Physics Vol 2 MLM

www.kalvikadal.in https://t.me/Join_kalvikadal https://material.kalvikadal.
in
n
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
www.kalvikadal.in https://t.me/Join_kalvikadal https://material.kalvikadal.in
6. RAY OPTICS
2 - MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:
1. Laws of reflection Laws of refraction (Snell’s law)

 The incident ray, reflected ray and  The incident ray, refracted ray and
normal to the reflecting surface are all normal to the refracting surface are all
coplanar. coplanar.
 Angle of incidence=angle of reflection  n1 sin i = n2 sin r
(i.e) i = r
2 What is Rayleigh’s scattering?


n
The scattering of light by particles of size less than that of the wavelength of light is called Rayleigh’s
scattering.
l.i
𝟏
 The intensity of light scattered is inversely proportional to fourth power of wavelength. I ∝ .
𝝀𝟒
da
3. Why does sky appear blue?
 Shortest wavelength gets much scattered during day time.
ka
 As our eyes are more sensitive to blue colour than violet colour, sky appears blue during day time.
4. What is the reason for reddish appearance of sky during sunset and sunrise?
vi
 During sunrise and sun set, the light from sun travels a greater distance. So blue light which has
al
shorter wavelength scattered away and red light of longer wavelength manages to reach our eyes.
5. What is principle of reversibility?
.k
 The principle of reversibility states that light will follow exactly the same path if its direction of travel
w
is reversed.
6.What is power of a lens?
w
 The power of a lens P is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length.

w
1
 𝑃= Unit : dioptre
𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 𝑕 (𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 )
7.What is total internal reflection? Write the two conditions for total internal reflection.
 For any angle of incidence greater than the critical angle, the entire light is reflected back into the
denser medium itself. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection.
Conditions:
i) light must travel from denser to rarer medium.
ii) angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than critical angle (i>ic).
40
8 . What is optical path?

 Optical path of a medium is defined as the distance 𝒅′ light travels in vacuum in the same time it
travels a distance d in the medium. (i.e) 𝒅′ = n d.
9. Why do clouds appear white?
 Clouds contain large size of dust and water droplets.( i.e Size a >>).
 In clouds all the colours get equally scattered irrespective of wavelength. So it appears white.
10. Why does rain cloud appear dark?
 Rain clouds appear dark because of the condensation of water droplets on dust particles that makes
cloud opaque.
11. What are paraxial rays and marginal rays?
n
 The rays travelling very close to the principal axis and make small angles with it are called paraxial
l.i
rays.
 The rays travelling far away from the principal axis and make large angles with it are called as
marginal rays.
12. How are rainbows formed? da

ka
 Dispersion of sunlight through droplets of water during rainy days.

vi
When sunlight falls on the water drop suspended in air, it splits into its constituent seven colours.
 Thus water drop suspended in air behaves as a glass prism.
al
13. Why do stars twinkle?


.k
Actually stars do not twinkle.

 They appear twinkling because of the movement of the atmospheric layers with varying refractive
w
index which is clearly seen in the sky.

w
14.
w
15. Define dispersive power.

Dispersive power ? is defined as the ratio of the angular dispersion for the extreme colour to the
deviation for any middle colour.
41

1. Obtain the equation for apparent depth.
 It is a common observation that bottom of a tank filled with water appears to be raised.
 In figure,
d⟶ Real depth.
𝑑 ′ ⟶ apparent depth.
 From figure,
n1 sin i = n2 sin r
n1 tan i = n2 tan r (for small angle, sin θ = tan θ )

𝑛1 𝑛2

n
=
𝑑 𝑑′
l.i
Substitute, n1 = n & n2 = 1 (air medium)
𝑑
 Apparent depth 𝑑 ′ =
da
𝑛
2. Derive the relation between f and R for a spherical mirror.

ka
 C – centre of curvature of mirror, i – angle of incidence and F – principal focus.
PM
 From figure, tan i = =i (∵ i is small)
vi
PC
PM
 ∆𝑀𝐹𝐵, tan 2𝑖 = = 2𝑖
PF
al
PM 2 PM 1 2
 So, =  =
PF PC PF PC
.k
 Substitute, PF = f & PC = R .
w
1 2 𝐑
 =  f =
f R 𝟐
w
w
42

1. Derive the mirror equation and the equation for lateral magnification
 AB ⟶ object
 𝐴′ 𝐵′ ⟶image
 From figure, ABP & 𝐴′ 𝐵′ P are similar
triangles.
𝐴′ 𝐵 ′ 𝑃𝐴 ′
𝐴𝐵
= - - - - - - (1)
𝑃𝐴
 Similarly DPF & 𝐴′ 𝐵′ F are similar triangles.
𝐴′ 𝐵 ′ 𝐴′ 𝐹
𝑃𝐷
= - - - - - - (2)
𝑃𝐹
n
𝐴′ 𝐵 ′ 𝐴′ 𝐹
 As PD=AB, = - - - - - (3)
𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝐹
l.i
 Compare (1) & (3) We can write,
da
𝑃𝐴′ 𝑃𝐴′ −𝑃𝐹
= - - - - - - (4) (∵ 𝐴′ 𝐹 = 𝑃𝐴′ − 𝑃𝐹 )
𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐹
ka
 Substitute PA = −𝑢 ; PA’ = −𝑣 ; PF = −𝑓 in (4) ,
1 1 1
 we can arrive , = +
𝑓 𝑢 𝑣
vi
𝑣 𝑓
 Lateral magnification 𝑚 = − =
𝑢 𝑓 −𝑢
al
.k
w
w
w
43
2. Obtain lens maker’s formula

 R1, R2 ⟶ Radii of curvature of two spherical surfaces 1 & 2.
 n2 ⟶ refractive index of the lens
 For the refracting surface 1, the light goes from n1 to n2. so
𝑛2 𝑛1 (𝑛 2 −𝑛 1 )
𝑣′
− = -------(1)
𝑢 𝑅1
 For the refracting surface 2, the light goes from n2 to n1.
𝑛1 𝑛2 (𝑛 1 −𝑛 2 )
− = ----- -- (2)
𝑣 𝑣′ 𝑅2
 Equation (1) + (2) gives
𝑛1 𝑛1 1 1
− = 𝑛2 − 𝑛1 −
n
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅1 𝑅2
l.i
1 1 𝑛2 1 1
 Dividing by n1, we get − = −1 −
𝑣 𝑢 𝑛1 𝑅1 𝑅2
da
 substitute n2 = n and n1 = 1 (air medium)
ka
1 1 1 1
− = 𝑛−1 − - - - - - - - ( 3)
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅1 𝑅2
 If the object is at infinity, image is formed at the focus of the lens. Then substitute u = ∞ , v = f . in
vi
equation (3)
al
1 1 1
𝑓
= 𝑛−1 − - - - - - - - - - ( 4 ). This equation is called as lens maker’s formula.
𝑅1 𝑅2
.k
 Compare (3) & (4)

w
w
1 1 1
= − . This equation is known as lens equation.
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
w
3. What is dispersion? Obtain the equation for dispersive power of a medium.
 A beam of light passes through a prism, it gets dispersed into
its constituent colours.
 A -Angle of the prism (Small of the order of 10°)
D –Angle of minimum deviation.
 When rays of light pass through such prism, the angle of
deviation () also becomes small.
44
𝐴 +𝐷
sin
 Refractive index of the prism, 𝑛 = 2
𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
𝐴+ 𝛿
𝐴+ 𝛿
 As 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙, sin θ θ. So, 𝑛 = 2
𝐴 ⟹𝑛=
𝐴
2
 Angle of deviation,  = 𝑛 − 1 𝐴
 For violet colour, 𝛿𝑉 = 𝑛𝑉 − 1 𝐴
 For red colour, 𝛿𝑅 = ( 𝑛𝑅 − 1) 𝐴
 Angular dispersion, 𝛿𝑉 − 𝛿𝑅 = 𝑛𝑉 − 𝑛𝑅 𝐴
 Middle deviation (for yellow rays) ,  = n − 1 A
n
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Dispersive power , =
𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
l.i
𝛿 𝑉 −𝛿 𝑅 𝑛 𝑉 −𝑛 𝑅
 So, 𝜔 = =
𝛿 𝑛 −1
4. Describe the Fizeau’s method to determine speed of light.

da
ka
 Light from the source S was first allowed to
fall on a partially silvered glass plate G kept
vi
at an angle of 45∘.

al
Light was then allowed to pass through a

rotating toothed wheel. Light passing through
.k
one cut in the wheel, will get reflected by a

mirror M kept at long distance ‘d’ .
w
 Angular speed of wheel was increased until light passing through one cut would completely be
w
blocked by the adjacent tooth.


w
This is ensured by the disappearance of light while looking through the partially silvered glass plate.
 Toothed wheel has N teeth and N cuts of equal width.
 ‘2d’ is the distance travelled by the light during the time ‘t’
𝜃 𝜋 𝝅
 Angular speed of wheel is 𝜔 = = ( ∵𝜽= ) - - - - - -(1)
𝑡 𝑁𝑡 𝑵
𝝅
 Time taken for the angular displacement 𝜃 is t. From (1) , t=
𝑵𝝎
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡

 Speed of light = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝟐𝒅 𝟐𝒅𝑵𝝎
 Speed of light , V= =
𝒕 𝝅
45
5. Derive the equation for angle of deviation produced by a prism and thus obtain the equation for
refractive index of material of the prism.
 PQ⟶ Light ray incident on one of the refracting faces AB.
 i1&r1 be the angle of incidence and refraction at the first face AB.
 The angle of deviation d1 at the surface AB is d1 = i1 − r1.
 The angle of deviation d2 at the surface AC is d2 = i2 - r2.
 Total angle of deviation produced , d = ( i1 − r1 ) + ( i2 − r2 ) = ( i1 + i2 ) – ( r1 + r2 ) - - - - - - - (1)
 From quadrilateral AQNR, ∠A + ∠𝑄𝑁𝑅 = 180° - - - - - - - (2)
 From triangle ∆𝑄𝑁𝑅, 𝑟1 + r2 + ∠𝑄𝑁𝑅 = 180° - - - - - - - - (3)
n

l.i
Comparing (2) and (3) we get
r1 + r2 = A - - - - - - - - (4)
 Substitute (4) in (1) d = i1 + i2 − A. - - - - - - - - (5)

da
ka
 At minimum deviation, i1 = i2= i and r1 = r2 = r. also d =D.
𝐴+𝐷
Then (5) becomes D = 2i − A ⟹ i=
vi
𝐴
and (4) becomes r = .
al
 From Snell’s law we get, refractive index of the material of the prism,
.k
w
𝑨+𝑫
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟐
𝒏= = 𝑨 .
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐
w
w
46
n
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929 47
7 . WAVE OPTICS
1. What is astigmatism?
 Due to different curvatures along different planes in eye lens.
 Unable to see the all directions equally well.
 Corrected by using cylindrical lens.
2. .Differentiate interference and diffraction
S. N Interference Diffraction .
1 Equally spaced bright and dark fringes. Central bright is double the size of other
fringes.
2 Equal intensity for all bright fringes. Intensity falls rapidly.
n
l.i
3 Large number of fringes are obtained. Less number of fringes are obtained.
da
3. State Huygen’s principle ?
 Each point on the wavefront behaves as the source of secondary wavelets spreading out in all
ka
directions with the speed of the wave. These are called as secondary wavelets.
 The envelope to all these wavelets gives the position and shape of the new wavefront at a later time.
vi
4. What are coherent sources?

 Two light sources are said to be coherent if they produce waves which have same phase or
al
constant phase difference, same frequency or wavelength, same waveform and same amplitude.
.k
5. What is diffraction?
 Bending of waves around sharp edges into the geometrically shadowed region.
w
6. Define Fresnel’s distance?

w
 Distance upto which the ray optics is obeyed and beyond which the wave optics is obeyed.
𝑎2
(i.e) Fresnel’s distance 𝑧 = ( a - slit width ,  - wavelength.)
w
2𝜆
7 . State Rayleigh’s criterion?

