 75
Fraudulency - - - - - - - - 3 1 - 4 - - 2 - - 2 - 2 6 2 1 11
Rape - - - - - - - 1 3 - - 4 - - - 1 - 1 - 1 1 - - 2
Different social - 6 36 18 4 64 - 4 15 31 5 55 - 4 26 25 7 62 - 19 34 27 7 87
crimes
Violation of law - 2 5 6 1 14 - 12 21 5 1 39 - 2 11 9 - 22 - 5 30 26 6 67
or constitution
Breach of trust - 3 4 - - 7 - 1 5 2 - 8 - - 5 2 1 8 - - 4 2 - 6
Adultery - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1
Dispossession of - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 1 1 10 - - 12 - 2 1 - - 3
Virginity
Illegal Weapon - - - 1 - 1 - 2 3 4 - 9 - - 3 3 - 6 - - 2 4 - 6
Forged Money - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - -
Total - 33 112 54 8 207 2 43 126 86 14 271 3 34 158 84 19 298 - 60 180 116 18 374
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Administration and Security Office, 2011

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The above table depicts that the crimes mostly committed by the age group 19-30 that is 576
(50.2%), followed by age group 31-50 crimes committed by 337 persons (29.4%), 170 (14.8%)
persons by the age group 16-18, 57 (5.2%) persons by the age group 51+ and 5 (0.4%) crime
cases committed by the age group 9-15. In this part of the paper we deeply forced to understand
that there are so many Juveniles (ages 9-18) that committed crimes and that should be given
special attention since this part of the society will shoulder the responsibility of building the
country in the future.
Concerning the cases reported to the police, in 1998 the reported cases were 142, in 1999 there
were 169, in 2000 there were 217 and in 2001 there were 286 cases reported and consequently
showed an increasing trend.
The data below further discloses that 963 persons (84.0%) are male to 184 persons (16.0%) were
female that involved in criminal acts during the mentioned period (1998-2001). This means in
most cases males were deadly involved in serious criminal acts than the female counterparts. The
following table shows the trends of crimes committed by sex.
Table 4.37: Trends of Crimes Committed by Year & Sex 1998-2001 E.C

Type of Crime Number of Persons Committed Crimes

1998 1999 2000 2001
M F Tota M F Total M F Total M F Total
l
Homicide - - - 7 - 7 12 - 12 2 1 3
Attempt of killing 1 - 1 1 - 1 2 - 2 - - -
Physical attack 74 6 80 73 22 95 94 14 108 88 16 104
Looting, Snatching and 2 - 2 5 - 5 1 1 2 - - -
Pick Pocket
Hiding lost material 1 1 2 - - - - - - 7 2 9
Theft 30 5 35 40 3 43 53 7 60 71 4 75
Fraudulency - - - 4 - 4 2 - 2 10 1 11
Rape - - - 4 - 4 1 - 1 2 - 2
Different social crimes 42 22 64 39 16 55 48 14 62 73 14 87
Violation of law or 9 5 14 33 6 39 20 2 22 45 22 67
constitution
Breach of trust 7 - 7 8 - 8 8 - 8 5 1 6
Adultery - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1
Dispossession of Virginity 1 - 1 1 - 1 12 - 12 3 - 3
Illegal Weapon 1 - 1 9 - 9 5 1 6 5 1 6
Forged Money - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - -
Total 168 39 207 224 47 271 259 39 298 312 62 374
Source: Sendafa Beke Town Administration and Security Office, 2011

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The information obtained from Municipal Administration and Security Office depicts that the
situation of criminal acts tend to show an increasing trend from year to year. The main causes
for different social problems in general and crimes in particular are lack of employment
opportunities, the youth trapped by different addictions (drug and alcohol) specially chewing
chat become a daily practice of the youth that stimulate for different crimes, poverty that
emanated from the habit of despising work, etc.

The main solution to curb criminal acts in the town is promoting the participation of the
community by establishing community policing, working on prevention of crimes and
promoting several rehabilitation and developmental schemes in collaboration with different
partners. The main point to be focused on is protecting women and children from sexual
abuse and rape that are the major social evils recurrently occurred in different areas.
Generally, awareness creation towards the general public should be promoted and in the long
term strengthening the police, justice organs, etc, has to be reconsidered.

Finally, in order to alleviate the social problems that are prevailing in the town, social welfare
services have to be widely promoted in the town and the concerned bodies have to work
towards the coordination of different social welfare programs with the participation of the
community and different developmental partners.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
ECONOMIC STUDY

And so, without having adequate and reliable information about economic situation difficult
to prepare meaningful urban plan because it is an essential lesson for identifying the current
economic backlog and future development direction depending on characteristics of rural-
urban economy and its linkage, which is vital base to structure plan preparation.

5.1 Characteristics of rural economy

5.1.1 Agriculture
Agricultural activities are includes farming and animal husbandry. Before Ethiopia adopted
the free economic policy the sector had been structural and distribution problems thus it could
not produce sufficient production, which is a basis for other sectors development, but could
not achieve the level of production that enables to satisfy the people’s demand for
consumption. To curb such problems after Ethiopia adopted the free market policy
thoroughly put into practice nationally developed strategy known as Agricultural
Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI) which emphasizes on the development of peasant
agriculture as the driving force of the national economy.
The strategy aims at improving the production and productivity of smallholder agriculture
through adoption and diffusion of new farm technologies in the form of improved inputs and
farming methods though various rural development programs which are practice among
others includes:
• Household based extension service;
• Market oriented production;
• Diversification and Specialization;
• Intensive irrigation schemes;
• Rural credit and saving facility;
• Supply of inputs,
• Soil protection; and;
• Water conservation
I. Farming
The hinterland districts (Berek, Aleltu, Jida and Gimbichu) to realizing this strategy cultivate
about 135,652.5 hectares of land during both seasons (meher and belg, as indicated in table 5.1
below:

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Table 5.1: Cultivated land, yield obtained and inputs utilized in the hinterlands, 2001
Description Hinterland districts Total
Berek Aleltu Jida Ginbichu
Cultivated land in hectare 40,745.5 33,657 21,105 40,145 135,652.5
Yield obtained in quintal 624,795.5 723,644.4 306,022.5 1,482,216 3,136,678.4
Productivity quintal per hectare 15 22 15 37 23
Improved seeds in quintal 694 NA 281 3,314.3 4,289.3
Fertilizers in quintal 32,570 NA 1,100 51,681.5 85,351.5
Pesticide in liter 244.5 NA 169.5 697 1111
Herbicide in liter 927 NA 400 1,950 3,277
Source: Hinterland districts socio-economic profile
*NA = not available
As indicated in table 5.1 above, the influential area from cultivated land covers (135,652.5
hectares) generated about 3,136,678.4 quintals of production that means the area productivity
on average accounts about 23 quintals per hectare. From the hinterland districts Gimbichu has
high productivity when compared with the other; almost its productivity takes more than
twice Berek and Jida districts productivity. All above mentioned districts to enhancing
productivity and production obtained from a plot land utilized different agricultural inputs as
illustrated in the above table, except Aleltu district.
According to the information obtained from the hinterland districts socio-economic profile,
the influenced area is known with its surplus production. Spurred by the raise in land
productivity, the amount of agricultural surplus that is brought to the market has shown
increment in the indicated year. Consequently, an attempted is made to roughly estimate the
amount marketable surplus in the influence area for 2001 crop year. The level of surplus is
determined based on the calorie requirement of a person per day set by the previous Office of
National Committee for Central Planning (ONCCP, 1989) and the World Bank (1988).
Accordingly, the minimum calorie requirement per day per person is estimated at 2004
(ONCCP, 1989) but the intake (at that time) is estimated at about 1880 calorie (WB, 1988).
Based on the adjustment ONCCP has estimated the average cereals consumption as 1.7
quintal per head per year which corresponds to 1880 calorie per day at 3.85 calorie per day
per gram of cereals. The estimation assumes that cereals, pulses and oil seeds are equally
important and these crops supply 80 percent of the calorie requirement while the other food
items such as livestock products and horticulture crops meet the remaining 20 percent.

