Happiness:

Towards a New
Development Paradigm
Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan
Happiness: Towards a New
Development Paradigm
Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan
II | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

Ž‡ –”‘‹  ‘’›‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡’‘”–‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ„–

‡’”‘†— –‹‘‹•ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡†’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡•‘—” ‡‹•ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†Ǥ

—‰‰‡•–‡†‹–ƒ–‹‘ǣ
–‡‡”‹‰‘‹––‡‡ƒ†‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–ǡ͜͟͞͝Ǥ ƒ’’‹‡••ǣ‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ‡’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰†‘‘ˆŠ—–ƒǤ

‘’›”‹‰Š–́‘›ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆŠ—–ƒǡ͜͟͞͝
ŽŽ”‹‰Š–•”‡•‡”˜‡†
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | III

–‡‡”‹‰‘‹––‡‡

Š‡–‡‡”‹‰‘‹––‡‡’”‘˜‹†‡• Ž‘•‡‰—‹†ƒ ‡ƒ††‹”‡ –‹‘–‘–Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–ƒ†–Š‡

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰ ”‘—’Ǥ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰ ”‘—’

Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰ ”‘—’‹• ‘’”‹•‡†‘ˆͣ͝‡‹‡–‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘–”‹„—Ǧ

–‘”•™‹–Šƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡š’‡”–‹•‡Ǥ

‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–

Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–ǯ•”‘Ž‡‹•–‘ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡ƒŽŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†–Š‡

’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡’‘”–•ˆ‘”•—„‹••‹‘–‘–Š‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

‘–‡

Š‹Ž‡–Š‹•”‡’‘”–†”ƒ™•‘–Š‡ƒ› ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰

”‘—’ǡ‹–‹•‘–ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡‹”˜‹‡™•ǤŽ–‹ƒ–‡”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡
‘–‡–•‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡’‘”–Ž‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡–‡‡”‹‰‘‹––‡‡ƒ†–Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–™Š‘Šƒ˜‡
’”‡’ƒ”‡†–Š‡”‡’‘”–Ǥ
IV | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

Foreword
Š‹•”‡’‘”–ƒ”•ƒ‹Ž‡•–‘‡‹Š—–ƒǯ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†™‹†‡‡†‡ƒ˜‘—”–‘†‡Ƥ‡
ƒ‡™‰Ž‘„ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ‰‡†ƒǤˆ–‡”‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ••‡„Ž›‡•‘Ž—–‹‘͢͡Ȁͥ͟͜
–‹–Ž‡† ƒ’’‹‡••ǣ‘™ƒ”†•ƒŠ‘Ž‹•–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹ —Ž›͜͞͝͝ǡ–Šƒ–™ƒ•ƒ†‘’–‡†„›
‘•‡•—•ǡŠ—–ƒŠ‘•–‡†ƒ ‹‰ŠǦ‡˜‡Ž‡‡–‹‰‘‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ† ƒ’’‹‡••ƒ––Š‡‹–‡†
ƒ–‹‘• ‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•‹‡™‘”‹’”‹Žǡ͜͞͝͞Ǥ

Šƒ–‡‡–‹‰ǡƒ––‡†‡†„›‘”‡–Šƒͤ͜͜‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽǡ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ• Š‘Žƒ”Ž›ǡ„—•‹‡••ǡ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ǡƒ† ‹˜‹Ž•‘ ‹‡–›Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‹–—””‡“—‡•–‡†–Š‡‹‰†‘‘ˆŠ—–ƒ–‘ ‘˜‡‡ƒ
‡š’‡”–™‘”‹‰‰”‘—’–‘ˆ”ƒ‡ƒ‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ  —Ž›͜͞͝͞ǡ™‹–Š”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘
Š—–ƒǯ•‘™‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ’—”•—‹‰ƒŠ‘Ž‹•–‹ ǡ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‹ Ž—•‹˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘ Ǧ
‡••ƒ‹‡†ƒ–’”‘‘–‹‰Š—ƒŠƒ’’‹‡••ǡ ‹•ƒŒ‡•–›–Š‡‹‰‘ˆŠ—–ƒ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡
–‡‡”‹‰‘‹––‡‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ†ƒ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”Ǧ
‹‰ ”‘—’–‘—†‡”–ƒ‡–Šƒ––ƒ•ǤŠ‹•”‡’‘”–†”ƒ™•ˆ”‘ƒ› ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ƒ†‡„›–Šƒ–
—Ž–‹Ǧ†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›‡š’‡”–‰”‘—’ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡–‡‡”‹‰‘‹––‡‡Ǥ

Š‡–‹‡Šƒ•‡˜‡”„‡‡‘”‡‘’’‘”–—‡–‘”‡Ǧ‘”‹‡––Š‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––‘™ƒ”†•‰‡—Ǧ
‹‡Š—ƒŠƒ’’‹‡••ƒ†–Š‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘ˆƒŽŽŽ‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ‰”‘™‹‰‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘•‡•—•‘–Š‡
‡‡†ƒ†—”‰‡ ›ˆ‘”•— ŠƒŠ‘Ž‹•–‹ ‡™‘†‡ŽǤ‡Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ‡ƒ•ǡƒ† ƒ’ƒ ‹–›
–‘ Šƒ”––Š‹•‡™’ƒ–Šǡƒ†ƒ–‹‘•ƒ† ‘—‹–‹‡•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„Žƒœ‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ‹ŽǤ
–‹•‘—”•‹ ‡”‡Š‘’‡–Šƒ––Š‹•”‡’‘”–™‹ŽŽ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ‘†‡•– ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‹•‘„Ž‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ
‡†‡ƒ˜‘—”–‘ƒ’ƒ ‘—”•‡ˆ‘”Š—ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽˆ—ŽƤŽŠ—ƒ‹†ǯ•Š‹‰Š‡•–ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

‹‰‹ǤŠ‹Ž‡›
Šƒ‹”ƒ
–‡‡”‹‰‘‹––‡‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | V

Acknowledgements
‡Ƥ”•–‡š–‡†‘—” Š—„Ž‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡–‘ ‹• ƒŒ‡•–›–Š‡ ‹‰ǡ ‹‰‡
Š‡•ƒ”ƒ‰›‡Žƒ‰ Š— ǡ™Š‘•‡˜‹•‹‘ƒ†•—’’‘”–Šƒ˜‡‰—‹†‡†‘—”™‘”ƒ†‡ƒ„Ž‡†—•
–‘ˆ—ŽƤŽ–Š‹•–ƒ•Ǥ

Š‹•”‡’‘”–™ƒ•’”‡’ƒ”‡†„›–Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡–‡‡”‹‰‘‹––‡‡Ǥ –†”ƒ™•‘

ƒ›‹•‹‰Š–•ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ˆ”‘‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰ ”‘—’
ȋ  Ȍ‹„ƒ ‰”‘—†’ƒ’‡”•ǡ‡Ǧƒ‹Ž‡š Šƒ‰‡•ǡ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ™”‹––‡•—„‹••‹‘•ƒ††‹• —•Ǧ
•‹‘•ƒ–  ‡‡–‹‰•‹‡™‘”‘ –‘„‡”͡ǡ͜͞͝͞ƒ†‹Š—–ƒˆ”‘ ƒ—ƒ”›ͣ͞–‘
‡„”—ƒ”›͞ǡ͜͟͞͝Ǥ‡ƒ”‡†‡‡’Ž›‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž–‘–Š‡•‡‡‹‡–‡š’‡”–•ˆ‘”–Š‡–‹‡ǡ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ
”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†™”‹–‹‰–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡†Ǥ

‡ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”ˆ—†‹‰•—’’‘”–ˆ”‘ ǡ–Š‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•‡˜‡ŽǦ

‘’‡– ”‘‰”ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡  ‘—–”›‡ƒ ‹ Š—–ƒƒ†–Š‡ ‹–‡† ƒ–‹‘•‘Ž—–‡‡”•
’”‘‰”ƒ‡ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ‡Ž‰‹—™‹–Š‘—–™Š‹ Š–Š‡ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡƒ†Ǧ
‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡•—’’‘”–ƒ†’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡’‘”–™‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘
‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž–‘–Š‡‘—”‹•‘— ‹Ž‘ˆŠ—–ƒˆ‘”’”‘˜‹†‹‰Ƥƒ ‹ƒŽƒ†Ž‘‰‹•–‹ ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ‘”
–Š‡Ƥ”•–‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡  ‹Š‹’Š—ǡŠ—–ƒǤ
VI | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

Executive Summary
Š‡‹‰†‘‘ˆŠ—–ƒ‹•Š‘‘—”‡†–‘‘ơ‡”–Š‹•”‡’‘”–ƒ•ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡‰”‘™‹‰‰Ž‘Ǧ
„ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘‘ƒ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡’‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ‰‡†ƒǤŠ‡”‡’‘”–‹•‹•’‹”‡†
„› Š—–ƒǯ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š „ƒ•‡†‘ –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ ”‘•• ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡••
ȋ  Ȍ ƒ† ’”‘’‘•‡• ƒ ‡™ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ȋȌ ™‹–Š •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ Šƒ’’‹‡•• ƒ• ‹–•
‰—‹†‹‰˜‹•‹‘Ǥ— ŠƒŠ‘Ž‹•–‹ ˜‹‡™‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Šƒ•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‘”Š—ƒ‹–›ǯ•
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–Šƒ–—”‡ǡ”‡•–”— –—”‡‘—”‡ ‘‘‹‡•ǡ Šƒ‰‡‘—”ƒ––‹–—†‡•–‘ˆ‘‘†ƒ†™‡ƒŽ–Šǡ
ƒ†’”‘‘–‡ ƒ”‹‰ǡƒŽ–”—‹•ǡ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡‡••ƒ† ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

–Š‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ‰‡—‹‡Šƒ’’‹‡••‹•—†‡”•–‘‘†–‘ƒ”‹•‡ˆ”‘ƒ†‡‡’ƒ„‹†‹‰•‡•‡‘ˆ
Šƒ”‘›™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ǡ‘ˆ ‘’ƒ••‹‘ǡ ‘–‡–‡–ƒ†Œ‘›Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡•
–Šƒ–„ƒ•‹ ‡‡†•Ž‹‡ Ž‡ƒƒ‹”ƒ†™ƒ–‡”ǡ‰‘‘†Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ†‡ ‡–Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ
’‡ƒ ‡ǡ•‡ —”‹–›ƒ†Œ—•–‹ ‡ǡ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ƒ†‘–Š‡”†‹‡•‹‘•‘ˆ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ”‡
‡••‡–‹ƒŽ’”‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”Š—ƒ„‡‹‰•–‘ƪ‘—”‹•Šƒ†ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–”—‡Šƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ

Š‡‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”’”‡•‡–‡†‹•‘–‹–‡†‡†–‘„‡†‘‰ƒ–‹ ‘”•–ƒ–‹ Ǥƒ–Š‡”ǡ

Š—–ƒ™‹•Š‡•–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”ƒ‰‡—‹‡Ž›†‹ơ‡”‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰<ƒ’”‘ ‡••–Šƒ–
™‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—‘”–Š‘†‘šƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–Šƒ– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡
—””‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹•‡ƒ” Š‘ˆƒ„‡––‡”™ƒ›–‘Ž‹˜‡ƒ†ƪ‘—”‹•Š‘‘—”’Žƒ‡–ǤŠ‹•‡™’ƒ”ƒǦ
†‹‰‹•‡˜‹•‹‘‡†–‘‡‡”‰‡ƒ†‡˜‘Ž˜‡–Š”‘—‰Šƒ†›ƒ‹ ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ǡ
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘•–ƒ–ˆ‡‡†„ƒ Ǥ

A different vision for development – premises and principles

Š‡—‹˜‡”•ƒŽŠ—ƒ‰‘ƒŽ–‘’—”•—‡Šƒ’’‹‡••ƒ†–Š‡‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ƒ”‡
–Š‡–™‘ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ’”‡‹•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ǤŠ‡ —””‡–‘†‡Žǡ„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡†‘ –”‹‡‘ˆŽ‹‹–Ǧ
Ž‡••‰”‘™–ŠŠƒ•”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡†‡•–”— –‹˜‡ƒ––‡’––‘—•‡–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ•Ƥ‹–‡”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘•ƒ–‹•ˆ›
‹Ƥ‹–‡™ƒ–•ǤŠ‡‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡†‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰†‹ơ‡”•‹‡••‡ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰‘‡„›ƒǦ
‹‰•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡‘‡ƒ”–Š–Š‡–‘’ ‘ ‡”ƒ†”‡ ƒŽ‹„”ƒ–‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––‘‡•—”‡
–Šƒ–Ž‹ˆ‡<‘ˆŠ—ƒ•ǡ‘–Š‡”•’‡ ‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š‹–•‡Žˆ<‹•˜ƒŽ—‡†ƒ†’”‹‘”‹–‹•‡†Ǥ

Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ†‹ơ‡”‡–˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–„‡‰‹•™‹–Š–Š‡”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›ƒ†‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡†‡••‘ˆŠ—ƒ”‡ƒŽ‹–›ǤŠ‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‹•‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰
ƒ”‡ǣ͝Ȍ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹™Šƒ–™‡˜ƒŽ—‡Ǣ͞Ȍ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǣ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | VII

͟Ȍ”‡Ǧ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–›–‘™ƒ”†••‡”˜‹ ‡Ǣ͠Ȍ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘‘ˆ‘—”‹–‡” ‘‡ –‡†‡••Ǣƒ†

͡Ȍƒ‡–Š‘•‘ˆ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

The need for a new approach

‘™‘”‡–Šƒ‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ†‹ơ‡”‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†‹‡ ‘Ǧ
Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹  ”‹•‡•ǣ‡ ‘•›•–‡†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‹  Ž‹ƒ–‡
Šƒ‰‡ǡ‡š ‡••‹˜‡ ‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡ƒƫ—‡–ƒ†‡š–”‡‡ ’‘˜‡”–›‘ –Š‡‘–Š‡”‡†ǡƒ†
‰”‘™‹‰‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•„‘–Š„‡–™‡‡ƒ†™‹–Š‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ†‡”Ž›‹‰ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡ ”‹•‡•‹•–Š‡Žƒ 
‘ˆƒŠ‘Ž‹•–‹ ˜‹‡™–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ˆ‘ —•‘ ƒ—•‡•‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ•›’–‘•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ ›‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡•‡’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ

Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‰”‘••†‘‡•–‹ ’”‘†— –ȋ Ȍƒ•–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ’”‘‰”‡••‹–Š‡ —””‡–

‰”‘™–ŠǦ„ƒ•‡†’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Šƒ••‡”‹‘—•Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘Ž›‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒ†ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡–‡†
‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–›ƒ††‘‡•‘–†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š„‡–™‡‡–Š‘•‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ– ”‡ƒ–‡„‡‡Ƥ–ƒ†
–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–•‹‰‹ˆ›†‡ Ž‹‡‹™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ǡ‘”†‘‡•‹–‹ Ž—†‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡ƒ”Ǧ
‡–ǡ•— Šƒ• —’ƒ‹†™‘”Ǥ‘ ’”‘’‡”Ž›ƒ••‡••™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘—– ‘‡•ǡƒ ‘”‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‡ƒǦ
•—”‡‡–•›•–‡–Šƒ–„ƒŽƒ ‡•–Š‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ†‹‡•‹‘•‘ˆ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹•‡‡†‡†Ǥ

Towards a new development paradigm - a proposed model

Š—–ƒ ‘ơ‡”• ƒ ‡™ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ‘†‡Ž ƒ• ƒ „ƒ•‹• ˆ‘” ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ’Ǧ
’”‘ƒ Š‡•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ –Š‹•‘†‡Žǡ–Š‡˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽŠƒ’’‹‡••‹•–ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ
™‹†‡”Ž‡•–‘˜‹‡™Š—ƒ’”‘‰”‡••™‹–Š‹’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›Ž‹‹–•ǡ–Š—•ˆ—ŽƤŽŽ‹‰–Š‡‡‡†•‘ˆƒŽŽŠ—Ǧ
ƒ•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡Dz™ƒ–•dz‘ˆŒ—•–ƒˆ‡™Ǥ ƒ˜‹‰–Š‹•‘”‡ƒ —”ƒ–‡ˆ‘ —•‘”‡ƒŽ‡‡†•ǡ‹–‹•
’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘†‡–ƒ‹ŽƒŠ‘Ž‹•–‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ‰‡†ƒǤŠ‡ˆ‘—”’‹ŽŽƒ”•‘ˆ  ƒ”‡’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ• ‘”‡
†‹‡•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ‰‡†ƒǡ ƒ‡Ž›‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡
•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ǡƒ†‰‘‘†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ
‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡•‡‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽǡŠ—ƒǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†
‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†–‘‡•—”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•‡‡••‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ•–Š‡†‡•‹”‡†‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–”— –—”‡•ƒ†

’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡƒ†’”‘’‘•‡•™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•„‡ƒ••‡••‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹‡†‘ƒ‹• —”Ǧ
”‡–Ž› —•‡† ‹ Š—–ƒǯ•   †‡šǣ ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‹˜‡”•‹–› ƒ† ”‡•‹Ž‹‡ ‡ǡ Ž‹˜‹‰ •–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡ
Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†”‡•‹Ž‹‡ ‡ǡ ‘—‹–›˜‹–ƒŽ‹–›ǡ–‹‡„ƒŽƒ ‡ǡ‰‘‘†
‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡƒ†’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ǤŠ‡‘†‡Ž”‡ ‘‰‹•‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ’’‹‡•••‹ŽŽ•ƒ•
’‡”•‘ƒŽ–‘‘Ž•ˆ‘”–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡–Š‡•‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘—– ‘‡•‹–‘–Š‡
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆŠ—ƒƒ†•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽŠƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ
VIII | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

Challenges for the new paradigm

Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘”‡ƒŽ‹•‹‰ƒ†ƒ†‘’–‹‰ƒ‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†
‹–‘–Š”‡‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣ–Š‡Ƥ”•–‹••—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡<Š‘™–‘†‡Ƥ‡–Š‡ƒ†‹–•‡›†‹‡•‹‘•
ƒ† Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •Ǣ–Š‡•‡ ‘†‹•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘’”‘ ‡••<Š‘™–Š‡™‹ŽŽ„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹–Š‡
‡ƒ”ˆ—–—”‡Ǣƒ†–Š‡–Š‹”† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘ ‡”•‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘<Š‘™–‘ƒ†‘’–ƒ†ƒ’’Ž›–Š‡
‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡•‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ–Š‡‡ ‡••‹–›ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ’—”•—‹‰
–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹• Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ„—•‹‡••Ǧƒ•Ǧ—•—ƒŽ–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›–Šƒ–Šƒ•Ž‡†–‘ƒ ”‹•‹•Ǧ
”‹††‡™‘”Ž†‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”–‡ƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‡’”‘’‘•‡†‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‘ơ‡”•ƒ„”‹‰Š–‡”ƒ†‘”‡
—’Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ˆ—–—”‡™‹–Š’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ƒŽŽ›”‹ Šǡ†‡ ‡–ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Šˆ—Žƒ†ˆ—ŽƤŽŽ‹‰Ž‹˜‡•ˆ‘”
ƒŽŽǤ

A transformative agenda for societal happiness - future options

Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘Ǧ‰‘‹‰’‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†››‹‡Ž†‡†—‡”‘—•”‡’‘”–•ƒ†”‡ Ǧ
‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‘ơ‡”•ƒ —‹ˆ›‹‰ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ƒ†ƒ Š‹‰Š‡”
’—”’‘•‡ ˆ‘” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ™‹–Š ƒ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ‰‡†ƒǤ Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ’‘‹– ˆ‘” •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | IX

–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ‡™•–‘”› <‘‡™Š‡”‡‹–‡”†‡’‡†‡ ‡‹•”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†ǡŠ—ƒ•ƒ”‡ ‘Ǧ

‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡‡ ‘‘›•‡”˜‡•–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǡƒ†™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ†’”‘•’‡”‹–›ƒ”‡’‘••‹„Ž‡™‹–Š‹
’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ

Š‹• –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ •Š‹ˆ– ”‡“—‹”‡• ƒ •›‡”‰‡–‹  ƒ† —Ž–‹Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ Šƒ‰‡ǡ
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†”‡Ǧ‡†— ƒ–‹‘—•––ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡‘—Ž–‹’Ž‡Ž‡˜‡Ž••‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ǣ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǡ
‘—‹–›ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǢƒ† ‹–Š‡•’Š‡”‡•‘ˆˆ‘”ƒŽǡ ‘Ǧ
ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡›‘†‡™’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ†‡ Šƒ‹••ǡƒŽ–‡”‡†‹†Ǧ•‡–•ƒ†
„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ”‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘ ƒ–ƒŽ›•‡ƒ‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ

•ƒ•–‡’–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‘”‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹ ǡ•ƒ‡ƒ†Œ—•–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡŠ—–ƒ’”‘’‘•‡•

–Šƒ–ǣ

♦ ƒ’’‹‡••„‡ƒ†‘’–‡†ƒ•–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒ” Š‹‰‰‘ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ‰‡†ƒǤ

♦ ‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ†Šƒ’’‹‡••„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ˆ‘”‹ Ž—•‹‘‹–Š‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡Ǧ

˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ƒŽ•Ǥ

♦ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•–‹–—–‡•ƒ†‹†‡’‡†‡–”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•–ƒ‡—’–Š‡–ƒ•‘ˆ‡Žƒ„‘Ǧ

”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒ†‡ Šƒ‹••‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ˆ‘”‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

•— Šƒ•Š—–ƒŠ‘’‡•–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‡ơ‘”––‘ Šƒ”–ƒ‡™ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘Š—ƒ

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‰—‹†‡†„›–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ†Šƒ’’‹‡••ǡ–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‹•ƒŽ•‘–‘
Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘‰‘‘†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ˆ”‘ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ†–‘„”‹‰–Š‹•˜‹•‹‘‘”‡†‹”‡ –Ž›‹–‘
Š—–ƒǯ•‘™‡ ‘‘›ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ

Š‹•™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡™‘”‘ˆƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–Ǥ –‹•–‹‡–‘„‡‰‹Ǥ
X |

Table of Contents
‘”‡™‘”†         ‹˜

 ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–•       ˜

š‡ —–‹˜‡—ƒ”›       ˜‹

‹‰—”‡• š‹

‘š‡• š‹

„„”‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘• š‹˜

‡ –‹‘͝ǣ‹ơ‡”‡–‹•‹‘ˆ‘”‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–   ͝
Š—–ƒǯ•’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡    ͝
ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• ͟
Š—–ƒǯ•˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰  ͢
”‘’‘•‡†™‘”‹‰‘†‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰  ͜͝

‡ –‹‘͞ǣŠ‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‡™’’”‘ƒ Š   ͝͞
Š‘”– ‘‹‰•‘ˆ ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ’”‘‰”‡••    ͝͞
 ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”‹•‡•    ͝͠
 ‘‘‹ ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ ”‹•‡•    ͝͡
 ”‹•‹•‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡  ͣ͝

‡ –‹‘͟Ǥ‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰   ͥ͝
”‘’‘•‡††‹‡•‹‘•‘ˆƒŠ‘Ž‹•–‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ‰‡†ƒ  ͞͞
•‡‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡•‹–Š‡‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰   ͢͞
—– ‘‡ǣ“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡•‘ ‹‡–›ǦŠ—–ƒǯ•‡š’‡”‹‡– ͣ͞
ƒ’’‹‡•••‹ŽŽ•        ͟͟
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | XI

‡ –‹‘͠ǣŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰  ͣ͟
—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•       ͣ͟
”‘ ‡•• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•  ͤ͟
’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•     ͥ͟

‡ –‹‘͡ǣ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‰‡†ƒˆ‘”‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡•• ͠͝

‡™ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡  ͠͞
ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’ˆ‘” Šƒ‰‡      ͠͞
‘ Ž—•‹‘         ͠͡

‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•         ͢͠

‡šǣ‹‘‰”ƒ’Š‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰ ”‘—’ ͡͝

Figures
‹‰—”‡͝ǤŠ‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ ͡
‹‰—”‡͞Ǥ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‡ơ‘”–•–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ͝͝
‹‰—”‡͟ǤŽƒ‡–ƒ”›„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•„›‘ •–”ڏ‡–ƒŽǤͥ͜͜͞ ͝͡
‹‰—”‡͠Ǥ”‘’‘•‡†‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‘†‡Ž ͜͞
‹‰—”‡͡Ǥ‹‡†‘ƒ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡   †‡š ͤ͞

Boxes
‘š͝Ǥ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡‡ ‘‘›ǡ•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–͟͝
‘š͞Ǥ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡Ž ͜͞
‘š͟ǤŠ—–ƒǯ•  Œ‘—”‡›Ǧ•‘‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ͞͡
‘š͠Ǥ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰–‘’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‹‰ ͟͞
‘š͡ǤŠƒ‰‡ƒ‰‡–•‹Š—–ƒǦ•‘‡‡šƒ’Ž‡• ͠͠
xii | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan
HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | XIII

Women playing khuru in Gelephu, Bhutan. It is

a traditional Bhutanese sport of throwing darts,
often played only by men.

Photo Credit: Sangay Tshering

XIV |

Abbreviations
   ‡–”‡ˆ‘”Š—–ƒ–—†‹‡•
   ”‘••‘‡•–‹ ”‘†— –
    ”‘••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡••
    ”‘••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡••‘‹••‹‘
   ”‘••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‘†— –
    –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰ ”‘—’
    ‹ŽŽ‡‹—‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ƒŽ•
   ‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰
   ”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‘‘‹ ‘Ǧ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
    ’‡‘”‹‰ ”‘—’ˆ‘”—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ƒŽ•
    ‘›ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆŠ—–ƒ
  –‡‡”‹‰‘‹––‡‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰
    —•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ƒŽ•
   —•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘Ž—–‹‘•‡–™‘”
   ‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰
   ‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•
    ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•
    ‘”Ž† ‡ƒŽ–Š”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘
   ‘”Ž†”ƒ†‡”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 1

͝ A Different Vision for

Development
Š‡™‡ƒ ‡’––Šƒ––Š‹•‹•ƒ™‘”Ž†‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒŽŽƒŽ‹‡ǡ‘ˆˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ƒŽŽƒŽ‹‡ǡ
‘ˆ ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒŽŽƒŽ‹‡Ȃ‘ˆ ‘—–”‹‡•ˆƒ ‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ȃ‘ˆŠ—Ǧ
ƒ„‡‹‰•—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›•‡‡‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡–Š‹‰Ȃ–Š‡™‡™‹ŽŽ–”—Ž›„‡‹ƒ
’‘•‹–‹‘–‘ˆ‘•–‡”™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ǡ•‡ —”‹–›ƒ†Šƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ

Ǧ ‹•ƒŒ‡•–› ‹‰‡Š‡•ƒ”ƒ‰›‡Žƒ‰ Š— ǡ‹‰‘ˆŠ—–ƒǡ†Ǧ

†”‡••ƒ––Š‡ƒ†Šƒ˜”ƒ‘ ‹†‹ƒ‡‘”‹ƒŽ‡ –—”‡–‹–Ž‡†Šƒ‰‹‰‘”Ž†
ƒ†‹‡Ž‡••ƒŽ—‡•ǡ †‹ƒǡͥ͜͜͞

Bhutan’s perspective
– –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͥ͢͜͝•ǡ Š—–ƒ ‡‡”‰‡† ˆ”‘ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ŠƒŽˆ
ƒ ‡–—”›‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡‹‰†‘Ǥ‘
ƒŽŽ‹–‡–•ƒ†’—”’‘•‡•ǡ‹–Šƒ†‹••‡†–Š‡™ƒ”•ƒ†–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘˜‡Ǧ
‡–•ǡ–Š‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡‘’’”‡••‹‘•ǡ–Š‡‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡‘ˆ–‡Ǧ
ˆ‡”‘ ‹‘—• †‡„ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•‡† –Š‡ Ƥ”•– ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͜͞–Š ‡–—”›ǡ
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› –Š‡’‡”‹‘† „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘‘”Ž†ƒ”•ƒ† –Š‡‡•—‹‰
‘Ž†ƒ”ǤŠ‡’‡”‹‘†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡ ‘†‘”Ž†ƒ”ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡ͥ͢͜͝•ǡ
™ƒ•ƒ–‹‡‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽˆ‡”‡–ǡ†‹• —••‹‘ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘
‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ‡Ž‹•–‡‡†–‘ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ• ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ•™‡
‘—Ž†ǡƒ†™‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†™Šƒ–™ƒ•„‡‹‰•ƒ‹†ƒ††‘‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š–Š‡
˜ƒŽ—‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ† ‘‡–‘†‡Ƥ‡—•‹‘—”‘™‹†•ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ•ƒ
—Ž–—”‡ƒ†ƒ•ƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ

 –Š‡ ‘‡ Šƒ†ǡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ™ƒ• •‡‡ ƒ• ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ Š—ƒ
‡ ‡••‹–›ǡƒ†™‡’—”•—‡† ‹–ƒ• „‡•–™‡ ‘—Ž†Ǥ –Š‡‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ™‡
ˆ‡Ž– ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡—‡ƒ•‡‘˜‡”„‘–Š–Š‡‡ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
˜ƒ”‹‘—• –›’‡•‘ˆ‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– –Šƒ–™‡‘„•‡”˜‡†‘—–•‹†‡‘—”
„‘”†‡”•ǡƒ†–Šƒ–™‡‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•™‡”‡ƒ†‘’–‹‰Ǥ ͥͣͥ͝ ‹•ƒŒ‡•–› ‹‰‡
‹‰›‡ƒ‰ Š— ǡ–Š‡ ‘—”–Š‹‰‘ˆŠ—–ƒ‰ƒ˜‡‡š’”‡••‹‘–‘–Š‹•
—‡ƒ•‡ „›†‡ Žƒ”‹‰–Šƒ– Š—–ƒ ‹• ‘”‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ ”‘•• ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ’’‹‡••ȋ  Ȍ–Šƒ‹ ”‘••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‘†— –ȋ ȌǤ
2 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan
Societal progress
must achieve physical,
mental, emotional, and
spiritual wellbeing
as a condition for the
fulfilment of human
potential and for
genuine happiness in
harmony with nature
•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› „›–Š‡ Žƒ–‡ ͥͤ͜͝•ǡ™‡•ƒ™–Šƒ–—‡ƒ•‡ „‡‰‹–‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡Ž•‡Ǧ
™Š‡”‡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǤ Š‡ †‘‹ƒ– ‰”‘™–ŠǦ„ƒ•‡† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘†‡Ž Šƒ†
ƒš‹‹•‡† ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ǡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‹ ‘‡ ƒ† ‘•—’–‹‘ǡ ”‡ƒ–‡†
’”‘•’‡”‹–›ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ‘”•‘‡ǡƒ†ƒ†‡Ž‹ˆ‡Ž‘‰‡”ǡ‡ƒ•‹‡”ƒ†‘”‡ ‘Ǧ
ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡Ǧˆ‘”–Š‘•‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡š’Ž‘‹–‹–•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤ—–‹–Šƒ†ƒŽ•‘”‡ƒ Š‡†‹–•
‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ Ž‹‹–•ƒ†–Š‡”‡™ƒ•‰”‘™‹‰
ƒ‰”‡‡‡–‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›–Šƒ––Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ†Š—ƒ‹–›‘™‡‡†‡†ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǧ
‡–˜‹•‹‘–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†‰—‹†‡•‘ ‹‡–›–‘™ƒ”†•Š‹‰Š‡”ƒ†‘”‡‡ƒ‹‰Ǧ
ˆ—Žƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–•Ǥ
‘™‘”‡–Šƒ‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹•ˆƒ ‡†™‹–Š–Š‡™‘””›‹‰ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•
‘ˆ‡ ‘•›•–‡†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‹  Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ǡ†‹Ǧ
‹‹•Š‹‰ —Ž–—”ƒŽ†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ›ƪƒ™‡†‡ ‘‘‹ •›•Ǧ
–‡Ǥ ‘• ‹‘ƒ„Ž‡‹‡“—‹–‹‡•ǡ‹†‡„–‡†‡••ǡ†‹•‡’‘™‡”‡–‘ˆŽ‘Ǧ
ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ† ‘ƪ‹ –ƒ”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ›
‘–Š‡”’”‘„Ž‡•–Šƒ–ƒ‡ Ž‡ƒ”–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ Šƒ‰‡‹†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
Š—–ƒǯ•‘™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ‰—‹†‡†„›–Š‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ  ǡ
Ž‘‘•ƒ––Š‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ••›’–‘•‘ˆƒ•‹‰Ž‡ƒŽƒ‹•‡Ǥ – ‘Ǧ
•‹†‡”• ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ• „‡‹‰ ”‘‘–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ –‘ ƒ ‡’– –Š‡
‘„•‘Ž‡• ‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‘••‘‡•–‹ ”‘†— –ȋ ȌǦ„ƒ•‡†‘†‡Žǡ™Š‹ Š
•‡”˜‡†‹–•’—”’‘•‡™‡ŽŽƒ––Š‡–‹‡‹–™ƒ•‡‡†‡†ǤŠ—–ƒǯ•’ƒ–Š‹•ˆ‘—†Ǧ
‡†‘ƒ Ž‡ƒ”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ†ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆƒŠ‹‰Š‡”ƒ†”‡ƒ•‘‡†
’—”’‘•‡ ˆ‘” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– –Šƒ– ‰‘‡• „‡›‘† –Š‡ •Š‘”–Ǧ–‡” ‡ ‘‘‹ 
ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ „‡‹‰• ƒ† –Šƒ– –ƒ‡• ‹–‘ ƒ ‘—–
–Š‡‹–‡”†‡’‡†‡–ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡‘‡ƒ”–ŠǤ –‹•‰—‹†‡†„›–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ–Šƒ–
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘”•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ’”‘‰”‡••—•–ƒ Š‹‡˜‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽǡ‡–ƒŽǡ‡‘Ǧ
–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ•ƒ ‘†‹–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—ŽƤŽ‡–‘ˆŠ—ƒ
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ†ˆ‘”‰‡—‹‡Šƒ’’‹‡••‹Šƒ”‘›™‹–Šƒ–—”‡Ǥ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ –Š‡   ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ –‡”• ‹ ‹–• ‘™
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’”‘ ‡•• ‹• ƒ †‹ƥ —Ž– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ Š—–ƒ •–‹ŽŽ Šƒ•
–‘ ˆ— –‹‘ ‹ ƒ Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‘ –ƒ‡ Œ—•– ‘‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ Š—–ƒ
’Ž‡†‰‡†ƒ––Š‡‘’‡Šƒ‰‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡•—‹––‘”‡ƒ‹ƒ‡– ƒ”„‘•‹
‹’‡”’‡–—‹–›ǡ„—–‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡‹••‹‘•™‹ŽŽ•–‹ŽŽ‡Ž–‹–•‰ŽƒǦ
‹ƒŽŽƒ‡•ƒ† ƒ—•‡‰”‹‡˜‘—•ƪ‘‘†‹‰‹‹–•˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡˜ƒŽŽ‡›•Ǥ
†•‘ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡–‘”‡ƒŽ‹•‡–Šƒ–™‡ ƒ‘–ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‘—”  ˜‹•‹‘
ƒŽ‘‡ǡƒ†Šƒ˜‡Š—„Ž›ƒ•‡†–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘—‹–›–‘•Šƒ”‡‘—”˜‹•‹‘
ƒ†Œ‘‹Š—–ƒǯ•‡ơ‘”––‘ˆ‘”‰‡ƒ‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ–ŠǤ ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 3