 Two points on an image are said to be just resolved when the central maximum of one diffraction
pattern coincides with the first minimum of the other and vice versa.
8 . State Malus’s law.
 When a beam of plane polarised light of intensity I o is incident on an analyser, the intensity of light
transmitted from the analyser varies directly as the square of the cosine of the angle  between the
transmission axes of polariser and analyser. I = I0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
9 . Define wavefront.
 The locus of points which are in the same state (or) phase of vibration.
48
10. What are the conditions for obtaining clear and broad interference fringes?
 The distance between the screen and slits should be as large as possible.
 The wavelength of the light used must be large.
 The distance between the two slits must be small.
11. Define polarising angle .

 The angle of incidence for which the reflected light is found to be plane polarised.
n
l.i
1. State and explain Brewster’s law.
 From figure, ip + 90o + rp = 180o (or) 𝑟𝑝 = 900 − 𝑖𝑝

 Snell’s law,
sin 𝑖𝑝 da
ka
𝑛=
sin 𝑟𝑝
sin 𝑖 sin 𝑖 𝑝
 𝑛 = sin ( 90𝑜𝑝−𝑖 = = tan 𝑖𝑝 .
vi
𝑝) cos 𝑖𝑝
 𝑛 = tan 𝑖𝑝
al
 LAW : The tangent of the polarising angle for a transparent medium is equal to its refractive index.
.k
2. Explain the pile of plates.


w
It makes use of Brewster’s law.

 Several plates are kept one behind the other at an angle
w
90o – ip with the horizontal surface.

w
 Parallel light falls on the plate at iP, the refracted light get
a chance for further reflections at the succeeding plates.
 Both refracted and reflected lights are found to be plane polarised.
3.Write uses of polaroids.

Polaroids are
1. Used in goggles and cameras to avoid glare of light.
2. Used to take 3D pictures. Example: Holography.
3. Used to improve contrast in old oil painting.
4. Used in optical stress analysis.
5. Used as window glasses to control the intensity of incoming light.
6. Used in liquid crystal display.
49
1. Obtain the equation for band width in young’s double slit experiment.
 S1 & S 2 → Coherent sources.
d → distance between the slits.
D → Distance between slit and screen.
 The path difference between the light waves from

S1 and S2 to the point P is .
 = S2P – S1P = d sin θ
n
 = θ. d
l.i
𝑦 𝑦
 tan 𝜃 =
da
(OR ) θ =
𝐷 𝐷
𝑦
 = 𝑑
ka
𝐷
Condition for bright fringes:

vi
 The path difference,  = 𝑛 𝜆

al
𝑦
𝑑 =𝑛𝜆 (n = 0,1,2,3…….)
𝐷
.k
The distance of nth bright fringe:

w
𝐷
 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛 𝜆
𝑑
w
Condition for dark fringe:

w
𝜆
 The path difference,  = (2𝑛 − 1) 2
𝑦 𝜆

𝐷
𝑑 = (2𝑛 − 1) (n = 1,2,3,………)
2
The distance of nth dark fringe:
𝐷 𝜆
 𝑦𝑛 = (2𝑛 − 1)
𝑑 2
Band width:
𝜆𝐷
 The distance between any two consecutive bright (or) dark fringes. 𝛽 =
𝑑
50
2. Discuss about simple microscope and obtain equation for magnification.

Near point focusing:
 It is a single magnifying lens produce erect, magnified and virtual image.
 Object should be placed less than the focal length of lens. Image distance is near to the least distance
of distinct vision.
𝑣 −𝐷
 m= =
𝑢 −𝑢
1 1 1
 Lens equation, - 𝑢 = 𝑓
𝑣
𝑣 𝐷
 Magnification; m = = 1+
𝑢 𝑓
Normal focusing:
n
Image is formed at infinity.
𝜃
 Angular magnification m =𝜃 𝑖
l.i
0
ℎ
 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃0 ≈ 𝜃0 =
da
𝐷
ℎ
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝑖 ≈ 𝜃𝑖 =
𝑓
ka
ℎ
𝜃 𝑓
 The angular magnification is 𝑚 = 𝜃 𝑖 = ℎ
0 𝐷
vi
𝐷
m=
𝑓
al
3. Explain about compound microscope and obtain equation for magnification.

 Objective lens produces real, inverted and magnified image.
.k
 Image produced by objective lens act as an object to the eyepiece.

w
 Eyepiece produces an enlarged and virtual image.

w
𝒉′
 Magnification of objective lens, 𝑚0 =
𝒉
w
𝒉 𝒉′
tan β = =
𝒇𝟎 𝑳
𝐿
 𝑚0 =
𝑓0
𝐷
 Magnification of eyepiece, 𝑚𝑒 = 1 +
𝑓𝑒
 Total magnification m =mo me
𝐿 𝐷
 Near point focusing : 𝑚 = 1+
𝑓0 𝑓𝑒
𝐿 𝐷
 Normal focusing : 𝑚=
𝑓0 𝑓𝑒
51
4. Discuss about diffraction in single slit.
 AB – width of a single slit = a
C – centre of the slit
D – distance between screen and slit
n
𝑎
 Path difference between the corresponding points 𝛿 = sin 𝜃
2
l.i
 Condition for first minimum, a sin = 
 Condition for second minimum, a sin = 2
da
ka
 Condition for nth minimum , a sin = n where n = 1,2,3………
 Condition for first maximum , a sin = 3/2

vi
 Condition for second maximum , a sin = 5/2

al
 Condition for nth maximum , a sin = (2n + 1) /2 Where n = 0,1,2,3,……..

.k
w
w
w
52
8. DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
1. Define stopping potential.
 The negative or retarding potential given to collecting electrode which is just sufficient to stop the most
energetic photoelectrons emitted and make the photocurrent zero is called stopping potential or cut-off
potential.
2. Define work function of a metal. Give its unit.
 The minimum energy needed for an electron to escape from the metal surface is called work function of
n
that metal.
 Its unit is electron volt. (eV).
l.i
3. What is photoelectric effect?
da
 The ejection of electrons from a metal plate when illuminated by light or any other electromagnetic
radiation of suitable wavelength is called Photoelectric effect.
ka
4. Define surface barrier.

vi
The potential barrier which prevents free electrons from leaving the metallic surface is called Surface
Barrier.
al
5. What is photo electric cell? Give its types.


.k
The device which converts light energy into electrical energy is called Photo electric cell.
 It works on the principle of photo electric effect.
w
 They are of three types

w
i) Photo emissive cell.

ii) Photo voltaic cell.
w
iii) Photo conductive cell.
6. What is De Broglie hypothesis?

 Due to the symmetry in nature, de Broglie suggested that if radiation like light can act as particles at
times, then material particles like electrons can also act as waves at times.
 According to de Broglie hypothesis, all material particles like electrons, protons, neutrons in motion are
associated with waves. These waves are called de Broglie waves or matter waves.
7. Define threshold frequency.
 For a given surface, the emission of photoelectrons takes place only if the frequency of incident light is
greater than a certain minimum frequency called threshold frequency.
53
3 - MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS :
1. Derive the expression of De Broglie wavelength.
 Let an electron of mass m be accelerated through a potential difference of V volt. The kinetic
1
energy acquired by the electron is given by 𝑚 𝑣2 = 𝑒 𝑉
2
2𝑒 𝑉
 The speed of the electron is 𝑣 =
𝑚
ℎ ℎ
 Hence, the de Broglie wavelength of the electron is 𝜆= =
𝑚𝑣 2𝑚𝑒𝑉
ℎ
 Kinetic energy k = eV then 𝜆 =
2𝑚𝑘
12.27 𝐴0
 Substituting the known values 𝜆 = 𝑉
2. Write the characteristics of photons.
n
i) Each photon will have energy E = hv.
l.i
ii) The energy of a photon is determined by the frequency of the radiation.
da
iii) The photons travel with the speed of light.
iv) They are unaffected by electric and magnetic fields.
v) When a photon interacts with matter, the total energy and angular momentum are conserved.
ka
3. Give the application of photo cells.
i) It is used as switches and sensors.
vi
ii) Automatic lights that turn on when it gets dark use photocells.
al
iii) Street lights that switch on and off according to whether it is night or day.
iv) They are used for reproduction of sound in motion pictures.
.k
v) They are used as timers to measure the speeds of athletes during a race.
w
vi) They are used to measure the intensity of the given light in photography.
4. Write a note on continuous X-ray spectrum.

w
i) When a fast moving electron penetrates and approaches a target

w
nucleus, the electron either accelerates or decelerates.

ii) It results in a change of path of the electron.
iii) The radiation produced from such decelerating electron is called
Bremsstrahlung or braking radiation.
iv) The energy of the photon emitted=The loss of kinetic energy of the
electron.
ℎ𝑐
(i.e) ℎ𝜈0 = = 𝑒𝑉.
𝜆0
v) Substitute the known values,

12400 𝐴0
Minimum wavelength 𝜆0 = . This relation is known as Duane-Hunt formula.
𝑉
54
5. Write a note on characteristic X-ray spectra.
i) When the target is hit by fast electrons, the obtained X-ray spectra shows
some narrow peaks at some well-defined wavelength.
ii) The line spectrum showing these peaks is called characteristic X-ray
spectrum.
iii) This X-ray spectrum is due to the electronic transitions within the atoms.
iv) For example, when an energetic electron penetrates into the target atom and
removes the electrons in K-shell and create a vacancy in it.
v) So the electrons from outer orbits (L, M, N, O…) jump to fill up the
vacancy in K-shell.
n
vi) The energy difference between the levels is given out in the form of X-ray photon.
l.i
vii) K-series (Kα, Kβ, Kγ…) originates due to electronic transition from L,M,N,O….shells to K-shell.
da
viii) L-series (Lα, Lβ, Lγ…) originates due to electronic transition from M,N,O….shells to L-shell.
6. Explain the applications of X-rays.

ka
i) It is used to detect fractures, foreign bodies in Medical diagnosis.
vi
ii) It is used to cure malignant tumours.
iii) It is used to check for flaws in welded joints, tennis balls.
al
iv) It is used for detection of contraband goods in custom

.k
v) It is used to study the structure of the crystalline materials.

w
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

w
1. State the Laws of Photoelectric effect.

w
a. For a given frequency of incident light, the number of photoelectrons emitted is directly proportional to
the intensity of incident light.
b. Maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons is independent of intensity of the incident light.
c. Maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons is directly proportional to the frequency of incident
light.
d. For a given surface, the emission of photoelectrons takes place only if the frequency of incident light is
greater than a certain minimum frequency called threshold frequency.
e. There is no time lag between incidence of light and ejection of photoelectrons.
55
2. Obtain Einstein’s photoelectric equation with necessary explanation.
 When a photon of energy ℎ𝜈 is incident on a metal surface, it is

completely absorbed by a single electron is utilized in two ways.
i) Part of the photon energy is used for the ejection of the
electrons from the metal surface and it is called work
function (φ0).
1
ii) Remaining energy as the kinetic energy ( 𝑚𝑣 2 ) of the
2
ejected electron.
 From the law of conservation of energy,
1
ℎ𝜈 = 𝜙0 + 𝑚𝑣 2 −−−− (1)
n
2
Here m—mass of the electron and 𝑣 —velocity.
l.i
 At threshold frequency, the kinetic energy of ejected electrons will be zero.
da
ℎ𝜈0 = 𝜙0 − − − − (2)
 Substitute (2) in (1) ka

1
ℎ𝜈 = ℎ𝜈0 + 𝑚𝑣 2 − − − − (3)
2
The equation (3) is known as Einstein’s photoelectric equation.

vi
 If the electron does not lose energy by internal collisions, then it is emitted with maximum kinetic energy.
al
1
Therefore ℎ𝜈 = ℎ𝜈0 + 𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
− − − − (4)
2
.k
1
 Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectron Kmax.= 𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
2
Then ℎ𝜈 = ℎ𝜈0 + 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 − − − − (5)

w
3. Give the construction and working of photo emissive cell.

w
Principle: Photoelectric effect.

w
Construction:
 It consists of an evacuated glass or quartz bulb.