Based on the 1999 population census result, the projected population in the influence area in
2001 year was estimated about 303972 and total production accounted about 3136678.4
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quintals. According to ONCCP, 1998 and WB, 1988 assuming that 15 percent of total
production was post harvest losses (470501.8qt) and 7 percent of total production
reinvestment on seed for next year cultivation (219567.5qt), though the adjusted loss
production for the year under consideration was estimated about 690069.3 quintals, as well as
adjusted production is 3136678.4 - 690069.3 = 2446609.1.
To know the amount of production under consumption ought to multiply projected population
by average cereals consumption as 1.7 quintal per head per year was estimated about
516752.4 quintals. Thus to estimate agricultural marketable surplus would be deducted the
amount of total consumption from the adjusted production (2446609.1 – 516752.4) was
resulted about 1929856.7 quintals in 2001 crops year. Nevertheless, it shed some light on the
existence of economic linkage between the influence area and Sendafa Beke town as some of
the surpluses are believed to be brought to in the town. This gives some idea about the
designation and allocation land in the town for market places, storages and other agro
processing industries.

II. Livestock
The hinterland inhabitants as other parts of the region have the potential of livestock
population and they products play essential role in the livelihood of the farmers beside to
crop production, for instance provides food items, cash, fertilizer and fuel. The development
strategy (ADLI) of the country stipulates that the productivity of livestock sub-sector would
be enhanced through improving quality and availability of feed, veterinary services, and
genetic improvement through crossbreeding. See table 5.2 livestock population in the
hinterland districts.
Table 5.2: Livestock Population in the hinterland districts by types within share, 2001
District
Livestock Berek Aleltu Jida Ginbichu Total Share
Cattle 116,467 88,294 57,389 72,428 334,578 39
Sheep 72,634 71,244 78,540 30,310 252,728 29
Goat 2,374 8,407 732 12,607 24,120 3
Equine 25,314 18,753 21,169 21,321 86,557 10
Poultry 71,533 27,010 21,644 49,653 169,840 20
Total 288,322 213,708 179,474 186,319 867,823 100
Source: Hinterland districts socio-economic profile
A superficially look at table 5.2 in the hinterland make known that cattle, equine, goat and
sheep, accounted for 39 percent, 3 percent, 29 percent and 10 percent respectively. In

117
addition poultry accounted for about 20 percent of the livestock population in absolute
number. The concentration of livestock population is varied across district perceive the
details in the below graph.

Figure 5.1: The percentage share of livestock population within hinterland districts, 2001
Berek district comprised 33 percent of the total
livestock population follow by Aleltu with 25
percent and thirdly comes Jida and Gimbichu
districts equally take 21 percent each as presented
in graph 5.1.
As to feed and feeding resources, communal
grazing is the dominant livestock feeding practice.
Aftermath grazing with crop residues
supplementation is also the prominent feature of livestock feeding in the hinterland. Despite
its potential, the hinterlands have remained underdeveloped and faced several problems that
adversely affect its productivity. For instance lack of sufficient nourish, low performance of
local breeds, inadequate veterinary service, high prevalence of animal diseases are among the
major factors constraining the productivity of livestock.
To curb the situation have to improving genetic potential of local breeds, developing forages,
creating access to credit and market and market information mechanisms and expansion of
veterinary services are essential to utilize the untapped potential of the sub sector.

5.2 Economic linkage

It is typical linkage between rural and urban weather having positive or negative impact on
development because agricultural growth depends on access to urban market and industrial
inputs while urban industries require raw materials from primary sector, likewise livelihood
of rural and urban areas is virtually interconnected without if or not. In the fact that economic
interaction of Sendafa Beke town with its hinterland and distantly located areas can
manifested in the forms of rural-urban, urban-rural and urban-urban linkages.

5.2.1 Rural-Urban Linkage

Flows of agricultural goods into the town shows rural-urban linkage because most of
production produced in the rural area used for consumption while the surplus one used for
marketing. The volume and diversity of agricultural commodities supplied into a town is
largely depends on the access of the town having. It is learned that the rural hinterlands
118
supply different agricultural products to Sendafa Beke town for instance cereal crops, pulses,
oilseeds, vegetables, root plants and livestock. In addition to this firewood, charcoal,
construction materials and human power are supplied from influential areas per day for
marketing.

5.2.2 Urban-Rural Linkage

Urban centers play a significant role in both backward and forward economic movement,
which is linking rural and urban economies to attain a more balanced development. Among
others town acts as center of production and distribution to their rural hinterlands. In this
regard, Sendafa Beke town serve as a center of production and distribution of manufactured
goods and services to the rural hinterlands, for instance agricultural inputs such as fertilizer,
insecticide, and improved seed are supplied to the farmers in the hinterlands through the
town.
In addition, administration and agricultural technology acquire the rural areas without any
reference through this town, as well as directly purchase non durable goods (soap, sugar,
kerosene, cloth, shoe and etc.) and durable goods (household utensils, radio/tape, jewelers
and etc.) from the town in the form of retailers mainly on the major market day, moreover
financial flow between rural and urban areas is another important manifestation of urban-
rural linkage, which provides baking services to the hinterlands.

5.2.3 Urban-Urban Linkages

Sendafa Beke town is the largest town in the area, which uses as production, store and
distribution, as well as market center. In the fact that, towns like, Aleltu, Chefe Donsa and
Sirt have strong economic linkage in both demand and supply side. The financial institutions
are playing their role in strengthening the urban-urban linkage through provide saving, credit
and money transfer service to/from the town. Although data on the magnitude and
distribution of loans are not available, however, the banks offer loans to individuals, unions
and cooperatives coming from such towns and transfer a significant amount of remitted
money to the hinterlands.

5.3 Characteristics of town economy

5.3.1 Opportunities and constraints
It is obvious any development has opportunities and constraints of growth, which are need
planning intervention within planning period.

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Opportunities: the town is endowed with various opportunities that could be help to speed
up its future developments, such as:
• Location advantage and/or proximity to Finfine, which has large market
 The political commitment of regional government towards urban;
 Access to utility services;
 The existence of great number of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labor force;
 The existence of fertile ground small scale industry and
 The existence of hug agricultural marketable surpluses.
Constraints: Any developments do not exist without challenge, but the extents are different
according to the situation, though the followings are some of constraints in the area among
others:
• High migration due to seek of better job opportunity;
• The existence of high number of unemployment
• Lack of investments;
• Low attention to small scale industries, which means absence of integration;
• Inadequate and inconvenience internal road network connection and
• Absence of integration between micro and small enterprise with existing industries.
Solution: All above mentioned constraints never curved within short period of time, hence it
takes time to solve though the concerned body should give priority to eradicate from the
scratch have to create proper strategy.

5.3.2 Economic status and economic activity rate of the town

To know and visualize the economic status and economic activity rate one might be first identifying
population aged 10 and above according to CSA, 1999 census made document. In this regard, CSA,
1999 document presented the urban economic status and economic activity rate of Oromia, North
Shewa zone and Sendafa Beke town. Here the town was counted under North Shewa zone during the
census made.

Table 5.3: Economic status and economic activity rates in urban area
Geographical Economic status Economic activity rate
location Active Inactive Both Male Female Both
Sendafe Beke town 5,530 4,265 9,795 67.4 44.5 56.5
North Shewa 61,957 54,403 116,360 57.6 49.1 53.2
Oromia 1,335,335 1,223,711 2,559,046 59.5 44.7 52.2
Source: Central Statistic Authority (CSA, 1999)

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According to table 5.3 the town has more economic activity rate of male while female found at low
when compared within the region and the zone, though the strategy and development plans will
present in the area should centered females than male to enhancing economic status of
female.