™‡ƒ”‡ˆƒ”ˆ”‘ƒŽ‘‡‹–Š‹•”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ƒ††‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Parallel global initiatives

͜͞ —‡͜͞͝͞ǡƒ––Š‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•ȋȌ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋ‹‘φ͜͞Ȍǡ–Š‡”‹‡‹‹•–‡”‘ˆŠ—–ƒ•–ƒ–‡†ǣ

—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡ƒ••—”˜‹˜ƒŽǤ –‹•ƒ„‘—–Š‘™™‡ǡƒ•ƒ•’‡Ǧ
‹‡•ǡ—•–Ž‹˜‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡„‘—†•‘ˆ™Šƒ–ƒ–—”‡ ƒ’”‘˜‹†‡Ǥ—•–ƒ‹Ǧ
ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹•‘–ƒ Š‘‹ ‡Ǥ –‹•ƒƒ„•‘Ž—–‡‡ ‡••‹–›Ǥ –‹•‡‹Ǧ
–Š‡”ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ„‡›‘†–Š‡”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡’‘‘”‘”ƒ–Š”‡ƒ––‘–Š‡”‹ Šƒ†
ƒƫ—‡–Ǥ†™‡Šƒ˜‡‘–‹‡–‘™ƒ•–‡‘˜‡”ƒ”‰—‡–•‘ˆ™Š‘—•–
„‡ƒ”–Š‡‰—‹Ž–ˆ‘”‘—”’”‡†‹ ƒ‡–ǤŠ‡™‡Šƒ˜‡ǡ‹˜ƒ”›‹‰†‡‰”‡‡•
ƒ†™‹–Š‰”‘™‹‰‡ƥ ‹‡ ›ǡ•–”‹’’‡†ƒ”–Š‘ˆ‹–•”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›
–‘•—’’‘”–Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‘Œ—†‰‡‘”Œ—”›–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡–Š‡”‹ Šˆ”‘
’‘‘”ǡ–Š‡‘”–Šˆ”‘–Š‡•‘—–Šǡ‘”–Š‡‘”‡‰—‹Ž–›ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‡••Ǥ

Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽȋ Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ•‡š’”‡••‡†•‹‹Žƒ”•‡–‹‡–•Ǥ

Š‹•ƒ††”‡••–‘–Š‡Š‹‰ŠǦŽ‡˜‡Ž‡‡–‹‰‘–Š‡–ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ž† ‘Ǧ
‘›ƒ† ‹ƒ ‡ƒ––Š‡Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•‘ͣ͝ƒ›͜͞͝͞ǡƒ‹Ǧ‘‘
•–ƒ–‡†ǣ

Š‡‘Ž†‘†‡Ž‹•„”‘‡Ǥ‡‡‡†–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡™‘‡ǤǤǤ –Š‹•–‹‡

‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ‡˜‡ ”‹•‹•ǡ„—•‹‡••ƒ•—•—ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ‘–†‘ǤǤǤ –‹•
–‹‡ –‘ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡ –Šƒ– Š—ƒ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–—”ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ƒ”‡ ‡˜‡”›
„‹–ƒ•‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•Ƥƒ ‹ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽǤ –‹•–‹‡–‘‹˜‡•–‹’‡‘’Ž‡ǤǤǤ
Ž‡ƒ”Ž›™‡—•–—‹–‡ƒ”‘—†ƒ•Šƒ”‡†˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǧƒ˜‹•‹‘
ˆ‘”‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡Š—ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š›’Žƒ‡–ǡƒ‡†—”‹‰‡ ‘Ǧ
‘‹ †›ƒ‹•Ǥ

Š‡  •›•–‡ ‹• ™‘”‹‰ ™‹–Š ‰‘˜‡”‡–•ǡ ‹˜‹Ž •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ ƒ ƒ†‡‹ƒǡ
ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ’ƒ”–‡”• –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ƒ ’‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ‰‡†ƒǤ Š‹•
‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ‰‡†ƒ‹•ˆ—”–Š‡”Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡͜͞͝͞‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘
—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡDz‹‘φ͜͞dzǡƒˆ–‡”™Š‹ Š–Š‡‹–‡”‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ
’‡‘”‹‰ ”‘—’‘—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ƒŽ•ȋ Ȍ™ƒ•
”‡ƒ–‡†Ǥ Ž‡˜‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ –Š‡ƒ–‹  ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘• –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘•‹‡ƒ”Ž›͜͜͝ ‘—–”‹‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰Š—–ƒǡŠƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘Ǧ
†— –‡†•‘ˆƒ”Ǥ‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‹’—–•ˆ”‘
‘Ž‹‡ƒ†‘ƫ‹‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‡‘”Ž†•—”˜‡›ǡŠƒ˜‡ˆ‡†‹–‘
–Š‡‡’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹‰ŠǦ‡˜‡Žƒ‡Ž‘ˆ‹‡–‡”•‘•‘–Š‡‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‰‡†ƒƒ†˜‹•‹‰–Š‡ ‘–Š‡‡™‰Ž‘„ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǧ
‡–ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”„‡›‘†͜͞͝͡Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š‡””‡’‘”–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•—„‹–Ǧ
4 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

–‡†–‘–Š‡ ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘Ž—–‹‘•

‡–™‘” ȋȌ ”‡’‘”–ǡ –Š‡  Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘’ƒ – ”‡’‘”–ǡƒ† –Š‡ 
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ”‘—’”‡’‘”–Ǥ͝

—––‹‰™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ––Š‡ ‘”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”
Bhutan hopes to
–Š”‘—‰Š ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ƒ†ƒ ‘—–‹‰ ˆ‘”™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹•
contribute both to
Š‹‰Š‘–Š‡ƒ‰‡†ƒ‘ˆƒ›‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ
the UN’s post-2015
‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ͞Š‡ƤƒŽ’‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ‰‡†ƒ™‹–Š ‘ ”‡–‡‰‘ƒŽ•
development agenda
™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ‰”‡‡†ƒ†ƒ†‘’–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‹–‡”‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•„›
and to the worldwide
‡„‡”–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ǤŠ‹•‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘’Šƒ•‡ƒ‹•–‘„‡ƒ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡
recognition of the need
ƒ†–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–’”‘ ‡••ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‹’—–•ˆ”‘ ‹˜‹Ž•‘ ‹‡–›ǡƒ ƒ†‡‹ƒǡ
for new societal solu-
„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•Ǥ
tions to the emergent
crises of sustainability
Š—–ƒ Šƒ• ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† –Š‡ †”ƒˆ–‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡™ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ”ƒ†‹‰
ȋȌƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡‡ơ‘”–‘™—†‡”™ƒ›–‘†‡Ƥ‡ƒ‡™
‰Ž‘„ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ‰‡†ƒ–‘‰—‹†‡•‘ ‹‡–›ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡Ǧ
‹—‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ƒŽ•ȋ •Ȍǡ™Š‹ Š•ƒ†Ž›•–‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ˜‡ƒ› ‘—Ǧ
–”‹‡••Š‘”–‘ˆƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰–Š‡„ƒ•‹ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ •–ƒ†ƒ”†•ˆ‘”ƒ†‡ ‡–
Ž‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‡‹‰†‘‘ˆŠ—–ƒ‹•Š‘‘—”‡†–‘Œ‘‹–Š‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–‰Ž‘„ƒŽ
‡ơ‘”––‘ Šƒ”–ƒ‡™ƒ†‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡’ƒ–Šˆ‘”Š—ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›‹Šƒ”‘›
™‹–Šƒ–—”‡Ǥ

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’–‘‡•‘Ž—–‹‘͢͡Ȁͥ͟͜–‹–Ž‡† ƒ’’‹‡••ǣ‘™ƒ”†•ƒŠ‘Ǧ
Ž‹•–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†„›Š—–ƒǡ ‘Ǧ•’‘•‘”‡†„›ͤ͢
‘—–”‹‡•ǡƒ†ƒ†‘’–‡†„› ‘•‡•—•‹ —Ž›͜͞͝͝ǡ–Š‡‘›ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡–
‘ˆŠ—–ƒȋ ȌŠ‘•–‡†ƒ ‹‰ŠǦ‡˜‡Ž‡‡–‹‰‘‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ƭ ƒ’Ǧ
’‹‡••ǣ ‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ‡™  ‘‘‹  ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ‘ ͞ ’”‹Žǡ ͜͞͝͞ ƒ– ‹–‡†
ƒ–‹‘•Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•‹‡™‘”ǤŠ‹•‡‡–‹‰”‡“—‡•–‡†–Šƒ–Š—–ƒ
‘˜‡‡ƒ‡š’‡”–™‘”‹‰‰”‘—’–‘‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡–Š‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆƒ‡™’ƒ”ƒǦ
†‹‰™‹–ŠŠ—ƒŠƒ’’‹‡••ƒ†–Š‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘ˆƒŽŽŽ‹ˆ‡ˆ‘”•ƒ•–Š‡
—Ž–‹ƒ–‡‰‘ƒŽǡ’—”’‘•‡ƒ† ‘–‡š–‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

͝ Ǥ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‡Š—–ƒ‡•‡‘‹ ‡ȂŠ‡ —–—”‡‡ƒ–ˆ‘”ŽŽǣ‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰

ƒ† ƒ’’‹‡••ǤŠ‡‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‰‡†ƒǤƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘•‡’‘”–Ǥƒ›
͜͟͞͝ǢǤ͜͟͞͝ƒǤ‡™ Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”–‡”•Š‹’ǣ”ƒ†‹ ƒ–‡‘˜‡”–›ƒ†”ƒ•ˆ‘” ‘‘‹‡•
Š”‘—‰Š—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤǢ—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘Ž—–‹‘•‡–™‘”Ǥ͜͟͞͝Ǥ
 –‹‘‰‡†ƒˆ‘”—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ‡’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽǢ
 Ǥ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‡ Ž‘„ƒŽ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘‡‰‹•Ȃ‡”‰‹‰‹‡™•ˆ‘”ƒ‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‰‡†ƒǤ
͞ ‡‡ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘Ǥ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‡˜‡”ƒ” Š‹‰‘•–Ǧ
͜͞͝͡‰‡†ƒȂ‘— ‹Ž‘ Ž—•‹‘•ǢǤ͜͟͞͝Ǥ‡›‘†–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡‹—‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‘ƒŽ•ǣ‘™ƒ”†•ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡ƒ‰‡†ƒǤ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 5

—„•‡“—‡–Ž›‘ ͤ͞ —Ž› ͜͞͝͞ǡ ‹• ƒŒ‡•–› –Š‡ ‹‰‘ˆ Š—–ƒ ‹••—‡†
ƒ ƒ•Š‘ ȋ‘›ƒŽ †‹ –Ȍ –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ –‡‡”‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡ ȋȌ ƒ† ƒ
–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰ ”‘—’ȋ  Ȍǡ–‘Š‡Ž’ˆ”ƒ‡ƒ‡™†‡˜‡ŽǦ
‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ȋȌ„ƒ•‡†‘Š—–ƒǯ•‡ơ‘”––‘’—”•—‡ƒŠ‘Ž‹•–‹ ǡ
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‹ Ž—•‹˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘ ‡••ƒ‹‡†ƒ–’”‘‘–‹‰Š—Ǧ
ƒŠƒ’’‹‡••™‹–Šƒ Ž‡ƒ”•‡–‘ˆ’”‘‰”‡••‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Ǥ

‹‰—”‡͡ǤŠ‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡

 ’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‹• ’”‘’‘•‡† ‘†‡Ž ˆ‘” ƒ ‡™ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ

–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ Š—–ƒ Š‘’‡• –‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡ „‘–Š –‘ –Š‡ ǯ• ’‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡†‡Ǧ
˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ‰‡†ƒ ƒ† –‘ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘”
‡™•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡‡‡”‰‡– ”‹•‡•‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ—–ƒ
‹• ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž –Šƒ– –Š‡  Ǧ‹•’‹”‡† ˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– Šƒ• ”‡•‘ƒ–Ǧ
‡†‹ƒ›’Žƒ ‡•ǡƒ• ‹–‹œ‡•ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ƒ
‘‘•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘‘—” —””‡– ”‹•‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ
Š‹‰Š‡”’—”’‘•‡ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†Š—ƒ’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ

Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘–Š‹ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ†ƒ –„‘Ž†Ž›‹Ƥ†‹‰‡™•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘

–Š‡•‡ ”‹•‡•†‡’‡†•—’‘ƒ Ž‡ƒ”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ™Šƒ–ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹•Ǥ
’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹•ƒ ‘•–‡ŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘ ‡’–•ƒ†ƒ••—’–‹‘•–Šƒ–•–”— –—”‡
6 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan
We envision the new
paradigm emerging
through a dynamic
process of global con-
versation, participation
and constant feedback
Š‘™™‡•‡‡–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ –‹•‘––Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•‘—”’‡” ‡’–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǣ
‹– ‹• –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” –Šƒ– •Šƒ’‡•‘—” ’‡” ‡’–‹‘•Ǥ ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ
•–”— –—”‡ˆ‘”‘—”ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ›‡š–”ƒ’‘Žƒ–‹‰ˆ”‘‘—”’”‡•‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ™‡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ƒ„‘—––Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǡƒ†™‹–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰™‡ˆ‘”Ǧ
—Žƒ–‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡™‡™ƒ–ǤŠ—•ǡƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰†‡Ƥ‡•
ƒ†Ž‹‹–•–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡–Šƒ–™‡ ƒ‹ƒ‰‹‡ǤŠ‡’”‘’‘•‡†‡™ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”
‹•ƒƒ––‡’– –‘˜‹‡™ –Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– –Š”‘—‰Šƒ ‡™ƒ†
„”‘ƒ†‡”Ž‡•–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡‡‡”‰‡–’”‘„Ž‡•–Šƒ– ƒ‘–„‡•‘Ž˜‡†‹
–Š‡ —””‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ͟
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†‡™ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‘ơ‡”‡†Š‡”‡‹•‘–‹–‡†‡†–‘
„‡†‘‰ƒ–‹ ‘”•–ƒ–‹ Ǥ ƒ–Š‡”ǡ™‡ Š‘’‡–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡ ‘•–”— –‹˜‡Ž›–‘
–Š‡•‡ƒ” Š ˆ‘”ƒ‰‡—‹‡Ž› ‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ <ƒ’”‘ ‡•• –Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡
‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—‘”–Š‘†‘šƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–Šƒ– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ•
‘ˆ–Š‡ —””‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹•‡ƒ” Š‘ˆƒ„‡––‡”™ƒ›–‘Ž‹˜‡ƒ†ƪ‘—”‹•Š‘
‘—”’Žƒ‡–Ǥ‡‡˜‹•‹‘–Š‹•‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‡‡”‰‹‰–Š”‘—‰Šƒ†›ƒǦ
‹ ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘ǡ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘•–ƒ–ˆ‡‡†„ƒ ǡ
ƒ† ‘–‹—‹‰–‘‹’”‘˜‡ƒ†‡˜‘Ž˜‡ƒ•™‡Š—ƒ•†‡‡’‡‘—”—†‡”Ǧ
•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‘—””‘Ž‡‘–Š‡’Žƒ‡–Ǥ
Bhutan’s vision for a new development paradigm
The premise
Š—–ƒǯ•’”‘’‘•‡†‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰”‡•–•‘–™‘ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ’”‡‹•‡•ǣ
͝Ȍ Š‡—‹˜‡”•ƒŽŠ—ƒ‰‘ƒŽ–‘’—”•—‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ†Šƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ
‡†‡Ƥ‡Šƒ’’‹‡••ƒ•ƒ†‡‡’ƒ„‹†‹‰•‡•‡‘ˆŠƒ”‘›™‹–Š–Š‡
ƒ–—”ƒŽ ™‘”Ž† ƒ† ™‹–Š ‘—” ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™ „‡‹‰• –Šƒ– ‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•‡† „›
‘’ƒ••‹‘ǡ ‘–‡–‡– ƒ† Œ‘›Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ƒ •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ˜‹•‹‘ ƒ– –Š‡
‘”‡‘ˆ–”—‡Š—ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‹•‘–Œ—•–ƒ’”‹˜ƒ–‡›‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ
Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ˆ‘”’—”•—‹‰Šƒ’’‹‡••‹•™‡ŽŽ„‡Ǧ
‹‰–Šƒ–‹ Ž—†‡•‰‘‘†Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‡ ‘‘‹ •‡ —”‹–›ǡ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ’‡ƒ ‡
ƒ†’Š›•‹ ƒŽ•‡ —”‹–›ǡŒ—•–‹ ‡ƒ†‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ˜‹„”ƒ– ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†
͟ ƒ ƒŽŽǡǤ͜͟͞͝Ǥ‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‡™‘ ‹ƒŽ‘–”ƒ –ǣŠ‡Ž†ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ†–Š‡
‡™Ǥƒ ‰”‘—†’ƒ’‡”ˆ‘”‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰ ”‘—’ǡŠ‹Ǧ
’Š—ǡŠ—–ƒǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ƒ† ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ͜͟͞͝Ǥ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 7

‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ǡƒ†–Š‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘ˆƒŽŽŽ‹ˆ‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ

͞Ȍ Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”› „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ‰”ƒ˜‹–› ‘ˆ —””‡–
‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǥ

Š‡’Žƒ‡–ƒ†‹–•”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ”‡Ƥ‹–‡ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒˆƒ –Ǥ ‹‡–‹•–•ǡ–Š‡

ƒ†–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘™”‡ ‘‰‹•‡–Šƒ–‘—”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––‘†ƒ–‡Šƒ•
„‡‡—•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ†–Šƒ–™‡ƒ”‡ ‘•—‹‰”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆƒ”ˆƒ•–‡”
–Šƒ –Š‡› ƒ „‡ ”‡’Ž‡‹•Š‡†Ǥ – ‹• Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– ˆ—–—”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
—•––ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡™‹–Š‹’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†–Šƒ–™‡—•–”‡ Ǧ
ƒŽ‹„”ƒ–‡‘—”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•–‘‡•—”‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

Š‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰†‹ơ‡”•‹‡••‡ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰‘‡„›ƒ‹‰
–Š‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡‘‡ƒ”–Š–Š‡–‘’ ‘ ‡”ƒ†”‡ ƒŽ‹„”ƒ–‹‰†‡Ǧ
˜‡Ž‘’‡––‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ–Ž‹ˆ‡<‘ˆŠ—ƒ•ǡ‘–Š‡”•’‡ ‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š The new paradigm
‹–•‡Žˆ<‹•˜ƒŽ—‡†ƒ†’”‹‘”‹–‹•‡†ǤŠ‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›•‹’Ž› differs in essence from
„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ —””‡–•›•–‡ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡†‘ –”‹‡‘ˆŽ‹‹–Ž‡••‰”‘™–Š the existing one by
ƒ†‘–Š‡‹•ƒ–‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡•‹”‡ˆ‘”‡˜‡”Ǧ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰™‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†•–ƒ–—•ǡŠƒ• making the sustain-
”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡•‡ŽˆǦ†‡•–”— –‹˜‡ƒ––‡’––‘—•‡‡ƒ”–Šǯ•Ƥ‹–‡”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘ ability of life on earth
•ƒ–‹•ˆ›‹Ƥ‹–‡™ƒ–•Ǥ the top concern and
recalibrating devel-
The approach to transformation opment to ensure
Š‡Œ‘—”‡›–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Šƒ•–‘„‡‰‹™‹–Š–Š‡”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ that life - of humans,
‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›ƒ†‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡†‡••‘ˆ‘—””‡ƒŽ‹–›ǤŠ‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ‘—” other species and the
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡ —””‡––‘–Š‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰—•–Šƒ”‘‹•‡ earth itself - is valued
ƒ†”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‡•‡‡‹‰Ž› ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”› Š‘‹ ‡••— Šƒ••Š‘”–Ǧ–‡”ƒ† and prioritised
Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” ‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† ‰”‘™–Š ƒ† •—•Ǧ
–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǣ

♦ Š‡‡™‘†‡Ž—•–•‡”˜‡–‘’”‡˜‡–ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–‘ —”‡Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘

Šƒ‰‡ —””‡–”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡ‹–‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›„‘–Š–‘–”‡ƒ––Š‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰
•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽƒŽƒ‹•‡™Š‹Ž‡•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› ”‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡™‘”†‡”‘ˆ•‘ ‹Ǧ
‡–›Ǥ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ–‡”•ǡ–Š‹•”‡“—‹”‡•Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ••Š‘”–Ǧ–‡”
‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ›‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡˜‡”›†‹ơ‡”‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ƒ†–›’‡•‘ˆ
Šƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘•—‹‰ ‹ ƒ ‘”‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŽ›
ˆ”‹‡†Ž›ƒ‡”‹•ƒ•–‡’‹–Š‡”‹‰Š–†‹”‡ –‹‘ǡ‹–‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒ•Š‘”–Ǧ
–‡”‰‘ƒŽ™‹–Š‘Ž›Ž‹‹–‡†”‡ƒ ŠǤŠ‡Ž‘‰‡”Ǧ–‡”‰‘ƒŽ—•–„‡–‘
—”„ ‘•—’–‹‘ Šƒ„‹–• –‘ ‘ˆ‘” –‘ ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”› Ž‹‹–•Ǥ Š‹• ˆƒ”Ǧ
”‡ƒ Š‹‰ •Š‹ˆ– —•– „‡ Ž‡† „› –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘•‡ ™‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ† ‹ ‘‡ ƒ”‡
ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽǡ•‘–Šƒ––Š‘•‡™Š‘ƒ”‡Š—‰”›‘”Ž‹˜‹‰‹’‘˜‡”–›
8 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

ƒ›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‹” ‘•—’–‹‘–‘•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ

♦ ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘—•–„‡„‘–Š‹–‡”ƒŽƒ†‡š–‡”ƒŽǤŠ‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒǦ
–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘—” ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ ‹†Ǧ•‡–• ƒ† ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰› •Š‘—Ž† ”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡ –Š‡
Šƒ‰‡ ‹–Š‡‘—–‡” ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ†–Š‡‹” ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ
•–”— –—”‡•Ǥ–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡ•›•–‡‹  Šƒ‰‡•™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹‹ ‘ƪ‹ –™‹–Š
‹–‡”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†˜‹ ‡˜‡”•ƒǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹‰”‹†Ž‘ ƒ†‡˜‡‹–‡•‹Ǧ
ˆ›‹‰—”‡•‘Ž˜‡†–‡•‹‘•Ǥ
♦ ‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•—•–„‡„‘–Š‡ ‘Ǧ ‡–”‹ ƒ†ƒ–Š”‘’‘ ‡–”‹ Ǥ‘–Šƒ”‡
‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”Š—ƒ„‡‹‰•–‘•—”˜‹˜‡ƒ†ƪ‘—”‹•Š™‹–Š‹’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›
„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ•Š—ƒ•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ†‡’‡†•‘ƒ–—”‡ǡ•‘Ž˜‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•
ˆ‘”Š—ƒ‹–›”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ„ƒ•‹ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
♦ ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘• —•– „‡ ‡„”ƒ ‡† ‹ Šƒ”‘›
™‹–Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ™‹•†‘Ǥ Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ™ƒ• ‘”‡ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡
‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‹• ‘”‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†
–‘†ƒ›ǤŠ—•ǡ ‹– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ Ž‡ƒ” ˆ”‘™‹•†‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•™Š‹Ž‡
—–‹Ž‹•‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–•–‘Ƥ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ

Principles of the new paradigm

Š—–ƒǯ•’”‘’‘•‡†‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰”‡•–•‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǣ

͡Ǥ ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ™Šƒ– ™‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ • ‹• ƒŒ‡•–› –Š‡ ‹‰‘ˆ
Š—–ƒ•ƒ‹†ǡDz ”‘••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡••Šƒ• ‘‡–‘‡ƒ•‘
ƒ› –Š‹‰• –‘ •‘ ƒ› ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ „—– –‘ ‡ ‹– •‹‰‹Ƥ‡• •‹’Ž›
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ™‹–Š˜ƒŽ—‡•dzǤ ‡ —•–˜ƒŽ—‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ Ǧ –Š‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ
Š—ƒ‹–›ƒ†ƒŽŽŽ‹˜‹‰„‡‹‰•Ǧ‘˜‡”ƒ “—‹•‹–‹˜‡‡••ƒ†’”‘ˆǦ
‹–Ǥ ‡ —•– ƒŽ•‘ ”‡ ‘‰‹•‡ –Š‡ †‹ơ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ ‡‡†• ƒ†
™ƒ–•ǡƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡‡‡†•‘˜‡”™ƒ–•Ǥ

͢Ǥ ‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ  ”‡ ‡– Š—Ǧ

ƒŠ‹•–‘”›ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Šƒ•„‡‡†‡Ƥ‡†Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‹–‡”•‘ˆ
‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ‹ ‘‡ǡ ‘•—’–‹‘ǡ
ƒ†ƒ ——Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ •–‡ƒ†ǡ™‡—•–ƒ‹ˆ‡•–†‡˜‡ŽǦ
‘’‡– –Š”‘—‰Š —”–—”‹‰ –Š‡ „”‘ƒ†‡” ‘†‹–‹‘• ˆ‘” Šƒ’’‹Ǧ
‡••ƒ†™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘ˆƒŽŽŽ‹ˆ‡‘‡ƒ”–ŠǦ–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ„‡Ǧ
‹‰ƒ†ƒ–”—‡‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆŠ—ƒ’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ†‡“—ƒ–‡‡ ‘‘‹ 
•‡ —”‹–› ‹•‘‡‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• „—– „› ‘ ‡ƒ• –Š‡‘Ž›
‘‡Ǥ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 9

ͣǤ ‡‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–›–‘™ƒ”†••‡”˜‹ ‡ǤŠ‹•Šƒ•–™‘‡ƒǦ

‹‰•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘ —•‡†’”‘†— –‹‘Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‘–Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘
‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‰‘‘†•ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡• –Š‘•‡
‰‘‘†• ’”‘˜‹†‡Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ ™‡ ƒ”‡ ‹—†ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‰‘‘†• –Šƒ–
‘ˆ–‡“—‹ Ž›„‡ ‘‡‘„•‘Ž‡–‡ƒ†‡‡†–‘„‡”‡’Žƒ ‡†Ǥ‡™
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰™‹ŽŽ”‡ ‘‰‹•‡ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Šƒ–™‡†‘
‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‡‡†ƒ ƒ”Ǣ™‡‡‡†–‘‰‡–ˆ”‘‘‡’Žƒ ‡–‘ƒǦ
‘–Š‡”Ǥ‡ ‘†ǡ‘”‹‡–‹‰‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•–‘™ƒ”†••‡”˜‹ ‡ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ•
•‡‡‹‰‘—”™‘” ‹ –‡”•‘ˆ ‹–• ’—”’‘•‡ƒ† „‡‡Ƥ– –‘ •‘ ‹‡Ǧ
–›Ǥ —” ™‘” ƒ• –‡ƒ Š‡”•ǡ Žƒ„‘—”‡”•ǡ ƒ”–‹•–• ‘” „—•‹‡••’‡‘’Ž‡
•Š‘—Ž†–”—Ž›•‡”˜‡–Š‡‡‡†•‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•„‡‹‰ƒ•‘—” ‡ Principles of the
‘ˆŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†–‘‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ new paradigm are:
1) transformation
ͤǤ ‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡” ‘‡ –‡†‡••Ǥ‡ǡ–Š‡Š—ƒ•’‡ ‹‡•ǡƒ”‡ in what we value;
‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ‹–‡” ‘‡ –‡† ™‹–Š ‘—” ƒ–—”ƒŽ ™‘”Ž† ƒ† ™‹–Š 2) reconsideration
‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ Š‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ‘ˆ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ †‡˜ƒ•Ǧ of the purpose of
–ƒ–‹‰ ‹’ƒ –• ‘ˆ ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ –‹˜‹–› ‘ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ „‹‘•’Š‡”‡ development;
ȋ–Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ǡ ”‡•‘—” ‡ †‡’Ž‡–‹‘ǡ •’‡ ‹‡• ‡š–‹ Ǧ 3) re-orientation
–‹‘•ƒ†‘”‡ȌŠƒ˜‡ƒ†‡‘—”—–—ƒŽ‹–‡”†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘”‡ of humanity
™‹†‡Ž›‘„˜‹‘—•–Šƒ‹ƒ›’”‹‘”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹ ‡‘‡‘ˆ‘—” towards service;
ƒ –‹‘•‘ —”‹ƒ˜ƒ ——ǡ”‡ ‘‰‹•‹‰–Š‡ ƒ—•‡•ƒ† ‘•‡Ǧ 4) recognition of our in-
“—‡ ‡•‘ˆ‘—”ƒ –‹‘•ƒ†‘ˆ‘—”†ƒ‹Ž›‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹•‡•Ǧ terconnectedness; and
•‡–‹ƒŽ‹ˆ™‡ƒ”‡–‘ ‘Ǧ‡š‹•–™‹–Š‘—”ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™„‡‹‰•ǤŠ‹•‹ Ž—†‡• 5) ethos of cooperation
ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‹‘—”‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ‡†‹ƒƒ†
‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡‘™Š‡”‡ǡŠ‘™ǡƒ†—†‡”™Šƒ– ‘†‹–‹‘•‘—”†ƒ‹Ž›
’”‘†— –•ƒ”‡’”‘†— ‡†ƒ††‹•’‘•‡†Ǥ

ͥǤ –Š‘•‘ˆ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ‹‘”†‡”ˆ‘”

—•–‘ƒ‡–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ‡–Š‘•‘ˆ ‘‘’‡”ƒǦ
–‹‘ƒ†—‹–›—•–”‡’Žƒ ‡–Š‡ —””‡–‘„•‡••‹‘™‹–Š ‘’‡Ǧ
–‹–‹‘ƒ†•‡ –ƒ”‹ƒ†‹˜‹•‹‘Ǥ–ƒ•ƒ• ‘—‡–ƒŽƒ•ƒ –—ƒŽ
ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† ‡™
’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰™‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡ƒ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘–Šƒ–‘—”‘™•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‹–‡”Ǧ
‡•–•™‹ŽŽ‘Ž›„‡•‡”˜‡†„› ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‡Ǧ
‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘—”‡ơ‘”–•ƒ–‡˜‡”›Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ
10 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

Proposed working model of the New Development Paradigm

‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǡ‹•’‹”‡†„›  ǡ™‘—Ž†Ƥ”•–‹†‡–‹ˆ›
–Š‡ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ‡‡†• –Šƒ– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– —•– ƒ††”‡•• –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰
™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽŠƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ –™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘‡šƒ‹‡ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘
–Š‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰ ƒ—•‡•ƒ† ‘†‹–‹‘•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡Ž‡†–‘–Š‡ —””‡– ”‹•‡•
ƒ† –Š‡ ‘ ‘‹–ƒ– ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ –‘ ‡‡– –Š‘•‡ ‡‡†•Ǥ ”‘ –Š‹•ǡ –Š‡ ‡™
Our own separate ‘†‡Ž ƒ ’”‘’‘•‡ –Š‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”› •–”— –—”‡•ǡ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ† ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›
interests will only be ‡ Šƒ‹••–‘ ‘•‡”˜‡ƒ–—”‡ǡƒ––ƒ‹‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡•‘ ‹‘Ǧ
served by coopera- ‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ’”‘‘–‡ƒ†’”‡•‡”˜‡ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†•–”‡‰–Š‡
tion, collaboration and ‰‘‘†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡•‡‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ•— Šƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”™‘—Ž†–Š‡
integration of our •—‰‰‡•–’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽǡŠ—ƒǡ•‘Ǧ
efforts at every level ‹ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘‡•—”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

Š‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡••‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ•–Š‡†‡•‹”‡†‘—– ‘‡

‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–”— –—”‡•ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ†’”‘’‘•‡•–Š‡•‡‘—– ‘‡•„‡ƒ••‡••‡†
ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‹‡†‘ƒ‹•ǣ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡™‡ŽŽǦ
„‡‹‰‘ˆ ‘ǦŠ—ƒ•’‡ ‹‡•ƒ† Ž‹ˆ‡ ˆ‘”•Ȍǡ Ž‹˜‹‰•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡ Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ —Ž–—”‡ǡ ‘—‹–›˜‹–ƒŽ‹–›ǡ–‹‡„ƒŽƒ ‡ǡ‰‘‘†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡ
ƒ† ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ǡ ‡ƒ Š ™‹–Š •’‡ ‹Ƥ  ’”‘‰”‡•• ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Ǥ
‘• ‹‘—•’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ†•‹ŽŽ•ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰
‘—– ‘‡•–‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”•–ƒ–‡‘ˆŠ—ƒŠƒ’’‹‡••ƒ–„‘–Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†
‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǤŠ‡•‡Šƒ’’‹‡•••‹ŽŽ• ƒ„‡†”ƒ™ˆ”‘•‘—” ‡•Ž‹‡
Š—ƒŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ™‹•†‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ†‘†‡”• ‹‡ ‡Ǥ 
–—”ǡ–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽŠƒ’’‹‡••™‹ŽŽ†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰‡‡†•
‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 11

‹‰—”‡͢Ǥ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‡ơ‘”–•–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰

 –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •‡ –‹‘ ™‡ Ƥ”•– ‘•‹†‡” ™Š› ƒ ‡™ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ †‡Ǧ
˜‡Ž‘’‡–Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡•— Šƒ—”‰‡–‡ ‡••‹–›Ǥ‡–Š‡‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡
’”‘’‘•‡†ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–Š‡–Š‹”†•‡ –‹‘ǡ’”‡•‡–‹‰‡šƒǦ
’Ž‡•‘ˆ‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹Š—–ƒǤˆ–‡”†‹• —••‹‰
—Ž–‹ˆƒ ‡–‡† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š•‡ –‹‘ǡ–Š‡ ‘ Ž—†Ǧ
‹‰•‡ –‹‘‘—–Ž‹‡•–Š‡’”‘‹•‡ƒ†–Š‡‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–ƒ‹‰–Š‡‡™
’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ˆ‘”™ƒ”†Ǥ
12 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