 The cathode C is semi-cylindrical in shape and is coated with a photo sensitive
material.
 The anode A is a thin rod or wire.
 A potential difference is applied between the anode and the cathode through a
galvanometer G.
Working:
56
 When cathode is irradiated with suitable radiation, electrons are emitted from it.
 These electrons are attracted by anode and hence a current is produced which is measured by the
galvanometer.
 The magnitude of the current depends on
i) the intensity of incident radiation and
ii) the potential difference between anode and cathode.
4. Explain the principle and working of electron microscope.
Principle: The wave nature of the electron.
Construction:
In electron microscope focusing of electron beam is done by the electrostatic or
magnetic lenses.
n
Working:
l.i
i) The electrons emitted from the source are accelerated by high potentials.
da
ii) The beam is made parallel by magnetic condenser lens.
iii) When the beam passes through the sample whose magnified image is needed,
the beam carries the image of the sample.
ka
iv) With the help of magnetic objective lens and magnetic projector lens system, the
magnified image is obtained on the screen.
vi
5. Describe briefly Davisson – Germer experiment which demonstrated the

al
wave nature of electrons.

.k
Construction:
 The filament F is heated by a low tension (L.T.) battery.
w
 Electrons are emitted from the hot filament by thermionic emission.

w
 They are then accelerated due to the potential difference between the
filament and the anode aluminum cylinder by a high tension (H.T.) battery
w
 Electron beam is collimated by using two thin aluminum diaphragms and is

allowed to strike a single crystal of Nickel.
Working:
 The intensity of electron scattered by Ni atoms in different directions
are measured by the electron detector which is capable of rotation.
 For a given accelerating voltage(54V), the scattered wave shows a
maximum intensity at an angle of 500
Conclusion:
The wavelength of electron

57
i) By experiment (angle=500) = 1.65Å

ii) De-broglie equation(V=54V) = 1.67 Å.
OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS:
1. Write the expression for the de Broglie wavelength associated with a charged p article of charge q and
mass when it is accelerated through a potential V.
ℎ ℎ
 De- Broglie wavelength = 𝜆 = = ( h - Planck constant)
𝑚𝑣 2𝑚𝑞𝑉
2. Why we do not see the wave properties of a baseball?

ℎ
 De – Broglie wavelength of matter is 𝜆 =
𝑚𝑣
 So the de Broglie wavelength is inversely proportional to the mass.


n
Since the mass of baseball is too large as compared with the electron, the de Broglie wavelength of
baseball is negligibly small.
l.i
 So we do not see the wave property of the baseball.
da
3. A proton and an electron have same kinetic energy. Which one has greater de Broglie wavelength.
Justify. ka
𝟏 ℎ
 De Broglie wavelength 𝝀 𝜶 (i.e) 𝜆 =
𝒎 2𝑚𝐾
 Mass of electron < Mass of proton

vi
 Therefore, Wavelength of electron > Wavelength of proton
al
4. Write the relationship of de Broglie wavelength λ associated with a particle of mass m in terms of its
kinetic energy K.
.k
𝐡
 De Broglie wavelength 𝛌= 𝟐𝐦𝐞𝐕
w
𝐡
 Kinetic energy K = eV then 𝛌 = 𝟐𝐦𝐊
w
w
58
9. ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

1. Define one Curie.
 One curie is equal to activity of one gram of radium.
 1 curie = 3.7 x 1010 decays per second

2. Define one atomic mass unit (u).
1 th
 One atomic mass unit is defined as the of the mass of the isotope of carbon 6C12.
12
 1 u = 1.660 X 10−27 Kg
3. Explain Proton – Proton cycle

1 1
1H + 1H 1H
2
+ e+ + ν
n
1H + 1H  2He + γ
1 2 3
l.i
3
2He + 2He32He4 + 1H1 + 1H1
Overall Energy produced = 27 MeV

da
ka
4. Define activity.
vi
dN
 It is the rate at which the atoms decay. R = −
dt
al
 Its unit is Becquerel.

5. Mass defect:
.k
 Mass defect = Total mass of nucleons – mass of the nucleus

w
6. What are the properties of neutrino?

i) It has zero charge.
w
ii) It has an antiparticle called anti neutrino.

w
iii) It has very small mass.

iv) It interacts weakly with matter.
7. What are the properties of Nuclear Force?
i) The Strongest force in nature.
ii) Very short range of force.
iii) It is an attractive force.
iv) Nuclear force is same for (n-n), (p-p), (p-n).
v) It doesn’t act on electrons.
8. Define Half life time.
 Half life time is defined as the time required for the number of atoms to reduce to one half of the
𝟎.𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟏
initial amount. 𝐓𝟏 = 𝛌
𝟐
59
9. Define mean life.

 Mean life = sum of lifetime of all the nuclei / total number of nuclei present initially.
 Mean life = 1/ decay constant.
10. Define Impact factor.
 It is the perpendicular distance between the centre of the gold nucleus and the direction of velocity
vector of alpha particle when it is at a larger distance
11. Define excitation energy.
 The energy required to excite an electron from lower energy state to any higher energy state is known
as excitation energy.
12. Define Ionization energy (or) Binding energy.
 The minimum energy required to remove an electron from an atom in the ground state is
n
known as ionization energy.
13. Define distance of closest approach.
l.i
 The minimum distance between the centre of the nucleus and the alpha particle just before it gets
da
reflected back through 1800
14. On what particles neutron and proton are made up of ?

ka
1 neutron = 2 down quark + 1 up quark
 1 proton = 2 up quark + 1 down quark
vi
al
.k
w
w

w
1.What are the properties of cathode rays?

i) Possess energy and momentum.
ii) Travel in a straight line .
iii) Can be deflected by both electric and magnetic fields.
iv) They produce heat when they fall on matter.
v) They affect photographic plates.
vi) They produce fluorescence.
vii) They produce X-rays when they fall on material of high atomic weight.
viii) Ionize the gas through which they pass.
60
2.Explain Alpha decay, beta decay and gamma emission.

i) Alpha decay:
 Here atomic number of the nucleus decreases by 2 and mass number decreases by 4.
 Example: 92U
238
90Th234 + 2He4
ii) Beta (-) decay:
 Here atomic number of the nucleus increases by 1 and mass number remains the same.
 Example: 6C14  7N14 + e− + 𝜈
iii) Beta(+) decay:
 Here atomic number of the nucleus decreases by 1 and mass number remains the same.
 Example: 11Na22  10Ne
22
+ e+ + 𝜈
iv) Gamma emission:
n
 Here there is no change in atomic and mass number but energy level of the nucleus is
l.i
changed.
 Example: 5B12  6C12* + e− + 𝜈
da
6C
12*
 6C12 + γ
3. Write down the properties of neutron.
ka
i) They are stable inside the nucleus.
ii) Outside the nucleus it decays with a half life of 13 minutes.
vi
iii) They are neutral in charge.

al
Types Kinetic energy

.k
Slow neutron 0 to 1000 eV

Fast neutron 0.5 MeV to 10 MeV
w
Thermal neutron 0.025 eV (in thermal equilibrium).

w
4. State the postulates of Bohr atom model

w
1. The centripetal force for the electron is given by coulomb force.

2. The angular momentum of electron L= nh/2π
3. Electron can jump from one orbit to other by absorbing or emitting a photon.
5. Explain the following in symbolic representation.(a) Alpha decay (b) Beta decay (c) Gamma
emission
  decay ⇒ ZXA→ Z-2Y
A-4
+ 2He
4
 − decay ⇒ ZXA → Z+1Y

A
+ e- +𝜈
 + decay ⇒ ZXA → Z-1Y

A
+ e+ + 𝜈
  emission ⇒ ZXA*→ ZX
A
+γ
61
6. Drive an expression for the Energy of an electron in the nthorbit.
1 𝑍𝑒 2 𝑍 2 𝑚𝑒 4
 Potential Energy 𝑈𝑛 = − (or) 𝑈𝑛 = −
4𝜋𝜀 0 𝑟𝑛 4𝜀 02 ℎ 2 𝑛 2
𝑍 2 𝑚𝑒 4
 Kinetic Energy 𝐾𝐸𝑛 =
8𝜀 02 ℎ 2 𝑛 2
 This implies that 𝑈𝑛 = − 2𝐾𝐸𝑛

𝑍 2 𝑚𝑒 4
 Total energy 𝐸𝑛 = 𝐾E𝑛 + 𝑈𝑛 = 𝐾E𝑛 - 2 𝐾E𝑛 = - 𝐾E𝑛 = −
8𝜀 02 ℎ 2 𝑛 2
13.6
 For hydrogen atom ( Z = 1) and substitute the known value 𝐸𝑛 = − 𝑒𝑉
𝑛2
7. Give the results of Rutherford alpha particle scattering experiment.

i) Most of the alpha particles goes without any deviation.
n
ii) Some of the alpha particles are deflected with small angle.
iii) A few of alpha particles are deflected above 900.
l.i
iv) Very few numbers of alpha particles retrace their path with 180o.
da
8. Explain Thomson atom model.
i) In a positively charged sphere, the electrons are embedded as the seeds in the water melon.
ka
ii) Total positive charge = Total negative charge.
Drawbacks:
vi
i) According to this model, an atom cannot be stable.

ii) It does not explain the origin of spectral lines.
al
9. Drawbacks of Rutherford atom model

 This model fails to explain the distribution of electron around the nucleus and also the stability of the
.k
atom
w
 Accelerated charges emit electromagnetic radiations. Due to this, it undergoes spiral motion and fall
w
into the nucleus.

 According to this model, radiation from the atom must be continuous spectra, but experiments shows
w
that it emits line spectra

1. Explain JJ Thomson experiment to determine specific charge
Principle: Deflection of electron in electric and magnetic field.
Construction:
 A highly evacuated discharge tube is used.
 Cathode rays are produced and accelerated towards the anode.
 Cathode rays are made into a narrow beam by a pin hole in anode disc.
 Electric field is provided by the parallel plates and magnetic field is provided by the magnets.
 When cathode rays fall on the screen (at O), they produce fluorescence .
62
Velocity selector
 For a fixed electric field between the plates, the magnetic
field is adjusted such that the cathode rays strike at the
original position ‘O’.
 𝑒𝐸 = 𝐵𝑒𝑣
E
 v = −−−(1)
B
Specific charge
 Cathode rays are accelerated towards anode, Potential energy is converted into Kinetic Energy
 By law of conservation of Energy
Potential energy = Kinetic energy
1
𝑒𝑉 = mv 2
2
e 1 v2
n
Specific charge =
m 2 V
l.i
e E2
Using (1) = = 1.7 x 1011 C kg −1
m 2VB 2
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
63
2. Obtain the expression for Radius of nth orbit of an electron