5.3.3 Economic base of the town

The CSA, 1999 document did not released economic base of the town, however, to know
economic base of the town writer would used data from the finance and economic
development offices during field survey tertiary economic activities are absorbed much
labour force (59%), followed by primary economic activities (35%) and secondary economic
activities come lastly with low percentage share (6%). The growth rate between the
mentioned economic divisions could not assess because of data shortage, as the result would
not perceived economic shift of the area. Currently the town economy belongs to real urban
economy because economic activity shifts from agriculture in to non agricultural. Thus the
structures plan under preparation will consider such activities through allocating appropriate
land uses. And strategic development program will prepared in the town take into account
secondary and tertiary economic activities rather than primary economic activities.

5.3.4 Unemployment
According to CSA, 1999 census made economically active persons aged 10 years and above
by sex, employed, unemployed and unemployment rate in urban area presented as the region,
the zone and the town, but table 5.5 illustrates economical active persons and unemployment
rate.

Table 5.4: Economically Active Persons and unemployment rate by sex in urban, 1999
Economic active Unemployment rate
Geographical Location
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Sendafa Beke 3,444 2,086 5,530 11.7 31.5 19.2
North Shewa 32,679 29,278 61,957 8.5 16.1 12.1
Ormia 773,034 562,301 1,335,335 10.6 18.5 13.9
Source: Central Statistic Authority (CSA, 1999)
Of the above table Sendafa Beke town unemployment rate is high when compared within the
zone and the region in both sex, especially female unemployment rate almost double of the
zone rate. In the fact that, during the structure plan field survey there are youngsters and
productive forces standing here and there on the main road and walkway as well as resting
inter houses, thus it will be need due attention to curb the situation. That means strategies and
121
development programs presented in the area will be focus on unemployment, unless and
otherwise the situation has negative impact on future development of the town. To alleviate
economic development barrier in the town would evaluate some economic activities, lick
trade, industry, investment, micro and small enterprise and urban agriculture side by side as
below.

5.3.5 Commerce and Trade activity

In simple term activities that related with buying and selling of goods and services are known
as commerce. Though, Sendafa Beke town has number of commercial activities, which
linking the town dwellers with rural society per day. Therefore, the under preparation
structure plan should give due attention through allocate appropriate site to flourish the
sector. After the country adopted the free market policy the sector is playing a great role in
economic development, especially in towns. The activities take place in two ways, such as
formal and informal on the base of legality. See the details in table 5.5 below:

Table 5.5: Type of trade activities in the town on the base of legality, 2003
Type of trade Licensed Un-licensed Total
Retailer 284 32 316
Wholesaler 9 - 9
Service 204 11 215
Industry 99 - 99
Total 596 43 639

Source: Sendafa Beke town administration trade, industry and transport office
According to table 5.5 from total trade actors in the area about 6.7 percent of them acts
without having any legal base from authorized office and the remain acts formally under four
main categories, such as retail, wholesale, service and industry. See its percentage share in
figure 5.2:

Figure 5.2: Licensed trade activities in percent at Sendafa Beke town, 2003
According to the data calculated in the
figure retailer trade activities take the
first share (48 percent), followed by
service related trade (34
percent),thridly and fourthly comes
manufacturing and wholesale related
trade (17 percent and 1 percent)
122
respectively during structure plan preparation field survey. Ofcourse, the office could be
categorized the activities that run in the sector such as registration, new permit, renewal,
returned and transferred. According to the office expert information most of the activities run
depends on the promoter interst. As far as the office was done activities presented in table 5.6
below:

Trade 5.6: Trade license by trade category and capital (in ‘000), 2002
Percentage share
Types Activity Number Capital Job creation Number Capital Job creation
New 3 42 10 3.3 0.1 5.6
Wholesale Renewed 6 85 15 1.2 0.1 1.7
Not renewed - - -
Returned 2 - 6 2.9 4.6
New 55 22 75 61.1 0.0 41.9
Retail Renewed 229 66.9 228 45.3 0.0 25.4
Not renewed - - -
Returned 23 - 50 33.3 38.2
New 26 2,281.9 67 28.9 4.2 37.4
Services Renewed 178 7,593.4 393 35.2 5.3 43.8
Not renewed - - -
Returned 39 - 59 56.5 45.0
New 6 51,591.8 27 6.7 95.7 15.1
Industry Renewed 93 135,544.7 261 18.4 94.6 29.1
Not renewed - - -
Returned 5 76.7 16 7.2 12.2
new 90 53,937.7 179 14 27 15
Total Renewed 506 143,290 897 76 73 74
Not renewed 0 - -
Returned 69 - 131 10 - 12
Total existing 596 197,227.7 1,076
Source: Sendafa Beke town administration trade, industry and transport office
According to table 5.6 there are about 596 business men with a capital 197.2 million and
1,076 employees are acting formally in 2002 fiscal year. Newly issued constituted about 14,
27 and 15 percent of licensed business, registered capital, and job opportunity respectively.
While the renewed once represented 76, 73 and 74 percent in that order, whereas there is not
none renewed actors in the town. On other hands, the canceled licenses were low when
compared with newly issued, it accounted only 10 percent. From this one conclude that there
is positive return in the sector, though the town should promote and support the sector
through different incentives.

123
A. Trends of trade activity in the town
In the real world bondage of urban development and trade activities trend have very strong
correlation. The correlation trends sometimes show increment or not in favor due to different
ground. To identify the correlation trends of trade activities in towns could requests long year
data while for our consumption six years data will be sufficient. In the fact that, the data
which is show trends of trade activities in the town would be collected for six years (1998-
2003). Table 5.7 below is exactly indicating the licensed actors, which means never,
considers illegal actors.
Table 5.7: Trends of trade activities by type and number of licensed trade activities in the town
Years Type of trades
Retailers Wholesalers Industry Service Total
Number 124 1 26 68 219
1998 Capital - - - - -
Employee 248 5 78 204 535
1999 Number 196 1 61 108 366
Capital - - - - -
Employee 588 10 183 405 1186
2000 Number 201 1 97 131 430
Capital - - - - -
Employee 324 10 281 412 1027
2001 Number 178 2 82 168 430
Capital - - - - -
Employee 524 6 176 404 1110
2002 Number 251 8 93 196 548
Capital 669,023 137,000 185,636,455 9,107,450.25 195,549,928.25
Employee 278 20 285 332 915
Number 284 9 99 204 596
2003 Capital 88,930 127,000 187,136,455 9,875,250.65 197,227,635.65
Employee 303 25 288 460 1076
Source: Sendafa Beke town administration trade, industry and transport office
As illustrated in table 5.7 all trade sectors are belong to increment trends, when compare
trade activities in the town since 1998 with 2003 retailer, wholesaler, industry and service
related trades are increased (39, 80, 58 and 50 percent) respectively. Increment of the sector
is not only in the side of numbers, but also it increasing on capital injected and employment
creation. Information obtained from the office shows aggregate increment of trade activities
from year to year as illustrated in figure 5.3 below:
Figure 5.3: Trade activities tendency in the town in respect to trends, 1998-2001
According to the
above graph number
of firms is showing

124
sunlight increment in the mentioned years and also employment opportunity shows increment
tendency in 1999 fiscal year then decline irregularly. Increasing trend only not the indication
of development though have to calculate the sector growth rate as the below graph.

Figure 5.4: The growth rate of trade sector in respect to firms and employment
To draw graph 5.4 could be
used some simple growth
rate mathematical
calculation (Y2-
y1/y1+y2X100) means y1
and y2 belongs to base year
and current year
respectively, as well as 100
is constant. Based on this
simple growth rate calculation formula would be calculated the last five years growth rate
movement of the sector and come up the indicated results. Growth rate calculation result till
zero there is positive return while when shows negative sign there is some negative impact
though the concerned bodies ought to reevaluate the situation, here especially employment
side need more analysis in the town.