͞ The Need for a New

Approach
Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•Š‘—Ž†„‡–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”’‡‘Ǧ
’Ž‡–‘ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡‹”‡‡†•™Š‹Ž‡’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘ˆƒŽŽ
Ž‹ˆ‡ˆ‘”•ǤŠ‹•‹–—”™‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡„ƒ•‹ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•”‡“—‹”‡†
ˆ‘”Š—ƒ„‡‹‰•–‘”‡ƒŽ‹•‡–Š‡‹”ˆ—ŽŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤ—–ˆƒ”ˆ”‘†‘‹‰–Š‹•ǡ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ †‘‹ƒ– ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ —”‡•–”ƒ‹‡†
‰”‘™–ŠŠƒ•Ž‡†–‘™‘”Ž†™‹†‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹  ”‹•‡•–Šƒ–
Šƒ˜‡”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡–‘ˆ—ŽƤŽ‡˜‡„ƒ•‹ ‡‡†•Ž‹‡’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ
ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹ƒ••‹˜‡‹‡“—‹–‹‡•ƒ†‹Œ—•–‹ ‡•Ǥ

Shortcomings of GDP as a measure of progress

‹ ‡ ‹•‘–ƒ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‘ˆ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ǡ‹– ƒ‘–‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›„‡—•‡†
–‘‹ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ‹‘—œ‡–•ǡƒ‘„‡Ž”‹œ‡™‹‹‰‡ ‘‘Ǧ
‹•–ƒ†–Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –‘ˆ ǡŠ‹•‡Žˆ‘–‡†–Šƒ––‘ƒ••‡••–Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡
‘ˆƒƒ–‹‘‹–‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘ƒ•‘–Š‘™— Š–Š‡‡ ‘‘›‹•‰”‘™‹‰ǡ
„—–™Šƒ–‹•‰”‘™‹‰Ǥ͠

To assess the welfare Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”ƒ‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰„‡‰‹•™‹–Šƒƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–‘ˆ

of a nation it is neces- –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ –Šƒ– ”‡Ž‹‡• ‘ —”‡•–”ƒ‹‡† ‡ ‘‘‹ 
sary to ask not how ‰”‘™–Šƒ† ƒ•–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ ‘Ž› ‡ƒ•Ǧ
much the economy —”‡•ƒ†ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡–‡†‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–›ƒ††‘‡•‘––Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
is growing, but †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š„‡–™‡‡–Š‘•‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ– ”‡ƒ–‡„‡‡Ƥ–ƒ†–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–
what is growing •‹‰‹ˆ› †‡ Ž‹‡ ‹ ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ ‘‹Ž •’‹ŽŽ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• 
„‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘‡› ‹• •’‡– Ž‡ƒ‹‰ ‹– —’ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ‹–‘„˜‹‘—•Ž›†‡–”ƒ –•
ˆ”‘ •‘ ‹‡–›ǯ• ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ǥ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž› ‘”‡ ”‹‡ǡ ‘”‡ •‹ ‡••ǡ ‘”‡
™ƒ”ǡ‘”‡’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡ‘”‡Ƥ”‡•ǡ•–‘”•ƒ†’‡•–‹Ž‡ ‡ ƒƒŽŽƒ‡ 
‰”‘™ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ƒ”‡–‡† ƒ –‹˜‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘›Ǥ 
ˆƒ –ǡ–Š‡˜‡”›†‡’Ž‡–‹‘ƒ††‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘—”’”‡ ‹‘—•ƒ–—”ƒŽƒ••‡–•–‘
ˆ‡‡†ƒ”‡–†‡ƒ†ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›•Š‘™•—’ƒ•‡ ‘‘‹ ‰ƒ‹Ǥ

ƒŽ•‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡•‘—–ƒ›ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–†‘‡Šƒ ‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰„—–ƒ”‡

͠  ƒ›™ƒ”†ǡǤƒ†‘ŽƒǡǤ͜͞͝͞ǤŠ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‘Ž—–ƒ”›‘”‹
Š—–ƒǤ‘‘‰”ƒ’Š‘Ǥ͞ǡ͜͞͝͞ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–ƒ–‹•–‹ •—”‡ƒ—ǣŠ‹’Š—Ǥ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 13

‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡ƒ”‡–Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡—’ƒ‹†™‘”‘ˆ’ƒ”‡–•†‘‡•‘–
•Š‘™—’‹‡ƒ•—”‡•‘ˆ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–›‘”‰”‘™–ŠǤ—–‹ˆ–Š‡•‡•ƒ‡
’ƒ”‡–• †‡ ‹†‡ –‘ ™‘” ‘—–•‹†‡ –Š‡ Š‘‡ –‘ ’ƒ› ˆ‘” Š‹Ž† ƒ”‡ ‘” Š‹”‡
•‘‡‘‡–‘ ‘‘ƒ† Ž‡ƒˆ‘”–Š‡ǡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›
™‘”ƒ’’‡ƒ”•‘™Š‡”‡‹–Š‡ ǡ–Š‘—‰Š‹– ‘–”‹„—–‡•–‘•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†
–Š‡‡ ‘‘›ǡƒ†•–”‡‰–Š‡•†‡‘ ”ƒ ›–Š”‘—‰Š ‹˜‹ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ

‘š͝Ǥ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’

‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ –Š‡‘”›•‡‡•–Š‡Š—ƒ‡ ‘‘›ƒ•ƒ Ž‘•‡†

•›•–‡‹™Š‹ ŠƤ”•’”‘†— ‡ƒ†Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†• ‘•—‡Ǥ—––Š‡Š—Ǧ
ƒ‡ ‘‘›‹•‘–ƒ Ž‘•‡†•›•–‡Ǥ –•‡”˜‡•„”‘ƒ†‡”•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ
ƒ†‡š‹•–•ƒ•ƒ•—„Ǧ•›•–‡™‹–Š‹ǡƒ† ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›†‡’‡†‡–—’‘ǡ
ƒ‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‰‡ ‘•›•–‡–Šƒ–’”‘˜‹†‡•˜‹–ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ•—’’‘”–•‡”˜‹ ‡•
–‘–Š‡Š—ƒ‡ ‘‘›Ǥ
Š‡‡‡”‰›ƒ†ƒ––‡”–Šƒ–‡–‡”–Š‡Š—ƒ‡ ‘‘›ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ ‘Ǧ
•›•–‡ƒŽ•‘”‡–—”–‘–Š‡‡ ‘•›•–‡ǡ’ƒ”–Ž›ƒ•™ƒ•–‡ǤŠ‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ
–Š‡‡ ‘•›•–‡–‘ƒ„•‘”„–Šƒ–Š—ƒ™ƒ•–‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• ‘’”‘‹•‡†
”‡•‘—” ‡ ƒ† ‡‡”‰› ƪ‘™• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ™‘”Ž†ǡ ƒ† ‹””‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡
Šƒ‰‡•‹ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡ ‘•›•–‡•Ž‹‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ƒ†•’‡ ‹‡•‡š–‹ Ǧ
–‹‘ǡ ‹ –—” ƒŽŽ •‡”‹‘—•Ž› ‹’‡”‹Ž –Š‡ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ‡ ‘‘Ǧ
‹‡•Ǥ
–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‡ ‘‘›
‹••‡‡ƒ•ƒ•—„•›•–‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‹‡–›™Š‘•‡„”‘ƒ†‡”™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‹–—•–
•‡”˜‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡Š—ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›‹•ƒ•—„•›•–‡‘ˆƒ‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‰‡ ‘•›•Ǧ
–‡ǤŠ‹•‘†‡Ž‹•ƒŽ•‘†‹ơ‡”‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡“—ƒŽŽ‡‰•‘ˆ–Š‡Dz–Š”‡‡Ǧ
Ž‡‰‰‡†•–‘‘Ždz‘”Dz–”‹’Ž‡„‘––‘Ž‹‡dz”‡’‘”–‹‰‘†‡Ž–Šƒ–‰‹˜‡•‡ ‘Ǧ
‘‹ ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡƒ†‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡•‡“—ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•Ǥ

•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ”‡Ž›‹‰•‘Ž‡Ž›‘—†‹ơ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡†‹ ‘‡‰”‘™–Šƒ•‹–•„ƒ•‹•ǡ
‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž’”‘•’‡”‹–›‹–Š‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹•—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•–Š‡ ƒ’ƒǦ
„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡–‘ƪ‘—”‹•Šǡ™‹–Š‹–Š‡Ž‹‹–•‘ˆƒƤ‹–‡’Žƒ‡–Ǥ
ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–”ƒ• ‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•ǡƒ†‹ Ž—†‡‘”‡‹–ƒ‰‹„Ž‡
†‹‡•‹‘••— Šƒ•ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ•–”‘‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”•ǡƒ†–Š‡
14 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ›‹•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ— Š™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•

ƒ‘–‡š‹•–‹‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ǡƒ•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’”‘•’‡”‹–›‹•Ž‹‡†‹–”‹•‹ ƒŽŽ›
–‘–Š‡ ‘—‹–‹‡• ‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡•‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• Ž‹˜‡ǤŠ”‹˜‹‰ ‘—Ǧ
‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”•Šƒ”‡†’”‘•’‡”‹–›ǤŠ—•ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•—–—ƒŽŽ›•—’’‘”–‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‡•‹ ‘—‹Ǧ
–‹‡•<•ƒŽŽƒ†Žƒ”‰‡ǡ’Žƒ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ†˜‹”–—ƒŽ<–Šƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡
™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘ˆƒŽŽ•’‡ ‹‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰Š—ƒ•Ǥ͡

Ecological crises
Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒŽ‡‘ˆŠ—ƒƒ –‹˜‹–›‹•”ƒ’‹†Ž›ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰<‘”ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›
‡š ‡‡†•<–Š‡•ƒˆ‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰•’ƒ ‡ˆ‘”Š—ƒ‹–›‘‡ƒ”–ŠǤŠ‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡
Thriving communi- ‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ‹ˆ‡•–•‹‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ ‡”••— Šƒ•ǣ
ties are the basis for
shared prosperity ♦  ”‡ƒ•‹‰Š—ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‰”‘™‹‰’‡” ƒ’‹–ƒ ‘•—’–‹‘
Ž‡˜‡Ž•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ˆƒ•–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰ǡ‘”ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡š ‡‡†ǡ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›„‘—†Ǧ
ƒ”‹‡•Ǣ
♦ ‹‰ŠŽ›‡–”‘’›Ǧ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–Šƒ–†‡’Ž‡–‡–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š‘ˆ‹–•
”‡•‘—” ‡•™Š‹Ž‡’”‘†— ‹‰—ƒ••‹‹Žƒ–‡†™ƒ•–‡•ǡ’‘‹•‘‹‰–Š‡ƒ‹”ǡ
™ƒ–‡”ƒ†Žƒ†ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǣƒ†
♦ ƒ† ‘˜‡”•‹‘–Šƒ–†‡•–”‘›•Šƒ„‹–ƒ–ǡ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡••‘‹Ž‡”‘•‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ Ǧ
‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡•Ž‘••‘ˆ•’‡ ‹‡•†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ†™Š‹ Šǡ ‘—’Ž‡†™‹–Š”‡•‘—” ‡
‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ† ™ƒ•–‡ ‡‹••‹‘•ǡ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡• –Š‡ ‡ ‘•›•–‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡•
–Šƒ–•—’’‘”–Š—ƒ‹–›Ǥ͢
Š‡–‘ Š‘Ž‡•‹Ž‹‡ ‡‡–”‡ǯ• ‘Šƒ‘ •–”ڏƒ†Š‹•–‡ƒŠƒ˜‡
‹†‡–‹Ƥ‡†‹‡Dz•ƒˆ‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•dz™‹–Š‹™Š‹ ŠŠ—ƒ‹–›‡‡†•–‘‘’Ǧ
‡”ƒ–‡ǤDz‘—†ƒ”‹‡•dzŠ‡”‡‡ƒ•’‡ ‹Ƥ ’‘‹–•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽǦ• ƒŽ‡
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••„‡›‘†™Š‹ ŠŠ—ƒ‹–›•Š‘—Ž†‘–‰‘Ǥ

 ‘”†‹‰–‘‘ •–”ڏ‡–ƒŽǤǡ–Š‡‹‡ƒ”‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‘•– Ž‡ƒ”Ž›†‡‘Ǧ

•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”™‡ŽŽǦ†‡Ƥ‡†’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡͟„‡Ǧ
Ž‘™Ȍƒ”‡ǣȋ͝Ȍ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ǡȋ͞Ȍ„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ž‘••ǡȋ͟Ȍ‡š ‡••‹–”‘‰‡ƒ†
’Š‘•’Š‘”—• ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ȋ͠Ȍ •–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  ‘œ‘‡ †‡’Ž‡–‹‘ǡ ȋ͡Ȍ ‘ ‡ƒ
ƒ ‹†‹Ƥ ƒ–‹‘ǡȋ͢Ȍ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”ǡȋͣȌ Šƒ‰‡‹Žƒ†
—•‡ˆ‘”ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡȋͤȌƒ‹”’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡƒ†ȋͥȌ Š‡‹ ƒŽ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘Ǥ

͡  ƒ •‘ǡǤƒ†‹ –‘”ǡǤ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‘”–„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘„›  ‡Ǧ

„‡”•–‘–Š‹•”‡’‘”–Ǥ
͢ ‘•–ƒœƒǡǤǡ‹Ž‹•‘ǡǤǡ‹ ‡––ǡǤǡƒ†—„‹•œ‡™•‹ǡ Ǥ͜͞͝͞ǤŠ›‘™ǫ
ƒ ‰”‘—†’ƒ’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰ ”‘—’‡‡–‹‰•‹Š‹’Š—ǡ
Š—–ƒǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ƒ† ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ͜͟͞͝Ǥ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 15

‘ •–”ڏ ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• ‡•–‹ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– Š—ƒ‹–› Šƒ• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› –”ƒ•Ǧ

‰”‡••‡†–Š”‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ȋ‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ǡ„‹‘†‹Ǧ
˜‡”•‹–›Ž‘••ǡƒ†‹–”‘‰‡’”‘†— –‹‘Ȍƒ†‹•”ƒ’‹†Ž›ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰•‡˜‡”ƒŽ
‘–Š‡”•Ǥͣ
‹‰—”‡ͣǤŽƒ‡–ƒ”›„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•„›‘ •–”ڏ‡–ƒŽǤͩ͢͠͠Ǥ

‹–Š –Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‡ ‘‘› Ž‘ ‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘•‘ˆ‘—” ’”‡•‡–

‘•—‡”‹•–ƒ†‰”‘™–ŠǦ„ƒ•‡††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ”‡‡†‹ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ › A new development
”‡•’‘•‡•–‘†ƒ–‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡Ž‘ ƒŽǡ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽƒ†‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ǥƒ”Ž‹‡”†‹•Ǧ paradigm must clearly
—••‹‘•ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ›”‡•’‘•‡•–‡†‡†–‘ˆ‘ —•‘•›’–‘•‘ˆ‡˜‹”‘Ǧ focus on causes rather
‡–ƒŽ†ƒƒ‰‡”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ„ƒ•‹  ƒ—•‡•ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹ ›‹•–”—‡–•–‡†‡† than symptoms
–‘„‡•‘‡™Šƒ–‹’”‘˜‹•‡†”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›†‡•‹‰‡†ˆ‘”‡ƥ ‹‡ ›ǡ
ˆƒ‹”‡••ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹–Š‡ͥͣ͜͝•ǡ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‡–”‡†
‘‡†Ǧ‘ˆǦ’‹’‡’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘™Š‹ Šǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ•‡”‹‘—•’”‘„Ž‡ǡ™ƒ•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒ
•›’–‘‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ›‡š’ƒ†‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‹‡ƥ ‹‡––‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•
ˆ—‡ŽŽ‡†‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽ‰”‘™–Š‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†‡‡”‰›—•‡ǡƒ†•‹—Ž–ƒ‡Ǧ
‘—•Ž› –Š”‡ƒ–‡‡† –Š‡ ”‡ —’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’‘™‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Žƒ‡–ǯ• Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ•—’’‘”–
•›•–‡•Ǥ  ‡™ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ —•– Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ˆ‘ —• ‘ ƒ—•‡•
”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•›’–‘•Ǥ

Economic and social crises

ˆ–Š‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‹‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ —””‡– ”‹•‹•‹• Ž‡ƒ”Ž›—•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ

ͣ ‘ •–”ڏǡ Ǥ‡–ƒŽǤͥ͜͜͞Ǥƒˆ‡’‡”ƒ–‹‰’ƒ ‡ˆ‘” —ƒ‹–›‹ƒ–—”‡ͤͦ͡ǣ

ͤͧ͢ǦͤͧͥǤ
16 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

•‘ƒ”‡–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‹‡•‹‘•Ǥ—”™‘”Ž†‹••–‹ŽŽ—ƒ ‡’–Ǧ

ƒ„Ž›†‹˜‹†‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Šƒ˜‡•ƒ†–Š‡Šƒ˜‡Ǧ‘–•Ǥ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡’”‘‰”‡••
ƒ†‡ ‹ ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡  •ǡ ͝Ǥ͞ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ •–‹ŽŽ ”‡ƒ‹
„‡Ž‘™–Š‡‡š–”‡‡’‘˜‡”–›Ž‹‡ǡ™‹–Šƒ‹ ‘‡‘ˆ͊͝Ǥ͞͡‘”Ž‡••ƒ†ƒ›Ǣ
‘‡‘—–‘ˆ‡‹‰Š–’‡‘’Ž‡‰‘–‘„‡†Š—‰”›Ǣƒ†ƒŒ‘”†‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡•‹ƒ ‡••
–‘„ƒ•‹ •‡”˜‹ ‡•„‡–™‡‡”—”ƒŽƒ†—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•’‡”•‹•–ͤǤ

 ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›ǡ™‡ƒŽ•‘Ž‹˜‡‹ƒ™‘”Ž†‘ˆ‰”‘™‹‰™‹–Š‹Ǧƒ–‹‘‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
‘”‡–Šƒͤ͜’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ž‹˜‡‹ ‘—–”‹‡•™Š‡”‡
If everyone were to
‹ ‘‡‰ƒ’•ƒ”‡™‹†‡‹‰Ǥƒ”‰‡‹ ‘‡‰ƒ’•„‡–™‡‡ƒ–‹‘•†”‹˜‡—Ǧ
consume at the current
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǢŽƒ”‰‡
levels of affluence, we
‹ ‘‡‰ƒ’•™‹–Š‹ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘‡–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ† ‘ƪ‹ –Ǥͥ
would need four more
planets to provide the
‘ ‹ƒŽ• ‹‡–‹•–•‹ Šƒ”†‹Ž‹•‘ƒ†ƒ–‡‹ ‡––Šƒ˜‡’”‘†— ‡†‡Ǧ
necessary resources.
’‹”‹ ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒ –Šƒ–•Š‘™•–”‘‰ Ž‹• „‡–™‡‡ ‹ ‘‡ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–› ‹ ”‹ Š
‘—–”‹‡•ƒ†ƒ™Š‘Ž‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›
We need a billion
†ƒƒ‰‡•–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽˆƒ„”‹ ‘ˆ–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡•‘ ‹‡–›<–Š‡‡ơ‡ –•ƒ”‡„‹‰‰‡•–
people to live in
ƒ‘‰–Š‘•‡Ž‘™‡”‘–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽŽƒ††‡”ǡ„—––Š‡†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–‡”
extreme poverty if
‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ”‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†–‘ƒŽ‡••‡”‡š–‡–‡˜‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡„‡––‡”‘ơǤ
we are to maintain
†‡‡†ǡ ‘—–”‹‡•™‹–Š„‹‰‰‡”‹ ‘‡†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•„‡–™‡‡”‹ Šƒ†’‘‘”
the lifestyles of the
•‡‡–‘•—ơ‡”ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‘ ‹ƒŽ†›•ˆ— –‹‘ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡Ž‡•• ‘Š‡•‹˜‡ǡ ‘Ǧ
affluent without
—‹–›Ž‹ˆ‡‹•™‡ƒ‡”ǡƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡–”—•–‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Ž‡••Ǥ͜͝
creating even more
damage to our planet ‘˜‡”–› ƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ‘‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡” ‡”‹–‘”‹‘—•ǡ ƒ‘– ‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ”‡Ǧ
†— ‡ –Š‡ ™‹†‡‹‰ ‹‡“—‹–‹‡• „‡–™‡‡ ƒ† ™‹–Š‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘˜‡”–› ‹•
‘Ž›‘‡•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡–‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—ˆƒ‹”†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘Ǥ––Š‡‘–Š‡”
‡š–”‡‡‹•–Š‡‡š ‡•• ‘•—’–‹‘–Šƒ–‹•”ƒ’‹†Ž›†‡’Ž‡–‹‰”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ
‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ••‹˜‡ ™ƒ•–‡•ǡ •’‡™‹‰ ƒ”„‘ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ƒ†
†‡•–”‘›‹‰–Š‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡•—’’‘”–•›•–‡•–Šƒ–•—•–ƒ‹—•ǤŠ—•ǣ

♦ ͜͞τ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•’‡‘’Ž‡’”‡•‡–Ž› ‘•—‡ͤ͢τ‘ˆ‹–•‰‘‘†•™Š‹Ž‡
–Š‡’‘‘”‡•–͜͞τ ‘•—‡Œ—•–͝Ǥ͟τǤ
♦ Š‡”‹ Š‡•–͜͞τ—•‡ͤ͡τ‘ˆƒŽŽ‡‡”‰›ƒ†–Š‡’‘‘”‡•–͜͞τŽ‡••–Šƒ
͠τǤ
♦ ͜͞τ’”‘†— ‡͢͟τ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡‹••‹‘•™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡

ͤ Ǥ͜͟͞͝„ǤŠ‡‹ŽŽ‡‹—‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ƒŽ•‡’‘”–ͣ͢͠͡Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ‹–‡†
ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
ͥ ‹Žƒ‘˜‹ ǡǤ͜͞͝͝ǤŠ‡ ƒ˜‡•ƒ†–Š‡ ƒ˜‡Ǧ‘–•Ǥ‡™‘”ǣƒ•‹ ‘‘•
͜͝ ‹Ž‹•‘ǡǤƒ†‹ ‡––ǡǤͥ͜͜͞ǤŠ‡’‹”‹–‡˜‡Žǣ™Š›‘”‡‡“—ƒŽ•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•
ƒŽ‘•–ƒŽ™ƒ›•†‘„‡––‡”Ǥ‘†‘ǣ‡‰—‹Ǥ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 17

’‘‘”‡•–͜͞τ’”‘†— ‡‘Ž›͞τǤ͝͝
♦ ͝͞τ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•’‡‘’Ž‡—•‡ͤ͡τ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•™ƒ–‡”Ǥ͝͞
♦ Š‡”‹ Š‡•–͜͞τ ‘•—‡ͤ͠τ‘ˆƒŽŽ’ƒ’‡”ƒ†Šƒ˜‡ͤͣτ‘ˆƒŽŽ˜‡Ǧ
Š‹ Ž‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡’‘‘”‡•–͜͞τ—•‡Ž‡••–Šƒ͝τ‘ˆ‡ƒ ŠǤ
‹˜‡–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›–Šƒ–™‡Ž‹˜‡‘ƒƤ‹–‡’Žƒ‡–™‹–ŠŽ‹‹–‡†”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ
™‡ ƒ‘–ƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‡–Š‡‡š–”‡‡’‘˜‡”–›‘ˆ͝Ǥ͟„‹ŽŽ‹‘‘ˆ‘—”ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™‰Ž‘„ƒŽ
‹–‹œ‡•™‹–Š‘—– —”„‹‰–Š‡‡š ‡•• ‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ‘”‡–Šƒƒ„‹ŽŽ‹‘
‘”‡Ǥ

—ƒ‹–›‹•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‘•—‹‰”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰™ƒ•–‡͢͜’‡”Ǧ

‡–ˆƒ•–‡”–Šƒ–Š‡’Žƒ‡– ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ǡƒ„•‘”„ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹Ǥ ˆ‡˜‡”›Ǧ
‘‡™‡”‡–‘ ‘•—‡ƒ––Š‡ —””‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆƒƫ—‡ ‡ǡ™‡™‘—Ž†‡‡†
ˆ‘—”‘”‡’Žƒ‡–•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ—–ƒ‘–Š‡”™ƒ›ǡ
™‡‘™‡‡†ƒ„‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡–‘Ž‹˜‡‹‡š–”‡‡’‘˜‡”–›‹ˆ™‡ƒ”‡–‘ƒ‹Ǧ
–ƒ‹–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƫ—‡–™‹–Š‘—– ”‡ƒ–‹‰‡˜‡‘”‡†ƒƒ‰‡–‘
‘—”’Žƒ‡–Ǥ

A crisis of governance
†‡”Ž›‹‰ ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ”‹•‡• ‹• ƒ ”‹•‹• ‘ˆ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ ƒ–‹‘ •–ƒ–‡• ƒ”‡
‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ‹–‡”†‡’‡†‡–ǡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ
ƒ’‹–ƒŽǡ‰‘‘†•ǡ•‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ‘‘‹ 
‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡•—’’‘”–‡†„›”‡†— ‡†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
–”ƒ†‡ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–ƒ”‹ơ•ƒ†–ƒš„ƒ””‹‡”•Ǥ—’’‘”–‡”•‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹Ǧ
•ƒ–‹‘•‡‡‹–ƒ•ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘”ƒ‹•‹‰™‘”Ž† ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‡ ‘Ǧ
‘‹ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ”‹–‹ •’‘‹––‘‹–•‹’ƒ –‘”‹•‹‰‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ
†‹•”—’–‹‘ǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ† ‘–‹—‹‰’‘˜‡”–›ƒ• ‘Ǧ
’ƒ‹‡••–”‹˜‡–‘”‡ƒ‹ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‹–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”‡–„›•‡‡‹‰‘—–
Ž‘™Ǧ™ƒ‰‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ‡• ™‹–Š ‹‹ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ƒ† •ƒˆ‡–› ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Š‡ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Šƒ•„‡‡‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡‹ƒ††”‡••Ǧ
‹‰–Š‡•‡’‡”˜ƒ•‹˜‡‹••—‡•Ǥ

•–”‘‰ ”‹–‹“—‡‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘’‘‹–•–‘–Š‡”‹•‡‹’‘™‡”ƒ†ƒ—–‘Ǧ
‘›‘ˆ—Ž–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•‘˜‡”ƒ–‹‘•–ƒ–‡•ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ ƒ› ƒ•‡•ǡ•— Š ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ‡˜‡‘˜‡””‹†‡ƒ–‹‘Ǧ
ƒŽ Žƒ™• ‹•–‹–—–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ ‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‹

͝͝ ‘”Ž†ƒǤ͜͞͝͝Ǥ‡˜‡Ž•ƒ†”‡†•‹Š‹Ž†‘”–ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ –‡”ƒ‰‡ › ”‘—’

ˆ‘”Š‹Ž†‘”–ƒŽ‹–›•–‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
͝͞ ‡””‹Ƥ‡Ž†ǡǤǡ‡””‹Ƥ‡Ž†ǡǤǡƒ†‹– Š—ǡ Ǥͥ͜͜͞Ǥƒ‘‘Ž‘—•”‡ ‡–
ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž”‹•‡Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆŽ‹ƒ–‡͞͞ǣͣͣ͡͞Ǧͣͤ͡͝Ǥ
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–Š‹•™ƒ›ƒ”‡ƒ–‹–Š‡–‹ ƒŽ–‘–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰‹ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–‹••—•–ƒ‹Ǧ
ƒ„Ž‡ǡ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ƒ†‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ‘‘‘ˆ–‡–Š‡›”‡ƪ‡ ––Š‡†‹ –ƒ–‡•‘ˆƒ
ˆ‡™’‘™‡”ˆ—Žƒ –‘”•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ„”‘ƒ† ‘•‡•—•Ǥ

 ‘‘‹•– ‡”ƒƒŽ›Šƒ•†‡• ”‹„‡†Š‘™‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘

ƒ†–”ƒ†‡Ž‘™‡”•’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘•–•„›‡š–‡”ƒŽ‹•‹‰–Š‡ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ„›
The architecture of ‹’”‘˜‹‰‡ƥ ‹‡ ›Ǥ‹–Š‹”‹ Š‡”ƒ–‹‘•–ƒ–‡•ǡ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘•–•‹Ǧ
global governance has Ž—†‡™‘”’Žƒ ‡•ƒˆ‡–›ǡ‹‹—™ƒ‰‡•ǡ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‡ —”‹–›ǡ‡†‹Ǧ
been inadequate in ƒŽƒ†ƒ ‹†‡–‹•—”ƒ ‡ǡƒ†”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•‘–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ǧ
addressing pervasive ‹‰†ƒ›ǡ‘ Š‹Ž†Žƒ„‘—”ǡƒ†‘’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘Ǥ‹–Š‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡•Š‹ˆ–
issues of rising in- ‘ˆ’”‘†— –‹‘ˆ”‘Š‹‰ŠǦ–‘Ž‘™Ǧ ‘•–ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–Žƒ •— Š ‘–”‘Ž•‘”
equality, social disrup- ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• Ž‘™‡”• –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ƒ† ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ†ƒ”†• ‘ˆ ’”‘†— Ǧ
tion, environmental –‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡„› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ† Š‹Ž† Žƒ„‘—”ǡ™‡ƒ‡‹‰ Š—Ǧ
degradation and ƒ”‹‰Š–•ǡƒ†‡• ƒŽƒ–‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ†ƒƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡ ‘•–•ƒ”‡ ‘Ǧ
continuing poverty ’‘—†‡†„›–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ͟͝

•Š‘”–ǡ‰‹˜‡–Š‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ’”‘‰”‡••ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽ
ƒ•–Š‡‹–‡” ‘‡ –‡†‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ”‹Ǧ
•‡• ˆƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǡ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ƒ ‡™ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹•
‹””‡ˆ—–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

͟͝ ƒŽ„‡”–Šǡ Ǥǡ‘„„ǡǤǡƒ†Žƒ––‡”›ǡǤͣ͜͜͞ǤŠ‡ ‡—‹‡”‘‰”‡•• †‹ ƒ–‘”

ͦ͢͠͠ǣ–‘‘Žˆ‘”•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘‡–ǤƒŽƒ†ǡǣ‡†‡Ƥ‹‰”‘‰”‡••Ǥ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 19

͟ Towards a New
Development Paradigm
Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”„‡‰‹•™‹–Šƒ˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ•‘Ǧ
‹‡–ƒŽŠƒ’’‹‡••ǡ™Š‹ Š‘ơ‡”•„‘–Šƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡‰‘ƒŽˆ‘”Š—ƒ‹–›–”ƒǦ
• ‡†‹‰ƒŽŽ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†ƒ™‹†‡”Ž‡•–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹ Š–‘˜‹‡™Š—ƒ
’”‘‰”‡••ǤŠ‹•—Ž–‹ƒ–‡‰‘ƒŽ ƒ‘Ž›„‡”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†™Š‡–Š‡‡‡†•‘ˆƒŽŽ
Š—ƒ•ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽƤŽŽ‡†”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‘Ž›–Š‡Dz™ƒ–•dz‘ˆƒˆ‡™<™‹–Š‹’ŽƒǦ
‡–ƒ”›„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ

‹–Š–Š‹•‘”‡ƒ —”ƒ–‡ˆ‘ —•‘”‡ƒŽ‡‡†•ǡ™‡ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‡–ƒ‹Ž–Š‡

‹†•‘ˆ‡ Šƒ‹••–Šƒ– ƒŠ‡Ž’ ‘•‡”˜‡ƒ–—”‡ǡƒ––ƒ‹‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ’”‘‘–‡ —Ž–—”‡ǡƒ†‡•—”‡
‰‘‘†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡•‡‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘””‡ ‘‰‹•‡•–Šƒ–
’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• —•– †”ƒ™ ‘ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽǡ Š—ƒǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹ 
”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š–Š‡Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡ƒƒ‰‡†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž›ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„Ž›
–‘‡•—”‡–Š‹•™‡ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”—•‡„›ˆ—–—”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•‡‡••‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ•–Š‡†‡•‹”‡†‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡

•–”— –—”‡•ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡƒ†’”‘’‘•‡•–Š‹•„‡ƒ••‡••‡†ƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡†ƒ Ǧ
‘”†‹‰–‘‹‡‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡††‹‡•‹‘• —””‡–Ž›—•‡†‹Š—–ƒǯ•  
†‡šǤ –”‡ ‘‰‹•‡•–Šƒ– ‡”–ƒ‹•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‡‡†‡†–‘
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘—– ‘‡•–‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡”‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆŠ—ƒŠƒ’Ǧ
’‹‡••ǡ™Š‹ Š‹–—”™‹ŽŽ‡Šƒ ‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡†•‹†‡–‹Ƥ‡†ƒ•
–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤŠ‹•’”‘’‘•‡†ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‹•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†„‡Ž‘™
‹ ‹‰—”‡͠ǡ„”‹‡ƪ›‡š’Žƒ‹‡†‹‘š͞ƒ†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ‘”‡‡š’Ž‹ ‹–
†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ‹–• ‘’‘‡–•Ǥ
20 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

‹‰—”‡ͤǤ”‘’‘•‡†‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‘†‡Žͤ͡

‘š͞Ǥš’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡Ž

ȋȌ‡‡†•ƒ”‡Š‡”‡†‡Ƥ‡†ƒ•‹ Ž—†‹‰ǣ
♦ ‡ ‡– Ž‹˜‹‰ •–ƒ†ƒ”†• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ •—„•‹•–‡ ‡ ƒ† •Š‡Ž–‡” ˆ‘” Š—ƒ• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” Ž‹ˆ‡
ˆ‘”•
♦ Š‡ƒŽ–Š›‡˜‹”‘‡––Šƒ–•—’’‘”–•Š—ƒƒ†‘ǦŠ—ƒŽ‹ˆ‡
♦ ‘‘†Š‡ƒŽ–Š
♦ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰
♦ •‡•‡‘ˆ„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹ ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ† —Ž–—”‡•
♦ ƒŽƒ ‡†–‹‡—•‡ǡ–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”Ž‡‹•—”‡ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›ǡƒ† ‘—‹–›™‘”ǡƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡’ƒ‹†
™‘”
♦ ”‡‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ƒ†–”—•––Šƒ––Š‘•‡‹’‘™‡”ƒ –ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘‘
‰‘‘†

͝͠ Š‹•‘†‡Ž‹•ƒ†ƒ’–‡†ˆ”‘ƒ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘Ƥ”•–’”‘’‘•‡†„›  ‡„‡”•’”‡•‡–ƒ––Š‡  ‡‡–Ǧ

‹‰Š‡Ž†ˆ”‘ ƒ—ƒ”›ͣ͞Ǧ ‡„”—ƒ”›͞ǡ͜͟͞͝‹Š‹’Š—ǡŠ—–ƒǤ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 21

♦ •› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘–‡–‡–ǡŒ‘›ǡƒ† ƒ”‡ƒ†ƒơ‡ –‹‘ˆ‘”‘–Š‡”•

Š‡•‡„ƒ•‹ ‡‡†•ƒ”‡ —””‡–Ž›‘–‡–„›–Š‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ†—‡–‘