Ze  charge of the nucleus
e  charge of the electron
rn  radius of the nth orbit
ω  angular velocity of the electron
z  atomic number of the atom
1 𝑍𝑒 2
 From Coulomb’s law 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 = − 𝒓.
4𝜋𝜖 0 𝑟𝑛2
𝒎𝒗𝟐𝒏
 This force provides necessary centripetal force 𝑭𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝒓
𝒓𝒏
 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 = 𝐹𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙
1 𝑍𝑒 2 𝑚𝑣𝑛2
=
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑛2 𝑟𝑛
1 𝑍𝑒 2 𝑚𝑣𝑛2 𝑚
=
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑛2 𝑟𝑛 𝑚
n
4𝜋𝜖 0 (𝑚 𝑣𝑛 𝑟𝑛 )2
l.i
𝑟𝑛 = - - - - - - (1)
Zm 𝑒 2
𝑛ℎ
 From Bohr’s assumption, 𝑚𝑣𝑛 𝑟𝑛 =
da
- - - - - - (2)
2𝜋
4𝜋 𝜖 0 𝑛 2 h 2
 Substitute (2) in (1) 𝑟𝑛 =
Zm 𝑒 2 4π 2
ka
𝑛 2 ℎ 2𝜀𝑜
 Equating and rearranging 𝑟𝑛 = - - - - - - (3)
𝜋𝑚𝑍 𝑒 2
vi
𝑛2
 𝜀0 , ℎ , 𝑒, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜋 are constants . So radius 𝑟𝑛 = a0
𝑍
ℎ2
al
𝜖0
 Here 𝑎0 = = 0.529 A0 . This is known as Bohr radius.
πm 𝑒 2
 For hydrogen (Z = 1), 𝒓𝒏 = 𝐚𝟎 𝐧𝟐 (i.e) 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛2

.k
w
w
w
64
3.Obtain the expression for number of atoms present at any instant and also derive the equation
for half life period. (or) State and explain Radioactive law of disintegration.
Statement:
 Rate of decay at any instant is directly proportional to the number of nuclei at the same instant.
dN
(i.e) αN
dt
dN
(or)
dt
= −λN . λ  decay constant
N dN t
 On integrating N0 N
= − 0
λ dt
𝑁
ln = −𝜆𝑡
𝑁0
 Taking exponentials
𝑁 = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
n
 Number of atoms decreasing exponentially with time.
l.i
 Infinite time is needed for decay of all the atoms.
da
Half life
 The time required for the number of atoms to reduce one
ka
half of the initial amount
N0
 N= and t = T1
2 2
vi
N0 −𝜆T 1

2
= 𝑁0 𝑒 2
al
𝜆T 1
𝑒 2 =2
.k
0.6931
 Taking log T1 =
2 λ
w
4. Explain the spectral series of an hydrogen atom.

n- lower energy orbit , m- higher energy orbit and R- Rydberg’s constant
w
w
Series n m 1 Region
Wave number
𝜆
Lyman 1 2, 3,... 1 1 UV
R 2
− 2
1 m
Balmer 2 3,4... 1 1 Visible
R −
22 m2
Paschen 3 4,5... 1 1 IR
R 2− 2
3 m
Brackett 4 5,6... 1 1 IR
R 2
− 2
4 m
P Fund 5 6,7... 1 1 IR
R 2− 2
5 m
65
5. Discuss the Millikan’s oil drop experiment for the determination of charge of an electron.
Principle:
 By adjusting the electric field, motion of the oil drop can be controlled, can be made to move up or down
or even kept balanced in the field of view for sufficiently long time
Construction:
 A and B each with diameter around 20 cm are separated by a distance of 1.5 cm
 Parallel plates are enclosed in an evacuated glass chamber
 10 KV potential difference is applied between the plates.
 A small hole is made at the centre of the plate A
 An atomizer is kept exactly above the hole to spray the liquid.
 Chamber is illuminated by light and oil drops can be seen clearly using microscope
Uncharged oil drop
n
 Let m be the mass of the oil drop which is accelerating downwards
 Due to air drag, oil drop easily attains the terminal velocity.
l.i
 Hence it moves with constant velocity
da
Force Equation Direction
4π
Gravitational Force 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑟 3 𝜌𝑔 downwards
3
ka
4π
Buoyant Force 𝐹𝑏 = 𝑟 3 𝜍𝑔 Upwards
3
Viscous Force 𝐹𝑣 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣 Upwards

vi
Net Force 𝐹𝑣 = 𝐹𝑔 − 𝐹𝑏
al
4π 3
𝑟 𝜌 − 𝜍 𝑔 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣
3
.k
1
9ηv
Radius of the drop r = ( )2
2 ρ−σ g
w
 Charged oil drop between the plates are ionized by passing X rays
w
 Few oil drops in the chamber can acquire electric charge.

 Now electric field is switched on.
w
 Charged oil drop is balanced between the plates. Hence no viscous force acts on it
Force Equation Direction
4π
Gravitational Force 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑟 3 𝜌𝑔 downwards
3
4π 3
Buoyant Force 𝐹𝑏 = 𝑟 𝜍𝑔 Upwards
3
Electric Force 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸 Upwards
Net force 𝐹𝑒 = 𝐹𝑔 − 𝐹𝑏
4π
𝑟 3 𝜌 − 𝜍 𝑔 = 𝑞𝐸
3
1
18π 𝜂3𝑣3 2
Sub from (1) and rearranging q=
E 2 𝜌− 𝜍 𝑔
Charge of an electron q = − 1.6 X 10−19 C .
66
6. What is nuclear reactor? Explain its essential parts.

 In nuclear reactor, nuclear fission takes place in a self sustained controlled manner.
Parts Function of the part Material used

235
Fuel Fissionable material 92U , Plutonium, Polonium
Moderator To slow down the neutron Water, Heavy water, Graphite
Control rod Controls the reaction rate by Cadmium, Boron
absorbing neutrons
n
Cooling system Removes the heat generated in Water, Heavy water ,Liquid sodium
the reactor core
l.i
Shielding Protects from harmful concrete wall of thickness 2 to 2.5 m
radiations
7.Explain the Binding energy curve

da
ka
Description:
 BE - The energy required to separate a single nucleon from the
vi
particular nucleus.
 BE is taken along y axis, mass number A is taken along x axis.
al
 A = 56 → BE = 8.8 𝑀𝑒𝑉 reaches the maximum at A = 56

.k
corresponding to Iron nucleus.

 A= 40 to 120 → Average BE = 8.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉, more stable and non radioactive.
w
 A > 120 →Average BE reduces slowly.

w
 BE = 7.6 𝑀𝑒𝑉 for Uranium , unstable and radioactive.

 During nuclear fusion and fission, a large amount of energy will be released.
w
Nuclear Fusion:
i) Two lighter nuclei fuse to produce a heavier nucleus is called fusion. ( Final BE > initial BE )
ii) This is the principle of Hydrogen bomb.
Nuclear Fission:
i) Heavy nucleus splits into two or more nuclei of medium value A is called fission.
ii) This is the principle of atom bomb.
67
10. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

2- MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:
1. Distinguish intrinsic semiconductor and extrinsic semiconductor.
S.N INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR
Pure form of semiconductor without Impurity added semiconductor

1
impurity. Eg: Pure Si and Pure Ge
The number of electrons in the The number of electrons in the conduction

2 conduction band is equal to the band is not equal to the number of holes in
number of holes in the valence band. the valence band.
3 Electrical conductivity is less. Electrical conductivity is high.
n
l.i
2. What is called doping?
 The process of adding impurities to the intrinsic semiconductor is called as doping.
3. Differentiate - donor and acceptor impurities.
da
ka
S.N DONAR IMPURITIES ACCEPTOR IMPURITIES
1 Pentavalent (Group V) impurity atoms. Trivalent (Group III )impurity atoms.

vi
2 Donate electrons to the conduction band. Accept electrons from the neighbouring atoms.
al
3 Eg: Phosphorous, Arsenic, Antimony. Eg: Boron, Aluminium, Gallium.

.k
4. What is called depletion region?


w
The thin region near the junction which is free from charge carriers is known as depletion region.
5. Define potential barrier
w
 The potential difference across the depletion region is called as potential barrier
w
 At 250C, the value of potential barrier is 0.3 V for Germanium and 0.7V for Silicon.
6. What is rectification?
 The process of converting AC into DC (alternating current into direct current.)
7. Differentiate Zener breakdown, Avalanche breakdown.
S.N Zener breakdown Avalanche breakdown
1 Heavily doped p – n junction. Lightly doped p -n junction.
2 Narrow depletion region. Wide depletion region.
It occurs due to thermally generated

3 It occurs due to strong electric field
minority charge carriers.
68
8. Give the uses of Zener diode.

Zener diode can be used
i) As voltage regulators.
ii) In calibrating voltages.
iii) In providing fixed reference voltage for biasing.
iv) In protecting any gadget against damage from excessive voltage.
9. Compare PM and FM.
S.N Phase Modulation Frequency Modulation
1 It uses lesser bandwidth . It uses wider bandwidth.

2 Transmission speed is high Transmission speed is less
3 More information can be sent Less information can be sent
n
l.i
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS:
da
1. What is valence band?
2. What is conductivity?
ka
3. What is forbidden energy gap?
4. What do you mean by Biasing a diode? Mention its types.
5. What is operating point?
vi
7. Define current gain (α, β) and deduce the relationship between them.
al
8. Why is temperature co-efficient negative for semiconductor?

9. A diode is called as a unidirectional device. Explain.
.k
10. What do you mean by leakage current in a diode?

w
11. What do you mean by diffusion current

12. Explain the flow of current in a NPN transistor.
w
13. What is integrated circuit?

w
14. Prove the Boolean identity AC + ABC = AC and give its circuit description.
15. What is resting frequency.
69
15. Draw the circuit diagram for CB configuration.
16. Draw the circuit diagram for CE configuration.
n
l.i
17. Draw the circuit diagram for CC configuration.
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
18. What is modulation?

w
 Superimposition of the low frequency baseband signal onto a high frequency radio signal is called
modulation.
w
19. What is Amplitude modulation?

 If the amplitude of the carrier signal is modified in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the
baseband signal is called amplitude modulation.
20. What is frequency modulation?
 If the frequency of the carrier signal is modified in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the
baseband signal is called frequency modulation.
21. What is phase modulation?
 If the phase of the carrier signal is modified in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the
baseband signal is called phase modulation.
70
1. Explain how Zener diode acts as a voltage regulator.

 Zener diode working in the breakdown region can serve as a
voltage regulator.
 The output is maintained constant as long as the input voltage is greater than Zener breakdown
voltage (Vz).
Input DC P.D across Rs Zener Current Load Current P.D.across (RL) Output Voltage (V0 )
Voltage ( Iz ) ( IL )
Increase Increase Increase Constant Constant Constant
Decrease Decrease Decrease Constant Constant Constant
n
l.i
 Because of the parallel connection,V0 (constant) = Vz .
 If there is any change in input voltage, the voltage across Zener diode or 𝑅𝐿 remains constant.
da
 Thus, the Zener diode acts as a voltage regulator.
2. Explain how transistor acts as a switch .
ka
 A transistor in saturation and cut-off region functions like an electronic switch by a small control
switch.
vi
Input Collector Output Action of the

P.D. across Rc Region
al
Voltage Current Voltage transistor

0V Zero Zero High Cut-off Open (Switch Off)
.k
+5V Increases Increases Low Saturation Close (Switch ON)

w
 The output voltage is opposite to the applied input voltage.

w
 Therefore a transistor can be used as an inverter (NOTgate )

w
in computer logic circuitry.