5.3.6 Industrial development

The regional government has been exerting extraneous effort to reverse the situation through
implementing the nationally developed strategy popularly known as ADLI which emphasizes
on the development of peasant agriculture and on making the agricultural sector the driving
force of the national economy. The attainment of food self-sufficiency, increase and diversify
production of raw materials and thereby promote the linkage of the agricultural sector with
the industrial sector lies at the heart of the strategy.
The strategy aims to shift agricultural sector in to industrialization gradually through
facilitating favorable ground for the enfant stage of industry sector. Based on this strategic
idea the town has been embarked on various industries development programs which among
others includes marketable, easily demanded, uses local raw materials and soon. As above
table 5.7 the sector shows growing tendency when compared 1998 with 2003 fiscal years
number of firms increased from 26 to 99 respectively. This provision is the result of strategy
under taken as main development instrument called ADLI.

125
In the area there is especial agro-processing industry known as lentils, which is found at
micro or small scale level. Its product distribute inter country and at some level uses as
exported goods. The raw material or inputs sources from inter country and processed in the
town, especially Beke site. The specialist comes from the soil type that suitable to processing
quality lentils for consumption, however, it has some problems such as scatter distribution of
the firms, unorganized, shortage of inputs, lack of market and poor management. Though to
overcome such problems in the future it needs farther study.

5.3.7 Investment
In economic term investment refers to spending or setting money for future more financial
gain, which has different sense at micro and macro level. At micro level it might be include
purchasing of financial assets or durable goods, (stocks, bonds, mutual funds, life insurance,
housing or a car), as well as involving on individual serving investments like, commerce,
services, small scale industry and agriculture. While at macro level it refers to increases of
real capital force (factories or machineries), as far as human capital force (skilled and
educated labor). Based on this broad common sense, the town should exercising investment
activities insight of micro concept. Existing investors in the town are operating an investment
that stated under micro level, like commerce, services, small scale industry and agriculture
depending on demand and supply condition.
During field survey in the town there is not adequate real data represent about demand and
supply situation of investment activities, especially at demand side. However, about 67
investment projects were issued investment license on different investment activities for the
last six years (1998-2003). The detail of it presented as table 5.8 below:

Table 5.8: The issued investment license in the town with capital registered and land obtained, 2003
Year No of investment Land proposed in hectare Capital registered Job opportunity
1998 21 37122.5m2 32,622,101.95 96
1999 32 49365 42,926,601.95 139
2000 56 129646 80,537,772.09 300
2001 62 143596 94,887,051.59 308
2002 65 Not available Not available Not available
2003 67 146096 103,487,051.59 328
Source: Sendafa Beke town investment office
As presented in above table 5.8 currently there are about 67 licensed investment projects on
14.6 hectare of land with Birr 103.5 million capitals and create for about 328 job
opportunities to citizens. Of total licensed investment projects were not applying their

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proposal as expected because of some promoter unwished and public inconvenience the
sector. Currently according to the mentioned data source information from license issued
investment project only 40 (60 percent) projects are actualized with Birr 81 million and create
four about 474 job opportunities. Hence about 38 percent of issued investment project did not
actualized their duty as their agreement thus as simple saying in the area there is some land
speculation, but to say that it needs farther analysis.
The investment projects issued in the town are categorized in to four main sectors, namely
commerce, services, industry and agriculture. All are takes their own share as below table 5.9
according to the date from the town investment office.

Table 5.9: Investment project issued and actualized by sector, 1998-2003

Sectors Number of investment issued Accomplished
Total issued Actualized
Commerce 30 11 36.7
Services 16 16 100
Industry 16 8 50
Agriculture 5 5 100
Total 67 40 60
Source: Sendafa Beke town administration investment office
According to, table 5.9 investment activities in the town found on positive tendency in all
sectors, except commerce sector. This is implying that currently the town under consideration
not enough strong to commerce activity, though the concerned bodies and business men
should work tied together.
Moreover, availability of land resource only not mandatory for investment appeal, but also
inputs and market to their products are irreversible criteria for investment. Any investment
promoter beforehand investing any project should calculated his cost benefit analysis
regarding to maximizing profit from injected capital. As simple personal judgment any
investment activity in the area can performed assumption put to profit generating, because
profit maximization is the result of existence low labor cost and abandoned raw materials in
the surrounding, as well as the existence of adjacent market.
The existing Investments are supplying to local and national market about 25 and 75 percent
of outputs respectively because most of investors are involving on commerce and services
related investment rather than industrial activity, as the result its output essential to domestic
market. According to some investors information most of labor force and raw materials are
extracts from local base, which is fruitful for investment development. Overall lobar forces
for investment in the town are acquires from local base and domestic labor market, as well as
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about 100 percent of raw materials also obtains from domestic market. Investment activities
in the town till now found at infant stage or insignificant when compared with potential,
hence anyone confidently say that for who invest in the area can perform within short period
of time. Because presently there are not standard services in the town as demand welling, like
hotels, supermarkets, recreations, agro processing industries, horticulture, livestock, poultry
and soon. Fertile ground for investment in the town:

Location advantage (proximity to Finfine)

Availability of adequate utility services

Convenience investment policy

Availability of construction materials

Existence of enormous agricultural surplus production

Abundant human force (unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled) and soon
Special to Sendafa Beke as of other towns in the region is lentils processing output has large
demand in the inter country and as some information of the residence it exported to abroad.

Investment alternatives in the town

 Commercial real estate and trade
 Education and health
 Hotel and tourism
 Construction material factory
 Tannery
 Food complex
 Livestock and
 Agro-processing industry

Problems
• Lack of standard internal road network
• Absence of clear land use information
• Existence of land speculation

Suggestion
The first two problems are handiness through newly presented structure plan and remain one
eradicate through awareness creation and taking some administration measure.

5.3.8 Micro and small enterprise

Among the factors that have been affecting the town economy are poverty, unemployment
and low level of the existing economic activities. On other hand the manufacturing sector is
much limited in size, number and capacity. Consequently, it is unable to expand and support
the ever increasing unemployment demands. Adding to the prevailing shortage of vacancies
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and most of unemployment are unskilled never get job in the public sectors. To alleviate the
problems should give technical and vocational training for job seekers as to secure their own
job through micro and small enterprise. Currently micro and small enterprise concept highly
disperse throughout the region as means of employment creation. See the detail in below
table 5.10.

Table 5.10: The current status of MSE in the town by sectors, 2003
No of Members Initial capital
Type of MSEs Land obtained
group M F T
Urban agriculture 11 55 17 72 13750 30,476
Industry 35 215 101 316 23025 29,520
Construction 10 48 13 61 0 30,000
Services 51 226 225 451 2275.5 54,805
Trade 68 321 193 514 3609 156,130
Total 175 865 549 1414 42659.5 300,931
Source: Sendafa Beke town administration MSE agency office
According to the data in table 5.10 above there are 175 micro and small enterprise groups in
the five economic sectors with 1414 members on 42659.5m2 of land by Birr 300,931 initial
working capital. The participation of female in the sector is low when contrast with male
participation, because as of total members engaged in the sector female members are
accounted about 39 percent only. Finally the five economic sectors in the area have their own
percentage share from total organized MSE groups in the town, see the detail in the below
graph.

Figure 5.5: Percentage share of MSE groups in respect to economic sectors, 2003
As presented in graph 5.5 from the total five
economic sector, which MSE would be organized to
enhancing poverty eradication in the town trade
sector take the first line followed by services, thirdly
comes industry, then urban agriculture and
construction lastly. The micro and small enterprise
situation discussed above could not get on the existing phase within a period, which means
the sector introduce as one of economic sector perceive its eight years trends as table 5.11
below.