–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ ”‹•‡•‘™ƒƫ‹ –‹‰–Š‡’Žƒ‡–ǤŠ‡•‡ ”‹•‡•
ƒ”‡ǡ‹Žƒ”‰‡’ƒ”–ǡ•’ƒ™‡†ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡’”‡•‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹–•‡ŽˆǤ

ȋȌ ‘Ž‹•–‹ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‰‡†ƒ‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘‡‡–ƒ†•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡•‡‡‡†•Ǥ

Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡•ǡ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡƒ ‘—–‹‰ƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•›•–‡•ǡƒ†
”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›‡ Šƒ‹••‘ˆ•— Šƒ„ƒŽƒ ‡†ƒ†Š‘Ž‹•–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ›„‡‰”‘—’‡†‹–‘ˆ‘—”
ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•Ǧ–Š‡’‹ŽŽƒ”•‘ˆŠ—–ƒǯ•  ‘†‡ŽǦƒ†ƒ”‡‘ơ‡”‡†Š‡”‡ƒ•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘”‡†‹Ǧ
‡•‹‘•‘ˆƒ’”‘’‘•‡†‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘†‡Žǣ
♦ ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘
♦ —•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
♦ ”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•
♦ ‘‘†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡

ȋȌŠ‡”‡•‘—” ‡•”‡ˆ‡”–‘–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽǡŠ—ƒǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ••‡–•‘™Š‹ Š•‘ ‹Ǧ

‡–›—•–†”ƒ™–‘‡‡–„ƒ•‹ ‡‡†•ǡ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‡•›•–‡•ǡƒ†‹’Ž‡‡––Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ

ȋȌŠ‡†‡•‹”‡†‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹••‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š

‡‡–•„ƒ•‹ ‡‡†•ƒ†‹–—”’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†’”‡”‡“—‹•‹–‡•ˆ‘”’—”•—Ǧ
‹‰Š—ƒŠƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ

Š‡•‡ †‡•‹”‡† ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ ‘—– ‘‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ ‡ƒ•—”ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‡ †‘ƒ‹• ‘ˆ ƒ
Š‡ƒŽ–Š›ǡ†‹˜‡”•‡ƒ†”‡•‹Ž‹‡– ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ†‡ ‡– Ž‹˜‹‰•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡ’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ†
‡–ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ˜‹„”ƒ– —Ž–—”‡•ǡ ‘—‹–›˜‹–ƒŽ‹–›ǡ „ƒŽƒ ‡† –‹‡—•‡ǡ‰‘‘†
‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ƒ†’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ǥ

ˆ–Š‹•‘†‡Ž‹•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡—•‡ˆ—Ž‹•—’’‘”–‹‰‡™ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ‹–‡”‡•–Ǧ
‡†’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‡”•ƒ›–Š‡™‹•Š–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡‡ Šƒ‹••ƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡•‘•–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡
‹–Š‡‹”‘™”‡‰‹‘ƒŽǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘” ‘—‹–› ‘–‡š–•Ǥ

ȋȌ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‡›™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘—– ‘‡•ƒ† ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡›’”‘˜‹†‡˜‹–ƒŽ‘’Ǧ

’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ†‘‘–ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡‹–‘–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǧƒ‡Ž›
Š—ƒ Šƒ’’‹‡•• –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ‘‡ –‡†‡••ǡ Šƒ”‘›ǡ ƒ† —‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ–—”‡ǡ
‘—‹–›ǡ‘–Š‡”„‡‹‰•ƒ†–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ›Šƒ˜‡˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ›ƒŽŽ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†
‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ†•–‹ŽŽ„‡‹•‡”ƒ„Ž‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡•‘‡‘‡™‹–Šˆ‡™‡”ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•
ƒ›„‡ˆƒ”Šƒ’’‹‡”Ǥ‘• ‹‘—••‹ŽŽ•ǡ’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘
–”ƒ•ˆ‘” ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ƒ† •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ Šƒ’’‹‡••
™Š‹ Š‹–—”‹ƪ—‡ ‡•–Š‡ˆ—ŽƤŽ‡–‘ˆ‡‡†•Ǥ
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(B) Proposed dimensions of a holistic development agenda

Š‡ ˆ‘—” ’‹ŽŽƒ”• ‘ˆ   ’”‘’‘•‡† ƒ• ‘”‡ †‹‡•‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‹• Š‘Ž‹•–‹ 
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ‰‡†ƒƒ”‡ǣ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†
‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ
—Ž–—”‡ǡƒ†‰‘‘†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǤŠ‡•‡†‹‡•‹‘•ƒ”‡‹‡š–”‹ ƒ„Ž›‹–‡”Ǧ
”‡Žƒ–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”›‘ˆ‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘—– ‘‡•Ǥ

Environmental conservation
Š‡ƒŽ–Š›‡˜‹”‘‡–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ‘–‘Ž›ˆ‘”Š—ƒ‹–›ǯ••—”˜‹˜ƒŽ„—–
ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘ˆƒŽŽŽ‹ˆ‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ–”— –—”‡•ǡ‡ Šƒ‹••ǡ’”‹ ‹Ǧ
’Ž‡•ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ ‘•‡”˜‡ƒ–—”‡ǯ•”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†‡ ‘•›•–‡
•‡”˜‹ ‡•‹ Ž—†‡ǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”•ǣ

A healthy environ- ♦ ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡ ƒ—–‹‘ƒ”›’”‹ ‹’Ž‡Ǣ

ment is essential not ♦ ˜‡•–‡–‡ Šƒ‹••–‘”‡’ƒ‹”’ƒ•–†ƒƒ‰‡ƒ†–‘•—’’‘”–‰”‡‡
only for humanity’s •’ƒ ‡•ǡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡ ‡‡”‰› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ
survival but also for the ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡƒ†„—•‹‡••’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǣ
wellbeing of all
♦ •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‡ Šƒ‹••ˆ‘”–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘‘•ǡ
life forms
‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†‘ ‡ƒ•ǡ–‘–ƒ‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ƒ†‡ơ‡ Ǧ
–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘–‘”‡˜‡”•‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ǡ„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡Ž‘••ǡ
–Š‡†‡’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆƤ•Š•–‘ •ǡ•’‡ ‹‡•‡š–‹ –‹‘•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”–Š”‡ƒ–•Ǣ
♦  ‡–‹˜‡• ƒ† ’‡ƒŽ–‹‡• –‘ ”‡†— ‡ ƒ”„‘ ƒ† ‘Ǧ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡ ”‡Ǧ
•‘—” ‡—•‡ǡ’”‡˜‡–ˆ—”–Š‡”†‡’Ž‡–‹‘‘”†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ
”‡†— ‡ ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ ƒ† ™ƒ•–‡ǡ ƒ† ”‡™ƒ”† •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ ’”ƒ Ǧ
–‹ ‡•ǡ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡•‘‹Žƒ†Žƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‡ ‘Ǧ
•›•–‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ

Sustainable and equitable socio-economic development

‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––Šƒ–†‡’Ž‡–‡•”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ––Š‡‡š’‡•‡‘ˆ
‘–Š‡”•’‡ ‹‡•ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹•—•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ‹‡“—‹Ǧ
–ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––Šƒ–„‡‡Ƥ–•‘Ž›ƒˆ‡™ƒ†‡š Ž—†‡•–Š‡˜ƒ•–ƒŒ‘”Ǧ
‹–› ƒ‘–„”‹‰•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽŠƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–—•–
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǣ

♦ ‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒŽ‹‰‡†™‹–Šƒ–—”‡
♦ •‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž›ȋ•‹ ‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡ ‘‘’”‘’‡”–›
‘ˆƒŽŽ„‡‹‰•Ȍ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 23

♦ ‡„ƒ•‡†‘‡“—‹–›„‡–™‡‡‰”‘—’•ǡ‰‡†‡”•ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†‹
–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”Ǥ
Inequitable develop-
•—ǡ–Š‡‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰”‡ ‘‰‹•‡•–Šƒ––Š‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘ˆ ment that benefits
‡ƒ Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‡’‡†•—’‘–Š‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘ˆƒŽŽǤ only a few and
excludes the vast
—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ„‡•—’’‘”–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ•—”‡••— Šƒ• majority cannot bring
–Š‘•‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”‡“—‹–› ƒ „‡’”‘‘–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š societal happiness
•›•–‡••— Šƒ• ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘™‡”•Š‹’ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•ƒˆ‡–›‡–•ǡ’‘˜‡”–›ƒŽŽ‡Ǧ
˜‹ƒ–‹‘ǡˆƒ‹”–”ƒ†‡”—Ž‡•ǡ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ǡˆ—ŽŽ‡’Ž‘›‡–’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ
™‘”•Šƒ”‹‰ǡƒ†‡ Šƒ‹••–‘Ž‹‹–‡š ‡•• ‘•—’–‹‘ǡ—‡ƒ”‡†
‹ ‘‡ǡƒ†’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ƒ’–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‘™‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ

—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ† ‹–• ’”‘†— –•ƒ”‡ –Š‡˜‡”› „ƒ•‹•‘ˆ‘—”•—”Ǧ

˜‹˜ƒŽƒ† Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤŠ‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š”‡ ‘‰‹•‡• –Šƒ–”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘‘†
’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ† ‘•—’–‹‘ƒ”‡˜‹–ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ‡“Ǧ
—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

Promotion of culture
—Ž–—”‡•ǡŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ƒ†‹†‹‰‡‘—•‘™Ž‡†‰‡•›•–‡•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ƒ”‡
†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ–ƒ‡˜‡ˆƒ•–‡””ƒ–‡–Šƒ•’‡ ‹‡•ǤŠ‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹Ǧ
ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ’’Ž‹‡•–‘ —Ž–—”‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–‘‡ ‘•›•–‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ 
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤŠ‡‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ••‡”–•–Š‡”‹‰Š–‘ˆ —ŽǦ
–—”‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒŽŽŽ‹ˆ‡ˆ‘”•–‘•—”˜‹˜‡ƒ†–Š”‹˜‡ǡƒ†”‡ ‘‰‹•‡•–Šƒ–
–Š‡‹”Ž‘••™‘—Ž†‹’‘˜‡”‹•ŠŠ—ƒ‹†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ•‘–‡†„›”ƒ‡–ƒŽǤ
Dz —Ž–—”‡‹•‘–•–ƒ–‹ „—–‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ†›ƒ‹  ‘ ‡’– ‘•–ƒ–Ž›‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰
ƒ† ‘–‹—‘—•Ž› ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†„›‡š–‡”ƒŽˆ‘” ‡•ƒ†„›‹–‡”ƒŽ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡dzǤ͝͡Š‹Ž‡—”–—”‹‰ƒ†•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‹‰†‹•–‹ –‹˜‡ —ŽǦ
–—”ƒŽˆ‘”•ǡ†‹• ƒ”†‹‰Šƒ”ˆ—Ž —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘–”ƒ”›–‘‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‡–ŠǦ The new development
‹ •‹•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹••‘ ‹ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ͢͝ paradigm asserts the
right of cultures as
‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘‘–‹‘‹ Ž—†‡ǣ well as all life forms
to survive and thrive,
♦ –‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ† Ž‘ ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡• ‹–‘‡†— ƒǦ and recognises that
–‹‘ƒŽ —””‹ —ŽƒǢ their loss would im-
poverish humankind
♦ –”‡‰–Š‡‹‰ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‡ ‘‘‹‡•ǡ ‘—‹–› ‡–™‘”•ǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •—’Ǧ
’‘”–•ǡƒ†‡š–‡†‡†ˆƒ‹Ž›–‹‡•Ǣ

͝͡ ”ƒǡǤ‡–ƒŽǤ͜͞͝͞„Ǥ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ  ‹†‡šǡŠ‹’Š—ǣ‡–”‡ˆ‘”

Š—–ƒ–—†‹‡•Ǥ
͢͝ Ǥ͜͜͞͝ǤŠ‡‘™‡”‘ˆ—Ž–—”‡ˆ‘”‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ—‡•†‘ Ǥ
—‡• ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‹ƒ‰‡•Ȁͤ͜͜͝Ȁͤͥ͜͜͟͝Ȁͤͥͤ͟͝͞‡Ǥ’†ˆ
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♦ —’’‘”–‹‰–Š‡ƒ”–•ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘‘•Ǣ

♦ •‹‰‡™–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘’”‘‘–‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǣ
♦ —”–—”‹‰–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ™‹•†‘ǡƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
Š‘Ž‹•–‹ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡–Šƒ–ˆ—ŽŽ›‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡•ƒ†‰‹˜‡•‡š’”‡••‹‘
–‘–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹• ”‹–‹ ƒŽǤŠ‹•Š‘Ž‹•–‹ 
‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹•‘Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡‹ˆ–‡ƒ Š‡”•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Šƒ˜‡‰‘‡–Š”‘—‰Šƒ
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥͣ͝

Good governance
Š‡‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡•–Šƒ–”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ǡ–”ƒ•Ǧ
’ƒ”‡–ƒ†ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‹–‡”‡•–ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ Ǧ
–‹˜‡ǡ ‹ˆ‘”‡† ‹–‹œ‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‡ ‡‡†•
Responsible, transpar- ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ›†‹”‡ –‹‘•‘—–Ž‹‡†ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ
ent and accountable
‘‘†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡–™‹’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆŒ—•–‹ ‡ƒ†‡“—‹–›ǣ
government in the
public interest as well ♦ ‘‰†‹ơ‡”‡–•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ‰”‘—’•Ǣ
as active, informed ♦ –Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǯ•‡ ‡••‹–‹‡•ƒ†‹•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ
citizen participa- ‡‡†•Ǣ
tion are essential
♦ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰’”‘ ‡••‡•–Šƒ–ƒơ‡ –ƒ–—”‡ǡˆ—–—”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•
ƒ†–Š‡†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡†Ǥ
Š‡’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ‰‘‘†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‹ Ž—†‡•ǣ‹’”‘˜‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•ƒ ‡••
–‘’—„Ž‹ •‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǣ‡Šƒ ‹‰ ‹–‹œ‡•ǯ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹’ŽƒǦ
‹‰Ǣ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ ƒ† ‡Ž‡ –‘”ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‡• –Š”‘—‰Š †‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹•ƒǦ
–‹‘ǢŠ‘Ž†‹‰ˆ”‡‡ƒ†ˆƒ‹”‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǣ”‡•’‡ –‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ‡†‹ƒǢ
ƒ†•–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰–Š‡”—Ž‡‘ˆŽƒ™„›‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ‘””—’–‹‘ƒ†‡•—”‹‰
–Š‡‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ•›•–‡Ǥ

ͣ͝ –‡”Ž‹‰ǡǤ͜͞͝͝Ǥ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǣ•‡– Š‹‰–Š‡

‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‰”‘—†Ǥ‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†‡ƒ Š‹‰‹ ‹‰Š‡”†— ƒ–‹‘ͥǡ͜͜͞͝Ǧ͝͝Ǥ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 25

‘š͟ǤŠ—–ƒǯ•  Œ‘—”‡›Ȃ•‘‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡

♦ Š‡ˆ‘—”’‹ŽŽƒ”•ƒ†‹‡†‘ƒ‹•‘ˆ  ‹•ƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”–Šƒ–Š—–ƒŠƒ•ˆ‘—†—•‡Ǧ
ˆ—Ž‹•‡––‹‰–ƒ”‰‡–•‹‹–•Ƥ˜‡Ǧ›‡ƒ”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’Žƒ•ǡƒ†‹–‹–‡†•–‘‡š’ƒ†–Šƒ–
–ƒ”‰‡–Ǧ•‡––‹‰ˆ— –‹‘‘˜‡”–‹‡ƒ•‹– ‘–‹—‡•–‘ Žƒ”‹ˆ›ƒ†Š‘‡‹–•‘™†‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǧ
‡–’”‹‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ

♦   —”˜‡›„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ™‹†‡•’‡ –”—‘ˆ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•’”‘˜‹†‡•‘”‡ ‘Ǧ

’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡–‘’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‡”•–‘ˆ‘•–‡”‹ˆ‘”‡††‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ǡ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰
•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ

♦   ‘—–•–Šƒ–ƒ‡‡š’Ž‹ ‹––Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‘Ǧƒ”‡–‰‘‘†•ƒ†•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ž‹‡

–Š‘•‡’”‘˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡‡ ‘•›•–‡ǡ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›™‘”ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”’”‘†— –‹˜‡ƒ••‡–•‹•„‡‹‰
‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ ‘—–‹‰•›•–‡Ǥ

♦  ‘Ž‹ › ”‡‡‹‰‘‘Ž‹•—•‡†–‘ƒ••‡••’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ’”‘Œ‡ –•ƒ†’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ›

’”‘’‘•ƒŽ–Šƒ–ˆƒ‹Ž•–Š‹•–‡•–ƒ††‡‘•–”ƒ–‡••‡”‹‘—•”‹••–‘‡ ‘Ž‘‰›ǡ —Ž–—”‡‘”Ž‘ ƒŽ
‘—‹–‹‡•‹••‡–„ƒ –‘”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‡†‡––‘‡•—”‡Šƒ”‘‹œƒ–‹‘
™‹–Š–Š‡  ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ

♦ — ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡‘ƒ” Š›–‘ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǡ™‹–Š ‹•

ƒŒ‡•–›–Š‡ ‘—”–Š‹‰Šƒ˜‹‰ Šƒ”–‡†–Š‹• ‘—”•‡ƒ•ˆƒ”„ƒ ƒ•–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͥͤ͜͝•ǤŠ‡
‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ›‡–†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰„‡‰ƒƒ––Š‡†‹•–”‹ –Ž‡˜‡Ž
‹ͥͤ͝͝ǡ–Š‡ƒ––Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǧ„Ž‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž‹ͥͥ͝͝Ǥš‡ —–‹˜‡’‘™‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‘‡™‡”‡†‡Ǧ
˜‘Ž˜‡†–‘ƒ ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‹‹•–‡”•‹ͥͥͤ͝Ǥ‘‘ƒˆ–‡”ǡ–Š‡†”ƒˆ–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǯ• ‘•–‹Ǧ
–—–‹‘„‡‰ƒƒ†ƒ–‹‘Ǧ™‹†‡ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡Š‡Ž†„‡ˆ‘”‡‹–•ƒ†‘’–‹‘‹ͤ͜͜͞ǤŠ‡
–”ƒ•‹–‹‘–‘’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›†‡‘ ”ƒ ›™‹–Š–Š‡Ƥ”•–‡Ž‡ –‹‘•‹ͤ͜͜͞Šƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡
’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘”™‹†‡”’—„Ž‹ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ

♦ Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‘ˆ‹†—‘”™‡Žˆƒ”‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‹•ƒ”‘›ƒŽ’”‡”‘‰ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†
‡•Š”‹‡†–‘†ƒ›‹–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ•ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ ‹•ƒŒ‡•–›–Š‡
‹‰ǤŠ‡‘ƒ” Š•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•’”‘˜‹†‡†Žƒ†ƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘•–
˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡•‡ –‹‘•‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›•— Šƒ• Š‹Ž†”‡ǡ‡Ž†‡”Ž›ǡ†‹•ƒ„Ž‡†ƒ†•‹ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
♦ Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆŠ—–ƒƒ†ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–͢͜τ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›”‡ƒ‹—†‡”
ˆ‘”‡•– ‘˜‡”‹’‡”’‡–—‹–›ƒ† —””‡–Ž›ǡͣ͞τ‹•—†‡”ˆ‘”‡•– ‘˜‡”Ǥ”‡•‡–Ž›ǡ͜͡τ‘ˆ–Š‡
Žƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ‹•—†‡” ‘’Ž‡–‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘™‹–Š’”‘˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘””‹Ǧ
†‘”•Ǥ”‰ƒ‹ ˆƒ”‹‰ƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡™‹†‡Ž›’”‘‘–‡†Ǥ
Š—–ƒŠƒ•ƒŽ•‘ ‘‹––‡†–‘”‡ƒ‹ƒ‡– ƒ”„‘•‹‹’‡”’‡–—‹–›Ǥ

♦ ”‡‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†™‹–Š”—”ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š Ž‹‹ •ƒ†• Š‘‘Ž•

–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ

♦ Š‡ ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜‹ ‡’”‘˜‹†‡•͞͝†ƒ›•‘ˆ’ƒ‹†„‡”‡ƒ˜‡‡–Ž‡ƒ˜‡ƒ––‹‡•‘ˆ†‡ƒ–Š‘ˆ‹‡Ǧ

†‹ƒ–‡ˆƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”•ǤŠ‹•ƒŽŽ‘™• ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜ƒ–•‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”‰”‹‡˜‹‰ǡƒ†–‹‡–‘
‘†— –‡ ‡••ƒ”› ‡”‡‘‹‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰ˆ—‡”ƒŽƒ†ƤƒŽ”‹–‡•ˆ‘”Ž‘˜‡†‘‡•Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘
ƒ’‡”‹‘††—”‹‰™Š‹ Šˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†ˆ”‹‡†• ‘‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘•—’’‘”–‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‹•
‘–”‹„—–‡•–‘‹’”‘˜‡†™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•‹–‡”•‘ˆ ‘—‹–›˜‹–ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†–‹‡
—•‡Ǥ
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(C) Use of resources in the New Development Paradigm

‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘•‘ ‹‡–›–‘‡‡–„ƒ•‹ ‡‡†•”‡ˆ‡”–‘–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽǡ
Š—ƒǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ••‡–•‘™Š‹ Š•‘ ‹‡–›—•–†”ƒ™–‘‡•Ǧ
–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‡•›•–‡•ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡––Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ

‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽƒ ‘—–‹‰•›•–‡• ‘˜‡”‘Ž›‹˜‡•–‡–‹ƒ††‡’”‡Ǧ

‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ ‘‘‹ ȋ’”‘†— ‡†Ȍƒ••‡–•Ž‹‡„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡƒ Š‹‡”›ǡ–”ƒ•Ǧ
’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”Š—ƒƒ”–‡ˆƒ –•ƒ†•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ ‘™Ǧ
‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š”‡•–•‘ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†Dzˆ—ŽŽ ‘•–dz
ƒ ‘—–‹‰•›•–‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠƒŽ•‘ƒ ‘—–•ˆ‘”ǣ

♦ ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǣŠ‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ‹–•„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ†
–Š‡‡ ‘•›•–‡‰‘‘†•ƒ†•‡”˜‹ ‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”•—”˜‹˜ƒŽǡ Ž‹Ǧ
ƒ–‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǡŠƒ„‹–ƒ–ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ•’‡ ‹‡•ǡ™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž›ǡˆ‘‘†ǡƤ„”‡ǡˆ—‡Žǡ
”‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ‡‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ
‡ ‘‘‹ ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
♦ ‘ ‹ƒŽƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǣŠ‡™‡„‘ˆ‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘‡ Ǧ
–‹‘•ǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡–™‘”•ǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ
–”—•–ǡƒ† –Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡• –Šƒ– ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡
Š—ƒ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•ƒ† ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘Š‡Ǧ
•‹‘ǡ˜‹„”ƒ– ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ‰‘‘†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡƒ†–Š‡Š—ƒ‡‡†
ˆ‘”„‡Ž‘‰‹‰Ǥ
♦ —ƒ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǣ —ƒ „‡‹‰• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ƒ––”‹„—–‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰
’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ†‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†‘–Š‡” ƒ’ƒ ‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–‡Ǧ
ƒ„Ž‡’‡‘’Ž‡–‘„‡’”‘†— –‹˜‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›ǤŠ‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ˆ—ŽƤŽŽǦ
‹‰‡’Ž‘›‡–ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ˆ”‡‡–‹‡ˆ‘”ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ǡŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ
”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›‘”‘–Š‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ’—”•—‹–•Ǥ
ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‡•‘—” ‡•‹•ƒ••—„Œ‡ ––‘†‡’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ•’”‘†— ‡†‘”ƒǦ
—ˆƒ –—”‡†ƒ••‡–•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ

♦ ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ”‡†‡’Ž‡–‡†™Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–•ƒ”‡‘˜‡”ǦŽ‘‰‰‡†ǡƒ‹”’‘ŽǦ
Ž—–‡†ǡ•‘‹Žƒ†™ƒ–‡”•‘—” ‡•†‡‰”ƒ†‡†ǡ‘”–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‘˜‡”Ž‘ƒ†Ǧ
‡†™‹–Š ƒ”„‘Ǥ
♦ ‘ ‹ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ”‡†‹‹‹•Š‡† ™Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ƒ† ”‹‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ǡƒ†™Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”•†‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡
ƒ•‘ˆ–‡Šƒ’’‡•‹”—”ƒŽǦ—”„ƒ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
♦ —ƒ”‡•‘—” ‡•†‡’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡™Š‡”ƒ–‡•‘ˆ†‹ƒ„‡–‡•ǡ•–”‡••ǡ†‡’”‡•Ǧ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 27

•‹‘ǡ •—‹ ‹†‡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡–ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ‹Ž‡–• ”‹•‡ǡ
™Š‡ •‹ŽŽ ƒ† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž• †‡ Ž‹‡ǡ ‘” ™Š‡ ˆ”‡‡ –‹‡ ‹•
•“—‡‡œ‡†‘—–„›‘˜‡”™‘”Ǥ

Š‡’”—†‡–ǡ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡—•‡‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡”‡•‘—” ‡•‹•
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡›†‘‘–†‡’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡‹˜ƒŽ—‡ǡƒ†
–Šƒ–ˆ—–—”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒŽ•‘‡Œ‘›–Š‡„‡‡Ƥ–•–Š‡›’”‘˜‹†‡Ǥ

(D) Outcome: Equitable and sustainable society - Bhutan’s experiment

‘ ‹ƒŽ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ƒ„‡•–„‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†—•‹‰‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š An important step
ƒ†™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡƒ–—”‡ƒ†Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥͤ͝Šƒ–‹•‡ƒ•Ǧ towards a new
—”‡†ƒ† ‘—–‡†‘–‘Ž›”‡ƪ‡ –••‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•„—–†‹”‡ –Ž›‹ƪ—‡ ‡• paradigm is the re-
™Š‹ Š‹••—‡•Šƒ˜‡’”‹‘”‹–›‘–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‰‡†ƒ‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ— Š placement of narrow
‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‡‡ƒ”Ž›™ƒ”‹‰•‹‰ƒŽ•–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™–‹‡Ž›”‡‡†‹ƒŽ economic indica-
’‘Ž‹ › ƒ –‹‘ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ”‹•‡• †‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǥ  ‹’‘”–ƒ– •–‡’ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ‡™ tors with compre-
’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡”‡’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆƒ””‘™‡ ‘‘‹ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ hensive indicators
‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•„ƒ•‡†‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–ŠƒŽ‘‡ǡ™‹–Š ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡‹†‹Ǧ of living metrics
ƒ–‘”•‘ˆŽ‹˜‹‰‡–”‹ •–‘ˆ‘ —•ƒ––‡–‹‘‘–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘ˆ
”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ‹˜‹‰•›•–‡•Ǥ

Š—–ƒǯ•   †‡š‹•‘‡•— Š‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ„ƒŽƒ ‡†ƒ•Ǧ

•‡••‡––‘‘Žˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰–Š‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†‘—– ‘‡•‘ˆ
ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›‹ƒ‘”‡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡™ƒ›–Šƒ‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Š”‘—‰Š ‘˜‡Ǧ
–‹‘ƒŽ Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǥ–Š‡”—Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•‘ˆ
’”‘‰”‡••ƒ”‡„‡‹‰‡š’Ž‘”‡†„› ‘—–”‹‡•ǡ‘Ǧ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ‰”‘—’•ƒ†
‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥͥ͝

Š‡   †‡š‹•ƒ™‘”Ǧ‹Ǧ’”‘‰”‡••ƒ†‹• ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›”‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•‹–‹•

ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‹‰ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ‹–Š‡Ž’•’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ
—•‡ˆ—ŽƤ”•–•–‡’‹ƒ••‡••‹‰–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǯ•’”‘‰”‡••‹”‡ƒŽ‹•‹‰–Š‡‘—–Ǧ
‘‡‘ˆ‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ†‹ˆ—ŽƤŽŽ‹‰–Š‡‡‡†•
‘ˆƒ–—”‡ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ‘—‹–›ƒ†–Š‡‡ ‘‘›Ǥ  –‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š‹–•
†‡š‹•Dzƒ†›ƒ‹  ‘ ‡’––Šƒ–—•–”‡•’‘† ‘•–ƒ–Ž›–‘”‡ƒŽ ŠƒŽǦ
Ž‡‰‡•‹–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™‘”Ž†dz͜͞‹‘”†‡”–‘„‡‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ
ͤ͝ ‘”–‡ǡǤ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‡—”•—‹–‘ˆ ƒ’’‹‡••ǣ‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ
Š––’ǣȀȀŽ‹˜‹‰‡ ‘‘‹‡•ˆ‘”—Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‡™Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǧ’ƒ”ƒ†‰Ǥ
ͥ͝  ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ ƒ’’›Žƒ‡– †‡šǡ™™™ǤŠƒ’’›’Žƒ‡–‹†‡šǤ‘”‰Ǣ ‡—‹‡”‘‰Ǧ
”‡•• †‹ ƒ–‘”ȋ  ȌǢ‡––‡”‹ˆ‡ †‡šǡŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘‡ †„‡––‡”Ž‹ˆ‡‹†‡šǤ‘”‰
͜͞ ƒ ƒŽŽǡǤͣ͜͜͞Ǥ –”‘†— –‹‘‹Š‡‡–”‡ˆ‘”Š—–ƒ–—†‹‡•Ǥͣ͜͜͞Ǥ
‡–Š‹‹‰‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ȃ”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ‡ ‘† –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ ”‘••
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡••ǡ’’Ǥš‹Ǧššš‹˜ǤŠ‹’Š—ǣŠ‡‡–”‡ˆ‘”Š—–ƒ–—†‹‡•Ǥ
28 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

‹‰—”‡ͥǤ‹‡†‘ƒ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡   †‡š

Š‡   †‡š‹• ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹‡†‘ƒ‹•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‹Ǧ

–‡†‡†–‘„‡”‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ†—’†ƒ–‡†–‘”‡ƪ‡ – Šƒ‰‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǣ

 ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†”‡•‹Ž‹‡ ‡Ǥ —ƒŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ –‹˜Ǧ

‹–›†‡’‡†—’‘ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š›‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‡ ‘•›•–‡™Š‹ Š ƒ„‡ˆ‘•–‡”‡†ǡˆ‘”
‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š’”‘˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ’”‘–‡ –‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘””‹†‘”•ǡ‘—–Ǧ
Žƒ™‹‰‘ˆ ”—‡Žˆƒ”‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†•Š‹ˆ–•–‘‘”‰ƒ‹ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‡
  †‡š —””‡–Ž›—•‡•ˆ‘—”‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•–‘ƒ••‡••‡ ‘•›•–‡Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ Ǧ
‘”†‹‰–‘Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡ—”„ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†
’‡‘’Ž‡•ǯˆ‡Ž–Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

‹ ‡–Š‡   †‡š‹•„ƒ•‡†‘•—”˜‡›†ƒ–ƒǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–†‘‡•‘–ƒ†Ǧ

‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ••‡••‡ ‘•›•–‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ – ‹•ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†
–Šƒ–ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†ǤŠ‡•‡™‘—Ž†ˆ‘ —•‘ǡ
ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ƒ –‹˜‹–› •— Š ƒ• †‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ǡ •‘‹Ž
†‡’Ž‡–‹‘ǡŽ‘••‘ˆ„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‘˜‡”Šƒ”˜‡•–‹‰‘ˆ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹•‡†•’‡ ‹‡•
ƒ†‘–Š‡”—•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǣƒ†‘ƒ••‡••‹‰Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆƒ‹”ƒ†™ƒǦ
–‡”’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡‹••‹‘•ƒ† ƒ”„‘•‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡˆ‘”‡•–
‘˜‡”ƒ†ƒ‰‡ǡ•’‡ ‹‡•†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ†‡’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡•ǡƒ†‘”‡Ǥ

‹˜‹‰•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǤŠ‡   †‡šǡƒ• —””‡–Ž› ‘•–‹–—–‡†ǡˆ‘ —•‡•‘

Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†‹ ‘‡ǡƒ••‡–•ƒ†Š‘—•‹‰“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ••‡••Ǧ
‡–•‘ˆ‹ ‘‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡ’‘˜‡”–›ǡ‡ ‘‘‹ •‡ —”‹–›ƒ†‘–Š‡”‡›
‡ ‘‘‹ ‘—– ‘‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘–Š‡•‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ǡŠ‘™Ǧ
‡˜‡”ǡ †‹ơ‡”• ƒ”‡†Ž› ˆ”‘ —””‡– Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǥ Š‡› ˆ‘ —•
‘‘—– ‘‡•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ ‹’—–• Ž‹‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Š–Šƒ– ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›
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™‹†‡–Š‡‰ƒ’„‡–™‡‡”‹ Šƒ†’‘‘”ǡ‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹‡“—‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†

ƒ›‹’”‘˜‡Ž‹˜‹‰•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ˆ‘”•‘‡•‡‰‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ ‡ƒ––Š‡
‡š’‡•‡‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ

‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ‘ ‡’–‹‘•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠŠƒ˜‡Ž‘‰ƒ‰‘‘˜‡†„‡›‘†–Š‡•‹Ǧ
’Ž‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ†‹•‡ƒ•‡ƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡‡š’‡ –ƒ ›–‘‹ Ž—†‡ƒ›
‘–Š‡”†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆ Š‡ƒŽ–Š –Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡ƪ‡ –‡† ‹ –Š‡‘–Š‡”  †‘Ǧ
ƒ‹•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ”‡’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ž† ‡ƒŽ–Š”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”
ƒ‡–‹”‡Ž›‡™ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––Šƒ–‹ Ž—†‡•‹’”‘˜‹‰†ƒ‹Ž›
Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‹˜‡•–‡–‹‡ƒ”Ž› Š‹Ž††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ
’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ ”‘••–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘—”•‡Ȍǡƒ†”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡ —””‡–‹‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”ǡ‘‡›ƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ͞͝

†— ƒ–‹‘ ‹••‡‡ƒ•–Š‡ Dz‰Ž—‡dz–Šƒ– Œ‘‹•ƒŽŽ‹‡  †‘ƒ‹•Ǥ ‘”

‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–”‡“—‹”‡•‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›Ǣƒ
Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ”‡“—‹”‡• Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ† —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›Ǣ ƒ ˜‹„”ƒ–
—Ž–—”‡ ”‡“—‹”‡• ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”–• What is measured
ƒ† ”ƒˆ–•ǡ ƒ† •‘ ‘Ǥ Š—•ǡ †‹‡•‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ †‘ƒ‹ ‰‘ and counted not
™‡ŽŽ„‡›‘†–Š‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆˆ‘”ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ only reflects societal
ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––ƒ‹‡–ǡ–‘‹ Ž—†‡•‘‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ values but directly
‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǦŽ‘‰Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ influences which
issues have priority
—Ž–—”ƒŽ†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†”‡•‹Ž‹‡ ‡ǤŠ‡‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡‹• on the policy agenda
†‹• —••‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆˆ‘—”†‹‡•‹‘•‹–Š‡  ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǣŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡
ƒ†‹–••›„‘Ž‹ ƒ†‹†‡–‹–›•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ ‡Ǣƒ”–ƒ†ƒ”–‹•ƒƒŽ•‹ŽŽ•Ǣ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ
—Ž–—”ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǣ ƒ† †”‹‰ŽƒȀƒœŠƒ ȋ–Š‡ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ Šƒ”‘›Ȍǡ ƒ
—‹“—‡Ž›Š—–ƒ‡•‡†‹‡•‹‘”‡ˆ‡””‹‰–‘–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ†”‡••ǡ ‘•—’Ǧ
–‹‘Šƒ„‹–•ǡƒ––‹–—†‡•ƒ†„‘†›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹‡š’”‡••‹‰ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰
•‘ ‹ƒŽŠƒ”‘›Ǥ

‘—‹–›˜‹–ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ’‹”‹ ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•‹†‡–‹ˆ› ‘—‹–›ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ

–Š‡‘•–•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ–†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ǤŠ‡   †‡š‹†‹ ƒǦ
–‘”• ‘˜‡”•‡˜‡ƒŒ‘”ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ ‘—‹–›™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ǣˆƒ‹Ž›˜‹–ƒŽ‹–›ǡ
•ƒˆ‡–›ǡ”‡ ‹’”‘ ‹–›ǡ–”—•–ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹•Š‹’†‡Ǧ
•‹–›Ǥ

‹‡—•‡ƒ†„ƒŽƒ ‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡•‘ˆ’”‘‰”‡••ˆ‘ —•

ƒŽ‘•–‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›‘’ƒ‹†™‘”–‹‡ǡ–Š‡   †‡š˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒŽŽ†‹‡Ǧ

͞͝  ͤ͜͜͞ǤŽ‘•‹‰–Š‡‰ƒ’‹ƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǣ ‡ƒŽ–Š‡“—‹–›–Š”‘—‰Šƒ –‹‘‘

–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ‘‹••‹‘‘–Š‡‘ ‹ƒŽ‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆ ‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ
‡‡˜ƒǣ‘”Ž† ‡ƒŽ–Š”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
30 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

•‹‘•‘ˆƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ•–‹‡ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰—’ƒ‹†Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†ƒ†˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›
™‘”ƒ†Ž‡‹•—”‡–‹‡Ǥ‘–Š‹•‡†ǡƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡‹‡•‡—”˜‡›
ƒ••‡••‡•–‡’‘”ƒŽ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ȋ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†’ƒ•–ǡ’”‡•‡–‘” ˆ—Ǧ
–—”‡Ȍǡ™‘”ȀŽ‡‹•—”‡„ƒŽƒ ‡ǡ™‘”’Žƒ ‡–ƒ•˜‡”•—••‘ ‹ƒŽ–‹‡ǡ‘”‹‡–ƒǦ
–‹‘–‘™ƒ”† Ž‘ ‘”‡˜‡––‹‡ǡ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’ƒ ‡‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǡƒ––‹–—†‡•–‘™ƒ”†
•‹Ž‡ ‡ǡ‹†Ž‡–‹‡ǡ™ƒ‹–‹‰ǡŽ‡‹•—”‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ–‹‡—•‡Ǥ

‘‘†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‡ƒ„Ž‡•–Š‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡†‘ƒ‹•‹–‘
’‘Ž‹ ›–Šƒ–‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›”‡ƒŽ‹•‡•–Š‡•‡‹–‡†‡†™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘—– ‘‡•Ǥ ‘‘†
‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ‹ Ž—†‡• –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ǡ ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ˆ”‡‡†‘ ˆ”‘
‘””—’–‹‘Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ‹Ǧ
Ž—•‹‘ƒ†‡ƒ„Ž‹‰‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽƒ –‘”•Ǣ–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ’‘™‡”•Šƒ”‹‰‹ƒ†
ƒ’ƒ ‹–› –‘ ‹ƪ—‡ ‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹  ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǣ ˆ”‡‡†‘•‘ˆ
‡š’”‡••‹‘ƒ†‡†‹ƒǢƒ†’”‘‰”ƒ•–‘’”‘‘–‡”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹˜‡Œ—•–‹ ‡ƒ†
‘–Š‡”Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ†Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ

•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‹•‘ˆ–‡‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ•–Š‡‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š†‹‡Ǧ

•‹‘‘ˆ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹ƒ›‡š‹•–‹‰“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒ†
‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•›•–‡•Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹–•†‡ Žƒ”‡†‹–‡––‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”
Š—ƒŠƒ’’‹‡••ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŠ—–ƒŠƒ• Š‘•‡–‘†‡Ƥ‡’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ•ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†‘ƒ‹‹‹–•   †‡š–‘‹ Ž—†‡‡ƒ•—”‡•
‘ˆ•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰–Šƒ–ƒ––‡’––‘‰ƒ—‰‡–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡ƒ†•–”‡‰–Š
‘ˆ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ǡ‡ƒ‹‰‹Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—Ǧ
–‘‘›Ǥ

Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ •— Š —Ž–‹Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ‘—– ‘‡ ƒ••‡••‡– ‹• –‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”•‘ ‹‡–›–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‰ƒ’•ǡ–‘•‡‡
™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ’”‹‘”‹–‹‡• –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ •‡– ƒ† –Š‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘• –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ‡Ǧ
’Ž‘›‡†‹–Š‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ”‡‘–”ƒ ǡ–Š—••—’’‘”–‹‰‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡’‘Ž‹Ǧ
›†‡ ‹•‹‘•ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ

Limitations of GNH Index

Š‡   †‡š‹•‘–™‹–Š‘—–‹–•Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡ †‡š‹•‘–‹–‡†‡†
–‘„‡ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‘ˆŠƒ’’‹‡••ǡ„—–‹•Dz‡ƒ––‘‘”‹‡––Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡
ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• Šƒ’’‹‡••dz „› ‹’”‘˜‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ͞͞
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ †‡š‹•‘ˆ–‡‹•‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ•ƒ†‹”‡ –‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆŠƒ’’‹Ǧ
‡••ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒ„‡‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰Ǥ

͞͞ ”ƒǡǤ‡–ƒŽǤ͜͞͝͞ƒǤ•Š‘”–‰—‹†‡–‘ ”‘••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡•• †‡šǡŠ‹Ǧ

’Š—ǣ‡–”‡ˆ‘”Š—–ƒ–—†‹‡•Ǥ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 31

•™‹–Šƒ›‡™ƒ––‡’–ƒ–—Ž–‹Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ••‡••‡–ǡ–Š‡”‡
ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽƒ—„‡”‘ˆ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽƒ†‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•™‹–Š–Š‡
  †‡šǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ǣ†‹ƥ —Ž–‹‡•‹‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–•ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹Ǧ
ƒŽˆ‘”—Žƒ‡ƒ†‹–Š‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–•’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–”‡•—Ž–•–‘
’‘Ž‹ › ƒ† ’—„Ž‹  ƒ—†‹‡ ‡•Ǣ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ™ƒ› ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ”‡ ‘”Ǧ
”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘”‡ƒ Š ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘•ƒ‘‰”‡‰‹‘•ƒ†‰”‘—’•ƒ•
™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ„‘—–†ƒ–ƒ”‘„—•–‡••ƒ––Š‘•‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǣƒ†–Š‡™‘”†‹‰ƒ† Š‘‹ ‡
‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”“—‡•–‹‘•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘–Š‡”‹••—‡•Ǥ

‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡•‡‡ƒ•Dz–‡‡–Š‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•dz‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›’Šƒ•‡•‘ˆ
™Šƒ–‹•ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ›ƒ„‹–‹‘—•‡ơ‘”––‘‡ƒ•—”‡–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǯ•’”‘‰”‡••Š‘Ž‹•Ǧ
–‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›‹– ƒ„‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡˜‡”›‡ơ‘”––‘‡ƒ•—”‡’”‘‰”‡••
‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Ž›ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ‡•–Š‡   †‡šƒˆƒ”‘”‡‹ Ž—•‹˜‡–‘‘Ž GNH Index is meant
–ŠƒŽ‹‹–‡† Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‰”‘™–Š‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‡†‡ ‘‘‹ †ƒ–ƒǤ to orient the people
and the nation
•‡ ‘†ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ••‡••‡–‹•ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ ‘—–‹‰‡ Šƒ‹•–Šƒ– towards happiness
‰‘‡•„‡›‘† —””‡–•›•–‡•–Šƒ–†‡Ƥ‡ƒƒ–‹‘ǯ•™‡ƒŽ–Š‹’—”‡Ž›ƒǦ
–‡”‹ƒŽǡƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†ƒ†Ƥƒ ‹ƒŽ–‡”•Ǥ‹‡–Š‡   †‡šǡˆ—ŽŽǦ ‘•–
ƒ ‘—–‹‰‹••–‹ŽŽƒ‡š’‡”‹‡–‹Š—–ƒ–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ‘”‡ƒ —”ƒ–‡
ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘—”™‡ƒŽ–ŠǤŠ‹• ‘’”‹•‡•–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” Ǧ
‡•ƒ†–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ•—•–ƒ‹‹‰‡ ‘•›•–‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•–Š‡›’”‘˜‹†‡ǢŠ—ƒƒ••‡–•
Ž‹‡Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†•‹ŽŽ•Ǣƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ••‡–•Ž‹‡–Š‡
•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”•ǡ•ƒˆ‡ƒ††›ƒ‹  ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†‹†‹‰Ǧ
‡‘—•Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡•›•–‡•Ǥ
32 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

‘š͠Ǥ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰–‘’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‹‰

Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•—‰‰‡•–‡†Š‡”‡‹•‘–‘Ž› ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‘”–Š‡‘”‡–‹Ǧ

ƒŽǤ – ƒ†‹”‡ –Ž›‹’ƒ ––Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‘ơ‡”’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‘’–‹‘•‹
•’Š‡”‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ —””‡–Ž›‘–‡š’Ž‘”‡†ˆ—ŽŽ›„›’Žƒ‡”•ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‡”•Ǥ

Š‡‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ƒ‹’”‘˜‡’Žƒ‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ȃ

Ȉ –Š‡•Š‘”––‡”–‘ǣ

͝Ǥ ‡–‘”‡‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ƒ†™‹†‡Ǧ”ƒ‰‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ†–ƒ”‰‡–•–Šƒ–Šƒ”‘Ǧ

‹•‡•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǣ
͞Ǥ ”‘˜‹†‡‘”‡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ —”ƒ–‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡–‘’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‡”•–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡
‹ˆ‘”‡††‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǣ
͟Ǥ ”‘˜‹†‡ƒ’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧ• ”‡‡‹‰–‘‘Ž–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›Ž‹ƒ‰‡•ƒ†–”ƒ†‡Ǧ‘ơ•ƒ‘‰†‡˜‡ŽǦ
‘’‡–‘’–‹‘•Ǥ

Š‡•‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’Žƒ‹‰ ƒ„‡‹’Ž‡‡–‡†™‹–Š‘—–†‡Žƒ›ƒ†

”‡“—‹”‡‘Ž›ƒ•Š‹ˆ–‹˜‹‡™ƒ†„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡™‹†‡Ž›Ǥ

Ȉ –Š‡‡†‹—–‡”–‘ǣ

͝Ǥ ‡†‡ƒ”Ž›™ƒ”‹‰•‹‰ƒŽ•–Šƒ––”‹‰‰‡”’”‡˜‡–‹˜‡”‡‡†‹ƒŽƒ –‹‘„‡ˆ‘”‡ ”‹•‡•

†‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǣ
͞Ǥ Šƒ ‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›–‘ƒ••‡••™Š‹ Š‡š‹•–‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ‡•ƒ”‡™‘”‹‰ƒ†™Š‹ Šƒ”‡
‘–Ǣ
͟Ǥ ”‘˜‹†‡ Ž‡ƒ”‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ–‘Š‘Ž†‰‘˜‡”‡–•ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

Š‡•‡ˆ— –‹‘•”‡“—‹”‡‘”‡‹Ǧ†‡’–Š”‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆƒ

ƒ–‹‘ǯ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ••‡••‡–•‘ˆ–”‡†•‘˜‡”–‹‡Ǥ

Ȉ –Š‡Ž‘‰–‡”–‘ǣ

͝Ǥ ”‘˜‹†‡ƒ—‹ˆ›‹‰•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽˆ‘” ‡„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ‰”‡‡†ƒ†‹ Ž—•‹˜‡‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ’—”’‘•‡•ǡ

‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ǡƒ†‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǣ
͞Ǥ ‡˜‡”•‡‡š‹•–‹‰†‡•–”— –‹˜‡–”‡†•ƒ† ”‹•‡•„›˜ƒŽ—‹‰ƒ–—”ƒŽǡŠ—ƒǡƒ†
•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǣ
͟Ǥ ‡Ǧ•–”— –—”‡–Š‡‡ ‘‘›„› ”‡ƒ–‹‰Ƥƒ ‹ƒŽ‹ ‡–‹˜‡•ƒ†’‡ƒŽ–‹‡•ȋƒ†
Š‡ ‡’”‹ ‹‰‰‘‘†•ƒ†•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ȍǡ–‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ– ‘Ǧ
–”‹„—–‡–‘™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ††‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–—†‡”‹‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ǥ

Š‡•‡‘—– ‘‡•”‡ƪ‡ –•›•–‡‹ ƒ†•–”— –—”ƒŽ•Š‹ˆ–•–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ‘ —”ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ‡Ǧ

–Š‘†‹ ƒŽƒ†‘’–‹‘ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 33

(E) Happiness skills

Š‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ‰‡†ƒ ƒ‘–‹ƒ†‘ˆ‹–•‡Žˆ‡‰‡†‡”•‘ ‹Ǧ
‡–ƒŽŠƒ’’‹‡••ǤŠƒ–‹– ƒ†‘‹••Šƒ’‡–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†‘–Š‡”‡ ‡••ƒ”›
‘†‹–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ ‘†— ‹˜‡–‘ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›™Š‘•‡‡„‡”•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡„‡•–
‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘’—”•—‡–Š‡‹”ˆ—ŽŽŠ—ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤŠ‹•‹•‘–Œ—•–ƒ–Š‡‘Ǧ
”‡–‹ ƒŽ ‘•–”— –ƒ•–Š‡”‡‹•‘™”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–Ǧ
‹‰–Šƒ–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ǡŽ‹ˆ‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ƒ†Šƒ’’‹‡••ƒ”‡
‰”‡ƒ–Ž›‡Šƒ ‡†™Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǣ

♦ ‹˜‡‹•ƒˆ‡‡‹‰Š„‘—”Š‘‘†•™Š‡”‡–Š‡›–”—•––Š‡‹”‡‹‰Š„‘—”•”ƒ–Š‡” The inner transforma-

–Šƒ‹Š‹‰Š ”‹‡ƒ”‡ƒ•™Š‡”‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒˆ”ƒ‹†–‘™ƒŽ–Š‡•–”‡‡–•ƒ– tion of our own mind-
‹‰Š–Ǣ͟͞ sets and behaviours
is as important for
♦ ƒ˜‡ ƒ’Ž‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  •‡ —”‹–› –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ –Š‡ ‡ ‡••‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ –‘
happiness as the trans-
–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒŽ‹˜‡‹’‘˜‡”–›Ǧ•–”‹ ‡•–”ƒ‹–•™‹–Š–Š‡’‡”Ǧ
formation of the outer
’‡–—ƒŽ•–”‡••ǡƒš‹‡–›ǡƒ†— ‡”–ƒ‹–›‘ˆƒ “—‹”‹‰ˆ‘‘†ǡ•Š‡Ž–‡”ƒ†
conditions of wellbeing
Ž‘–Š‹‰Ǣ
♦ ”‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š›”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽ›‘”‡–ƒŽŽ›•‹ ‘”†‹•ƒ„Ž‡†Ǣ
♦ ƒ˜‡ Ž‡ƒƒ‹”–‘„”‡ƒ–Š‡ǡ•ƒˆ‡™ƒ–‡”–‘†”‹ǡ‰”‡‡•’ƒ ‡•ˆ‘””‡ ”‡Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š›ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡‡ ‡••‹–‹‡•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡
‘‡ƒ”–Šǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒŽ‹˜‡ƒ•Dz‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ”‡ˆ—‰‡‡•dz‹ƒ™‘”Ž†‘ˆ
†‡’Ž‡–‡†ƒ††‡‰”ƒ†‡†”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǣ
♦ ”‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„Ž‡”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‹‰‘”ƒ–Ǣ
♦ ƒ˜‡•–”‘‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”•ƒ†ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†
‘—‹–›Ǥ͞͠
‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰‡†–‘’”‘†— ‡–Š‡•‡ƒ†‘–Š‡”™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰
‘—– ‘‡•ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”› ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡Š—ƒ

͟͞ ‡‡ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ‹††Ž‡–‘ǡ Ǥͥͥͤ͝Ǥ”‹‡‹•ƒ’—„Ž‹ Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ

‡†‹ ‹‡ǡ‘ƪ‹ –ƒ†—”˜‹˜ƒŽǡ͝͠ǡ͞͠Ǧͤ͞Ǣƒ ‹–›”‡ǡǤƬŽŽƒ™ƒ›ǡǤ͜͜͜͞Ǥ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǣ‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ ‡”ƒǡ
Ǥ Ǥƒ†ƒ™ƒ Š‹ǡ Ǥǡ‡†•Ǥ‘ ‹ƒŽ‡’‹†‡‹‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‡™‘”ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ’’Ǥ
͟͟͞Ȁͤ͟͠Ǣƒ’•‘ǡǤ Ǥ͜͜͟͞Ǥ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ‘–‡š–ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Šǣ‡••‘•ˆ”‘•‘ ‹Ǧ
‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ƒ™ƒ Š‹ǡ ƒ†‡”ƒǡǤ Ǥǡ‡†•Ǥ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ’’Ǥ͟͝͞Ǧ͢͝͠Ǥ‡™
‘”ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǣ‡ ‡•—•ǡǤ‡–ƒŽǤ͜͜͞͝Ǥ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†
•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•ƒˆ‡–›ǣ ‡ƒŽ–Š‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡ƒŽ–ŠƬŽƒ ‡ǡ͢͝ȋ͡Ȍǡ
’’Ǥͣ͜͜͝Ǧ͜͟͝͝Ǥ
͞͠  –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰ ”‘—’Ǥ͜͟͞͝Ǥ‡’‘”–‘‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ƭ ƒ’’‹Ǧ
‡••ǣ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘™ƒ”†•Š—–ƒǯ•‡’‘”–„›  ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ƭ
ƒ’’‹‡••‘”‹‰ ”‘—’ǢŠ‹’Š—ǣ‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǣ
ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ ƒŽǡ Ǥǡ ‘Ž†‹‰ǡǤƒ†ƒŽƒ––‹ǡ Ǥ͜͜͞͝Ǥ—‹Ž†‹‰‘—‹–‹‡•ǣǡŽ‹ˆ‡Ž‘‰
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽǤ–Š‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ™‘”†’‘”–”ƒ‹–•”‡’‘”–‹‰”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘†— –‡†
ˆ‘”–Š‡†—Ž–ǡ‘—‹–›ƒ† —”–Š‡”†— ƒ–‹‘‘ƒ”†ǡ‹ –‘”‹ƒǤ‡Ž„‘—”‡ǣ”‹•Ǥ
34 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

„‡‹‰•–‘’—”•—‡–Š‡‹”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆƒ”„‡›‘†–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ “—‹•‹–‹˜‡‡••
‘ˆ–Š‡ —””‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ

†›‡–ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘Ž›‡ƒ•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‡†•Ǥ‹–Š‘—–
–Š‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ•‹ŽŽ•ǡƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡‹”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǡƒ’‡”•‘ƒ›
Šƒ˜‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ž‹•–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ†‘”‡ǡƒ†•–‹ŽŽ„‡‹•‡”ƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‡
‹‡”–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘—”‘™‹†Ǧ•‡–•ƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•‹•ƒ•‹’‘”Ǧ
–ƒ– ˆ‘” Šƒ’’‹‡•• ƒ• –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘—–‡” ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ
™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ǥ

Personal tools for transformation

‘• ‹‘—•’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ†•‹ŽŽ•Ȃ†”ƒ™ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ˆ”‘Š—ƒŠ‹•–‘”‹Ǧ
ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ†™‹•†‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǡ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ† ‘†‡”
Bhutan’s culture has • ‹‡ ‡• ȋŽ‹‡ ‡—”‘• ‹‡ ‡ǡ’‘•‹–‹˜‡’•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘Ǧ
a rich tradition of Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ •ǡ‡– ǤȌȂƒ”‡‡‡†‡†–‘‡Žƒ”‰‡‘—”•‡•‡‘ˆƒ ‘‘
profound wisdom Š—ƒ‹–›•Šƒ”‹‰ƒ ‘‘ˆƒ–‡‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ
teachings and medi-
tative practices, Š—–ƒǯ• ‘™ —Ž–—”‡ Šƒ• ƒ ”‹ Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”‘ˆ‘—† ™‹•†‘ –‡ƒ ŠǦ
designed to realise our ‹‰•ƒ†‡†‹–ƒ–‹˜‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ†‡•‹‰‡†–‘”‡ƒŽ‹•‡‘—”‹•‡’ƒ”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ”‘
inseparability from ‘—”™‘”Ž†ƒ†ˆ”‘‘—”ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™„‡‹‰•ǡƒ•–Š‡’ƒ–Š–‘‰‡—‹‡Šƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ
our world and from Š‡•‡ ‡–Š‘†• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ –”‹‡†ǡ –‡•–‡† ƒ† ˆ‘—† ‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘˜‡” Š—Ǧ
our fellow beings †”‡†• ‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•ǡ ƒ† ’ƒ••‡† ‘ ˆ”‘ ‘‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‡š–Ǥ ‘”‡
”‡ ‡–Ž›‹‘†‡”• ‹‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•Š‘™–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡
’Š›•‹ ƒŽǡ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‡–ƒŽ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰–Šƒ–—†‡”Ž‹‡–Š‡’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹Ǧ
ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆŠƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ͞͡

Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ‹†ˆ—Ž‡••‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡–ŠǦ
‘†•Ǥ –‹•ƒDzŠƒ’’‹‡•••‹ŽŽdz†‡•‹‰‡†–‘Š‡Ž’’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”•”‡ƒŽ‹•‡–Š‡‹”
ˆ—ŽŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡–”—‡‹•‹‰Š––Šƒ– ‘‡•ˆ”‘ƒ•‡•‡‘ˆ
‘‡‡••™‹–Š–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ‹†ˆ—Ž‡••‹•ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ–‡ Š‹“—‡‹˜‘Ž˜Ǧ
‹‰ –Š‡ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘ǦŒ—†‰‡–ƒŽǡ ‘Ǧ”‡ƒ –‹˜‡ǡ ‡–ƒ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡
ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ’”‡•‡–Ǧ‘‡–‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡™Š‹ Š–”ƒ‹•–Š‡‹†–‘”‡Ǧ
ƒ‹ˆ‘ —•‡†ǡƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ—•‡•ƒ†‡ơ‡ –•‘ˆƒ –‹‘•ǡƒ†–‘„‡”‡Ǧ
•‹Ž‹‡––‘ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ͢͞‡‰—Žƒ”‹†ˆ—Ž‡••’”ƒ –‹ ‡Šƒ•‘™„‡‡’”‘˜‡
͞͡ ‡‡ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ”‘™ǡǤǤƬ›ƒǡǤǤ͜͜͟͞ǤŠ‡„‡‡Ƥ–•‘ˆ„‡‹‰
’”‡•‡–ǣ‹†ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†‹–•”‘Ž‡‹’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†
‘ ‹ƒŽ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‘ŽǤͤ͠ǡ‘Ǥ͠ǡͤ͞͞Ǧͤͤ͠Ǣ‹ ƒ”†ǡǤ͜͜͟͞Ǥ ƒ’’‹‡••ǣ‰—‹†‡–‘†‡˜‡ŽǦ
‘’‹‰Ž‹ˆ‡ǯ•‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–•‹ŽŽǤ‹––Ž‡ǡ”‘™ƒ†‘’ƒ›ǣ‡™‘”Ǣ‘‰‡›‹‰›—”
‹’‘ Š‡Ǥͣ͜͜͞ǤŠ‡ ‘›‘ˆ‹˜‹‰Ǥ‡™‘”ǣŠ”‡‡‹˜‡”•”‡••Ǣƒ ‡ǡǤǤǤ‡–ƒŽǤͥ͜͜͞Ǥ
ơ‡ –‘ˆ ‘’ƒ••‹‘‡†‹–ƒ–‹‘‘‡—”‘‡†‘ ”‹‡ǡ‹ƒ–‡‹—‡ƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ
”‡•’‘•‡•–‘’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ•–”‡••Ǥ•› Š‘‡—”‘‡†‘ ”‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡ͟͠ȋ͝ȌǣͤͣǦͥͤǤ
͢͞ ƒ„ƒ–Ǧ‹ǡ Ǥͥͥ͜͝Ǥ —ŽŽƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‡‹˜‹‰ǣ•‹‰–Š‡™‹•†‘‘ˆ›‘—”„‘†›
ƒ†‹†–‘ˆƒ ‡•–”‡••ǡ’ƒ‹ǡƒ†‹ŽŽ‡••Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ‡Žƒ ‘”–‡Ǥ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 35

‹ƒ›•–—†‹‡•–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•™ƒ›•ǡ
‹ Ž—†‹‰•—’’‘”–‹‰‹—‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†Ž‘‰‡˜Ǧ
‹–›Ǣ ‹’”‘˜‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•Ǣ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰™‘”’Žƒ ‡’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›Ǣ
”‡†— ‹‰•–”‡••ǡ†‡’”‡••‹‘ǡƒ†ƒš‹‡–›Ǣƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘’”‘Ǧ•‘ ‹ƒŽ
‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’Ǥͣ͞

–Š‡”Šƒ’’‹‡•••‹ŽŽ•‹ Ž—†‡Ž‘˜‹‰Ǧ‹†‡••ǡ ‘’ƒ••‹‘Ǧ‡†‹–ƒ–‹‘

ƒ†–Š‡ ‘• ‹‘—•’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡ǡ‡’ƒ–Š›ǡƒ†’ƒ–‹‡ ‡ǤŠ‡•‡
•‹ŽŽ• ƒƒŽŽ„‡ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š™‡ŽŽǦ–‡•–‡†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡƒ† ƒŠ‡Ž’
•Š‹ˆ––Š‡‡ơ‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡Š›’‡”Ǧ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹•–Šƒ– Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•‡•— Š‘ˆ
‘†‡”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†–‘Ž‡ƒ†–‘ƒ‹Ǧ
”‡ƒ•‡† ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ˆ‘”ƒŽ–”—‹•–‘™ƒ”†•‘–Š‡”•ƒ†ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”•‡•‡‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ
™‘”–ŠǤŽ–”—‹•ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ––Š‹‡—‹ ƒ”†DzǤǤǤ‹•‘‘”‡ƒŽ—š—”› Happiness skills
„—–ƒ‡ ‡••‹–›Ǥ‡—•–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹•‹‰Š––‘”‡ ‘‰‹•‡‹–•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ† support the sense of
Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ƒ—†ƒ ‹–›–‘•ƒ›•‘dzǤͨ͢—”˜‡›†ƒ–ƒ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‰Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ˜‘ŽǦ autonomy, relatedness,
—–‡‡”‹•ƒ† ‘—‹–›•‡”˜‹ ‡™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ǡ and competence which
‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ† Šƒ’’‹‡•• ‘Ƥ” –Š‡•‡ Ƥ†‹‰• ‘ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽ–”—Ǧ lead to meaningful
‹•Ǥͥ͞ pro-social engage-
ment - the foundation
’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ ˆ‘” –Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ –Š‡•‡ƒ†”‡Ǧ
of citizenship and
Žƒ–‡†•‹ŽŽ• ‘„‹‡–‘„—‹Ž†–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ˆ‘” ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ǡƒ†Š‡ ‡ˆ‘”
collective happiness
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‹’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ǡ–Šƒ–Š‡Ž’’‡‘’Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’Dz‘–
Œ—•–„‡––‡”‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ„—–„‡––‡”‡ƒ•ƒ•™‡ŽŽdzǤͣ͠

˜‹†‡ ‡ƒŽ•‘ •Š‘™• –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ •‹ŽŽ• ˆ—”–Š‡” •—’’‘”– –Š‡ •‡•‡‘ˆƒ—Ǧ
–‘‘›ǡ ”‡Žƒ–‡†‡••ǡ ƒ† ‘’‡–‡ ‡ ™Š‹ Š ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ”‡’‘”– ƒ”‡
‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŠƒ’’‹‡••ƒ†™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ†™Š‹ ŠŽ‡ƒ†–‘

ͣ͞ ‡‡ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣƒ˜‹†•‘ǡǤ Ǥǡƒ„ƒ–Ǧ‹ǡ Ǥǡ Šƒ Š‡”ǡ Ǥǡ‘•‡”ƒœǡ

Ǥǡ—ŽŽ‡”ǡǤǡƒ–‘”‡ŽŽ‹ǡǤ Ǥǡ‡–ƒŽǤ͜͜͟͞ǤŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹„”ƒ‹ƒ†‹—‡ˆ— –‹‘
’”‘†— ‡†„›‹†ˆ—Ž‡••‡†‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ•› Š‘•‘ƒ–‹ ‡†‹ ‹‡ǡ͢͡ǣ͢͡͠Ǧͣ͜͡Ǣ
‹ŽŽ‡”ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ž‡– Š‡”ǡǤǡƒ„ƒ–Ǧ‹ǡ Ǥͥͥ͝͡ǤŠ”‡‡Ǧ›‡ƒ”ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ƒ† Ž‹‹ ƒŽ‹’Ž‹ ƒǦ
–‹‘•‘ˆƒ‹†ˆ—Ž‡••‡†‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†•–”‡••”‡†— –‹‘‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‹–Š‡–”‡ƒ–‡–
‘ˆƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”•Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ ‡‡”ƒŽ ‘•’‹–ƒŽ•› Š‹ƒ–”›ǡͣ͝ȋ͟Ȍǣͥ͝͞Ǧ͜͜͞Ǣ‡ƒ•†ƒŽ‡ǡ Ǥ
Ǥǡ‡‰ƒŽǡǤǤǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡ ǤǤǡ‹†‰‡™ƒ›ǡǤǤǡ‘—Ž•„›ǡ ǤǤǡƒ—ǡǤǤ͜͜͜͞Ǥ”‡˜‡Ǧ
–‹‘‘ˆ”‡Žƒ’•‡Ȁ”‡ —””‡ ‡‹ƒŒ‘”†‡’”‡••‹‘„›‹†ˆ—Ž‡••Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡–Š‡”ƒ’›Ǥ
‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ‘•—Ž–‹‰ƒ†Ž‹‹ ƒŽ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡͤ͢ȋ͠Ȍǣ͢͝͡Ǧ͟͞Ǥ
ͤ͞ ‹ ƒ”†ǡǤ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‘”–„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘„›  ‡„‡”–‘–Š‹•
”‡’‘”–Ǥ
ͥ͞ ‡‡ˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ—•ǡǤƒ†ƒ›‡ǡǤͥͥ͝͝ǤŠ‡Š‡ƒŽ‹‰’‘™‡”‘ˆ†‘‹‰‰‘‘†ǣ
Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ„‡‡Ƥ–•‘ˆŠ‡Ž’‹‰‘–Š‡”•Ǥ‡™‘”ǣƒŽŽƒ–‹‡Ǣ‘•–ǡǤ Ǥ͜͞͝͝Ǥ
Š‡ ‹††‡ ‹ˆ–•‘ˆ ‡Ž’‹‰ǣ ‘™–Š‡‘™‡”‘ˆ ‹˜‹‰ǡ‘’ƒ••‹‘ƒ† ‘’‡ƒ ‡–•
Š”‘—‰Š ƒ”†‹‡•Ǥ ‘Š‹Ž‡›Ƭ‘•ǤǤ͜͞͝͝Ǥ–ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ž†ǯ•‘Ž—–‡‡”‹•
‡’‘”–ǣ‹˜‡”•ƒŽƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘” Ž‘„ƒŽ‡ŽŽǦ‡‹‰Ǥ‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•‘Ž—–‡‡”•
͟͜ ƒ’’±ǡ ǤǤ͜͟͞͝Ǥ‹˜‹‰‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǣ–Š‡Dz ‘™dz‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ž†‡ƒ–ǤŠ‘”–
„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘„›  ‡„‡”–‘–Š‹•”‡’‘”–Ǥ
36 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž’”‘Ǧ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–͟͝<–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‹–‹œ‡•Š‹’ƒ†

‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Šƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ

‘˜‡”•‡Ž›ǡ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘™•Š‘™•–Šƒ–‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™Š‘ˆ‘ —•–Š‡‹”

Ž‹˜‡•‘™‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‹ƒ‰‡ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•–‹ ˜ƒŽ—‡•’”‘‘–Ǧ
‡†„›ƒ ‘•—‡”‹•–•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ”‡— ŠŽ‡•••ƒ–‹•Ƥ‡†–Šƒ–Š‘•‡Ž‡••ƒ–Ǧ
–ƒ Š‡†–‘•— Šƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ–”‘‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹•ƒ†ƒ•‡ŽƤ•ŠŽƒ ‘ˆ
‘ ‡”ˆ‘”‘–Š‡”•ƒ†ˆ‘”‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹••—‡•ƒ”‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ˆ‘—†ƒ‘‰
–Š‘•‡™Š‘’”‹‘”‹–‹•‡‡š–‡”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ† ‘•—‡”‹•Ǥ  • ‹‡–‹Ƥ  •–—†‹‡•ǡ
‘•—‡”‹•–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‘””‡Žƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•—ơ‡”Ǧ
‹‰ǡŽ‘™‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆŠƒ’’‹‡••ǡˆ‡™‡”’Ž‡ƒ•ƒ–‡‘–‹‘•ǡƒ†–‡†‡ ‹‡•
–‘™ƒ”†•†‡’”‡••‹‘ǡƒš‹‡–›ǡŠ‡ƒ†ƒ Š‡•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ‹Ž‡–•Ǥ͟͞Šƒ–
’‡‘’Ž‡‰‡–‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ†‘”‡•—•–ƒ‹‡†’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡™Š‡–Š‡›†‘•‘‡–Š‹‰
ˆ‘” ‘–Š‡”• –Šƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‹• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ‘Ƥ”‡† ‹ Šƒ’’‹‡••
”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ͟͟

˜‡–Š‡‘•–’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘†‡Ž•ˆƒ‹Ž–‘Œ‘‹–Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽ
‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡•‹ŽŽ•”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰–Š‘•‡
‘†‹–‹‘•–‘™ƒ”†•Š‹‰Š‡”Š—ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤŠ‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ‘–Š‡
‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡•„‘–Š ‘’‘‡–•ƒ•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ†‹‡•‹‘•‘ˆ
Šƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ

͟͝ ‡ ‹ǡǤǤƒ†›ƒǡǤǤ͜͜͜͞ǤŠ‡Dz™Šƒ–dzƒ†Dz™Š›dz‘ˆ‰‘ƒŽ’—”•—‹–•ǣ —Ǧ

ƒ‡‡†•ƒ†–Š‡•‡ŽˆǦ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ “—‹”›ǡ͠ǡͣ͞͞Ǧͤ͢͞Ǥ
͟͞ ƒ••‡”ǡǤ͜͜͟͞ǤŠ‡ ‹‰Š”‹ ‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•Ǥ‘•–‘ǣ ”‡••ǤǢƒ••‡”ǡ
Ǥͤ͜͜͞Ǥƒ—††Š‹•ƒ† ‘•—‡”‹•Šƒ”‘‹œ‡ǫ”‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǥ  –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘—††Š‹•‹–Š‡‰‡‘ˆ‘•—‡”‹•ǡƒŠ‹†‘Ž
‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ‰‘Ǥ
͟͟ ‹ǡǤǡ—ǡǤǡƬ‘”–‘ǡǤǡ͜͞͝͞Ǥ ƒ’’‹‡••”—•‹ƒ ‹” —Žƒ”‘–‹‘ǣ
˜‹†‡ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ˆ‡‡†„ƒ Ž‘‘’„‡–™‡‡’”‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ•’‡†‹‰ƒ†Šƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ
‘ˆ ƒ’’‹‡••–—†‹‡•ǡ͟͝ǡͣ͟͠Ǧ͟͡͡Ǥ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 37

͠ Challenges for the New

Development Paradigm
Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‹‰ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ†ƒ†‘’–‹‰ƒ‡™
’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–Š”‡‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣ–Š‡Ƥ”•–‹••—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡Ǧ
Š‘™–‘†‡Ƥ‡–Š‡ƒ†‹–•‡›†‹‡•‹‘•ƒ† Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •Ǣ–Š‡
•‡ ‘†‹•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘’”‘ ‡••<Š‘™–Š‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ˆ—”–Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹
–Š‡‡ƒ”ˆ—–—”‡Ǣƒ†–Š‡–Š‹”† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘ ‡”•‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘<Š‘™
–‘ƒ†‘’–ƒ†ƒ’’Ž›–Š‡‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥˆ‡™‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ•— Š ŠƒŽǦ
Ž‡‰‡•ƒ”‡‘—–Ž‹‡†„‡Ž‘™ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‹•‹•ˆƒ”ˆ”‘ƒ‡šŠƒ—•–‹˜‡Ž‹•–Ǥ

Substantive challenges
––Š‡•—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡Ž‡˜‡Žǡ“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ”‹•‡‘Š‘™‡›‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡™
’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ”‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡ǣ

‡Ƥ‹‰ƒDz‡™dz’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ‹’‘”–ƒ–“—‡•–‹‘‹•™Šƒ–†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡• Happiness is described

–Š‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ —””‡–‘‡Ǥ •–Š‡ƒ‹’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡”‡ˆ‘” as arising from a sense
™‹–Š‹–Š‡ —””‡–‰”‘™–ŠǦ„ƒ•‡†ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‘”ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ of connectedness with
•Š‹ˆ–„ƒ•‡†‘†‹ơ‡”‡–’”‡‹•‡•ǡ‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•ǫ ˆ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”ǡ–Š‡‡™ nature, communities
ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‡‡†•–‘„‡†‹ơ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”‘†‡Ž•–Šƒ–ƒ›™‡ŽŽ and the world, and
—•‡–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†‡“—‹–›„—–ƒ”‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›˜ƒ”‹ƒ–•‘ˆ as stemming from
–Š‡’”‡•‡–•›•–‡Ǥ service to others

‡Ƥ‹‰DzŠƒ’’‹‡••dzǤˆ–‡–Š‡–‡”Šƒ’’‹‡••‹•‹•—†‡”•–‘‘†‘”–”‹˜Ǧ
‹ƒŽ‹•‡†ƒ•ƒDzˆ‡‡ŽǦ‰‘‘†dz‘–‹‘–Šƒ–Šƒ•‘‹’‘”–‹–Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ•‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡†
Šƒ”† ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǥ  –Š‹• ”‡’‘”–ǡ Šƒ’’‹‡•• ‹• †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ• ƒ”‹•‹‰ ˆ”‘ ƒ
•‡•‡‘ˆ ‘‡ –‡†‡••™‹–Š ƒ–—”‡ǡ ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡƒ†
ƒ••–‡‹‰ˆ”‘•‡”˜‹ ‡–‘‘–Š‡”•Ǥ†–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ˆ‘”Šƒ’’‹‡••‹•
™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ȃ‘ˆŠ—ƒ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•’‡ ‹‡•ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆŠƒ’’‹Ǧ
‡••ƒ”‡ ‘–‡ƒ•‹Ž› ‡ƒ•—”ƒ„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ”‡Ǥ ‘Ǧ
—‹ ƒ–‹‰–Š‹• ‘’Ž‡š—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™‹ŽŽ„‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰Ǥ

”‡ Šƒ’’‹‡•• ƒ† •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡ǫ•   ‡„‡”• Šƒ˜‡

‘–‡†ǣDz‹’‘”–ƒ– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹•–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†
–‡•‹‘•„‡–™‡‡Šƒ’’‹‡••ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡•‡–‡•‹‘•”‡Žƒ–‡–‘
38 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

–”ƒ†‡Ǧ‘ơ•„‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ•Š‘”–Ǧ–‡”ƒ†Ž‘‰‡”Ǧ–‡”
‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ’”‡•‡–ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†Š—ƒƒ†‘Š—ƒ™‡ŽǦ
ˆƒ”‡ǤǤǤ‡‘’Ž‡ ƒǡƒˆ–‡”ƒŽŽǡ„‡‡Ƥ–ˆ”‘—•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”•ƒ†
’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǤǤǤ•‘‡–‹‡•ȋ‡˜‡Ȍˆ”‘‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡•–”— –‹‘Ǥdzͣͤ

‡Ƥ‹‰–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ƒ††‹‡•‹‘•ǤƒŒ‘”†‡„ƒ–‡• ƒ„‡‡š’‡ –‡†

ƒ„‘—––Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ƒ††‹‡•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡˆ‘”
‹•–ƒ ‡ǣ™Š‡–Š‡”–‘ƒ†‘’–ƒ‡ ‘Ǧ ‡–”‹ ‘”ƒ–Š”‘’‘ ‡–”‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǢ
™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡‘‡–ƒ”›˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘Ǧƒ”‡–˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•‘”
†‹‹‹•Š‡• –Š‡‹”˜ƒŽ—‡Ǣ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ Dz‰”‡‡ ‰”‘™–Šdz ‹• ‘Ǧ
’ƒ–‹„Ž‡™‹–Š˜ƒŽ—‡•‘”‘–Ǣƒ†™Š‡–Š‡” Šƒ‰‡Šƒ’’‡•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›
–Š”‘—‰Š‹–‡”ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘”„› Šƒ‰‹‰‡š–‡”ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ȃ‘”
„‘–ŠǤ

Process challenges
Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘„‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹–Š‡‘Ǧ‰‘‹‰’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ„—‹Ž†‹‰–Š‡‡™
’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ ‘Š‡”‡–ǡ‹•’‹”‹‰ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ„Ž—‡’”‹–ˆ‘”
–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•”‡ƪ‡ –‹‘ƒ†ƒ†‘’–‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡ǣ

š ‡••‹˜‡ †‹ơ—•‹‘Ǥ  Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••ƒ‰‡†ƒ ‘—Ž† „‡ •‘ „”‘ƒ†ƒ†™‹†‡Ǧ

”ƒ‰‹‰–Šƒ– ‹– „‡ ‘‡•—ƒƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰–‘’”‹‘”‹–‹•‡‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›
ƒ†–‘ƒ††”‡••‡••‡–‹ƒŽ‹••—‡•‹†‡’–ŠǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ†ƒ‰‡”™Š‡ƒ––‡’–Ǧ
‹‰–‘•’ƒ•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ•†‹˜‡”•‡ƒ•”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡‡‡”‰›ǡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘™‡”Ǧ
•Š‹’ǡ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†Ƥ• ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”ǡ–‘ƒ‡Œ—•–ƒˆ‡™ǤŠ‡
“—‡•–‹‘”‡ƒ‹•ǣŠƒ–™‹ŽŽ‰‹˜‡ Ž‡ƒ” ‘Š‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰
ƒ†•‡ƒŽ‡••Ž›Œ‘‹™Šƒ– ‘—Ž†‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„‡ ‘‡†‹•’ƒ”ƒ–‡ƒ††‹• ‘Ǧ
‡ –‡†’ƒ”–•ǫ

˜‡”Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ”‹• ‘ˆ ˆƒŽŽ‹‰ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‡
–”ƒ’‘ˆ•‡––Ž‹‰ˆ‘”–‘‘„”‘ƒ†ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹•‡†ƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽƒ‰”‡‡‡–
–Šƒ–’”‘˜‹†‡•‘’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‰—‹†ƒ ‡ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‡”•Ǥ —”–Š‡”™‘”‘ƒ
‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰—•–‰‘„‡›‘†•™‡‡’‹‰ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‰‡Ǧ
‡”ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†„”‘ƒ†„”—•ŠǦ•–”‘‡•‹ˆ‹–‹•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ™‘”ƒ„Ž‡ƒŽ–‡”Ǧ
ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ

š ‡••‹˜‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–”—Ž›Š‘Ž‹•–‹ ƒ†–”ƒ•Ǧ†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š

‘—Ž† „‡ —†‡”‹‡† „› ‡š ‡••‹˜‡ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˜‡ ™‹–Š ƒ „”‘ƒ†
‘‘˜‹•‹‘–Šƒ–—‹–‡•˜ƒ”‹‘—•†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡•ƒ†•‡ –‘”•‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ–Š‡
͟͠  –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰ ”‘—’Ǥ͜͟͞͝Ǥ
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Šƒ„‹–—ƒŽ–‡†‡ ›‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–•–‘•’‡ƒ–Š‡‹”‘™ ǮdzŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡dzƒ†–‘

—•‡–Š‡‹”‘™Œƒ”‰‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘•›‡”‰‡–‹ ƒ –‹‘Ǥ

‰ƒ‰‹‰†‹ơ‡”‹‰˜‹‡™•‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ›

‘”‡ƒ••—’–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǤŠ‡ Šƒ‰‡‹‹†Ǧ•‡–•
ƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡™ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ”‡“—‹”‡• ƒ ‘Ž› „‡‰‹ „› ‡Ǧ
‰ƒ‰‹‰‹”‡•’‡ –ˆ—Ž†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰‡˜‹†‡ ‡ˆ”‘
ƒ›†‹ơ‡”‡–†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡•Ǥ
Research on the di-
‹†‡” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ”‡’‘”–ƒŽ‘‡™‹ŽŽ‘– ƒ–ƒŽ›•‡”‡ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ƒ† mensions of a new de-
ƒ‡™’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‰‡†ƒǤ‡•‡ƒ” Š‘–Š‡†‹‡•‹‘•‘ˆƒ‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– velopment paradigm
’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Šƒ•–‘„‡ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†„›™‹†‡” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‡Ǧ has to be accompanied
‡– ™‹–Š ‹˜‹Ž •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ „—•‹‡••ǡ ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ǡ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ƒ† ‹†‹‰‡‘—• by wider communica-
‰”‘—’•ǡƒ† ‹–‹œ‡•‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡Ǥ tion and engagement
with civil society,
•  ‡„‡”ƒ”‹“ƒ—”‹ǡ•ƒ‹†ǣDz—”‡› ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡™‹ŽŽ„‡–‘‹–‡Ǧ business, academic,
‰”ƒ–‡ȋ–Š‡Ȍ†‹ơ‡”‡–•–”‡ƒ•ƒ†ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ƒ†–‘ƒ‡ƒŽŽ spiritual and indig-
–Š‡Š‘”•‡•”—–‘‰‡–Š‡””ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ”‰—‹‰™Š‹ Š‘‡–‘”‹†‡‘ǤǤǤ–‘ enous groups, and
’”‘†— ‡ƒ Ž‡ƒ”ƒ† ‘Š‡”‡–ƒ’‘ˆŠ‘™–Š‡†‹ơ‡”‡–†‹‡•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ citizens everywhere
‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ”‡–”—Ž›‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†ǤǤǤdz͟͡

Implementation challenges
”‘’‘•‹‰ƒ‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹•‡ƒ•› ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ‰‹–—†‡‘ˆ ŠƒŽǦ
Ž‡‰‡•ˆƒ ‹‰‹–•ƒ –—ƒŽƒ†‘’–‹‘ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡ǣ

Š‡ —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ ‘•—‡”‹•Ǥ  ‡„‡”‹ Šƒ”† ‡‹„‡”‰Šƒ••ƒ‹†ǣ

Dz‘•—‡”‹•‹•‘–‡”‡Ž›ƒŽ‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǣ‹–‹•–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡
—””‡–‡ ‘‘›dz͟͢ƒ†ˆ—”–Š‡”ǡŽ‘˜‹•ƒ˜ƒŽ ƒ–‹‘„•‡”˜‡•–Šƒ–‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡
Dz†‹ƥ —Ž––‘ ‘˜‹ ‡‘”†‹ƒ”›’‡‘’Ž‡‘––‘ ‘•—‡ƒ•–Š‡›†‘Ǥdzͣ͟

Š‡”‹•‘ˆ‡š’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‹•–Šƒ–Dz‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”Ǧ
ƒ†‹‰dzŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡™‹ŽŽ„‡–ƒ‡‘˜‡”ƒ†‡˜‡‹•ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡†ǤŠ‡ŽƒǦ
‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆDz•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›dzǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡŠƒ•„‡‡™‹†‡Ž›‹•—•‡†–‘•—’Ǧ
’‘”–„—•‹‡••Ǧƒ•Ǧ—•—ƒŽ• ‡ƒ”‹‘•ǡƒ•™Š‡–‹„‡” ‘’ƒ‹‡• —–†‘™
‘Ž†Ǧ‰”‘™–Š ˆ‘”‡•–• ƒ† ”‡’Žƒ– –Š‡ ™‹–Š ‘‘Ǧ•’‡ ‹‡• ’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ

͟͡ ƒ—”‹ƒ–  ‡‡–‹‰‹‡™‘”ǡ–Š‡ –‘„‡”͡ǡ͜͞͝͞

͟͢  ‡‹„‡”‰ǡǤ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‘”–„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘„›  ‡„‡”–‘–Š‹•
”‡’‘”–Ǥ
ͣ͟ ƒ˜ƒŽ ƒ–‹ǡǤ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‘”–„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘„›  ‡„‡”–‘–Š‹•
”‡’‘”–Ǥ
40 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

Žƒ‹‹‰–‘„‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡„›”‡’Žƒ ‹‰ƒ•— ŠƤ„”‡ƒ•–Š‡›‡š–”ƒ –‡†Ǥ

š‹•–‹‰‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ‘™‡”’Žƒ–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡†‡•‹‰‡†–‘”—‘ ‘ƒŽǡ

•—„—”„•–Šƒ–‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡ ƒ”‘™‡”•Š‹’ȋƒ†Š‡ ‡”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡‘ˆ—‡ŽȌǡƒ†
ƒ••‹˜‡•Š‘’’‹‰ƒŽŽ•–Šƒ–”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡–Š‡ —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ ‘•—‡”‹•ƒ”‡
Œ—•–ƒˆ‡™‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆŠ‘™–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰„—‹Ž–‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ƒ’‡”’‡–—Ǧ
ƒ–‡–Š‡’”‡•‡–•›•–‡•‹’Ž›„›‹–•„—‹Ž–‡š‹•–‡ ‡ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‡Ǧ
˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡•ƒ›‘–„‡‘’–‹ƒŽ‘”ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‹–Š‡‡™’ƒ”ƒǦ
†‹‰ǡ‡‘”‘—•”‡•‘—” ‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•’‡––‘„—‹Ž†–Š‡ƒ†‡˜‡‘”‡
™‹ŽŽ„‡‡‡†‡†–‘†‹•ƒ–Ž‡‘” ‘˜‡”––Š‡ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡ƒ–—”‡ƒ†ƒ‰Ǧ
‹–—†‡‘ˆ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†
‘•–•ƒ›”‡•–”‹ –Š‘™ƒ†Š‘™— Šƒ‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ƒ„‡ƒ†‘’–‡†Ǥ

‡•‹•–ƒ ‡–‘ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ•  ‡„‡”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‡‡•‘–‡•ǣDz ‡ˆ—ŽŽ›

‡–”‡ Š‡†ǡ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•ƒ”‡˜‹”–—ƒŽŽ›‹’‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡™
†ƒ–ƒǡ „‡––‡” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ƒ† ”‡ƒ•‘‡† ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‹ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” —†‡”Ǧ
A business-as-usual
‹‡ȋ–Š‡‹”Ȍ ‘”‡’”‡‹•‡•ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ‘ ‹‡–‹‡•ƒ›–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡„‡ ‘‡
trajectory that has led
Š‹‰ŠŽ›”‡•‹•–ƒ––‘•‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ– Šƒ‰‡Ǥ†„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ•›•–‡‹ Žƒ‰•ǡ–Š‡›
to a crisis-ridden world
ƒ‡š‹•–ˆ‘”‡š–‡†‡†’‡”‹‘†•‹†‡‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡”‰‹‰„‹‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽŠƒœǦ
is no longer tenable
ƒ”†•ƒ†‰”‘™‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ–‡•‹‘•ǤǤǤdzͤ͟

—– –Š‡ „‹‰‰‡•– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡™ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ™‹ŽŽ
„‡–Š‡†‹ƥ —Ž–›‘ˆ Šƒ‰‹‰•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ ’‘™‡”•–”— –—”‡•Ǥ•‡‡•
‰‘‡•‘–‘•ƒ›ǣDz‡—•–”‡ ‘‰‹•‡–Šƒ–‘—”˜‹•‹‘‹•‹†‹”‡ – ‘ƪ‹ –
™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ‹•–”‡ƒǤǤǤƒ†–Šƒ–
–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡–”‡‡†‘—•Ǯ’—•Š„ƒ ǯƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡Ǥdzͥ͟

‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‡ ‡••‹–› ƒ† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ

’—”•—‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† ‡™ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ‹• Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ  „—•‹‡••Ǧƒ•Ǧ—•—ƒŽ
–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›–Šƒ–Šƒ•Ž‡†–‘ƒ ”‹•‹•Ǧ”‹††‡™‘”Ž†‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”–‡ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‘ơ‡”•ƒ„”‹‰Š–‡”ƒ†‘”‡
—’Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ˆ—–—”‡™‹–Š’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ƒŽŽ›”‹ Šǡ†‡ ‡–ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Šˆ—Ž
ƒ†ˆ—ŽƤŽŽ‹‰Ž‹˜‡•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽǤ

ͤ͟ ‡‡•ǡǤ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‘”–„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘„›  ‡„‡”–‘–Š‹•

”‡’‘”–Ǥ
ͥ͟ ‡‡•ǡǤ͜͟͞͝Ǥ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 41

͡ A Transformative Agenda
for Societal Happiness
‡ƒŽ‹•‹‰–Š‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡‡ƒ•›Ǥ—–†‹ƥ —Ž–‹•‘––Š‡•ƒ‡
ƒ•‹’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ —ƒ•ƒ”‡‘–’”‹•‘‡”•‘ˆƒƤš‡†ƒ–—”‡Ǣ™‡Šƒ˜‡‘’Ǧ
–‹‘•ƒ†’‘™‡”•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡ˆƒ–‡™‡•‡‡–‘„‡”ƒ ‹‰–‘™ƒ”†Ǥƒ™•
–Šƒ– †‡• ”‹„‡ Š—ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹  †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ”‡
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ„‡‹‰•Ǥ†„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘•
ƒ† ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• –Šƒ– —””‡–Ž› ‡†ƒ‰‡” ‘—” •—”˜‹˜ƒŽ ƒ”‡ Š—ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡†ǡ
–Š‡› ƒ„‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†‹ˆ™‡™‹•Š–‘†‘•‘Ǥ

Š‹•™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡™‘”‘ˆƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–Ǥ –‹•–‹‡–‘„‡‰‹Ǥ
A compelling and
Š‡ —‡”‘—• ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ‰‡†ƒ unifying story is vital
Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ›‹‡Ž†‡† •‹‰‹Ƥ ƒ– ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘• ˆ”‘ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ƒ Ǧ to begin the societal
–‘”• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡–•ǡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‰‡ ‹‡• ƒ† ‹˜‹Ž transformation we
•‘ ‹‡–›‰”‘—’•ǤŠ‡–Š‡‡•‘ˆ ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǧ seek. This story
‡–ǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ’‡ƒ ‡ƒ†•‡ —”‹–›ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒŠ‘•– would portray human
‘ˆ ”‘•• —––‹‰ ‹••—‡• Ž‹‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ǡ ‡“—‹–› ƒ† ’‘˜‡”–›ǡ ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ nature as being coop-
”‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•”‡“—‹”‹‰—”‰‡–ƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ–•‘‡’‘‹–ǡƒ erative, the purpose
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ“—‡•–‹‘‡‡†•–‘„‡ƒ•‡†ǣŠƒ–‹•–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡’—”’‘•‡ of the economy as
‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡‡ơ‘”–•ǫ‡—•–”‡ ‘‰‹•‡–Šƒ–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ȅ‘ƒ––‡” serving people, and
Š‘™ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‡ƒ Š ‘‡ ‹• Ȅ ƒ”‡ ‡†• ‹ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǡ „—– ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› the ultimate vision
‡ƒ•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”› ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”’—”’‘•‡–‘†‡Ǧ of development as
˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ‹–Š‘—–•— Š Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ’—”’‘•‡ǡ™‡ŽŽǦ‹–‡–‹‘‡†‡ơ‘”–•ƒ– societal happiness
ƒ††”‡••‹‰Ž‘ ƒŽƒ†‰Ž‘„ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹•‡ –‘”‹ƒŽǡ•Š‘”–Ǧ–‡”ǡ
‹••—‡Ǧ†”‹˜‡ƒ† ‘ ‡”‡†•‘Ž‡Ž›™‹–Š Š—ƒ‹†ǯ•’Š›•‹ ƒŽ•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ
ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ

Š—–ƒǡ‹•’‹”‡†„›–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ  ǡ‘ơ‡”•–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†–‘

–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘—‹–›ƒ•ƒ—‹ˆ›‹‰ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”ƒ‘”‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒǦ
–‹˜‡ƒ‰‡†ƒǤ ƒ™‘”Ž†–Šƒ– ‘–ƒ‹••‘ƒ›†‹ơ‡”‡– —Ž–—”‡•”‘‘–‡†
‹”‹ Šƒ†˜ƒ”‹‡†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ†‘†‡”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡†‡Ƥ‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ
•–ƒ–‡‘ˆŠƒ’’‹‡••–Šƒ–ƒŽŽŠ—ƒ„‡‹‰• ƒƒ ‡’–‘”•–”‹˜‡ˆ‘”‹•’‡”Ǧ
Šƒ’• „‡›‘† ‘—” ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ —– –Š‡ ’”‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• ˆ‘” Šƒ’’‹‡•• ƒ”‡ ™‡ŽŽ
42 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

™‹–Š‹‘—”‡ƒ•–‘†‡Ƥ‡ƒ†–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡Œ—•–‹ ‡ǡ†‹‰Ǧ

‹–›ǡ ‡“—‹–›ǡ •‡ —”‹–› ȋ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹ Ȍ ƒ† „ƒ•‹  ‡‡†•
Ž‹‡ˆ‘‘†ǡ Ž‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”ƒ††‡ ‡–•Š‡Ž–‡”Ǥ

A new narrative
 ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†—‹ˆ›‹‰•–‘”›‹•˜‹–ƒŽ–‘„‡‰‹–Š‡•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘™‡•‡‡ǤŠ‹••–‘”›™‘—Ž†’‘”–”ƒ›Š—ƒƒ–—”‡ƒ•„‡‹‰ ‘‘’Ǧ
‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‘‘›ƒ••‡”˜‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡ǡƒ†–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡
˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ••‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ Šƒ’’‹‡••ǤŠ‹•—‹ˆ›‹‰•–‘”› ‹•ǡ ‹
ˆƒ –ǡ‘”‡ƒ —”ƒ–‡Ǥ͜͠‡™Ž‡š‹ ‘‹•ƒŽ•‘”‡“—‹”‡†‹ˆ™‡ƒ”‡–‘‘˜‡
ˆ”‘–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’‡”’‡–—ƒŽ‰”‘™–Š–‘•–‘”‹‡•‰”‘—†‡†‹”‡ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†
DzƒŽ‹‰‡†„‘–Š™‹–ŠŠ—ƒƒ–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ™•‘ˆ™‹†‡”ƒ–—”‡dzǤ͠͝Š‡
• ‹‡–‹Ƥ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Šƒ–Ž‹ˆ‡ ƒ‡š‹•–‘Ž›‹ ‘—‹–›ƒ†–Šƒ–
™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ†Š—ƒŠƒ’’‹‡••†‡’‡†‘Ž‹˜‹‰‹†›ƒ‹ ǡƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡ǡ
‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰„ƒŽƒ ‡™‹–Šƒ–—”‡ǡ‹•–Š‡‘”ƒŽƒ† ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘
ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ͠͞

Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‹–‡”†‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ† ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘—†‡”’‹•–Š‡

Ž‘‰‹  ‘ˆ ƒŽ–”—‹• ‘ ™Š‹ Š Š—–ƒǯ•   †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ‹•
„ƒ•‡†Ǥ”‘‘–‹‰ƒŽ–”—‹•ƒ† ‘’ƒ••‹‘‘–‘Ž›‹’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ„—–
ƒŽ•‘‹‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ–Žƒ”‰‡ǡ‹••‡‡ƒ•ƒ‘”‡—•‡ˆ—Ž•–”ƒ–‡‰›ˆ‘”
’”‘‰”‡••–Šƒ–Š‡ —””‡– ‘’‡–‹–‹‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡–Š‘•ǤŽ–”—‹•ƒ† ‘Ǧ
’ƒ••‹‘—•–ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‹–Š‡‡™ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”’”‘‰”‡••ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
ƒ•–Š‡›’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡‹’‡–—•–‘‘˜‡–‘–Š‡‡š–Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
ƒ††–Š‡Dz˜‘‹ ‡‘ˆ ƒ”‡dz–‘–Š‡Dz˜‘‹ ‡‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘dz‹–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ Ƥ‡Ž†Ǥ͟͠

Partnership for change

Š—–ƒ ˆ—ŽŽ› ”‡ƒŽ‹•‡• –Šƒ– ™‡ ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡• Šƒ˜‡ ›‡– –‘ ƒ‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž
’”‘‰”‡••–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡•‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ‡ƒŽ•‘”‡ƒŽ‹•‡–Šƒ–ǡ‹
–Š‡Ž‘‰–‡”ǡ•— Š’”‘‰”‡•• ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘” ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†–Š”‘—‰Š‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•
‹™Š‹ ŠƒŽŽ™‹ŽŽ•Šƒ”‡Ǥ

͜͠ ‘”–‡ǡǤ͜͟͞͝Ǥ
͠͝ ƒ’’±ǡ ǤǤ͜͟͞͝Ǥ
͠͞ ‘”–‡ǡǤ͜͟͞͝Ǥ
͟͠ ‹ ƒ”†ǡǤ͜͟͞͝Ǣ‘™‡”ǡǤ Ǥ͜͞͝͞Ǥ’‡‹‰ƒ††”‡••–‘–Š‡ Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘‘‹ 
›’‘•‹—ǡ‹‘†‡ ƒ‡‹”‘ǡ –‘„‡”͢͝ǡ͜͞͝͞ǡ“—‘–‡†‹‹ ƒ”†ǡǤ͜͟͞͝Ǥ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 43

•”‡ ‘‡†‡†‹–Š‡”‡’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ǯ• ‹‰ŠǦ‡˜‡Žƒ‡Ž‘ˆ‹Ǧ

‡–‡”•‘•‘–Š‡‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‰‡†ƒǣ

”‡‡™‡†‰Ž‘„ƒŽ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’™‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡ƒ‡™•’‹”‹–ˆ”‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘Ǧ‘Ž‡••‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǧ‹–™‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡ƒ›‘–Š‡”•–‘
ƒ†‘’–‡™‹†Ǧ•‡–•ƒ† Šƒ‰‡–Š‡‹”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ǤŠ‡•‡ Šƒ‰‡•™‹ŽŽ
‘–Šƒ’’‡‘˜‡”‹‰Š–Ǥ—–™‡—•–‘˜‡„‡›‘†„—•‹‡••Ǧƒ•Ǧ—•—ƒŽǡ
ƒ†™‡—•–•–ƒ”––‘†ƒ›ǤŠ‡‡™‰Ž‘„ƒŽ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’•Š‘—Ž†‡ ‘—”Ǧ
ƒ‰‡‡˜‡”›‘‡–‘ƒŽ–‡”Š‹•‘”Š‡”™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ǡ’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž›ƒ††”ƒƒ–‹Ǧ
ƒŽŽ›Ǥ –•Š‘—Ž†Ž‡ƒ†ƒŽŽ ‘—–”‹‡•–‘‘˜‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰Ž›–‘™ƒ”†•‡”‰‹‰
–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ‰‡†ƒ•ǡƒ†–ƒ Ž‹‰’‘˜‡”–›ǯ•
•›’–‘•ƒ† ƒ—•‡•‹ƒ—‹Ƥ‡†ƒ†—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ™ƒ›Ǥͤͤ

Š‡•Š‹ˆ––‘–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰™‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡ Šƒ‰‡‘—Ž–‹Ǧ The shift to the

’Ž‡Ž‡˜‡Ž••‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›<‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǡ ‘—‹–›ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡƒǦ proposed new
–‹‘ƒŽǡ ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǤ ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ”‡Ǧ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ paradigm will require
‹ ˆ‘”ƒŽǡ ‘Ǧˆ‘”ƒŽǡ ƒ† ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ •’Š‡”‡• ‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”› –‘ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ change on multiple
™‹†‡”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒơ‡ –‘—” ‘‘ˆƒ–‡Ǥ ˆ‹Ǧ levels simultane-
†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ†‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡–‘Ž‡ƒ†–‘Žƒ•–‹‰ Šƒ‰‡ǡ ously - individual,
–Š‡›—•– ‘„‹‡–‘ˆ‘”ƒ‡™•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘˜‡‡––Šƒ–ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡• community, organi-
–Š‡˜‘‹ ‡•ǡ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•‘ˆ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹–‹œ‡•‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡Ǥ sational, national,
‡™†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•™‘—Ž†’Žƒ ‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ†Šƒ’’‹‡•• and international
‡–”ƒŽ –‘ ’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‹‰ •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘› ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•
•‡”˜‡–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ‘––Š‡‘–Š‡”™ƒ›ƒ”‘—†Ǥ͠͡

•Ž„‡”–‹•–‡‹‘„•‡”˜‡†ǣDz‡ ƒǯ–•‘Ž˜‡’”‘„Ž‡•„›—•‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡
‹†‘ˆ –Š‹‹‰™‡—•‡†™Š‡™‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† –Š‡dzǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡™
‹†Ǧ•‡–•ƒ† Šƒ‰‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡†ˆ‘”•— Šƒ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ‰‡†ƒ”‡“—‹”‡— Š‘”‡–ŠƒŒ—•–‡™’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ†‡ Šƒ‹••„—–
‡“—ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹ˆ‘–‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡƒDz”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘dzǤ͢͠

͠͠ Ǥ͜͟͞͝ƒǤ
͠͡ ƒšǦ‡‡ˆǡǤ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‘”–„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘„›  ‡„‡”–‘–Š‹•
”‡’‘”–Ǥ
͢͠ ƒ ƒŽŽǡǤ͜͟͞͝Ǥ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‹•”‡’‘”–Ǥ
44 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

‘šǤ͡Šƒ‰‡ƒ‰‡–•‹Š—–ƒȂ•‘‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•

‘Ž‹ ›ƒ†Žƒ‹‰ǣ ”‘••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡••‘‹••‹‘

ͤ͜͜͞ǡ–Š‡Žƒ‹‰‘‹••‹‘™ƒ•”‡ƒ‡†–Š‡ ”‘••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡••‘‹•Ǧ

•‹‘ȋ  ȌǤŠ‹•‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ‰‡ ›‹•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ—Ǧ
–ƒǯ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ† ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ† ’”‘‰”ƒ‡•ǡƒ•
™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ‹† ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ ‡‘ˆ ‹–• ‡›”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”•ǡ ‹•–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ–
 ‹•‡„‡††‡†Ƥ”Ž›‹Š—–ƒǯ•’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡƒ†–Šƒ–’”‘’‡” ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘‹•—†‡”–ƒ‡
–‘‡•—”‡‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’Žƒ•ƒ†’”‘‰”ƒ‡•Ǥ

”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•ǡ –Š‡   Šƒ••–ƒ”–‡† –‘ƒ••‡••’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•™‹–Š –Š‡  ’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧ• ”‡‡‹‰
–‘‘Ž –Šƒ– †”ƒ™• ‘ –Š‡   ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ǡ –‘ ‡•—”‡ –Š‡› ‡‡– ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ
‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒǤšƒ’Ž‡•‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡‹‹‰’‘Ž‹ ›ǡ†‡ ‹•‹‘‘––‘Œ‘‹
–Š‡‘”Ž†”ƒ†‡”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ȋȌǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”•Ǥ

‡•‡ƒ” ŠǣŠ‡‡–”‡ˆ‘”Š—–ƒ–—†‹‡•

Š‡‡–”‡ˆ‘”Š—–ƒ–—†‹‡•ȋȌŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ––Š‡ˆ‘”‡ˆ”‘–‘ˆ  Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†•–—†‹‡•Ǥ 
ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ Š‘•–‹‰ ƒ†Ȁ‘” ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰ Ƥ˜‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‘   –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡
‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†˜ƒ•–• Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’‘–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –ǡ‹–Šƒ• ƒ””‹‡†‘—–‘‡’‹Ž‘–•—”˜‡›‹ͣ͜͜͞ƒ†
–™‘ƒ–‹‘™‹†‡•—”˜‡›•‘  ‹ͤ͜͜͞ƒ†͜͜͞͝ǤŠ‡   †‡š™ƒ•–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹
ˆ—ŽƤŽ‡–‘ˆƒ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ†ƒ–‡ –‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ Š—–ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹†‡šǤŠ‡  
’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧ• ”‡‡‹‰–‘‘Žǡƒ†ƒ’–‡†ƒ† —””‡–Ž›—•‡†„›–Š‡  ǡ™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Ǥ