3. Explain the formation of depletion layer.
 The contact surface between the p – type and n - type
semiconductor is called p-n junction.
 Whenever p-n junction is formed, the n-side has higher electron
concentration and the p-side has higher hole concentration.
 A layer of immobile positive ions and a layer of immobile negative
ions are created on either side of the junction due to DIFFUSION
process .
 Thus, the thin region near the junction which is free from charge
carriers is called depletion region.
71
4. Write the advantages and limitations of amplitude modulation (AM):

Advantages of AM :
i) Easy transmission and reception.
ii) Lesser bandwidth requirements.
iii) Low cost.
Limitations of AM
i) Noise level is high .
ii) Low efficiency.
iii) Small operating range.
5. Write the advantages and limitations of frequency modulation (FM).
Advantages of FM:
i) There is a large decrease in noise.
n
ii) The operating range is quite large.
l.i
iii) The transmission efficiency is very high.
da
iv) FM radio has better quality compared to AM radio.
Limitations of FM:
i) FM requires a much wider channel.
ka
ii) FM transmitters and receivers are more complex and costly.
iii) In FM reception, less area is covered compared to AM.
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
72
1. Draw the circuit diagram of a half wave rectifier and explain its working.
 Half wave rectifier blocks half of the input wave and hence it known as unidirectional device.
 The half wave rectifier circuit consists of a transformer, a p-n junction diode and a resistor.
n
 Working :
l.i
Input signal Terminal A Biasing of Diode Action of the diode
da
w.r.t.
terminal B
ka
Positive half cycle Positive Forward bias Conducts current.
Negative half cycle Negative Reverse bias Does not conduct current.
vi
al
 The output of the half wave rectifier is not a steady DC voltage but a pulsating wave.

.k
A steady voltage can be obtained with the help of filter circuits.

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷𝐶 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂 = × 100 = 40.6%
w
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐴 𝐶 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
w
w
73
2. Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier and explain its working.
 Full wave rectifier consists of two p-n junction diodes, a centre tap transformer and load resistor 𝑅𝐿 .
 The centre is usually taken as the ground or zero voltage reference point.
 Working :
n
Input signal Terminal M Terminal N Diode D1 Diode D2 Path of the current
l.i
Positive half cycle Positive Negative Forward bias Reverse bias MD1ABC
Negative half cycle Negative positive

da
Reverse bias Forward bias ND2ABC
ka
 Efficiency of the fullwave rectifier = 81.2%
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
74
6. State and prove De Morgan’s theorem

De Morgan’s first theorem.
First theorem :
 The complement of the sum of two logical inputs is equal to the product of complements.
 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐴 .𝐵
n
l.i
Second theorem:
da
 The complement of the product of two inputs is equal to the sum of its complements.
 𝐴 .𝐵 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
75
8. What is modulation? Explain the types of modulation with necessary diagrams.

 For long distance transmission, the low frequency baseband signal (input signal) is superimposed
onto a high frequency radio signal by a process called modulation.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION FREQUENCY MODULATION PHASE MODULATION
Amplitude of the carrier signal is The frequency of the carrier signal If the phase of the carrier
modified in proportion to the is modified in proportion to the signal is modified in
instantaneous amplitude of the instantaneous amplitude of the proportion to the
base band signal. base band signal. instantaneous amplitude of
the baseband signal.
The frequency and the phase of The amplitude and the phase of the The amplitude and the
the carrier signal remains carrier signal remains constant. frequency of the carrier
constant. signal remains constant.
n
Amplitude modulation is used in If the voltage of the baseband It is similar to frequency
radio and TV broadcasting. signal is modulation except that the
l.i
1) Zero: The frequency of the phase of the carrier is varied
modulated wave is as that of instead of varying frequency.
da
carrier wave. It is at its
normal frequency and is
called as centre frequency
ka
or resting frequency.
2) Positive half cycle: the
frequency of the modulated
vi
wave increases.
3) Negative half cycle: the
al
frequency of the modulated

wave decreases.
.k
w
w
w
76
11. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PHYSICS

TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:
1. Distinguish between Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.
Nanoscience:
 It is the science of objects with typical size 1 – 100 nm.
Nanotechnology:
 It is a technology involving the design, production, characterization and application of nano structured
materials.
n
l.i
2. What is the difference between Nanomaterials and Bulk materials?
 If the particle of a solid is of size less than 100 nm, it is said to be a „nano solid‟. When the particle size
da
exceeds 100 nm, it is a „bulk solid‟.
 Though nano and bulk solids have same chemical composition, nano form of the material shows
ka
strikingly different properties when compared to its bulk counterpart.
vi
3. Give examples for Nano structure in nature.
i) Single strand DNA

al
ii) Morpho butterfly

.k
iii) Peacock feathers

iv) Parrot fish
w
5. Why steels are preferred to make robots?

w
 Steel is several times stronger and because of the inherent strength of steel, robot bodies are made using
w
sheet, bar, rod, channel, and other shapes.

8.What is robotics?
 Robotics is an integrated study of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, computer
engineering and science.
77
3 - AND 5 - MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:
1. Discuss the function of key components in Robots.
Components Function
Controller  It is also known as the “brain” which is run by a computer

program.
 It gives commands for the moving parts to perform the job.
Mechanical parts  It consists motors, pistons, wheels, and gears that make the robot
move, grab, turn, and lift.
n
Sensors  It tells the robot about its surroundings.
l.i
 It helps to determine the sizes and shapes of the objects around,
da
distance between the objects, and directions as well.
6. Give the types of robots.

ka
Human robot :
vi
 Certain robots are made to resemble humans in appearance.
 They replicate the human activities like walking, lifting and sensing etc.
al
Industrial robots:

.k
Six main types of industrial robots are Cartesian, SCARA, Cylindrical, Delta, Polar and Vertically
articulated.
w
 They are ideal for Arc welding, Spot welding, Material handling, Machine tending and other
w
applications.
w
78
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 ELECTROSTATICS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
9. An electric field 𝑬 ⃗ = 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝒊̂ exists in a certain region of space. Then the
UNIT - 1 ELECTROSTATICS
potential difference V = Vo – VA, (where Vo is the potential at the origin and VA is
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE
the potential at x = 2 m ) is
1. Two identical point charges of magnitude –q are fixed as shown in the figure (a) 10 V (b) –20 V (c) +20 V (d) –10 V
below. A third charge +q is placed midway between the two charges at the 10. A thin conducting spherical shell of radius R has a charge Q which is uniformly
point P. Suppose this charge +q is displaced a small distance from the point P distributed on its surface. The correct plot for electrostatic potential due to
in the directions indicated by the arrows, in which direction(s) will +q be this spherical shell is
stable with respect to the displacement?
(a) A1 and A2 (b) B1 and B2
(c) both directions (d) No stable
.in
2. Which charge configuration produces a uniform electric field? (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) point charge (b) uniformly charged infinite line 11. Two points A and B are maintained at a potential of 7 V and - 4 V respectively.
(c) uniformly charged infinite plane (d) uniformly charged spherical shell The work done in moving 50 electrons from A to B is
𝒒
3. What is the ratio of the charges | 𝟏 | for the (a) 8.80 𝑋 10−17 𝐽 (b) − 8.80 𝑋 10−17 𝐽
𝒒𝟐
al
−17
(c) 4.40 𝑋 10 𝐽 (d) 5.80 𝑋 10−17 𝐽
following electric field line pattern?
1 25 12. If voltage applied on a capacitor is increased from V to 2V, choose the correct
(a) (b) conclusion.
5 11
ad
11 (a) Q remains the same, C is doubled (b) Q is doubled, C doubled
(c) 5 (d)
25 (c) C remains same, Q doubled (d) Both Q and C remain same
4. An electric dipole is placed at an alignment angle of 30 o with an electric field 13. A parallel plate capacitor stores a charge Q at a voltage V. Suppose the area of
of 2 × 105 NC–1. It experiences a torque equal to 8 N m. The charge on the dipole the parallel plate capacitor and the distance between the plates are each
ik
if the dipole length is 1 cm is doubled then which is the quantity that will change?
(a) 4 mC (b) 8 mC (c) 5 mC (d) 7 mC (a) Capacitance (b) Charge (c) Voltage (d) Energy density
5. Four Gaussian surfaces are given below with charges inside 14. Three capacitors are connected in triangle as shown in the figure. The
lv
each Gaussian surface. Rank the electric flux through each equivalent capacitance between the points A and C is
Gaussian surface in increasing order. (a) 1 𝜇 𝐹 (b) 2 𝜇 𝐹
1
a
(a) D < C < B < A (b) A < B = C < D
(c) 3 𝜇 𝐹 (d) 𝜇 𝐹
4
(c) C < A = B < D (d) D > C > B > A .k
6. The total electric flux for the following closed surface
which is kept inside water
w
80 𝑞 𝑞
(a) (b) 15. Two metallic spheres of radii 1 cm and 3 cm are given charges of –1 × 10–2 C
𝜀0 40 𝜀0
𝑞 𝑞 and 5 × 10–2 C respectively. If these are connected by a conducting wire, the
w
(c) (d) final charge on the bigger sphere is

80 𝜀0 160 𝜀0
(a) 3 × 10–2 C (b) 4 × 10–2 C (c) 1 × 10–2 C (d) 2 × 10–2 C
w
7. Two identical conducting balls having positive charges q1 and q2 are separated
79
by a centre to centre distance r. If they are made to touch each other and then
separated to the same distance, the force between them will be
(a) less than before (b) same as before (c) more than before (d) zero
8. Rank the electrostatic potential energies for the given system of charges in
increasing order.
(a) 1 = 4 < 2 < 3 (b) 2 = 4 < 3 < 1 (c) 2 = 3 < 1 < 4 (d) 3 < 1 < 2 < 4
79
-
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
8. In India electricity is supplied for domestic use at 220 V. It is supplied at 110 V
UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY in USA. If the resistance of a 60W bulb for use in India is R, the resistance of a
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE 60W bulb for use in USA will be
1. The following graph shows current versus voltage values (a) R ` (b) 2 R
of some unknown conductor. What is the resistance of 𝑅 𝑅
(c) (d)
this conductor? 4 2
(a) 2 ohm 9. In a large building, there are 15 bulbs of 40 W, 5 bulbs of 100 W, 5 fans of 80 W
(b) 4 ohm and 1 heater of 1k W are connected. The voltage of electric mains is 220 V. The
(c) 8 ohm maximum capacity of the main fuse of the building will be
(d)1 ohm (a) 14 A (b) 8 A
(c) 10 A (d) 12 A
.in
10. There is a current of 1.0 A in the circuit shown below. What is the resistance of
2. A wire of resistance 2 ohms per meter is bent to form a P?
circle of radius 1m. The equivalent resistance between (a) 1.5 Ω
(b) 2.5 Ω
al
its two diametrically opposite points, A and B as shown
in the figure is (c) 3.5 Ω
𝜋 (d) 4.5 Ω
(a) 𝜋 Ω (b) Ω
ad
2
𝜋
(c) 2 𝜋 Ω (d)
4
Ω
11. What is the current drawn out from the battery?
(a) 1A
3. A toaster operating at 240 V has a resistance of 120 Ω. Its power is
ik
( b) 2A
(a) 400 W (b) 2 W
(c) 3A
(c) 480 W (d) 240 W
(d) 4A
4. A carbon resistor of (47 ± 4.7) k Ω to be marked with rings of different colours
lv
for its identification. The colour code sequence will be
(a) Yellow – Green – Violet – Gold (b) Yellow – Violet – Orange – Silver
a
(c) Violet – Yellow – Orange – Silver (d) Green – Orange – Violet - Gold
12. The temperature coefficient of resistance of a wire is 0.00125 per °C. At 20°C,
5. What is the value of resistance of the following resistor?
.k its resistance is 1 Ω. The resistance of the wire will be 2 Ω at
(a)100 k Ω (b)10 k Ω
(a) 800 °C (b) 700 °C
(c) 1k Ω (d)1000 k Ω
(c) 850 °C (d) 820 °C
6. Two wires of A and B with circular cross section are made up of the same
w
13. The internal resistance of a 2.1 V cell which gives a current of 0.2 A through a
material with equal lengths. Suppose RA = 3 RB, then what is the ratio of radius
resistance of 10 Ω is
of wire A to that of B?
(a) 0.2 Ω (b) 0.5 Ω
(b) √3
w
(a) 3 (c) 0.8 Ω (d) 1.0 Ω

1 1
(c) (d) 14. A piece of copper and another of germanium are cooled from room
√3 3
temperature to 80 K. The resistance of
w
7. A wire connected to a power supply of 230 V has power dissipation P1.