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Table 5.11: Trends of micro and small enterprise in the town, (1996-2003)
Organization Situation Existing situation
Year Members land Capital
Organized Exists Terminated M F Total obtained Initial current Profit
1996 4 4 42 4 46 21961
1997 14 14 81 39 120 5118 24150 183164.70 159014.70
1998 16 16 98 51 149 2402 34070 203484.95 169414.95
1999 9 9 111 172 283 12328 27835 339770.37 311935.37
2000 13 13 53 13 66 8758 8085 165480.83 157395.83
2001 41 40 1 141 85 226 4150 51445 85347 33902
2002 71 61 10 265 156 421 9903.5 60620 98143 37523
2003 18 18 74 29 103 0 0 0 0
Total 186 175 11 865 549 1414 42659.5 228166 1075390.85 869185.85
Source: Sendafa Beke town administration MSE agency
According to table 5.11 information since 1996 the sector was found at low level, because in
the town there were only 4 organized groups with 46 members. When compare MSE
situation in the town 1996 with the current existing number of groups’ increases from 4 to
175, participant of members increase from 46 to 1414 and female participation also increases
from 4 to 549 respectively. Ignorance of female participation in the sector is very high
because from the existing micro and small enterprise members in the town female accounted
about 39 percent only. Anyone can conclude that currently in the sector there is not
disconnect or terminated after organized, because the sector has positive return economically
and the concept should be internalized in the area.
The sector is supplying its production in to households 60 percent, small scale industries 20
percent and medium scale industry 10 percent. And as some MSE group members and the
office information, as well as simple personal judgment the sector has the following potential
and problems:
Potentials: The town has the following fertile ground to organizing additional micro and
small enterprise groups in the future
 Availability of dairy farm land
 Existence of lentils processing output demand
♣ Ample climatic condition
♣ Existence of market and centrality and proximity
Problems: Almost the existing micro and small enterprise groups are strongly realize the
following problems, which are hindering their productivities.
• Inconvenience of working and market area
• Tedious, insufficient and timeless financing system to addressing the targeting groups

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 • Shortage of budget
• Low participation of female
• Lack of training, workshop and technical supports
• Scarce and excessive price of some raw materials
• Unaffordable price of some machinery
• Market fluctuation

Solutions: Boldly underline that to solve the inconvenience working and market area from
scratch the municipality should be bear in mind during detail plan preparation to allocate
appropriate site to the sector with giving due attention. Moreover, the town administration
should be allocate enough budgets and encourage female entrepreneurship, as well as have to
facilitate financial sources to address the targeted groups.

5.3.9 Urban agriculture

Developing countries like us, the sector seen as the one and the most economic base of
towns’, because the activity is highly linked with the behavior of society working habits. On
other hand the sector does not expected high qualification as much as other economic sectors
and it can observes whole family labor force. Due to this the sector can highly eradicates
unemployment problems in the area without any more training and workshops.
In the reality urban agriculture sector not playing a great role in the town under consideration
because urban agriculture depends on the weather condition, existence of water body (rivers
and streams) and soil fertility of an area, while Sendafa Beke town is not sympathetic to such
conditions. However it is, in the town can utilizing only dairy farm activity as the town
dwellers information, unless otherwise agricultural activities never seen as urban agriculture
and it seen as rural farm.

5.3.10. Financial institution

Contribution of financial institutions in economic development is irreversible because it calls
investment through saving and lending money. So that, an area which have better accesses of
financial institutions has more development advantage. Of course in the new world existence
of financial institutions is highly activating economic transaction through balancing flow of
cash in the market. Hence, when societies will outfit saving system inflation and defilation of
money in the market will be balance.
According to, information from the town administration finance and economic development
office there is one regular bank known as Oromia Cooperative Bank and five micro finance

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institutions (Oromia Credit and Saving S.C, PECE, Gashamicri finance, African village and
special financial), which are landing and saving money to customers.
As some customers information currently there is no as such troubles on banking services,
because customers can be served within short period of time without long waiting while in
the future need additional banks to increase the society saving habit because as financial
institution accessed ↑saving ↑Investment ↑Job opportunity ↑Per capital income ↑Saving,
though currently in the town there is better access of financial institution now a day while in
near future will be desires additional financial institutions.

5.4 Urban finance

It is including revenue collection and expenditure spent in the town. Both activities are
discussed here below accordingly based on the data collected from two offices, namely the
town revenue and the town finance and economic development offices.

5.4.1 Revenue
Towns in the region have the right to collect revenue from different revenue sources to
enhance social welfare of the towns. Hence it is operating in to the town administration and
the municipality level simultaneously at one office in large towns. Though, Sendafa Beke
town is one of the large towns in the region which is operating revenue process
independently, therefore the town revenue office collecting revenue from main 23 and 12
revenue codes for municipality and town administration respectively in 2003 fiscal year.

A) The municipality revenue

The regional government was identified about 6 revenue title to collecting revenue
accordingly for the towns found in the region while according to the town revenue office
information Sendafa Beke municipality during field survey can collecting from 23 revenue
titles. The municipality should operate independently from the town administration revenue
codes as illustrated in table 5.12 below.

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Table 5.12: Sendafa Beke municipality revenue in respect to main codes, 2003
Revenue Planned Accomplished Percent
Codes Titles
1721 Land rent 3,387,000 656,365.90 19.4
1722 House rent 180,000 37,383.34 20.8
1724 Veranda rent 140,000 22,975 16.4
1725 Market service 95,000 23,783.25 25.0
1726 Cattle market service 220,000 53,121 24.1
1729 Other rents 110,000 20,062.75 18.2
1742 Building permit 150,000 33,855.17 22.6
1747 Bas station service 40,000 3,732 9.3
1749 Other payment 300,000 127,686.58 42.6
1751 Hygiene service 45,000 48,223 107.2
1752 Engineering service 954,200 170,181.20 17.8
1753 Construction supervision service 520,000 93,660.91 18.0
1753 Document and design preparation service 800 0 0.0
1761 Statistic service 30,000 6,800 22.7
1772 Property transfer service 900,000 241,672.83 26.9
1776 Abattoir service 40,000 2,400 6.0
1778 Loading-unloading service 15,000 1,903 12.7
1779 Horse car service 70,000 7,510 10.7
1789 Property sale and service 3,000 44 1.5
1731 Land lease 0 130,000
1782 Advertisement stand 0 285.20
1791 Movable and unmovable property sale 0 3,375
1792 Dwellers participation 0 61,249.30
Total 7,200,000 1,746,269.43 24.3
Source: Sendafa Beke town administration revenue office, 2003
As mentioned in table 5.12 the municipality was accomplished about 24.3 percent for the last
four months, but if collect efficiently as planned ought to perform about 33.3 percent within
the last four months, it implies the existence of inefficient revenue collection system.
Therefore, to hold back the situation has to train the revenue collectors and aware tax payers’
those who are unwilling to pay taxes. Since unperformed of revenue collection in Sendafa
Beke municipality is not the new concern hence its trend shows low performance as
presented in table 5.13 below.
Table 5.13: Trends of revenue collected and annual plan of the municipality, 1998-2003
Fiscal year Planned Achieved Percent Remarks
1998 3,390,656.70 2,350,798 69.3
1999 9,071,013 6,108,139.25 67.3
2000 9,479,879 5,776,409.23 60.9
2001 11,013,100 10,155,799 92.2
2002 18,000,000 6,423,297.55 35.7
2003 7,200,000 1,746,269.43 24.3 Four months
Source: Sendafa Beke town administration revenue office

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As presented in table 5.13 the revenue planned trend implies somewhat increment tendency
while its accomplishment percentage was fluctuated up and down irregular intensity,
however, in terms of money collected there is a great increment between each fiscal year.
Figure 5.6: The municipality revenue planned and achieved trends (in million), 1998-
2003
According to graph 5.6 the
planned trends show
positively increasing
tendency, except in 2003
fiscal year due to imposed
restriction on land provide.
On other hand the
achievement trends more
fluctuation than planning as
indicated in the above graph, which not recommendable in finance administration
management. In finance administration management trends only not indicating the finance
situation in the area, so have to calculate its growth rate as below graph using simple growth
rate formula (Y2-Y1)/(Y1+Y2)*100) .