‹˜‹  –‹‘ǣ‹˜‹Ž‘ ‹‡–›”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ’”‹˜ƒ–‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•

Š—–ƒŠƒ••‡‡–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘˜‡”͟͜ ‹˜‹Ž•‘ ‹‡–›‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•‹”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡‹”

‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• ‹ Ž—†‡ǣ ‹’”‘˜‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ •–ƒ†ƒ”†• ‘ˆ ”—”ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǣ ’”‘‘–‹‰ ‘”Ǧ
‰ƒ‹ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ† Ž‘ ƒŽ•‡ŽˆǦ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡Ǣ —”–—”‹‰ƒ —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ › „›‡š’ƒ†‹‰
’—„Ž‹ †‹• ‘—”•‡Ǣ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰›‘—–ŠǢ•—’’‘”–‹‰‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǣ’”‘‘–‹‰‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•Š‹’Ǣƒ†
’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‹Š—–ƒǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ›‘–”‡ˆ‡”–‘  ‡šǦ
’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›‹–Š‡‹”•–ƒ–‡†‹••‹‘ƒ†‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡›‡š’”‡••‹–‹–Š‡‹”‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”
ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ

 ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ •‘‡ • Š‘‘Ž• ‹ Š—–ƒ Šƒ˜‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† ’”‘‰”ƒ‡• Ž‹‡ ”‡‡  Š‘‘Ž• ˆ‘”
”‡‡Š—–ƒǡ™Š‡”‡•–—†‡–•ƒ‡–Š‡‹”‹‡†‹ƒ–‡‡˜‹”‘‡–‰”‡‡‡”ƒ†‘”‡ ‘Ǧ
†— ‹˜‡–‘Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǣ–Š‡ Š‘‘Ž‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡”‘‰”ƒ‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡›’”‘†— ‡–Š‡‹”‘™˜‡‰Ǧ
‡–ƒ„Ž‡•Ǣƒ†–Š‡‡•‹‰ˆ‘”Šƒ‰‡ ‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ǡƒ—”„ƒǦ”—”ƒŽ›‘—–Š‡š Šƒ‰‡’”‘‰”ƒ–‘
•Šƒ”‡‹†‡ƒ•ˆ‘””‡ › Ž‹‰ƒ†‘–Š‡”•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Šƒ„‹–•Ǥ •‘‡”—”ƒŽ• Š‘‘Ž•ǡ‘Ž†‡”•–—†‡–•
ƒ ‘’ƒ›–Š‡›‘—‰‡”‘‡•†—”‹‰ ‘•‘‘•‡ƒ•‘™Š‡–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ”‘ƒ†•ƒ†
•™‘ŽŽ‡•–”‡ƒ•ƒ‡‰‡––‹‰–‘• Š‘‘Žƒ†„ƒ †ƒ‰‡”‘—•Ǥ— Š•‹’Ž‡ƒ†‡†‡ƒ”‹‰
‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•„›‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†•ƒŽŽ‰”‘—’•ƒ”‡‰‘‘†‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆŠ‘™–Š‡•Š‹ˆ–‹’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰
ƒ‘ —”ƒ–ƒ˜‡”›ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 45

Conclusion
•ƒ•–‡’–‘™ƒ”†••Š‹ˆ–‹‰‘—” ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘•ƒ†‹†Ǧ•‡–•–‘Ǧ
™ƒ”†•ƒ†‘’–‹‰ƒ‘”‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹ ǡ•ƒ‡ƒ†Œ—•–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ
™‡’”‘’‘•‡–Šƒ–ǣ

♦ ƒ’’‹‡••„‡ƒ†‘’–‡†ƒ•–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒ” Š‹‰‰‘ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡†‡˜‡ŽǦ
‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ‰‡†ƒ

♦ ‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ†Šƒ’’‹‡••„‡‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†—•–ƒ‹Ǧ
ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ƒŽ•

♦ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•–‹–—–‡•ƒ†‹†‡’‡†‡–”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•–ƒ‡

—’–Š‡–ƒ•‘ˆ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒ†‡ Šƒ‹••‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘Ǧ
’‘•‡†‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ˆ‘”‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘

‡‘ơ‡”–Š‹•’”‘’‘•‡†‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰„ƒ•‡†—’‘”‡ƪ‡ –‹‘‘‘—”‘™
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡„‡ ƒ—•‡™‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆŠ—–ƒǯ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǧ
‡–†‘‘–†‹ơ‡”ƒ”‡†Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡‘ˆ‘–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡•Ǥ
• — Šƒ• Š—–ƒ Š‘’‡•–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‡ơ‘”––‘ Šƒ”–ƒ
‡™ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ Š—ƒ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‰—‹†‡† „› –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ
™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ†Šƒ’’‹‡••ǡ–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‹•ƒŽ•‘–‘Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘‰‘‘†’”ƒ Ǧ
–‹ ‡•ˆ”‘ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ†–‘„”‹‰–Š‹•˜‹•‹‘‘”‡†‹”‡ –Ž›‹–‘
Š—–ƒǯ•‘™‡ ‘‘›ƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ

ȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝȝ

 Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ˆ‘” › ƒ–‹‘ǡ –‘†ƒ›   ‹• –Š‡ „”‹†‰‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ‹†‡••ǡ“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ† —ƒ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›’—”•—‹–‘ˆ
‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ  ƒ –•ƒ•‘—”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘• ‹‡ ‡‰—‹†‹‰—•–‘Ǧ
™ƒ”†•ƒ‹‰™‹•‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒ„‡––‡”ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ –‡•—”‡•–Šƒ–‘ƒ––‡”
™Šƒ– ‘—” ƒ–‹‘ ƒ› •‡‡ –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ǡ –Š‡ Š—ƒ †‹‡•‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹†‹Ǧ
˜‹†—ƒŽǯ•’Žƒ ‡‹–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹•‡˜‡”ˆ‘”‰‘––‡Ǥ –‹•ƒ ‘•–ƒ–”‡‹†‡”
–Šƒ–™‡—•–•–”‹˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ ƒ”‹‰Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’•‘–Šƒ–ƒ•–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ†ȑ‘—”Ȓ
‘—–”› Šƒ‰‡ǡƒ•‘—”ƒ–‹‘ǯ•‰‘ƒŽ• Šƒ‰‡ǡ‘—”ˆ‘”‡‘•–’”‹‘”‹–›™‹ŽŽ
ƒŽ™ƒ›•”‡ƒ‹–Š‡Šƒ’’‹‡••ƒ†™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘ˆ‘—”’‡‘’Ž‡Ȃ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡
‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•–‘ ‘‡ƒˆ–‡”—•Ǥ

< ‹•ƒŒ‡•–› ‹‰‡Š‡•ƒ”ƒ‰›‡Žƒ‰ Š— ǡ‹‰‘ˆŠ—–ƒǡ†Ǧ

†”‡••ƒ––Š‡ƒ†Šƒ˜”ƒ‘ ‹†‹ƒ‡‘”‹ƒŽ‡ –—”‡–‹–Ž‡†Šƒ‰‹‰‘”Ž†
ƒ†‹‡Ž‡••ƒŽ—‡•ǡ †‹ƒǡͥ͜͜͞Ǥ
46 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

References
‹ǡǤǡ—ǡǤǡƬ‘”–‘ǡǤǡ͜͞͝͞Ǥ ƒ’’‹‡••”—•‹ƒ ‹” —Žƒ”‘–‹‘ǣ˜‹†‡ ‡ˆ‘”
ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ˆ‡‡†„ƒ Ž‘‘’„‡–™‡‡’”‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ•’‡†‹‰ƒ†Šƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ ƒ’’‹‡••
–—†‹‡•ǡ͟͝ǡͣ͟͠Ǧ͟͡͡Ǥ

”‘™ǡǤǤƬ›ƒǡǤǤ͜͜͟͞ǤŠ‡„‡‡Ƥ–•‘ˆ„‡‹‰’”‡•‡–ǣ‹†ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†‹–•”‘Ž‡‹
’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‘ ‹ƒŽ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‘ŽǤͤ͠ǡ‘Ǥ͠ǡ’’Ǥ
ͤ͞͞Ǧͤͤ͠Ǥ

ƒ˜ƒŽ ƒ–‹ǡǤ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‘”–„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘„›  ‡„‡”–‘–Š‹•”‡’‘”–Ǥ™™™Ǥ

‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ„–

‘•–ƒœƒǡǤǡ‹Ž‹•‘ǡǤǡ‹ ‡––ǡǤǡƒ†—„‹•œ‡™•‹ǡ Ǥ͜͞͝͞ǤŠ›‘™ǫƒ ‰”‘—†

’ƒ’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰ ”‘—’‡‡–‹‰•‹Š‹’Š—ǡŠ—–ƒǡ ƒ—ƒ”›
ƒ† ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ͜͟͞͝Ǥ

‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘Ǥ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‡˜‡”ƒ” Š‹‰‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡‰‡†ƒȂ‘— ‹Ž‘ Ž—Ǧ

•‹‘•Ǥ͞͡–Š‘ˆ —‡͜͟͞͝Ǥ ‡‡”ƒŽơƒ‹”•‘— ‹Ž‡‡–‹‰ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ ‘•‹Ž‹—Ǥ‡—”‘’ƒǤ‡—Ȁ
—‡†‘ •Ȁ •̼ƒ–ƒȀ†‘ •Ȁ’”‡••†ƒ–ƒȀȀˆ‘”ƒơȀͣ͟͢͜͢͝Ǥ’†ˆ

ƒ˜‹†•‘ǡǤ Ǥǡƒ„ƒ–Ǧ‹ǡ Ǥǡ Šƒ Š‡”ǡ Ǥǡ‘•‡”ƒœǡǤǡ—ŽŽ‡”ǡǤǡƒ–‘”‡ŽŽ‹ǡǤ Ǥǡ‡–

ƒŽǤȋ͜͜͟͞ȌǤŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹„”ƒ‹ƒ†‹—‡ˆ— –‹‘’”‘†— ‡†„›‹†ˆ—Ž‡••‡†‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ•› Š‘•‘ƒ–‹ ‡†‹ ‹‡ǡ͢͡ǣ͢͡͠Ǧͣ͜͡

‡ ‹ǡǤǤƒ†›ƒǡǤǤ͜͜͜͞ǤŠ‡Dz™Šƒ–dzƒ†Dz™Š›dz‘ˆ‰‘ƒŽ’—”•—‹–•ǣ —ƒ‡‡†•ƒ†
–Š‡•‡ŽˆǦ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ “—‹”›ǡ͠ǡͣ͞͞Ǧͤ͢͞Ǥ

‡ ‡•—•ǡǤ‡–ƒŽǤ͜͜͞͝Ǥ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‡‹‰Š„‘”Ǧ

Š‘‘†•ƒˆ‡–›ǣ ‡ƒŽ–Š‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡ƒŽ–ŠƬŽƒ ‡ǡ͢͝ȋ͡Ȍǡ’’Ǥͣ͜͜͝Ǧ͜͟͝͝Ǥ

ƒŽǡ Ǥǡ ‘Ž†‹‰ǡǤƒ†ƒŽƒ––‹ǡ Ǥ͜͜͞͝Ǥ—‹Ž†‹‰‘—‹–‹‡•ǣǡŽ‹ˆ‡Ž‘‰Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†

•‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽǤ–Š‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ™‘”†’‘”–”ƒ‹–•”‡’‘”–‹‰”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘†— –‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡†—Ž–ǡ
‘—‹–›ƒ† —”–Š‡”†— ƒ–‹‘‘ƒ”†ǡ‹ –‘”‹ƒǤ‡Ž„‘—”‡ǣ”‹•Ǥ

ƒ›™ƒ”†ǡǤƒ†‘ŽƒǡǤ͜͞͝͞ǤŠ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‘Ž—–ƒ”›‘”‹Š—–ƒǤ‘‘Ǧ

‰”ƒ’Š‘Ǥ͞ǡ͜͞͝͞ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–ƒ–‹•–‹ •—”‡ƒ—ǣŠ‹’Š—ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ•„Ǥ‰‘˜Ǥ„–Ȁ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ȁ
ƤŽ‡•Ȁ’—„ͥœ˜͡͡͝͡’‘Ǥ’†ˆ

‡‹„‡”‰ǡ‹ Šƒ”†Ǥ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‘”–„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘„›  ‡„‡”–‘–Š‹•”‡’‘”–Ǥ

™™™Ǥ‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ„–
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 47

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰ ”‘—’Ǥ͜͟͞͝Ǥ‡’‘”–‘‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ƭ ƒ’’‹‡••ǣ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•

–‘™ƒ”†•Š—–ƒǯ•‡’‘”–„›  ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ƭ ƒ’’‹‡••‘”‹‰
”‘—’ǤŠ‹’Š—ǣ‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ

ƒ •‘ǡǤƒ†‹ –‘”ǡǤ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‘”–„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘„›  ‡„‡”•–‘–Š‹•

”‡’‘”–Ǥ™™™Ǥ‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ„–

ƒ„ƒ–Ǧ‹ǡ Ǥͥͥ͜͝Ǥ —ŽŽƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‡‹˜‹‰ǣ•‹‰–Š‡™‹•†‘‘ˆ›‘—”„‘†›ƒ†‹†–‘ˆƒ ‡

•–”‡••ǡ’ƒ‹ǡƒ†‹ŽŽ‡••Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ‡Žƒ ‘”–‡Ǥ

ƒ••‡”ǡǤͤ͜͜͞Ǥƒ—††Š‹•ƒ† ‘•—‡”‹•Šƒ”‘‹œ‡ǫ”‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹Ǧ

ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǥ  –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘—††Š‹•‹–Š‡‰‡‘ˆ‘•—‡”‹•ǡƒŠ‹†‘Ž
‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ‰‘Ǥ

ƒ••‡”ǡǤ͜͜͟͞ǤŠ‡ ‹‰Š”‹ ‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•Ǥ‘•–‘ǣ ”‡••Ǥ

‘”–‡ǡǤ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‡—”•—‹–‘ˆ ƒ’’‹‡••ǣ‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀŽ‹˜‹‰‡ ‘Ǧ

‘‹‡•ˆ‘”—Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‡™Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǧ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰

ƒ’’±ǡ ǤǤ͜͟͞͝Ǥ‹˜‹‰‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǣ–Š‡Dz ‘™dz‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ž†‡ƒ–ǤŠ‘”–„ƒ ‰”‘—†

‘–”‹„—–‹‘„›  ‡„‡”–‘–Š‹•”‡’‘”–Ǥ™™™Ǥ‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ„–

—•ǡǤƒ†ƒ›‡ǡǤͥͥ͝͝ǤŠ‡Š‡ƒŽ‹‰’‘™‡”‘ˆ†‘‹‰‰‘‘†ǣŠ‡Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ„‡Ǧ
‡Ƥ–•‘ˆŠ‡Ž’‹‰‘–Š‡”•Ǥ‡™‘”ǣƒŽŽƒ–‹‡Ǥ

ƒ ‹–›”‡ǡǤƬŽŽƒ™ƒ›ǡǤ͜͜͜͞Ǥ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǣ‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Š›•‹Ǧ

ƒŽƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ ‡”ƒǡǤ Ǥƒ†ƒ™ƒ Š‹ǡ Ǥǡ‡†•Ǥ‘ ‹ƒŽ‡’‹†‡‹‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‡™
‘”ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ’’Ǥ͟͟͞Ȁͤ͟͠Ǥ

ƒ ƒŽŽǡǤ͜͟͞͝Ǥ‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‡™‘ ‹ƒŽ‘–”ƒ –ǣŠ‡Ž†ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ†–Š‡‡™Ǥƒ Ǧ

‰”‘—†’ƒ’‡”ˆ‘”‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰ ”‘—’ǡŠ‹’Š—ǡŠ—–ƒǡ
ƒ—ƒ”›ƒ† ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ͜͟͞͝Ǥ

ƒ ƒŽŽǡǤͣ͜͜͞Ǥ –”‘†— –‹‘‹Š‡‡–”‡ˆ‘”Š—–ƒ–—†‹‡•Ǥͣ͜͜͞Ǥ‡–Š‹‹‰‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǧ

‡–Ȃ”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ‡ ‘† –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ ”‘••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡••ǡ’’Ǥ
š‹Ǧššš‹˜ǤŠ‹’Š—ǣŠ‡‡–”‡ˆ‘”Š—–ƒ–—†‹‡•Ǥ

ƒšǦ‡‡ˆǡǤ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‘”–„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘„›  ‡„‡”–‘–Š‹•”‡’‘”–Ǥ™™™Ǥ

‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ„–

‡””‹Ƥ‡Ž†ǡǤǡ‡””‹Ƥ‡Ž†ǡǤǡƒ†‹– Š—ǡ Ǥͥ͜͜͞Ǥƒ‘‘Ž‘—•”‡ ‡–ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž”‹•‡Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆŽ‹ƒ–‡͞͞ǣͣͣ͡͞Ǧͣͤ͡͝Ǥ

‹††Ž‡–‘ǡ Ǥͥͥͤ͝Ǥ”‹‡‹•ƒ’—„Ž‹ Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ‡†‹ ‹‡ǡ‘ƪ‹ –ƒ†—”˜‹˜ƒŽǡ͝͠ǡ

͞͠Ǧͤ͞Ǥ
48 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

‹Žƒ‘˜‹ ǡǤ͜͞͝͝ǤŠ‡ ƒ˜‡•ƒ†–Š‡ ƒ˜‡Ǧ‘–•Ǥ‡™‘”ǣƒ•‹ ‘‘•Ǥ

‹ŽŽ‡”ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ Ž‡– Š‡”ǡǤǡƒ„ƒ–Ǧ‹ǡ Ǥͥͥ͝͡ǤŠ”‡‡Ǧ›‡ƒ”ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ƒ† Ž‹‹ ƒŽ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•

‘ˆƒ‹†ˆ—Ž‡••‡†‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†•–”‡••”‡†— –‹‘‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‹–Š‡–”‡ƒ–‡–‘ˆƒš‹‡–›
†‹•‘”†‡”•Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ ‡‡”ƒŽ ‘•’‹–ƒŽ•› Š‹ƒ–”›ǡͣ͝ȋ͟Ȍǣͥ͝͞Ǧ͜͜͞

Ǥ͜͟͞͝Ǥ‡›‘†–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡‹—‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ƒŽ•ǣ‘™ƒ”†•ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘

–Š‡’‘•–Ǧͥ͢͠͡ƒ‰‡†ƒǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘‡ †Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ†ƒ ȀǦ͜͞͝͡τ͜͞˜‡”˜‹‡™τ͜͞ƒ’‡”Ǥ’†ˆ

ƒ ‡ǡǤǤǤ‡–ƒŽǤͥ͜͜͞Ǥơ‡ –‘ˆ ‘’ƒ••‹‘‡†‹–ƒ–‹‘‘‡—”‘‡†‘ ”‹‡ǡ‹ƒ–‡‹Ǧ

—‡ƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ•–”‡••Ǥ•› Š‘‡—”‘‡†‘ ”‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡͣͤȋ͝Ȍǣ
ͤͣǦͥͤǤ

‘•–ǡǤ Ǥ͜͞͝͝ǤŠ‡ ‹††‡ ‹ˆ–•‘ˆ ‡Ž’‹‰ǣ ‘™–Š‡‘™‡”‘ˆ ‹˜‹‰ǡ‘’ƒ••‹‘ƒ† ‘’‡

ƒ ‡–•Š”‘—‰Š ƒ”†‹‡•Ǥ ‘Š‹Ž‡›Ƭ‘•Ǥ

‡‡•ǡǤ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‘”–„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘„›  ‡„‡”–‘–Š‹•”‡’‘”–Ǥ™™™Ǥ‡™†Ǧ

‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ„–

‹ ƒ”†ǡǤ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‘”–„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘„›  ‡„‡”–‘–Š‹•”‡’‘”–Ǥ™™™Ǥ

‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ„–

‹ ƒ”†ǡǤ͜͜͟͞Ǥ ƒ’’‹‡••ǣ‰—‹†‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰Ž‹ˆ‡ǯ•‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–•‹ŽŽǤ‹––Ž‡ǡ”‘™
ƒ†‘’ƒ›ǣ‡™‘”Ǥ

‘ •–”ڏǡ Ǥ‡–ƒŽǤͥ͜͜͞Ǥƒˆ‡’‡”ƒ–‹‰’ƒ ‡ˆ‘” —ƒ‹–›Ǥƒ–—”‡͢͠͝ǣͣ͠͞Ǧͣ͠͡Ǥ

ƒ’•‘ǡǤ Ǥ͜͜͟͞Ǥ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ‘–‡š–ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Šǣ‡••‘•ˆ”‘•‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ 

ƒ™ƒ Š‹ǡ ƒ†‡”ƒǡǤ Ǥǡ‡†•Ǥ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†•ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ’’Ǥ͟͝͞Ǧ͢͝͠Ǥ‡™‘”ǣšˆ‘”†
‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

‘™‡”ǡǤ Ǥ͜͞͝͞Ǥ’‡‹‰ƒ††”‡••–‘–Š‡ Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘‘‹ ›’‘•‹—ǡ‹‘†‡ ƒ‡‹”‘ǡ

 –‘„‡”͢͝ǡ͜͞͝͞Ǥ—‘–‡†‹‹ ƒ”†ǡǤ͜͟͞͝Ǥ

–‡”Ž‹‰ǡǤ͜͞͝͝Ǥ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǣ•‡– Š‹‰–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ

‰”‘—†Ǥ‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†‡ƒ Š‹‰‹ ‹‰Š‡”†— ƒ–‹‘ͥǡ͜͜͞͝Ǧ͝͝Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘Š––’ǣȀȀ‹•‹‰Š–Ǧ
†‡˜Ǥ‰Ž‘•Ǥƒ Ǥ—Ȁ–Ž‹Ȁ”‡•‘—” ‡•ȀŽƒ–Š‡Ȁ‘ —‡–•Ȁ‹••—‡τ͜͞͡Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Ȁƒ–Š‡̼̼͡τ͜͞–‡”Ž‹‰Ǥ
’†ˆ

—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘Ž—–‹‘•‡–™‘”Ǥ͜͟͞͝Ǥ –‹‘‰‡†ƒˆ‘”—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ‡’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ—•†•Ǥ‘”‰ȀƤŽ‡•Ȁ͜͟͞͝Ȁ͜͢Ȁ͟͜͢͟͝͝Ǧ
ǦǦ –‹‘Ǧ‰‡†ƒǦˆ‘”Ǧ—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǧ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǧ Ǥ’†ˆ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 49

ƒŽ„‡”–Šǡ Ǥǡ‘„„ǡǤǡƒ†Žƒ––‡”›ǡǤͣ͜͜͞ǤŠ‡ ‡—‹‡”‘‰”‡•• †‹ ƒ–‘”ͦ͢͠͠ǣ–‘‘Žˆ‘”

•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘‡–ǤƒŽƒ†ǡǣ‡†‡Ƥ‹‰”‘‰”‡••Ǥ

‡ƒ•†ƒŽ‡ǡ ǤǤǡ‡‰ƒŽǡǤǤǡ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡ ǤǤǡ‹†‰‡™ƒ›ǡǤǤǡ‘—Ž•„›ǡ ǤǤǡƒ—ǡǤǤȋ͜͜͜͞ȌǤ

”‡˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ”‡Žƒ’•‡Ȁ”‡ —””‡ ‡‹ƒŒ‘”†‡’”‡••‹‘„›‹†ˆ—Ž‡••Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡
–Š‡”ƒ’›Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ‘•—Ž–‹‰ƒ†Ž‹‹ ƒŽ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡͤ͢ȋ͠Ȍǣ͢͝͡Ǧ͟͞Ǥ

Ǥ͜͟͞͝ƒǤ‡™ Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”–‡”•Š‹’ǣ”ƒ†‹ ƒ–‡‘˜‡”–›ƒ†”ƒ•ˆ‘” ‘‘‹‡•Š”‘—‰Š

—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤŠ‡‡’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹‰ŠǦ‡˜‡Žƒ‡Ž‘ˆ‹‡–‡”•‘•‘–Š‡
‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‰‡†ƒǤ‡™‘”ǣ‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ—Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ•‰Ȁƒƒ‰‡Ǧ
‡–Ȁ’†‡Ȁ ̼̼͜͞͝͡‡’‘”–Ǥ’†ˆ

Ǥ͜͟͞͝„ǤŠ‡‹ŽŽ‡‹—‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ƒŽ•‡’‘”–ͣ͢͠͡Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ—†’Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ ‘–‡–Ȁ†ƒȀ—†’ȀŽ‹„”ƒ”›Ȁ Ȁ‡‰Ž‹•ŠȀ†‰Ǧ”‡’‘”–Ǧ͜͟͞͝Ǧ‡‰Ž‹•ŠǤ
’†ˆ

 Ǥ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‡ Ž‘„ƒŽ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘‡‰‹•Ȃ‡”‰‹‰‹‡™•ˆ‘”ƒ‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–

‰‡†ƒǤ‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ”‘—’ǣ‡™‘”ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ‹••——Ǥ ‘Ȁ—†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǧ
‰”‘—’Ȁ†‘ •Ȁ‰Ž‘„ƒŽǦ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ǧ„‡‰‹•Ǧ™‡„

Ǥ͜͟͞͝ǤŠ‡Š—–ƒ‡•‡‘‹ ‡ȂŠ‡ —–—”‡‡ƒ–ˆ‘”ŽŽǣ‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ƒ† ƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ

Š‡‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‰‡†ƒǤƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘•‡’‘”–Ǥƒ›͜͟͞͝ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ
•‘Ž—–‹‘‡š Šƒ‰‡Ǧ—Ǥ‡–Ȁ”‡’‘•‹–‘”›Ȁ„–Ȁ•‡„Š—–ƒȀ‘•–τ͜͜͞͞͝͡τ͜͞ ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡†τ͜͞”‡Ǧ
’‘”–τ͜͞Š—–ƒǤ’†ˆ

Ǥ͜͜͞͝ǤŠ‡‘™‡”‘ˆ—Ž–—”‡ˆ‘”‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ—‡•†‘ Ǥ—‡• ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ

‹ƒ‰‡•Ȁͤ͜͜͝Ȁͤͥ͜͜͟͝Ȁͤͥͤ͟͝͞‡Ǥ’†ˆ

Ǥ͜͞͝͝Ǥ–ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ž†ǯ•‘Ž—–‡‡”‹•‡’‘”–ǣ‹˜‡”•ƒŽƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘” Ž‘„ƒŽ‡ŽŽǦ‡‹‰Ǥ
‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•‘Ž—–‡‡”•Ǥ

”ƒǡǤǡŽ‹”‡ǡǤǡƒ‰‘ǡǤƒ†ƒ‰†‹ǡǤ͜͞͝͞ƒǤ•Š‘”–‰—‹†‡–‘ ”‘••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’‹Ǧ

‡•• †‡šǡŠ‹’Š—ǣ‡–”‡ˆ‘”Š—–ƒ–—†‹‡•Ǥ

”ƒǡǤǡŽ‹”‡ǡǤǡƒ‰‘ǡǤƒ†ƒ‰†‹ǡǤ͜͞͝͞„Ǥ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ  ‹†‡šǡ
Š‹’Š—ǣ‡–”‡ˆ‘”Š—–ƒ–—†‹‡•Ǥ
50 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

‹Ž‹•‘ǡǤƒ†‹ ‡––ǡǤͥ͜͜͞ǤŠ‡’‹”‹–‡˜‡Žǣ™Š›‘”‡‡“—ƒŽ•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•ƒŽ‘•–ƒŽ™ƒ›•

†‘„‡––‡”Ǥ‘†‘ǣ‡‰—‹Ǥ

‘”Ž†ƒǤ͜͞͝͝Ǥ‡˜‡Ž•ƒ†”‡†•‹Š‹Ž†‘”–ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ –‡”ƒ‰‡ › ”‘—’ˆ‘”Š‹Ž†

‘”–ƒŽ‹–›•–‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

 Ǥͤ͜͜͞ǤŽ‘•‹‰–Š‡‰ƒ’‹ƒ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǣ ‡ƒŽ–Š‡“—‹–›–Š”‘—‰Šƒ –‹‘‘–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ

†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ‘‹••‹‘‘–Š‡‘ ‹ƒŽ‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆ ‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ ‡‡˜ƒǣ‘”Ž†
‡ƒŽ–Š”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ

‘‰‡›‹‰›—”‹’‘ Š‡Ǥͣ͜͜͞ǤŠ‡ ‘›‘ˆ‹˜‹‰Ǥ‡™‘”ǣŠ”‡‡‹˜‡”•”‡••Ǥ

 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 51

Annex: Biographies of the IEWG

Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽš’‡”–‘”‹‰ ”‘—’ȋ  Ȍ™‡”‡‹˜‹–‡†–‘•—„‹–•Š‘”–
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡‡–•–‘Š‡Ž’‹ˆ‘”–Š‹•”‡’‘”–ǤŠ‡•‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•ƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘–Š‡‡ ”‡Ǧ
–ƒ”‹ƒ–ǯ• ™‡„•‹–‡ ƒ– ™™™Ǥ‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ„–Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ”‡’‘”– †”ƒ™• ‘ –Š‡•‡ ‹†‹Ǧ
˜‹†—ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡‡–•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘–Š‡” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ˆ”‘  ‡„‡”•ǡ‹–ƒ›‘–„‡ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡‹”˜‹‡™•Ǥ

͝Ǥ ƒ„‹ƒ Ž‹”‡ †‹”‡ –• –Š‡ šˆ‘”† ‘˜‡”–› ƒ† —ƒ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ ƒ– –Š‡
‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆšˆ‘”†Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ•Š‡‹•ƒ‡•‡ƒ” Š••‘ ‹ƒ–‡ƒ– ƒ”˜ƒ”†ƒ†‹ ‡”‡•‹Ǧ
†‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ —ƒ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– Ƭ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡” ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹–‡”‡•–• ‹Ǧ
Ž—†‡—Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ’‘˜‡”–›‡ƒ•—”‡‡–ƒ†ƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ†™‡Žˆƒ”‡‡ ‘‘‹ •ƒ†
•Š‡Šƒ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†™‘”•‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒŽ—‹‰ ”‡‡†‘•ǣ‡ǯ•ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›’’”‘ƒ Šƒ†‘˜Ǧ
‡”–›‡†— –‹‘Ǥ

͞Ǥ ƒ”Ž’‡”‘˜‹–œ‹• —””‡–Ž›–Š‡‹‘‡ŽǤƒ—ƒ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘‘›ƒ––Š‡

‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ”›Žƒ†ǡƒ†ƒˆ‘”‡”ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™‘ˆ‹‰•‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǡƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǣ ƒ”Ǧ
˜ƒ”†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǯ• •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǣƒ†–Š‡ •–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”‘Ž‹ ›–—†‹‡•Ǣƒ†™ƒ•ƒ‰—‡•–
• Š‘Žƒ”ƒ––Š‡”‘‘‹‰• •–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ ‡‹•ƒ—–Š‘”‘•–”‡ ‡–Ž›‘ˆŠƒ–Š‡—•–‡
‘ǫ

͟Ǥ ƒ”‹“ ƒ—”‹™ƒ• ˆ‘”‡”Ž› ‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹˜‹•‹‘ ˆ‘” —•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†
‡ƒ†‘ˆƥ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›Ǧ ‡‡”ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘—•–ƒ‹Ǧ
ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋ‹‘φ͜͞Ȍƒ†Šƒ•„”‘ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘–Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡’‘Ž‹ ›ǡ
”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽƒ –‹‘•‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

͠Ǥ Ž‘ƒ ‘‹™‡ŽŽ ‹•–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ Ž‡ƒ†‡” ˆ‘”–Š‡ Ƥ”•– ƒ•–‡”• ‡‰”‡‡ ‹’’Ž‹‡† ‘•‹–‹˜‡
•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ–Š‡Ƥ”•–’‘•–‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡†‡‰”‡‡‹’‘•‹–‹˜‡’•› Š‘Ž‘‰›‹—”‘’‡ǤŠ‡ƒ—–Š‘”‡†
‘•‹–‹˜‡•› Š‘Ž‘‰›‹ƒ—–•Š‡ŽŽǡˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‡–™‘”‘ˆ‘•‹–‹˜‡•› Š‘Ž‘‰›
ƒ†‹•–Š‡˜‹ ‡Ǧ Šƒ‹”‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘•‹–‹˜‡•› Š‘Ž‘‰›••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ ‘Ǧˆ‘—†Ǧ
‡”‘ˆ‡”•‘ƒŽ‡ŽŽǦ‡‹‰‡–”‡Ǥ

͡Ǥ •ƒ„‡ŽŽ‡ƒ••‹‡”•‹•‡‹‘””‘ˆ‡••‘”‹ ‘‘‹ •ƒ––Š‡Ǧƒ†‡•‡ƒ” Š••‘ ‹Ǧ

ƒ–‡ƒ––Š‡‡Ž‰‹ƒ —†ˆ‘” ‹‡–‹Ƥ ‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤŠ‡‹•ƒŽ•‘‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘›ƒŽ ƒ†‡›
‘ˆ‡Ž‰‹—ǡŽƒ••‘ˆ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‘ ‹‡–›ǡƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ Ž‘„ƒŽ–—†‹‡•‹ƒ”‹•
ȋ‘ŽŽ°‰‡†ǯ±–—†‡•‘†‹ƒŽ‡•ȌǤ‹ ‡͜͜͢͞•Š‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡•ƒ‹–‡”†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›”‡•‡ƒ” Š
‰”‘—’‘Dz‡†‡Ƥ‹‰’”‘•’‡”‹–›dzǤ
52 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

͢Ǥ Ž×˜‹•ƒ˜ƒŽ ƒ–‹ ‹•ƒ ”ƒœ‹Ž‹ƒ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹•–Ǥ ‡ ‹•ƒ•‡‹‘””‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ƒ––Š‡
•–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”‘ ‹ƒŽ‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ–Š‡ ‘ƒ“—‹ƒ„— ‘ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‹‡ ‹ˆ‡ǡ”ƒœ‹ŽǤ ‡Šƒ•
ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹ ˆƒ”‡”•‹ ‡ͥͣ͢͝Ǥ

ͣǤ –Š‘›Šƒ”Ž‡•‹•ƒ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ—•‹‡••ƒ†˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‹‡ ‡ƒ–ƒ‹–ƒ”›ǯ•

‹˜‡”•‹–›‹ ƒŽ‹ˆƒšǡƒƒ†ƒǤ‘”‹‰ƒ––Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘Ǧ
—‹–› ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡŠ‹•ˆ‘ —•‹•‘‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ •
‘ˆ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•›•–‡•Ǥ ‡Ž‡ƒ†•–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘—‹–›
‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡–™‘” ȋ‘—‹–›‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡–Ȍ ™Š‹ Š ‹• Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰
Š‘™–Š‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽǦŽ‡˜‡Ž‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ•–‡™ƒ”†•Š‹’ǡŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
ƒ†•—’’‘”–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹ › ƒ•Šƒ’‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽˆ—–—”‡Ǥ