Suppose the wire is cut into two equal pieces and connected parallel to the (a) each of them increases
𝑷𝟐 (b) each of them decreases
same power supply. In this case power dissipation is P2 . The ratio is (c) copper increases and germanium decreases
𝑷𝟏
(a)1 (b) 2 (d) copper decreases and germanium increases
(c) 3 (d) 4 15. In Joule’s heating law, when R and t are constant, if the H is taken along the y
axis and I2 along the x axis, the graph is
(a) straight line (b) parabola
80
(c) circle (d) ellipse

80
-
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MANGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
UNIT - 3 MANGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

8. A wire of length l carrying a current I along the Y direction is kept in a
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS - PRACTICE
⃗⃗ = 𝜷 (𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
magnetic field given by 𝑩 ̂ ) . The magnitude of Lorentz force
√𝟑
1. The magnetic field at the centre O of the following
acting on the wire is,
current loop is
𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 2 1 1
(a)  (b)  (a) √ 𝛽 𝐼 𝑙
3
(b) √ 𝛽 𝐼 𝑙
3
(c)√2 𝛽 𝐼 𝑙 (d)√ 𝛽 𝐼 𝑙
3
4𝑟 4𝑟
𝜇𝑜 𝐼 𝜇 𝐼
(c)  (d) 2𝑜𝑟  9. A bar magnet of length l and magnetic moment pm is
2𝑟
2. An electron moves in a straight line inside a bent in the form of an arc as shown in figure. The new
charged parallel plate capacitor of uniform magnetic dipole moment will be
3
𝑝𝑚
.in
charge density σ. The time taken by the electron (a) 𝑝𝑚 (b)
𝜋
to cross the parallel plate capacitor undeflected 2 1
(c) 𝑝𝑚 (d) 𝑝𝑚
when the plates of the capacitor are kept under 𝜋 2
constant magnetic field of induction 𝑩⃗⃗ is 10. A non-conducting charged ring carrying a charge of q, mass m and radius r is
rotated about its axis with constant angular speed ω. Find the ratio of its
al
𝑒𝑙𝐵 𝑙𝐵 𝑙𝐵 𝑙𝐵
(a) 𝜀𝑜 (b) 𝜀𝑜 (c) 𝜀𝑜 (d) 𝜀𝑜 𝜎 magnetic moment with angular momentum is
𝜎 𝜎𝑙 𝑒𝜎
3. A particle having mass m and charge q accelerated through a potential 𝑞
(a)
ad
difference V. Find the force experienced when it is kept under perpendicular 𝑚
2𝑞
magnetic field ⃗𝑩
⃗. (b)
𝑚
𝑞
2 𝑞3 𝐵 𝑉 𝑞3 𝐵2 𝑉 2 𝑞3 𝐵2 𝑉 2 𝑞3 𝐵 𝑉 (c)
(a)√ (b) √ (c) √ (d) √ 2𝑚
𝑞
𝑚 2𝑚 𝑚 𝑚3
ik
(d)
4. A circular coil of radius 5 cm and 50 turns carries a current of 3 ampere. The 4𝑚
magnetic dipole moment of the coil is nearly 11. The BH curve for a ferromagnetic material
is shown in the figure. The material is
lv
(a) 1.0 A m2 (b) 1.2 A m2 (c) 0.5 A m2 (d) 0.8 A m2
5. A thin insulated wire forms a plane spiral of N = 100 tight turns carrying a placed inside a long solenoid which
current I = 8 m A (milli ampere). The radii of inside and outside turns are contains 1000 turns/cm. The current that
a
a = 50 mm and b = 100 mm respectively. The magnetic induction at the centre should be passed in the solenonid to
of the spiral is demagnetize the ferromagnet completely
(a) 5 μT (b) 7 μT (c) 8 μT
.k
(d) 10 μT
6. Three wires of equal lengths are bent in the form of loops. One of the loops is
is
(a) 1.00 m A
circle, another is a semi-circle and the third one is a square. They are placed in (b) 1.25 mA
w
a uniform magnetic field and same electric current is passed through them. (c) 1.50 mA
Which of the following loop configuration will experience greater torque ? (d) 1.75 mA
w
(a) Circle (b) Semi-circle (c) Square (d) All of them

7. Two identical coils, each with N turns and radius R are placed coaxially at a 12. Two short bar magnets have magnetic moments 1.20 Am 2 and 1.00 Am2
distance R as shown in the figure. If I is the current passing through the loops respectively. They are kept on a horizontal table parallel to each other with
w
in the same direction, then the magnetic field at a point P at a distance of R/2 their north poles pointing towards south. They have a common magnetic
from the centre of each coil is equator and are separated by a distance of 20.0 cm. The value of the resultant
8 𝑁 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 horizontal magnetic induction at the mid-point O of the line joining their
(a) centres is (Horizontal components of Earth’s magnetic induction is
√5 𝑅
8 𝑁 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 3.6 × 10–5 Wb m–2 )
(b) 3/2
5 𝑅 (a) 3.60 × 10–5 Wb m–2
8 𝑁 𝜇𝑜 𝐼
(c) (b) 3.5 × 10–5 Wb m–2
5𝑅
4 𝑁 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 (c) 2.56 × 10–4 Wb m–2
81
(d)
√5 𝑅 (d) 2.2 × 10–4 Wb m–2
81
-
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MANGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
13. The vertical component of Earth’s magnetic field at a place is equal to the
horizontal component. What is the value of angle of dip at this place?
(a) 30o
(b) 45o
(c) 60o
(d) 90o
14. A flat dielectric disc of radius R carries an excess charge on its surface. The
surface charge density is σ. The disc rotates about an axis perpendicular to its
plane passing through the centre with angular velocity ω. Find the magnitude
of the torque on the disc if it is placed in a uniform magnetic field whose
.in
strength is B which is directed perpendicular to the axis of rotation
1
(a) 𝜎𝜔𝜋𝐵𝑅
4
1
(b) 𝜎 𝜔 𝜋 𝐵 𝑅2
4
al
1
(c) 𝜎 𝜔 𝜋 𝐵 𝑅3
4
1
(d)
4
𝜎 𝜔 𝜋 𝐵 𝑅4
ad
15. The potential energy of magnetic dipole whose dipole moment is
⃗⃗⃗𝒑𝒎 = (−𝟎. 𝟓 𝒊̂ + 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒋̂) 𝑨𝒎𝟐 kept in uniform magnetic field ⃗𝑩
⃗ = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒊̂ 𝑻
(a) –0.1 J
(b) –0.8 J
ik
(c) 0.1 J
(d) 0.8 J
a lv
.k
w
w
w
82
82
-
Unit 4: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
1. An electron moves on a straight line path XY as shown in the figure. 5. The current i flowing in a coil varies with time as shown in the
The coil abcd is adjacent to the path of the electron. What will be figure. The variation of induced emf with time would be:
the direction of current, if any, induced in the coil?
a) The current will reverse its direction as the electron goes past the
coil
b) No current will be induced
.in
c) abcd
d) adcb
l
da
2. A thin semi-circular conducting ring (PQR) of radius r is falling with
its plane vertical in a horizontal magnetic field B, as shown in the
figure. The potential difference developed across the ring when its
ka
speed v , is:
6. A circular coil with a cross-sectional area of 4 cm2 has 10 turns. It
is placed at the centre of a long solenoid that has 15 turns/cm and
vi
(a) Zero a cross-sectional area of 10 cm2. The axis of the coil coincides with
𝐵𝑉𝜋𝑟 2 the axis of the solenoid. What is their mutual inductance?
(b) 2
and P is at higher potential
(c) πrBv and R is at higher potential al (a) 7.54 µH (b) 8.54 µH (c) 9.54 µH (d) 10.54 µH
.k
7. In a transformer, the number of turns in the primary and the
(d) 2rBv and R is at higher potential secondary are 410 and 1230 respectively. If the current in primary
w
3. The flux linked with a coil at any instant t is given is 6A, then that in the secondary coil is :
by ΦB = 10t2 − 50t + 250. The induced emf at t = 3s is: (a) 2 A (b) 18 A (c) 12 A (d) 1 A
w
(a) −190 V (b) −10 V (c) 10 V (d) 190 V 8. A step-down transformer reduces the supply voltage from 220 V
w
4. When the current changes from +2A to −2A in 0.05 s, an emf of to 11 V and increase the current from 6 A to 100 A. Then its
8 V is induced in a coil. The co-efficient of self-induction of the coil efficiency is :
is: (a) 1.2 (b) 0.83 (c) 0.12 (d) 0.9
(a) 0.2 H (b) 0.4 H (c) 0.8 H (d) 0.1 H
83
83
9. In an electrical circuit, R, L, C and AC voltage source are all 14. In an oscillating LC circuit, the maximum charge on the capacitor
connected in series. When L is removed from the circuit, the phase is Q. The charge on the capacitor when the energy is stored
𝜋
difference between the voltage and current in the circuit is3 . equally between the electric and magnetic field is:
Instead, if C is removed from the circuit, the phase difference is 𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
𝜋 a) 2 b) c) d) Q
again 3 .The power factor of the circuit is: √3 √2
1 1 √3
a) 2 b) √2 c)1 d) 20
2
15. 𝜋2
inductor is connected to a capacitor of capacitance C. The
.in
value of C in order to impart maximum power at 50 Hz is :
10. In a series RL circuit, the resistance and inductive reactance are (a) 50 μF (b) 0.5 μF (c) 500 μF (d) 5 μF
the same. Then the phase difference between the voltage and
l
da
current in the circuit is:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a) 4 b) 2 c) 6
d) 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
ka
11. In a series resonant RLC circuit, the voltage across 100 Ω resistor
is 40 V. The resonant frequency ω is 250 rad/s. If the value of C is
vi
4 µF, then the voltage across L is :
(a) 600 V (b) 4000 V (c) 400V
al
(d) 1 V
12. An inductor 20 mH, a capacitor 50 μF and a resistor 40 Ω are

.k
connected in series across a source of emf V = 10 sin 340 t. The
power loss in AC circuit is :
w
(a) 0.76 W (b) 0.89 W (c) 0.46 W (d) 0.67 W

w
13. The instantaneous values of alternating current and voltage in a

1 1 𝜋
circuit are i = sin( 100πt) A and v = sin( 100πt + 3 ) V .The
√2 √2
w
average power in watts consumed in the circuit is:

1 √3 1 1
a) 4 b) c) d)
4 2 8
84
84
Unit 5: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
1. The dimension of 1/µ0ε0 is: 7. In an electromagnetic wave in free space the rms value of the
(a) [L T-1 ] (b) [L2T−2] (c) [L−1 T] (d) [L−2 T2] electric field is 3 V m−1. The peak value of the magnetic field is
2. If the amplitude of the magnetic field is 3 × 10−6 T, then (a) 1.414 × 10−8 T (b) 1.0 × 10−8 T
amplitude of the electric field for a electromagnetic waves is:
(c) 2.828 × 10−8 T (d) 2.0 × 10−8 T
(a) 100 V m−1 (b) 300 V m−1 (c) 600 V m−1 (d) 900 V m−1
.in
8. An e.m. wave is propagating in a medium with a velocity
3. Which of the following electromagnetic radiation is used for 𝑣 ⃗=𝑣 𝑖 ̂ . The instantaneous oscillating electric field of this e.m.
viewing objects through fog wave is along +y-axis, then the direction of oscillating magnetic
l
da
field of the e.m. wave will be along:
(a) microwave (b) gamma rays
a) –y direction (b) –x direction (c) +z direction (d) –z direction
(c) X- rays (d) infrared
ka
9. If the magnetic monopole exists, then which of the Maxwell’s
4. Which of the following are false for electromagnetic waves equation to be modified?.
vi
a). transverse b). Mechanical waves
c). longitudinal d). produced by accelerating charges
al
5. Consider an oscillator which has a charged particle and
.k
oscillates about its mean position with a frequency of 300 MHz.
The wavelength of electromagnetic waves produced by this
10. Fraunhofer lines are an example of _______ spectrum.
w
oscillator is
(a) line emission (b) line absorption
w
(a) 1 m (b) 10 m (c) 100 m (d) 1000 m