Figure 5.7: The municipality revenue growth rate planned and achieved, 1998-2003
As perceive from the
figure both (planned and
achievement) of growth
rate extremely fluctuated
negatively, which is
wrong finance
management system. As
some experts and town
dwellers said wrong finance management is the result of shortage of skilled manpower.

B) The town administration revenue

Under the town administration collecting revenue from 12 revenue titles, which are planned
on the base of each source as can generate revenue. The town administration revenue was
collected about 36 percent of annual planned for the last four months that means there is

134
efficient revenue collection system because it was planned to collecting Birr 3,552,997 for
the fiscal year and was collected about 1,263,733.10. Presently, it implies better
accomplishment performance when compared with the annual revenue planned in 2003 fiscal
year. From this one can observing that the accomplishment p erformance should become
successfully as the last five years experience presented in the table 5.14 below.
Table 5.14: Trends of revenue collected and annual plan of the town administration, 1998-2003
Fiscal year Planned Achieved Percent Remarks
1998 461,092 535,812 116
1999 7,001,124 898,237 13
2000 1,663,103 1,706,992 103
2001 2,031,519 2,241,653 110
2002 2,631,850 3,136,040 119
2003 3,552,997 1,263,733 36 Four months
Source: Sendafa Beke town administration revenue office
According to table 5.14 revenue collected in the town administration performed more than
hundred percent in the mentioned years, except in the 1999 fiscal year, of this anyone can
conclude that in this fiscal year also the sector will be achieving successfully as planed with
no doubt.

5.4.2 Expenditure
Expenditure processes also operating in one office for two independent offices as revenue,
such as the municipality and the town administration offices. In both areas the expenditure
budget divided as recurrent and capital in the planning year.

a) The town administration expenditure

It classified in to capital and recurrent budget. Both expenditure of the town administration
for the last six fiscal years are illustrated as table 5.15 given below:

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Table 5.15: Trend of expenditure in the town administration, 1998-2003
Year Expenditure Planned Actually Accomplis Unused Proportion (%)
Title Expended hed in % budget Plan Achieve
1998 Capital 70,000 70,000 100.0 0 2.6 2.6
Recurrent 2,609,817 2,609,715 100.0 102 97.4 97.4
Total 2,679,817 2,679,715 100.0 102
1999 Capital 42,750 42,750 100.0 0 1.3 1.3
Recurrent 3,354,790 3,354,790 100.0 0 98.7 98.7
Total 3,397,540 3,397,540 100.0 0
2000 Capital 133,000 133,000 100.0 0 2.9 2.9
Recurrent 4,449,194 4,449,194 100.0 0 97.1 97.1
Total 4,582,194 4,582,194 100.0 0
2001 Capital 250,000 250,000 100.0 0 4.3 4.3
Recurrent 5,557,185 5,557,185 100.0 0 95.7 95.7
Total 5,807,185 5,807,185 100.0 0
2002 Capital 586,210 586,210 100.0 0 8.0 8.0
Recurrent 6,728,492 6,728,492 100.0 0 92.0 92.0
Total 7,314,702 7,314,702 100.0 0
Capital 693,750 3,000 0.4 690,750 7.9 0.1
2003 Recurrent 8,068,120 2,017,030 25.0 6,051,090 92.1 99.9
Total 8,761,870 2,020,030 23.1 6,741,840
Source: Sendafa Beke town administration finance and economic development office
According to the above table the administration expenditure highly focused on recurrent
budget rather than capital budget means capital budget during planning takes insignificant
proportion when compared with recurrent budget as calculated in the above table. Both
budget utilized efficiently in the above mentioned years without money deficit. Planning and
implementation of expenditure would be show increasing tendency

b) Sendafa Beke municipality expenditure

As the town administration the municipality also had expenditure budget plan on different
expenditure title to maximize social welfare, however, in the municipality during expenditure
planning the most important strategy to management expenditure as much as possible should
reduce the recurrent budget without compromising service delivery of the municipality
through increasing performance efficiency. Thus the expenditure of the municipality for the
last three years is illustrated as table 5.16 given below:

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Table 5.16: Trends of expenditure in the municipality, 2001-2003
Proportion (%)
Year Title Planned Actualized Percent Unused budget
Plan Achieve
2001 Capital 6,465,000 712,915.28 11.0 5,752,084.72 54 61
Recurrent 7,484,654 453,502.18 6.1 7,031,151.82 54 39
Total 13,949,654 1,166,417.46 8.4 12,783,236.54
2002 Capital 3,926,000 2,065,318 52.6 1,860,682 51 40
Recurrent 4,020,654 3,120,600 77.6 900,054 51 60
Total 7,946,654 5,185,918 65.3 2,760,736
2003 Capital 4,320,000 5,000 0.1 4,315,000 40 2
Recurrent 2,880,000 240,000 8.3 2,640,000 40 98
Total 7,200,000 245,000 3.4 6,955,000
Source: Sendafa Beke town administration finance and economic development office
As indicated in table 5.16 from planned expenditure budget for the last two years recurrent
budget is exceeded the capital budget, this is not healthy budgeting system according to
municipality expenditure budget management principles. Whatever, planned or achievement
exceeded each other has not meaning because the municipality did not accomplished
properly. As some information and the data illustrated in the table above due to lack of
skilled manpower and abuse of exact planning system there is huge money deposit without
any work, but in the reality there are high complicated problems regarding to social welfare
infrastructure, like internal road, sewerage system, hygiene and public recreation. So the
municipality to curb this condition should employee skilled manpower who can analyze the
plan with their actualizing capacity.
As far as the average expenditure accomplishment also not as expected, therefore the
situations have to need intervention in near future, unless and otherwise it becomes
irreversible obstacle to infrastructure development in the town. Though, here boldly
underlined that planning and actualizing, behavior need strong intervention to curve the
situation, unless and otherwise the future prospective of the town development be in the
dilemma, so the concerned bodies should be work hard.

c) Revenue and expenditure

In normal condition revenue and expenditure would be balance each other without made
more surplus or deficit. In this regard, Sendafa Beke municipality revenue-expenditure
relationship during the last three years planned and achieved was calculated as table 5.17
below.

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Table 5.17: Trends of revenue and expenditure in respect to planned and achieved, 2001-2003
Revenue Expenditure Balance
Fiscal year Planned Achieved Planned Achieved Planned Achieved
2001 11,013,100 10,155,799 13,949,654 1,166,417.46 -2,936,554 8,989,381.54
2002 18,000,000 6,423,297.55 7,946,654 5,185,918 10,053,346 1,237,379.55
2003 7,200,000 1,746,269.43 7,200,000 245,000 0 1,501,269.43
Source: Computed from table 5.13 and 5.16

According to, table 5.17 could explained that expenditure planned exceed the revenue
planned in 2001 and equal in 2003 fiscal years. This type of planning had somewhat
difficulty in any financial institutions because if the revenue is less than expenditure the
mathematical results become negative, so from where this negative budget was subsidized.
Even if revenue and expenditure were equal in an area the future development shows dark
image. Moreover, the last three year financial planning system of the town was found under
large irreversible problems, due to lack of financial analysts. Thus the office ought to
understand the meaning of contingency and future development, because if something is
happened in any coming year on revenue collections how overcome the situation. Though to
curb such condition the town administration ought to employee financial forecasters in near
future without if or not.

5.5 Municipal asset

Municipal asset means assets which are use for the society’s well being in the town directly
or indirectly. These assets are including movable and non-movable according to the nature
they have to give services. The existing and the total needs of municipal assets found in the
town are identified as table 5.18 below:

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Table 5.18: Type and the existing situation of the municipality asset, 2003
Type of assets Existing Total needs Future gap
Vehicles 2 5 3
Double pickup cabinet 2 4 2
Single pickup cabinet 1 1
Machineries 8 8
Excavator - 1 1
Dozer - 1 1
Girder - 1 1
Loader - 1 1
Liquid waste collector - 1 1
Solid waste collector - 1 1
Dum truck - 1 1
Ambulance - 1 1
Markets 3
Livestock 1 1 -
General 1 1 -
Mini 1 Accordingly -
Hall 2 2 -
Abattoir 1 2 1
Cafeterias 1 2 3
Recreation centers 1 2 3
Source: Sendafa Beke town Mayor Office
As illustrated in table 5.18 above the municipality asset situation generally found below
unexpected, especially movable assets. This is highly complicated urban problems in the
area, means the dwellers require different infrastructure while the municipality does not has
the capacity to solve such problems due to shortage of machines, such as dozer, loader,
excavator, waste collector and etc.
To overcome the problems regarding to movable assets the municipality should plan to
purchase gradually according to its importance and the non-movable asset problems should
addressed through the under preparation structure plan based on the standard and planning
code.

5.6 Institutional structure and human resource

5.6.1 The town administration
Under the town administration institutional structure has about 22 offices with total
manpower 458, which are structured under business process reengineering (BPR) and as
previous structure. From 22 offices 20 of them are completely structured under BPR system
during structure plan field survey with 439 manpower posts; as well as 2 offices found under
previous structure within manpower 19. Currently, from 458 job posts under the town
administration offices there are 198 and 8 vacancies under BPR and previous structure

139
respectively. Hence from total 439 posts under BPR 45 percent of it not occupied with
manpower, as far as from 19 posts under previous structure about 42 percent of it no
occupied with manpower.
In general saying under the town administration institutional structure there is hug vacancies;
therefore within this condition the offices will not sustained good governance. Thus, the
concerned body must be fulfills the existing vacancies gap to sustain good governance.

5.6.2 Sendafa Beke Municipality

According to the data from the town the municipality structured in to five processes. One
department with 68 man power, of this manpower 58 of them were well thought-out as BPR
and remain 10 were follows as previous structure. See the detail in table 5.19 below:

Table 5.19: The structure and human resource distribution in the municipality, 2003
Manpower condition
Sections Total Actual Vacancy
BPR Old BPR Old BPR Old
Municipality service delivery department 2 5 - 3 2 2
Human and resource management process 5 5 2 - 3 5
Housing development and transferring process 8 - 3 - 5 0
Town sanitation and greenery process 17 - 3 - 14 -
Service delivery and documentation process 8 - 3 - 5 -
Construction permit and design approval process 18 - 3 - 15 -
Total 58 10 14 3 44 7
Source: Sendafa Beke town Mayor Office
According to, the above table from the municipality institutional structure four processes are
completely practicing BPR and one process and one department are practicing both (BPR
and the previous) system. Yet, during structure plan preparation field survey the BPR and the
previous structure have 76 percent and 70 percent vacancies respectively, as the result most
of employees takes additional responsibility more than their job descriptions and to reduce
work burden the municipality practicing contract base employments to convince the
customers need. This is, ought its own drawback on sustaining good governance though the
municipality has to employee additional workers as the structure permitted from the region
concerned authority.

5.7 Good governance

Good governance is the scientific method of service giving way to satisfy customers’ needs
based on reliable principles and indicators, insight of Sendafa Beke town the financial
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management, municipal assets and human power level are the most determinant factors to
sustain the good governance among others. As earlier mentioned in the document these
indicators are had their own strength and weakness in different extents to satisfying
customers’ needs. During field survey in the town there is not extreme complain on
municipality services while there is gap due to the following reasons such as improper
financial management system, shortage of municipal assets and the existence of high
vacancy.
Therefore, within such conditions cannot sustain good governance as scientific principles and
our indicators, than to overcome the situation the town administration and the municipality
have to allocate enough budget to purchasing of most important assets gradually and to
employee qualified manpower according to the structure permitted, unless and otherwise
within the current situation impossible to sustain good governance in the town.

5.8 Recommendations
Urban economy study is the most and the best determinant component to urban plan
preparation to identifying the current economic backlog and show future development
direction through planning intervention. The intervention occurs through structure plan and
public.

5.8.1 Interventions through the structure plan:

Urban plan preparation comes with improper urban land allocation though some troubles are
recommended as follow:
1. Should allocate compatible and convenience commercial site with better
infrastructure access
2. The existing general market is found at improper site though need reallocate at proper
site
3. Boldly underline that to solve the MSE troubles the municipality will be bear in mind
during detail plan preparation
4. The land with slop 0-2 should allocate to urban agriculture
5. Have to allocate proper industrial zone according to planning principles and
6. Allocate proper site to lentils processing industry with restriction to protect dust

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5.8.2 Interventions through the public:
Plan preparation only not the solution for sustainable urban economic development, that's
why said public and society has irreversible shares though:
1. To solve inefficient urban finance management, especially in the municipality ought
to modify the planning system, employees’ qualified professionals and have to
facilitate on job training for implementers
2. To increases social welfare the town administration should purchase movable assets
gradually
3. Should fill the vacancies and assign appropriate professionals for appropriate job
position
4. To sustain good governance the town administration and municipality have to work
strongly.

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 CHAPTER SIX
SPATIAL STUDY
6.1 Introduction

This study mainly focused on assessing the existing spatial development of the town. In order
to overcome the tasks data is collected through updating process and secondary data are
gathered from various documents, municipality and other offices of the town. The analyses of
existing land use town structure are divided into the following parts:-

 Town centers
 Street net work and transport
 Social and municipal services
 Housing
 Environment
 Manufacturing and storage and some special function

6.1.1. Town centers

Urban areas are engine of economic development .town centers/activity centers are
considered as heart of urban areas and give various services to other urban land uses. Because
of this the land value of this area of town centers are high compared to other section of the
town. In this area different types of land uses are grouped i.e.

• Commerce and business

• Administration
• Market area
• Terminals
• Apartments
• Cultural centers

Sometimes depending on the size of the town centers, the number of market areas exceeds the
number of centers. Under this title the assessment includes both centers and market areas.

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Centers

As written above centers incorporate commercial activities, trades and important service
provider offices. The arrangement of central location and types are the result of the following

• Where the town established

• Street net work pattern
• Size of urban centre
CBD or the central business district in Sendafa Bake town embraces highly residential areas
with other services. The town growth along the artery street that connects Addis Ababa with
Dessie and this gives the town a linear shape. The development pattern of settlement
stretched mostly from the center to Beke neighborhood and to Addis Ababa direction. It
looks like dispersed rather than compactness.
Map6.1a Sendafa Town existing settlement growth direction

Is only one town centre enough for the town? Let as consider the population size of the town
at the end of the next ten years served to the center and distance from the centre. The given
centre is currently served unequally for the residences of the town.

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 • Population consideration
According to population estmation the inhabitants of town will reach to 39000. The size of
neighborhood unit is determined by the catchment radius of elementary school (10,000
inhabitants).
In view of the above concept, approximately Sendafa require about 3-4 centers equally
distributed in the town.
• Distance consideration
Within dispersed and linear type development pattern of settlement the distance is considered
from the centre to get enough services.
If person travelled in 30 minute are considered
 Quick walk…………3.2km
 Bus…………………4.8km
 Automobile…………6.4km
The distance of the town from the center to the fringe is from 2.5km-6.4km, based on the
above standards and the individual travel to get service, it is expected to travel about one
hour.
Map6.1b Distance from town center to fringes

In view of the above concept Sendafa needs about 3 centers of these two centers are sub-
centre, with regarded to components of centers i.e. commerce, recreation, markets
administration, cultural services and etc are included.