(c) band emission (d) band absorption
6. The electric and the magnetic fields, associated with an
w
electromagnetic wave, propagating along negative X axis can

be represented by
85
85
11. Which of the following is an electromagnetic wave? 15. The electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave
are
(a) α - rays (b) β - rays
a). in phase and perpendicular to each other
c) γ - rays (d) all of them
b). out of phase and not perpendicular to each other
12. Which one of them is used to produce a propagating c). in phase and not perpendicular to each other
electromagnetic wave?. d). out of phase and perpendicular to each other
.in
(a) an accelerating charge
(b) a charge moving with constant velocity
l
(c) a stationary charge (d) an uncharged particle
da
ka
vi
al
.k
14. Which of the following is NOT true for electromagnetic waves?
w
a). it transport energy

w
b). it transport momentum

c). it transport angular momentum
w
d).in vacuum, it travels with different speeds which depend on their

frequency
86
86
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 6 RAY OPTICS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
7. When a biconvex lens of glass having refractive index 1.47 is dipped in a
UNIT - 6 RAY OPTICS liquid, it acts as a plane sheet of glass. This implies that the liquid must have
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS - PRACTICE refractive index,
(a) less than one
1. The speed of light in an isotropic medium depends on, (b) less than that of glass
(a) its intensity (c) greater than that of glass
(b) its wavelength (d) equal to that of glass
(c) the nature of propagation 8. The radius of curvature of curved surface at a thin planoconvex lens is 10 cm
(d) the motion of the source w.r.t medium and the refractive index is 1.5. If the plane surface is silvered, then the focal
2. A rod of length 10 cm lies along the principal axis of a concave mirror of focal length will be,
.in
length 10 cm in such a way that its end closer to the pole is 20 cm away from (a) 5 cm
the mirror. The length of the image is, (b) 10 cm
(a) 2.5 cm (c) 15 cm
(b) 5 cm (d) 20 cm
al
(c) 10 cm 9. An air bubble in glass slab of refractive index 1.5 (near normal incidence) is 5
(d) 15 cm cm deep when viewed from one surface and 3 cm deep when viewed from the
3. An object is placed in front of a convex mirror of focal length of f and the opposite face. The thickness of the slab is,
ad
maximum and minimum distance of an object from the mirror such that the (a) 8 cm
image formed is real and magnified. (b) 10 cm
(a) 2f and c (c) 12 cm
(b) c and ∞ (d) 16 cm
ik
(c) f and O 10. A ray of light travelling in a transparent medium of refractive index n falls, on a
(d) None of these surface separating the medium from air at an angle of incidents of 45 o. The ray
4. For light incident from air on a slab of refractive index 2, the maximum can undergo total internal reflection for the following n,
lv
possible angle of refraction is, (a) n = 1.25
(a) 30o (b) n = 1.33
a
(b) 45o (c) n = 1.4
(c) 60o (d) n = 1.5
(d) 90o .k
5. If the velocity and wavelength of light in air is Va and λa and that in water is
Vw and λw, then the refractive index of water is,
w
𝑉𝑤
(a)
𝑉𝑎
𝑉
(b) 𝑎
w
𝑉𝑤
𝜆
(c) 𝑤
𝜆𝑎
w
𝑉 𝜆
(d) 𝑎 𝑎
𝑉𝑤 𝜆𝑤
6. Stars twinkle due to,
(a) reflection
(b) total internal reflection
(c) refraction
(d) polarisation
87
87
-
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 7 WAVE OPTICS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
7. A ray of light strikes a glass plate at an angle 60o. If the reflected and refracted
UNIT - 7 WAVE OPTICS rays are perpendicular to each other, the refractive index of the glass is,
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS - PRACTICE (a) √3
3
(b)
1. A plane glass is placed over a various coloured letters (violet, green, yellow, 2
red) The letter which appears to be raised more is, 3
(c) √
(a) red 2
(b) yellow (d) 2
(c) green 8. One of the of Young’s double slits is covered with
(d) violet a glass plate as shown in figure. The position of
2. Two point white dots are 1 mm apart on a black paper. They are viewed by eye central maximum will,
.in
of pupil diameter 3 mm approximately. The maximum distance at which these (a) get shifted downwards
dots can be resolved by the eye is, [take wavelength of light, λ = 500 nm] (b) get shifted upwards
(a) 1 m (c) will remain the same
al
(b) 5 m (d) data insufficient to conclude
(c) 3 m 9. Light transmitted by Nicol prism is,
(d) 6m (a) partially polarised
ad
3. In a Young’s double-slit experiment, the slit separation is doubled. To maintain (b) unpolarised
the same fringe spacing on the screen, the screen-to-slit distance D must be (c) plane polarised
changed to, (d) elliptically polarised
(a) 2D 10. The transverse nature of light is shown in,
ik
𝐷 (a) interference
(b)
2 (b) diffraction
(c) √2 D (c) scattering
lv
𝐷 (d) polarisation
(d)
√2
4. Two coherent monochromatic light beams of intensities I and 4I are
a
superposed. The maximum and minimum possible intensities in the resulting
beam are .k
(a) 5I and I
(b) 5I and 3I
w
(c) 9I and I
(d) 9I and 3I
5. When light is incident on a soap film of thickness 5×10–5 cm, the wavelength of
w
light reflected maximum in the visible region is 5320 Å. Refractive index of the
film will be,
(a) 1.22
w
(b) 1.33
(c) 1.51
(d) 1.83
6. First diffraction minimum due to a single slit of width 1.0×10 –5 cm is at 30o.
Then wavelength of light used is,
(a) 400 Å
(b) 500 Å
88
(c) 600 Å
(d) 700 Å 88
-
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
8. Two radiations with photon energies 0.9 eV and 3.3 eV respectively are falling
UNIT - 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER on a metallic surface successively. If the work function of the metal is 0.6 eV,
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS - PRACTICE then the ratio of maximum speeds of emitted electrons in the two cases will be
(a) 1:4 (b) 1:3
1. The wavelength λe of an electron and λp of a photon of same energy E are
(c) 1:1 (d) 1:9
related by
9. A light source of wavelength 520 nm emits 1.04 × 1015 photons per second
(a) 𝜆𝑝 ∝ 𝜆𝑒 (b) 𝜆𝑝 ∝ √𝜆𝑒 while the second source of 460 nm produces 1.38 × 1015 photons per second.
1
(c) 𝜆𝑝 ∝ (d) 𝜆𝑝 ∝ 𝜆𝑒2 Then the ratio of power of second source to that of first source is
√𝜆𝑒
2. In an electron microscope, the electrons are accelerated by a voltage of 14 kV. (a) 1.00 (b) 1.02
If the voltage is changed to 224 kV, then the de Broglie wavelength associated (c) 1.5 (d) 0.98
10. If the mean wavelength of light from sun is taken as 550 nm and its mean
.in
with the electrons would
(a) increase by 2 times (b) decrease by 2 times power as 3.8 × 1026 W, then the average number of photons received by the
(c) decrease by 4 times (d) increase by 4 times human eye per second from sunlight is of the order of
3. The wave associated with a moving particle of mass 3 X 10–6 g has the same (a) 1045 (b) 1042
al
wavelength as an electron moving with a velocity 6 X 10 6 m s-1 .The velocity of (c) 10 54 (d) 1051
the particle is 11. The threshold wavelength for a metal surface whose photoelectric work
(a) 1.82 X 10-18 m s-1 (b) 9 X 10-2 m s-1 function is 3.313 eV is
ad
(c) 3 X 10 m s
-31 -1 (d) 1.82 X 10-15 m s-1 (a) 4125 Å (b) 3750 Å
4. When a metallic surface is illuminated with radiation of wavelength λ, the (c) 6000 Å (d) 20625.Å
stopping potential is V. If the same surface is illuminated with radiation of 12. A light of wavelength 500 nm is incident on a sensitive metal plate of
𝑽 photoelectric work function 1.235 eV. The kinetic energy of the photo
ik
wavelength 2λ, the stopping potential is . The threshold wavelength for the electrons emitted is (Take h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js)
𝟒
metallic surface is (a) 0.58 eV (b) 2.48 eV
(a) 4 λ (b) 5 λ (c) 1.24 eV (d) 1.16 eV
lv
5
(c) λ (d) 3 λ 13. Photons of wavelength λ are incident on a metal. The most energetic electrons
2
ejected from the metal are bent into a circular arc of radius R by a
5. If a light of wavelength 330 nm is incident on a metal with work function
perpendicular magnetic field having magnitude B. The work function of the
a
3.55 eV, the electrons are emitted. Then the wavelength of the wave associated
metal is
with the emitted electron is (Take h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js)
𝑒𝐵𝑅 2
(a) < 2.75 𝑋 10−9 𝑚
(c) ≤ 2.75 𝑋 10 −12
𝑚
(b) ≥ 2.75 𝑋 10−9 𝑚
(d) < 2.5 𝑋 10−10 𝑚
.k (a)
ℎ𝑐
𝜆
− 𝑚𝑒 +
𝑒 2 𝐵2 𝑅2
2 𝑚𝑒
(b)
ℎ𝑐
𝜆
+ 2 𝑚𝑒 [
2 𝑚𝑒
]
ℎ𝑐 2 𝑒 2 𝐵2 𝑅2 ℎ𝑐 𝑒𝐵𝑅 2
6. A photoelectric surface is illuminated successively by monochromatic light of (c) − 𝑚𝑒 𝑐 − 2 𝑚 (d) − 2 𝑚𝑒 [2 𝑚 ]
w
𝛌 𝜆 𝑒 𝜆 𝑒
wavelength 𝛌 and . If the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted 14. The work functions for metals A, B and C are 1.92 eV, 2.0 eV and 5.0 eV
𝟐
photoelectrons in the second case is 3 times that in the first case, the work respectively. The metal/metals which will emit photoelectrons for a radiation
w
function of the material is of wavelength 4100Å is/are