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Market areas
There are various types of markets in Sendafa town i.e. General market, cattle market, some
shops and hotels etc those services are dominant at one side of the town which is not equally
serving the entire whole town. Nevertheless, the open market should need relocation to the
convenient and accessible place and the existing open market should upgrade to closed
market.
Cattle market is currently located at accessible area to the flow of cattle to the market area
and at suburb of the town. Therefore the existing cattle market should stay where it exist for
the next ten years. Market which located in Bake may need treatment and serve as local
market.

Findings

• Inequity service providing to the residents.

• Similar with the centre.
• Not well developed
• It is active only for two days within a week.

6.1.2. Transport and street network

Concerning street net work pattern, the data collection and analysis are prepared in the
following major components:
Street network
 Hierarchy ;
 Width
 Junction;
 Missing links
 Surfacing material
Transport
• Bus terminals
• Routs

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Map6.1c.Radial pattern of streets Map6.1d.some grid pattern

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 Map6.1e Irregular type of roads

Street
Due to the natural geographic feature of the town there are different types of street net work
like radial, some grid type and irregular shape of roads are exist in the town. The existing bus
station/terminal is not in the proper place of the town. The hierarchy of street arrangement in
Sendafa is not well structured. In fact except the arterial streets the lower level plans are
randomly arranged. Many local streets joins major trunk line below the required standards

Street hierarchy

The streets that connect Sendafa to Addis Ababa, Aleltu, Jidda (Sirxii) and Chafe
Donsa could be taken as arterial streets.

The remaining streets are difficult to differentiate , however, it is possible to
observe some collector streets

The existing streets of Sendafa have variable width. In most areas the widths are too
narrow to carry the traffic loads. On the contrary some have beyond the required
width.

Most street junctions are less than 90 degree, as result of this pedestrian and other
traffics are exposed for accidents

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 Findings

Most street widths are below the required standard ;

Almost all street have junction problems;

Absence of alternative collecter road

High way street disregarded the center of the town

In general looking the status of street network a number of things need to be improved in the
future:
1. Standardizing the street hierarchy, width and junctions;
2. Surfacing the street with all weather materials;
3. Installing appropriate traffic management systems.

Transport
Sendafa bus terminal located at the center of the old town but currently it served only for one
neighborhood. Location wise it is not well accessible from the different parts of the town.

6.1.3Manufacturing and storage

Concerning the Sendafa town Small scale, large scale, agro processing and heavy industries
are currently mixed with other urban land uses in the town. Looking in to the industrial
establishment settlement pattern it needs to some readjustment. Separate zone must be
created to give appropriate service and prevent the problems occurred on other urban land
uses when it is mixed.

Map 6.1f Sendafa Bake Existing land use

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 Table 6.1 Existing land use percentage
Land use type Area in hectare Area in percent
Residence 383 33
Administration 3.63 o.31
Commercial 11.2 0.96
Social Services 180.6 15.6
Manufacturing & storage 28.2 2.4
Greenery, open spaces and UA 238.5 20.6
Road net work and transportation 283.87 24.5
Special function 13.5 1.1
Buffer 15 1.3
Total area 1157.5 100

6.2 Proposal
The parameters for selecting suitable site for different urban land uses are:

• Availability of large vacant land;

• Availability of water supply;
• Ground water potential;
• Wind direction;
• Preference of dwellers;
• Existing trend.

The other major factors that helps to decide the size of expansion area and direction is the
population size. According to the population projections made on this study for the coming
ten years there will be increase to 39,000 inhabitants. Based on the population the necessary
or enough land use is selected through considering wind direction, topography, and other
similar parameters point of view different types of land uses are provided. To set concept
plan we have consider the following information’s and bases:

Identified problems through public and stakeholder discussion;

Shortage of planned green areas and recreation spaces within the town.

Lack of waste disposal damping areas

No specific area for industry zone

Lack of access through police college

Shortage of alternative collector roads

School along the artery road and traffic accident

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Identified problems through different sectoral studies;
• Insufficient service distribution centers;
• Lack of sufficient market places;
• Disorderly organized town centers
• Narrow , sub standard and insufficient street network

Vision of the town dwellers and stakeholder
• A town with flourished agro processing industries;
• Green and ecologically friendly town preferred by many to live in.

6.2.1 Major Frames of the Concept Plan

Street network
• Creating alternative route for the through traffic;
• Standardizing the width and junctions of existing streets
Environment
Protect the wet land through urban agriculture
Relocate some pollutant industries and other establishments
Manufacturing and storage

• Demarcate and make available land for heavy and medium side industries ;
• Demarcate area for agro-based industries;
• Relocate some pollutant functions from inner parts of the town
Housing
→ Delineate areas for residential settlement for the coming ten years;
→ Indicate appropriate growth direction
Activity center
→ Develop a polycentric arrangement of town center

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 Map 6.2a Concept plan

6.2.2 Detail Proposals

Street Network
To planning the street in hierarchical arrangement: Three levels of streets hierarchy are
created for the street proposals. Arterial, collator and Local Street, generally arterial streets
are planned to have from 25m width to 40 m width, collector street ranges from 15m to 20m
width and Local Street planned to have 10m width.

Map 6.2b proposed Street Net work

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Centers and Market Are
The future structure plan of Sendafa has proposed three centers so that the town will have
appropriate services. The old center will be upgraded and maintained to give the required
services to the community and space for other two new sub centers are reserved at the
middle area between the two neighborhood(Sendafa & Bake) around the street to Chafe
Donsa and the other is at Bake.
Basically all three centers are expected to have
1. Administrative areas;
2. Commercial areas;
3. Market area;
4. Other mixed use development.

The existing open market upgraded to covered market and for new open market spaces are
reserved around the junction of Chafe Donsa road.
Green Area Plan
The proposal of green area plan is divided in to four categories;
→ Protective forest and buffer;
→ Parks and recreational areas;
→ Urban agriculture ;
→ Open space and sport fields

Municipal Services
Municipal services like cemetery and waste disposing facilities are the areas where this part
deals with. New cemeteries, solid & liquid waste disposing site and slaughter house are
reserved in the expansion areas based on their behavior. The municipality should give
particular attention to the mentioned services
Manufacturing and Storage
Two types of industries are considered to allocate land. Small scale agro-processing
industries and heavy and large scale industries are planned. Considering existing
infrastructure and wind direction the western part north east directions of the town is selected
for the mentioned development based on their character.

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Transport
The study of transport clearly shows that the existing bus terminal should relocated to at the
place along the street to Chafe Donsa that may be create the pulling activity to the site and
facilitate the development in order to link the two segregated neighborhoods in the future.

6.2.3 Synthesize Land use Of Sendafa Town

The different components of the urban land use are combined to form the future land use
Sendafa. Compatibility and efficiency are major criteria for synthesizing each uses together.

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Map 6.2c. Sendafa Bake Town Proposed Structure Plan

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List of informants 157
Abdul qadir seid Umar, Sex Male, Age 64(2)
Arega Gebre- Beorgis Sorbe, Sex, Male, Age 70(6) Ayle Takle Haimanot Kidane Sex Male,
Age 69(7) Haile Dadhi Hasanu, Sex, Male, Age 69, a reliable informant, important for his
invaluable information on the history of the surrounding rural areas and of town (9)
Harun Umar Abduljali, Sex, Male, Age 58(3) Hordofa
Beqele Balcha, Sex, Male, Age 68(4)
Hordofa Gurmu Conquali, sex Male, Age 75, important for his invaluable information on
major events leading to the formation of the town and cultural heritages of the area (5)
Kedir Abdela Ali, sex, Male, Age 64(1) Nadhi Alemu Oda, sex, Male, Age 59(8) Nagasa
Badhadha Araddo, Sex, Male, Age 80 important for his orderly explanation of events leading
to the foundation of the town(11)
Nagashu Boba Misile, Sex, Male, Age, 76(10)

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