ℎ𝑐 2ℎ𝑐 (a) A only (b) both A and B
(a) (b)
w
λ λ (c) all these metals (d) none

ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
(c) (d) 15. Emission of electrons by the absorption of heat energy is called
3λ 2λ
7. In photoelectric emission, a radiation whose frequency is 4 times threshold ……………emission.
frequency of a certain metal is incident on the metal. Then the maximum (a) photoelectric (b) field
possible velocity of the emitted electron will be (c) thermionic (d) secondary
ℎ𝜈𝑜 6 ℎ𝜈𝑜
(a) √ (b) √
𝑚 𝑚
ℎ 𝜈𝑜 ℎ 𝜈𝑜
(c) 2√ (d) √
𝑚 2𝑚
89
89
-
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 9 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
10. The nucleus is approximately spherical in shape. Then the surface area of
UNIT - 9 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS nucleus having mass number A varies as
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS - PRACTICE (a) A2/3 (b) A4/3
1. Suppose an alpha particle accelerated by a potential of V volt is allowed to (c) A1/3 (d) A5/3
𝟕
collide with a nucleus of atomic number Z, then the distance of closest 11. The mass of a 𝟑𝑳𝒊 nucleus is 0.042 u less than the sum of the masses of all its
approach of alpha particle to the nucleus is nucleons. The binding energy per nucleon of 𝟕𝟑𝑳𝒊 nucleus is nearly
𝑍 𝑉 (a) 46 MeV (b) 5.6 MeV
(a) 14.4 Å (b) 14.4 Å
𝑉 𝑍 (c) 3.9MeV (d)23 MeV
𝑍 𝑉
(c) 1.44 Å (d) 1.44 Å 12. Mp denotes the mass of the protonand Mn denotes mass of a neutron. A given
𝑉 𝑍
2. In a hydrogen atom, the electron revolving in the fourth orbit, has angular nucleus of binding energy B, contains Z protons and N neutrons. The mass
.in
momentum equal to M (N,Z) of the nucleus is given by (where c is the speed of light)
ℎ (a) M (N, Z) = N Mn + Z Mp − B c2 (b) M (N, Z) = N Mn + Z Mp + B c2
(a) h (b) (c) M (N, Z) = N Mn + Z Mp − B/ c2 (d) M (N, Z) = N Mn + Z Mp + B/ c2
𝜋
4ℎ 2ℎ 13. A radioactive nucleus (initial mass number A and atomic number Z emits
(c) (d)
al
𝜋 𝜋 2α and 2 positrons. The ratio number of neutrons to that of proton in the final
3. Atomic number of H-like atom with ionization potential 122.4 V for n = 1 is nucleus will be
(a) 1 (b) 2 𝐴−𝑍−4 𝐴−𝑍−2
(a) (b)
ad
(c) 3 (d) 4 𝑍−2 𝑍−6
4. The ratio between the fi rst three orbits of hydrogen atom is 𝐴−𝑍−4 𝐴−𝑍−12
(c)
𝑍−6
(d) 𝑍−4
(a) 1:2:3 (b) 2:4:6
(c) 1:4:9 (d) 1:3:5 14. The half-life period of a radioactive element A is same as the mean life time of
ik
5. The charge of cathode rays is another radioactive element B. Initially both have the same number of atoms.
(a) positive (b) negative Then
(c) neutral (d) not defined (a) A and B have the same decay rate initially
lv
6. In J.J. Thomson e/m experiment, a beam of electron is replaced by that of (b) A and B decay at the same rate always
muons (particle with same charge as that of electrons but mass 208 times that (c) B will decay at faster rate than A
ofelectrons). No deflection condition is achieved only if (d) A will decay at faster rate than B.
a
(a) B is increased by 208 times (b) B is decreased by 208 times 15. A radiative element has No number of nuclei at t = 0. The number of nuclei
𝟏
(c) B is increased by 14.4 times (d) B is decreased by 14.4 times
.k remaining after half of a half-life (that is, at time 𝒕 = 𝑻𝟏/𝟐 )
𝟐
7. The ratio of the wavelengths for the transition from n =2 to n = 1 in Li++, He+ 𝑁𝑜 𝑁𝑜
(a) (b)
and H is 2 √2
𝑁 𝑁
w
(a) 1 : 2: 3 (b) 1: 4: 9 (c) 𝑜 (d) 𝑜
4 8
(c) 3 : 2 : 1 (d) 4: 9: 36
8. The electric potential between a proton and an electron is given by
w
𝒓
𝑽 = 𝑽𝒐 𝐥𝐧 [ ], where r0 is a constant. Assume that Bohr atom model is
𝒓𝒐
applicable to potential, then variation of radius of nth orbit rn with the
w
principal quantum number n is

1
(a) 𝑟𝑛 ∝ (b) 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛
𝑛
1
(c) 𝑟𝑛 ∝ (d) 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛2
𝑛2
9. If the nuclear radius of 27Al is 3.6 fermi, the approximate nuclear radius of 64Cu is
(a) 2.4 (b) 1.2
(c) 4.8 (d)3.6
90
90
-
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 10 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
11. Which one of the following represents forward bias diode?
UNIT - 10 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS (a) (b)
1. The barrier potential of a silicon diode is approximately,

(a) 0.7 V (b) 0.3V (c) (d)
(c) 2.0 V (d) 2.2V 12. The given electrical network is equivalent to
2. Doping a semiconductor results in
(a) The decrease in mobile charge carriers (b) The change in chemical properties
(c) The change in the crystal structure (d) The breaking of the covalent bond
.in
3. In an unbiased p-n junction, the majority charge carriers (that is, holes) in the (a) AND gate (b) OR gate
p -region diffuse into n-region because of (c) NOR gate (d) NOT gate
(a) the potential difference across the p-n junction 13. The output of the following circuit is 1 when the input ABC is
(b) the higher hole concentration in p-region than that in n-region
al
(c) the attraction of free electrons of n-region
(d) the higher concentration of electrons in the n-region than that in the p-region
4. If a positive half –wave rectified voltage is fed to a load resistor, for which part
ad
of a cycle there will be current flow through the load?
(a) 00–900 (b) 900–1800
(c) 00–1800 (d) 00–3600 (a) 101 (b) 100
5. The zener diode is primarily used as (c) 110 (d) 010
ik
(a) Rectifier (b) Amplifier 14. The variation of frequency of carrier wave with respect to the amplitude of the
(c) Oscillator (d) Voltage regulator modulating signal is called
6. The principle based on which a solar cell operates is
lv
(a) Amplitude modulation (b) Frequency modulation
(a) Diffusion (b) Recombination (c) Phase modulation (d) Pulse width modulation
(c) Photovoltaic action (d) Carrier flow 15. The frequency range of 3 MHz to 30 MHz is used for
a
7. The light emitted in an LED is due to (a) Ground wave propagation (b) Space wave propagation
(a) Recombination of charge carriers (c) Sky wave propagation (d) Satellite communication
(b) Reflection of light due to lens action
(c) Amplification of light falling at the junction
.k
(d) Large current capacity.
w
8. The barrier potential of a p-n junction depends on (i) type of semiconductor
material (ii) amount of doping (iii) temperature. Which one of the following is
correct?
w
(a) (i) and (ii) only (b) (ii) only

(c) (ii) and (iii) only (d) (i) (ii) and (iii)
w
9. To obtain sustained oscillation in an oscillator,

(a) Feedback should be positive (b) Feedback factor must be unity
(c) Phase shift must be 0 or 2π (d) All the above
10. If the input to the NOT gate is A = 1011, its output is
(a) 0100 (b) 1000
(c) 1100 (d) 0011
91
91
-
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 11 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PHYSICS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
9. The particle which gives mass to protons and neutrons are
UNIT - 11 RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN PHYSICS (a) Higgs particle (b) Einstein particle
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS - PRACTICE (c) Nanoparticle (d) Bulk particle
10. The gravitational waves were theoretically proposed by
1. The particle size of ZnO material is 30 nm. Based on the dimension it is (a) Conrad Rontgen (b) Marie Curie
classified as (c) Albert Einstein (d) Edward Purcell
(a) Bulk material
(b) Nano material
(c) Soft material
(d) Magnetic material
.in
2. Which one of the following is the natural nano material.
(a) Peacock feather
(b) Peacock beak
(c) Grain of sand
al
(d) Skin of the Whale
3. The blue print for making ultra durable synthetic material is mimicked from
(a) Lotus leaf
ad
(b) Morpho butterfly
(c) Parrot fish
(d) Peacock feather
4. Method of making nanomaterial by assembling the atoms is called
ik
(a) Top down approach
(b) Bottom up approach
(c) Cross down approach
lv
(d) Diagonal approach
5. “ Ski wax” is an application of nano product in the field of
a
(a) Medicine
(b) Textile
(c) Sports
(d) Automotive industry
.k
6. The materials used in Robotics are
w
(a) Aluminium and silver
(b) Silver and gold
(c) Copper and gold
w
(d) Steel and aluminum

7. The alloys used for muscle wires in Robots are
w
(a) Shape memory alloys

(b) Gold copper alloys
(c) Gold silver alloys
(d) Two dimensional alloys
8. The technology used for stopping the brain from processing pain is
(a) Precision medicine
(b) Wireless brain sensor
(c) Virtual reality
(d) Radiology
92
92
-
Answers
UNIT UNIT
Q. No UNIT 1 UNIT 2 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 UNIT 5 UNIT 6 UNIT 7 UNIT 8 UNIT 9
10 11
1 b a a a b b d d c a b
.in
2 c a d d d b b c d c a
3 d c c b d d a d c d c
4 b b b d c a c d c c b
l
da
5 a a b a a b b a b d c
6 b c a a b c b d c c d
7 c d b a a d a b d a a
ka
8 a c a b c b b b b d c
9 c d b c b c c c c d a
vi
10 b c c a b d d a a a c
11
12
a
c
a
d
c
c al c
c
c
a
b
c
b
c
a
c
.k
13 d b b d d d b a
14 b d d c d b c b
w
15 a a c d a c b c
w
w
93
93
FREQUENTLY ASKED PROBLEMS
l .in
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
94
l .in
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
95
95
l .in
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
96
l .in
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
97
l .in
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
98
98
l .in
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
99
l .in
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
100
l .in
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
101

Physics Vol 2 MLM

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physics Vol 2 MLM

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.kalvikadal.in https://t.me/Join_kalvikadal https://material.kalvikadal.

2 - MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1. Laws of reflection Laws of refraction (Snell’s law)

2 What is Rayleigh’s scattering?

 The power of a lens P is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length.

8 . What is optical path?

10. Why does rain cloud appear dark?

11. What are paraxial rays and marginal rays?

12. How are rainbows formed? da

13. Why do stars twinkle?

Actually stars do not twinkle.

index which is clearly seen in the sky.

15. Define dispersive power.

3 - MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

n1 tan i = n2 tan r (for small angle, sin θ = tan θ )

2. Derive the relation between f and R for a spherical mirror.

5 - MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

 Similarly DPF & 𝐴′ 𝐵′ F are similar triangles.

2. Obtain lens maker’s formula

 For the refracting surface 2, the light goes from n2 to n1.

 Equation (1) + (2) gives

 Compare (3) & (4)

3. What is dispersion? Obtain the equation for dispersive power of a medium.

 A beam of light passes through a prism, it gets dispersed into

its constituent colours.

 A -Angle of the prism (Small of the order of 10°)

D –Angle of minimum deviation.

 When rays of light pass through such prism, the angle of

deviation () also becomes small.

 For violet colour, 𝛿𝑉 = 𝑛𝑉 − 1 𝐴

 For red colour, 𝛿𝑅 = ( 𝑛𝑅 − 1) 𝐴

 Middle deviation (for yellow rays) ,  = n − 1 A

4. Describe the Fizeau’s method to determine speed of light.

Light was then allowed to pass through a

one cut in the wheel, will get reflected by a

blocked by the adjacent tooth.

 Toothed wheel has N teeth and N cuts of equal width.

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡

 PQ⟶ Light ray incident on one of the refracting faces AB.

 The angle of deviation d1 at the surface AB is d1 = i1 − r1.

 The angle of deviation d2 at the surface AC is d2 = i2 - r2.

 Total angle of deviation produced , d = ( i1 − r1 ) + ( i2 − r2 ) = ( i1 + i2 ) – ( r1 + r2 ) - - - - - - - (1)

 From quadrilateral AQNR, ∠A + ∠𝑄𝑁𝑅 = 180° - - - - - - - (2)

 From triangle ∆𝑄𝑁𝑅, 𝑟1 + r2 + ∠𝑄𝑁𝑅 = 180° - - - - - - - - (3)

 Substitute (4) in (1) d = i1 + i2 − A. - - - - - - - - (5)

4. What are coherent sources?

6. Define Fresnel’s distance?

7 . State Rayleigh’s criterion?

11. Define polarising angle .

3 - MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

 From figure, ip + 90o + rp = 180o (or) 𝑟𝑝 = 900 − 𝑖𝑝

2. Explain the pile of plates.

It makes use of Brewster’s law.

90o – ip with the horizontal surface.

3.Write uses of polaroids.

5 - MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

 S1 & S 2 → Coherent sources.

d → distance between the slits.

D → Distance between slit and screen.

 The path difference between the light waves from

 = S2P – S1P = d sin θ

Condition for bright fringes:

 The path difference,  = 𝑛 𝜆