ͤǤ ‘„‡”–‘•–ƒœƒ‹• —””‡–Ž›Šƒ‹”‹—„Ž‹ ‘Ž‹ ›ƒ––Š‡”ƒ™ˆ‘”† Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ—„Ž‹ ‘ŽǦ

‹ ›ƒ–Š‡—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†‹•†‹–‘”Ǧ‹ǦŠ‹‡ˆ‘ˆ‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡Ǥ
‡Šƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†ǡ†‹”‡ –‡†ǡ‘”„‡‡ƒ•‡‹‘”ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™ƒ–•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒŒ‘””‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•–‹–—–‹‘•
ƒ†Šƒ••‡”˜‡†‘—‡”‘—•”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†’‘Ž‹ ›„‘†‹‡•‹–Š‡ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
”Ǥ‘•–ƒœƒǯ•”‡•‡ƒ” ŠŠƒ•ˆ‘ —•‡†‘–Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ 
•›•–‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ƒ–Žƒ”‰‡”–‡’‘”ƒŽƒ†•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ• ƒŽ‡•Ǥ

ͥǤ ‡”ƒƒŽ›‹•‡”‹–—•”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ”›Žƒ† Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ—„Ž‹ ‘ŽǦ

‹ ›ǡƒ†ˆ”‘ͥͤͤ͝–‘ͥͥ͝͠™ƒ•‡‹‘” ‘‘‹•–‹–Š‡˜‹”‘‡–‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡
‘”Ž†ƒǤ ‡ ‘„‹‡•Ž‹‹–•Ǧ–‘Ǧ‰”‘™–Šƒ”‰—‡–•ǡ–Š‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‡ ‘‘‹ •ǡ
‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǡƒ† –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹–‘ƒ ‘†‡Ž Š‡
ƒŽŽ•Dz•–‡ƒ†›•–ƒ–‡‡ ‘‘‹ •dzǤ ‡™ƒ•ƒ ‘Ǧˆ‘—†‡”ƒ†ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡‡†‹–‘”‘ˆ–Š‡Œ‘—”ƒŽ
 ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘‘‹ •Ǥ

͜͝Ǥ ‹ Šƒ”†ƒ˜‹†•‘‹•–Š‡‹ŽŽ‹ƒ ƒ‡•ƒ†‹Žƒ•”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†•› Š‹ƒǦ

–”›ǡ ‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹•ƒ ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ˆ‘” ”ƒ‹ ƒ‰‹‰ƒ† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ† ‘—†‡”
ƒ† Šƒ‹”ǡ ‡–‡” ˆ‘” ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ‡ƒŽ–Š› ‹†•ǡƒ––Š‡ƒ‹•ƒ ‡–‡”ǡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›
‘ˆ‹• ‘•‹Ǧƒ†‹•‘Ǥ ‡Šƒ•™‘—‡”‘—•ƒ™ƒ”†•ǡ™ƒ•ƒ‡†‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡͜͜͝‘•–
‹ƪ—‡–‹ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†„›‹‡ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡‹͜͜͢͞ƒ†™ƒ•ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ–Š‡͜͞͝͞‡™
‘”‹‡•„‡•–•‡ŽŽ‡”ǡŠ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‡‘ˆ‘—””ƒ‹Ǥ

͝͝Ǥ ‘Š†‡ ”ƒƒˆ‹•ƒƤŽƒ‡”ƒ†’”‘†— ‡”‘ˆ‘”‡–Šƒ͜͠–‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘†‘ —‡–ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ

‡‹•–Š‡ ‘Ǧƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆƫ—‡œƒǣŠ‡ŽŽǦ‘•—‹‰’‹†‡‹ ƒ†Šƒ–ǯ•–Š‡ ‘‘›
ˆ‘”ǡ›™ƒ›ǫŠ› –ǯ•‹‡–‘–‘’Šƒ•‹‰ ”‘™–Šƒ†–ƒ”–—”•—‹‰ ƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ ‡‹•
š‡ —–‹˜‡‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆƒ‡ƒ ‘—”‹‡ǡ ‘Ǧˆ‘—†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ––Ž‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ’’‹‡••
‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ•‡‹‘”™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ƒ†˜‹•‘”–‘ƒ”–Š ‘‘‹ •ǡƒ†ƒ„‘ƒ”†‡„‡”‘ˆƒ”–Š
•Žƒ† •–‹–—–‡Ǥ ‡Šƒ•–ƒ—‰Š–ƒ–Š‡˜‡”‰”‡‡–ƒ–‡‘ŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ

͝͞Ǥ †‹‡‡”‹•–Š‡ ‘•‡’ŠǤ‹Ž‡›‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”Ǧ

•‹–›‘ˆ ŽŽ‹‘‹•Ǥ ‡™ƒ•–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆ—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ‹ˆ‡–—†‹‡•ǡ
–Š‡‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆ‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‘ ‹ƒŽ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘•‹–‹˜‡•› Š‘ŽǦ
‘‰›••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹‡‡”Šƒ•‡†‹–‡†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰Š‡ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ
ƒ’’‹‡••–—†‹‡•Ǥ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 53

͟͝Ǥ —‘†ƒŠ‹”‘‹•ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”ǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŒ‘—”ƒŽ‹•–ǡƒ† ‘—†‡”Ƭ”‡•‹Ǧ

†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ •–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”–—†‹‡•‹ ƒ’’‹‡••ǡ ‘‘›ǡƒ†‘ ‹‡–›ǤŠ‡‹•ƒŽ•‘Š‹‡ˆ
š‡ —–‹˜‡‘ˆƒ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ǡ ƒ’ƒˆ‘”—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

͝͠Ǥ ‘•Š—ƒ ƒ”Ž‡›‹•ƒ ‡ŽŽ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡ —† •–‹–—–‡ˆ‘” ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘‘‹ •ƒ†ƒ”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ
•‘” ‹ –Š‡ ‘—‹–› ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ’’Ž‹‡†  ‘‘‹ • ˆƒ —Ž–› ƒ– –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›
‘ˆ‡”‘–Ǥ ‡‹• ‘Ǧƒ—–Š‘”™‹–Š ‡”ƒƒŽ›‘ˆ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘‘‹ •ǡ”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ƒ†
’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ȋ͜͜͞͝ȌǤ

͝͡Ǥ ”—‘Ǥ ”‡›™ƒ•ˆ‘”‡”Ž›”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ ‘‘‹ •ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘•–ƒ ‡ƒ†

™ƒ• ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ  ‘‘‹ •ƒ––Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ—”‹ Šˆ”‘ ͥͣͣ͝–‘ ͜͞͝͞Ǥ ‡ Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘
„‡‡‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ ‹‡ ‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ”™‹ —•‹‡•• Š‘‘Žƒ–
–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ”™‹ ǡ•‹ ‡͜͜͞͝Ǥ ‡‹•–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ—‡”‘—•„‘‘•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰
ƒ’’‹‡••ƒ† ‘‘‹ •ȋ™‹–ŠŽ‘‹•–—–œ‡”ȌǤ

͢͝Ǥ ƒ‹‡Ž ‹Ž„‡”–‹•ƒ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ– ƒ”˜ƒ”†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ ‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘Dzƒơ‡ Ǧ

–‹˜‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ•–‹‰dz‡šƒ‹‡•–Š‡‹•–ƒ‡•’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ‡™Š‡–Š‡›ƒ––‡’––‘’”‡†‹ ––Š‡‹”
Š‡†‘‹ ”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‘ˆ—–—”‡‡˜‡–•Ǥ ‡Šƒ•™‘—‡”‘—•ƒ™ƒ”†•ˆ‘”Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†
–‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡƒ†Š‹•„‘‘–—„Ž‹‰‘ ƒ’’‹‡••ȋͣ͜͜͞Ȍǡ•’‡–͞͡™‡‡•‘–Š‡‡™‘”
‹‡•„‡•–Ǧ•‡ŽŽ‡”Ž‹•–Ǥ

ͣ͝Ǥ ”‹ ‘ ‹‘˜ƒ‹‹„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡ –ƒŽ‹ƒ‹‹•–‡”‘ˆƒ„‘—”ƒ†‘ ‹ƒŽ‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ ‡–‡ƒ ŠǦ

‡••–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ •ƒ–‘‡‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ ‡™ƒ•”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ –ƒŽ‹ƒ–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ
•–‹–—–‡ȋͥ͜͜͞Ǧ͜͟͞͝Ȍƒ†–Š‡‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ–ƒ–‹•–‹ •ƒ†Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ–‹•–‹ ‹ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡
ȋ͜͜͞͝Ǧͥ͜͜͞Ȍǡ™Š‡”‡ Š‡†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ† ‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ƒ–Š‘”‘—‰Š”‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ
•›•–‡ƒ†Žƒ— Š‡†–Š‡ Ž‘„ƒŽ”‘Œ‡ –‘–Š‡Dz‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‘ˆ”‘‰”‡••‹‘ ‹‡–‹‡•dzǤ
‡ Šƒ‹”‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•–‘–Š‡ƒ†Š–‡‘”Ž†ƒǤ

ͤ͝Ǥ ƒ•—†‡„ —ŠƒǦŠƒ•‘„‹• ‹• –Š‡ ‡‹‘”  ‘‘‹ • †˜‹•‘” ˆ‘”  Š—–ƒ ƒ†
‡’ƒŽǤ ‡ Šƒ• Š‡Ž† ’‘•‹–‹‘• ‹ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ– —‡”‘—•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†
‡ ‘‘‹ •‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘ ‡”•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡ ‘‘Ǧ
‹ •ˆ”‘ƒ‹–‡”†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†Š‡™‘”•™‹–Š• Š‘Žƒ”•ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ‘–Š‡”•‘ ‹ƒŽ
• ‹‡ ‡•ƒ† „‡›‘†Ǥ ‡ ‹•–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ ͜͝ „‘‘•ƒ†‘˜‡” ͜͡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‹’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ
Œ‘—”ƒŽ•Ǥ

ͥ͝Ǥ ‹Ž —’–ƒ‹•”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ– †‹ƒ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ ‘”Š‹•—‹“—‡™‘”ƒƒŽ›•Ǧ

‹‰‹†‹‰‡‘—•‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰„”‹†‰‡•–‘• ‹‡ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‘™ŽǦ
‡†‰‡ǡŠ‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†–Š‡ƒ†ƒŠ”‹Ǧ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•– ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒŠ‘‘”ƒ™ƒ”†•‹ †‹ƒƒ†
–Š‡‡™‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ Š‘Žƒ”™ƒ”†Ǥ ‡‹•–Š‡ˆ‘—†‡”‘ˆ ‘‡›‡‡‡–™‘”ǡ  Ǥ
‘”‰ǡ ǡƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

͜͞Ǥ ‹ Šƒ”† ‡‹„‡”‰ ‹• ‡‹‘” ‡ŽŽ‘™Ǧ‹Ǧ‡•‹†‡ ‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‘•– ƒ”„‘ •–‹–—–‡ ƒ† ‹•
™‹†‡Ž›”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•‘•–‡ơ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡—”‰‡–‡‡†–‘
–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘ˆ‘••‹Žˆ—‡Ž•Ǥ ‡Šƒ•ƒ—–Š‘”‡†–‡„‘‘•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰Š‡ƒ”–›Ʈ•˜‡”
54 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

ȋ͜͜͟͞Ȍǡ‡ƒ˜‡”›–Š‹‰ȋͣ͜͜͞Ȍǡƒ†Š‡†‘ˆ ”‘™–Šǣ†ƒ’–‹‰–‘‘—”‡™ ‘‘‹ 

‡ƒŽ‹–›ȋ͜͞͝͝Ȍǡ™Š‹ Šƒ‡•ƒ ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ”‰—‡––Šƒ––Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›Šƒ•”‡ƒ Š‡†
ƒˆƒ–‡ˆ—Žǡˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ–—”‹‰’‘‹–Ǥ

͞͝Ǥ ‘Š Ǥ ‡ŽŽ‹™‡ŽŽ‹•‡‹‘” ‡ŽŽ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƒ†‹ƒ •–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”†˜ƒ ‡†‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†

‘Ǧ†‹”‡ –‘” ȋ™‹–Š ‡‘”‰‡ ‡”Ž‘ˆȌ ‘ˆ  ǯ• ’”‘‰”ƒ ‘ ‘ ‹ƒŽ –‡”ƒ –‹‘•ǡ †‡–‹–›
ƒ†‡ŽŽǦ‡‹‰Ǥ ‡‹•ƒŽ•‘”‘ˆ‡••‘”‡”‹–—•‘ˆ ‘‘‹ •ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ”‹–‹•Š
‘Ž—„‹ƒǡƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–ƒ–‹•–‹ •‘— ‹Žǡƒ†ƒƥ ‡”‘ˆ–Š‡”†‡”‘ˆ
ƒƒ†ƒǤ ‡ƒŽ•‘ ‘Ǧ‡†‹–‡†‘”Ž† ƒ’’‹‡••‡’‘”–ͣ͢͠͡Ǥ

͞͞Ǥ ‘Šƒ‡• ‹”ƒ–ƒ‹•”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ ‘‘‹ •™‘”‹‰‘–Š‡‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‡–Š‹ •ƒ†

‡ ‘‘‹ •Ǥ ‹•ƒ‹‹–‡”‡•–‹•–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆŠƒ’’‹‡••ˆ‘”–”—Ž›‰‘‘††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ͜͞͝͝ǡ
Š‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ„‘‘–‹–Ž‡† ƒ’’‹‡••ǡ–Š‹ •ƒ† ‘‘‹ •Ǥ

͟͞Ǥ ‹ ƒ •‘ ‹• ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ —•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ––Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ —””‡›ƒ†

‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡•‡•‡ƒ” Š ”‘—’Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡ͥͥ͜͝•ǡŠ‡’‹‘‡‡”‡†
–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ†Œ—•–‡†‡ƒ•—”‡•‘ˆ‡ ‘‘‹ ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ†ˆ‘”™‡†‡Ǥ
”‘͜͜͞͠–‘͜͞͝͝Š‡™ƒ• ‘‘‹ •‘‹••‹‘‡”‘–Š‡—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‘‹••‹‘Ǥ ‹•„‡•–Ǧ‘™’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‹•”‘•’‡”‹–›™‹–Š‘—– ”‘™–ŠȂ‡ ‘‘‹ •ˆ‘”ƒ
Ƥ‹–‡’Žƒ‡–ȋͥ͜͜͞Ȍ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•„‡‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–‘͢͝Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡Ǥ

͞͠Ǥ •Š‘Š‘•Žƒ‹•‘‡‘ˆ™‘”Ž†ǯ•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰‡š’‡”–•‘–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡Ǧ
˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‡‹•Šƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ž–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ǡƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡–‡”’”‹•‡†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†–‘
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‡‹•‘ǦŠƒ‹”‘ˆ–Š‡ǯ• –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡ƒ‡Žƒ†
‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹ƒ‘— ‹Žǡƒ†™ƒ•ǡ—–‹Ž”‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ ƒ†–Š‡Ž—„
‘ˆ‘‡Ǥ

͞͡Ǥ —Ž‹ƒ‹‹•ƒ’Š›•‹ ‹ƒƒ†’—„Ž‹ Š‡ƒŽ–Š”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”™‹–Š’”‘‰”ƒǡ’‘Ž‹ ›ǡƒ†ƒ†˜‘ ƒ ›

‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ‹–Š‹–Š‡ǡ•Š‡Šƒ•
ˆ‘ —•‡†‘ƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡Ž‹ƒ‰‡•„‡–™‡‡Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‡“—‹–›ǡƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ
ƒ†‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ‘•‡•—•‘‡ƒ•—”‹‰Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡‹•
ƒ‡‹‘””‘‰”ƒ†˜‹•‘”–‘–Š‡  ‡–”‡ǡŠ—–ƒǡƒ†ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ ‹‰
•–‹–—–‡Ȃƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘—‹–›–Šƒ–•‡‡•–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹†ˆ—Ž‡••Ǧ„ƒ•‡†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•
ƒ•ƒ ‘”‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ͞͝•–Ǧ ‡–—”›‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ

͢͞Ǥ †ƒ—„‹•œ‡™•‹‹•‡‹‘”‡ –—”‡”ƒ––Š‡”ƒ™ˆ‘”† Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ—„Ž‹ ‘Ž‹ ›ƒ–—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ƒ† ˆ‘—†‹‰ ƒƒ‰‹‰ ‡†‹–‘” ‘ˆ ‘Ž—–‹‘• ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡Ǥ ”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ
•Š‡™ƒ•ƒ••‹•–ƒ–‡•‡ƒ” Š”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ–‘”–Žƒ†–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǤŠ‡‹• ‘Ǧˆ‘—†‡”
‘ˆ–Š‡ › Ž‘’‡†‹ƒ‘ˆƒ”–ŠǤŠ‡™ƒ•”‡ ‡–Ž›‹˜‹–‡†–‘„‡ƒ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‘”‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡
Šƒ‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘‹‹ ƒ‡’—„Ž‹ ǤŠ‡Šƒ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡††‘œ‡•‘ˆ”‡ˆ‡”‡‡†Œ‘—”ƒŽƒ”–‹Ǧ
Ž‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡Ƥ”•–ƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆŠ—–ƒǯ•‡ ‘•›•–‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ

ͣ͞Ǥ ‹ŽŽ  ‹„„‡ ‹• ’”‘Ž‹Ƥ  ƒ—–Š‘” ‘ˆ „‘‘• ‘ –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ™‹–Š Š‹•
‰”‘—†Ǧ„”‡ƒ‹‰Š‡†‘ˆƒ–—”‡ȋͥͤͥ͝Ȍǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡Ƥ”•–„‘‘ˆ‘”ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ—†‹‡ ‡
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 55

‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ ‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†͝ǡ͜͜͠‰Ž‘„ƒŽ™ƒ”‹‰†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ ”‘••ƒŽŽ͜͡ǤǤ

•–ƒ–‡•‘’”‹Ž͝͠ǡͣ͜͜͞ǡ†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•– Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰‹ǤǤŠ‹•–‘”›ǡ
ƒ†Š‡ˆ‘—†‡†–Š‡‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• Ž‹ƒ–‡ ƒ’ƒ‹‰͟͜͡Ǥ‘”‰ƒ†ƒ—–Š‘”‡†‡‡’ ‘‘›ǣ
–Š‡‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡—”ƒ„Ž‡ —–—”‡Ǥ

ͤ͞Ǥ ƒ˜‹† ‘”–‡ ‹• –Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ ‰‡†ƒ ˆ‘” ƒ ‡™  ‘‘›ǣ ”‘ Šƒ–‘‡ƒŽ–Š –‘
‡ƒŽ‡ƒŽ–ŠǡŠ‡ ”‡ƒ–—”‹‰ǣ ”‘’‹”‡–‘ƒ”–Š‘—‹–›ǡŠ‡‘•–Ǧ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡
‘”Ž†ǣ‹ˆ‡ˆ–‡”ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•ǡƒ†Š‡‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•—Ž‡–Š‡‘”Ž†ǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”•Ǥ ‡‹•
„‘ƒ”† Šƒ‹”‘ˆǨƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ǡ ‘Ǧ Šƒ‹”‘ˆ–Š‡‡™ ‘‘›‘”‹‰ ”‘—’ǡˆ‘—†‡”‘ˆ
–Š‡‹˜‹‰ ‘‘‹‡• ‘”—ǡˆ‘—†‹‰„‘ƒ”†‡„‡”‡‡”‹–—•‘ˆ–Š‡—•‹‡••ŽŽ‹ƒ ‡
ˆ‘”‘ ƒŽ‹˜‹‰ ‘‘‹‡•ƒ†ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Ž—„‘ˆ‘‡Ǥ ‹• —””‡–™‘” ‡–‡”•
‘†‡Ƥ‹‰ƒ†ƒ†˜ƒ ‹‰ƒ‡™‡ ‘‘›‰”‘—†‡†‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Š›
Ž‹˜‹‰•›•–‡•Ǥ

ͥ͞Ǥ ”ƒ ‡•‘‘”‡ƒ’’±ǯ•Ƥ”•–„‘‘‹‡–ˆ‘”ƒƒŽŽŽƒ‡–‹ͥͣ͝͝„‡‰ƒƒŽ‹ˆ‡ˆ‘ —•‡†

‘–Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ™‘”Ž†Š—‰‡”ƒ†‹–••‘Ž—–‹‘•–Š”‘—‰ŠDzŽ‹˜‹‰†‡‘ ”ƒ ›ǤdzŠ‡Šƒ••‹ ‡
ƒ—–Š‘”‡†‘” ‘Ǧƒ—–Š‘”‡†ͣ͝‘–Š‡”„‘‘•ƒ†‹• ‘Ǧˆ‘—†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ •–‹–—–‡ˆ‘” ‘‘†ƒ†
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘Ž‹ ›Ǥ‹–ŠŠ‡”†ƒ—‰Š–‡”ƒƒ’’±ǡ•Š‡‘™ ‘ǦŽ‡ƒ†•–Š‡ƒŽŽŽƒ‡–
•–‹–—–‡‹ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•Ǥ

͟͜Ǥ ‘„‡”–‡˜‹‡‹•ƒ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ‘ ‹ƒŽ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ–ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†•’‡–

Žƒ•–•‡‡•–‡”ƒ––Š‡ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ†˜ƒ ‡†–—†›ƒ–—”Šƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‹–Š‡Ǥ ‡‹•
”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡”•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡˜‹‡•–—†‹‡•†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•„‡–™‡‡
‹–‹‡•ƒ† —Ž–—”‡•‹–‹‡ƒ†–‹‡—•‡ƒ†Š‘™–Š‡•‡†‹ơ‡”‡ ‡•ƒơ‡ –™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ǥ ‡‹•
–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ–Š‡„‘‘ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›‘ˆ‹‡Ǥ

͟͝Ǥ —–‡”‘˜‹•‹•ƒ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡—•‹‡••ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ–ƒ‹„”‹†‰‡ ”ƒ†—Ǧ

ƒ–‡ •–‹–—–‡ƒ†ƒ”†‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǤŠ‡‹•ƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡„—•‹‡••
’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†‹•”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǤŠ‡Šƒ•‘˜‡”͜͠›‡ƒ”•ǯ‡š’‡”‹Ǧ
‡ ‡ ‹‡‡”‰›ǡ‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒ† Šƒ‰‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡƒ† Šƒ• Ž‡††‡Ž‡‰ƒǦ
–‹‘•–‘–Š‡ ‘Šƒ‡•„—”‰—‹–ǡƒ†–Š‡›‘–‘ǡ‘–”‡ƒŽǡ‘’‡Šƒ‰‡ǡƒ†ƒ —
Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǤŠ‡‹•ƒ—–Š‘”‘” ‘Ǧƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ͝͠„‘‘•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡„‡•–Ǧ
•‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ–—”ƒŽƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•ǣ”‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡š– †—•–”‹ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ

͟͞Ǥ ƒˆ”‡† ƒšǦ‡‡ˆ ‹• ‹”‡ –‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‘‘‹ • •–‹–—–‡ ƒ– ‹˜‡”•‹†ƒ† —•–”ƒŽ †‡
Š‹Ž‡ƒ†ƒ‡ ‘‘‹•–‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†•‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡ ‘Ǧ
‘‹ •Ǥ ‹• ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– „‘‘• ƒ”‡ǣ ”‘ –Š‡ —–•‹†‡ ‘‘‹‰ ǣ š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‹
ƒ”‡ˆ‘‘– ‘‘‹ •ǡ —ƒ ƒŽ‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒ† ‘‘‹ •ƒ•‡†ǣˆ”‘‘™‡”
ƒ† ”‡‡†–‘‘’ƒ••‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‘‘ ‘‘†Ǥ ‹•™‘”•‡‡•–‘ ‘—–‡”–Š‡Ž‘‰‹ ‘ˆ
‡ ‘‘‹ •™‹–Š–Š‡‡–Š‹ •‘ˆ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ǥ ‡Šƒ•™‘”‡†ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‰‡ ‹‡•ƒ†‹•–Š‡
”‡ ‹’‹‡–‘ˆ—‡”‘—•ƒ™ƒ”†•ƒ†Š‘‘”ƒ”›†‘ –‘”ƒ–‡•Ǥ

͟͟Ǥ ƒ “—‡Ž‹‡  Žƒ†‡ Šƒ••‡”˜‡†ƒ• š‡ —–‹˜‡ ‹”‡ –‘” ˆ‘” –Š‡ —”‘’‡ƒ ˜‹”‘‡–
‰‡ ›ȋȌ•‹ ‡͜͜͟͞ǡ‡Šƒ ‹‰ǯ•”‘Ž‡ƒ•‡›’”‘˜‹†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡„ƒ•‡–‘
•—’’‘”–’‘Ž‹ ›Ǧƒ‹‰ǡ‹’”‘˜‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡’‘Ž‹Ǧ
‹‡•ǡƒ†„‡ ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹—”‘’‡ǤŠ‡Šƒ•
56 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

™‘”‡†‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›™‹–Šƒ™‹†‡ƒ†’”‘Ž‹Ƥ ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ—”‘’‡ƒƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹Ǧ
•ƒ–‹‘• ‘ ‡”‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡’‘Ž‹ ›Ǥ

͟͠Ǥ ‹ Š‡Žƒ•‘œ‡”ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡†Š‹•ŠǤǤ‹ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡•‘—” ‡•™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘‹ ‘Ǧ

Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘‘‹ •ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡”‘–‹ͥ͜͜͞Ǥ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•‡•‹„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›
‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’”‘–‡ –‡† ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ† •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•–
ˆ”‹ ƒ ”‡‰‹‘Ǥ ‡ Šƒ• •‡”˜‡†ƒ• –Š‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‘”‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—‹–› ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
‘—–”‡ƒ Š ’”‘‰”ƒǡ ‹”‡ –‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ›—‰™‡ ‘”‡•– ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ”‘Œ‡ – ȋ Ȍ ƒ†
™ƒ†ƒ‘—–”›‹”‡ –‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ”Ǥƒ•‘œ‡”ƒ‹•ƒ‡Ǧ
„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•›•–‡‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’ƒ†–Š‡‘ ‹‡–›ˆ‘”‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†ƒ
ˆ‘”‡””‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‹ ƒ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ‹‡–›ˆ‘”‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ

͟͡Ǥ Šƒ††‡—•‡–œ‹• —ƒ‹–‹‡•‡•‡ƒ” Š”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‘Šƒ‡•„—”‰Ǥ ‡

‹•ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰Ƥ‰—”‡‘’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–‘™Šƒ–ƒ‡•ƒŽ‹ˆ‡‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Žƒ†–Š‡
”‡Žƒ–‡†˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ ‹•„‘‘ǡ‡ƒ‹‰‹‹ˆ‡ǣƒŽ›–‹ –—†›ǡ™‹ŽŽ„‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹͜͟͞͝Ǥ

͟͢Ǥ ޔ‰‡‹”‘”–‡•‡‹•”‘ˆ‡••‘”‡”‹–—•ƒ– •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ ‘‘‹ •ǡ‘’‡Šƒ‰‡

‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ ‡‹•ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”‡” Šƒ‹”ƒ‹Š‡ƒ‹•Š ‘‘‹ ‘— ‹Žȋͥͥͤ͝Ǧ͜͜͢͞Ȍƒ†
‹•ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ‹•Š˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘‘‹ ‘— ‹ŽǤ ‡Šƒ• ‘†— –‡†”‡•‡ƒ” Š
ƒ†–‡ƒ Š‹‰‹‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽǡƒ–—”ƒŽǡƒ†‡‡”‰›‡ ‘‘‹ •ˆ‘”‘”‡–Šƒ͞͡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

ͣ͟Ǥ ‘Šƒ—ƒ•‹‰Š‡‹•Šƒ‹”ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ•‹‰Š‡ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋ Ȍǡ

‘Ž‘„‘Ǣ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ– ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ Š‡•–‡”ǡǢ
•–‹–—–‡”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ––Š‡ƒŽ‡—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– •–‹–—–‡ǡ ‡†‡”ƒŽ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ
ƒ”ƒǡ”ƒœ‹ŽǢƒ†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡† —‡•–”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ–‡‹Œ‹‰‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡŠ‹ƒǤ

ͤ͟Ǥ ‘‹ ‘„Ž‡ ‹•ƒ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰‡†— ƒ–‘”Ȁ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹•– ‹•–—†‡–™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ Ƭ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡• Š‘‘Ž
‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‡”‰‘˜‡”‡–’”‘Œ‡ –•‹ Ž—†‡—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǯ•ƒˆ‡ Š‘‘Ž• ”ƒ‡™‘”ǡ–Š‡
ƒˆ‡  Š‘‘Ž•‘Ž‹‡ —„ƒ†ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘Œ‡ –‘ –—†‡–‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ‹•
‘Ǧƒ—–Š‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ™ƒ”†Ǧ™‹‹‰ ‘— ‡ ƒ Ǩ ‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ Ƭ ‡•‹Ž‹‡ ‡ ”‘‰”ƒǤ Š‡ ‹•
†Œ— –”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ–—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†Šƒ•ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Š‡”
‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘‡ƒ Š‡”†— ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ”‘—‰Š‡†— ƒ–‹‘•Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•™‡ ƒ
ƒ’–—”‡–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–•ƒ†‹†•‘ˆ›‘—‰’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ

ͥ͟Ǥ ”‡‰ ‘””‹• –‡ƒ Š‡• ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡• ‹ –Š‡ Ƥ‡Ž† ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‡ › Ž‡ ••‡••‡– ƒ– ƒ”˜ƒ”†
‹˜‡”•‹–›ǤŠ‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆ‹ˆ‡› Ž‡••‡••‡–™ƒ•‹–Š‡’ƒ•–‡–‹”‡Ž›ˆ‘ —•‡†‘–Š‡ƒ”–
ƒ†• ‹‡ ‡‘ˆƒ••‡••‹‰‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Dzˆ‘‘–’”‹–•dz‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•—’’Ž› Šƒ‹™Š‹ Š’”‘’–‡†
”‡‰–‘„‹”–ŠDz ƒ†’”‹–‹‰dzǡƒ“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†ˆ‘”ƒ••‡••‹‰ƒ†‰”‘™‹‰‘—”’‘•‹Ǧ
–‹˜‡‹’ƒ –•‘–Š‡’Žƒ‡–ƒ†Š‡”’‡‘’Ž‡ǡƒ•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ǡ ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†‘”Ǧ
‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

͜͠Ǥ ˜‰‡› •‹ ‹• —””‡–Ž›ƒ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡ ”‘ˆ‡••‘” ‹ •› Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†ƒ ‡‹‘” ‡•‡ƒ” Š
‡ŽŽ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡‘•‹–‹˜‡•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‹ˆ‡—ƒŽ‹–›”‡•‡ƒ” ŠŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ƒ––Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ǧ
•‡ƒ” Š‹˜‡”•‹–› ‹‰Š‡” Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ ‘‘‹ •‹‘• ‘™ǡ—••‹ƒǤ ‹•”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–‡”‡•–•
‹ Ž—†‡‡ƒ‹‰ǡ‡—†ƒ‹‘‹ƒǡ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ƒ••‡••‡–ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ—–‘‘›ǡ
ƒ†„ƒŽƒ ‡†–‹‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ‘‰Š‹• —””‡–’”‘Œ‡ –•ƒ”‡ƒ‡™ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‡—†ƒ‹Ǧ
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 57

‘‹ Šƒ’’‹‡••‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š Ž‘ƒ‘‹™‡ŽŽǡƒ†ƒ ”‘••Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ•–—†›‘ˆ–‹‡

’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‹ƒ–‡ƒŽ‡†„›Š‹Ž‹’‹„ƒ”†‘Ǥ

͠͝Ǥ Š‹‰‡”—Ǥ–•—„‘‹•ƒ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘‘‹ •ƒ†–Š‡†‹Ǧ

”‡ –‘”‘ˆ ‘‘‹ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘Ž‹ ›Ƭƒƒ‰‡‡–”‘‰”ƒƒ–ƒ‰‘›ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ
ƒ’ƒǤ ‡Šƒ•–ƒ—‰Š–ƒ•–ƒˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ‡ ‘‘‹•–ˆ‘”–Š‡ǡ–Š‡
‘”Ž†ƒǡ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•‘ˆ ƒ’ƒƒ† †‘‡•‹ƒǤ–•—„‘Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ƒ‹•‹–‹‰
‡ŽŽ‘™ƒ– ‡•‡ƒ” Š •–‹–—–‡ǡ’”‡’ƒ”‹‰–‘Žƒ— Šƒ•‡–‘ˆƒ ”‘Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–”‡Ǧ
•‡ƒ” Š’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒ˜‹•‹‘•–—†›ˆ‘”–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ •‡”ƒǤ

͠͞Ǥ Šƒ‰ƒ˜‡ŽƒŽƒ‹˜‡Ž‹•Š‹‡ˆ ‘‘‹•–ˆ‘”•‹ƒƒ†–Š‡ƒ ‹Ƥ ƒ––Š‡‡‰‹‘ƒŽ—”‡ƒ—

ˆ‘”•‹ƒƒ ‹Ƥ ǡǡƒ†Šƒ•͜͞›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†’”‘‰”ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–‡š’‡”‹Ǧ
‡ ‡Ǥ ‡Šƒ•–ƒ—‰Š–ƒ† ‘†— –‡†”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ–•‡˜‡”ƒŽ—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ†
Šƒ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’ƒ’‡”•ƒ† ‘‘‰”ƒ’Š•‘ ƒ ”‘‡ ‘‘‹  ‘†‡Ž‹‰ƒ† ˆ‘”‡Ǧ
ƒ•–‹‰ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡ ‘‘‹ •ȋ’‘˜‡”–›ƒ†‹ ‘‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘Ȍƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ
‡ ‘‘‹ •Ǥ

͟͠Ǥ ‘ƒ–Šƒƒ–œ‹•”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ†‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ Ž‘„ƒŽ ‡ƒŽ–Š •–‹–—–‡ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›

‘ˆ‹• ‘•‹‹ƒ†‹•‘Ǥ ‡ ‘Ǧ Šƒ‹”‡†–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡š’‡”–’ƒ‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•Ǧ
•‡••‡–‘Ž‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡ƒ†™ƒ•ƒ‘˜‡‹‰‡ƒ†—–Š‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•Ȁ
‘”Ž†ƒ‹ŽŽ‡‹— ‘•›•–‡••‡••‡–Ǥ ‘”–Š‡’ƒ•–͝͡›‡ƒ”•ǡŠ‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒŽ‡ƒ†
ƒ—–Š‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘• –‡”‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽƒ‡Ž‘Ž‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡ǡ‹™Š‹ Š ƒǦ
’ƒ ‹–›Š‡•Šƒ”‡†–Š‡ͣ͜͜͞‘„‡Ž‡ƒ ‡”‹œ‡ƒ™ƒ”†‡†–‘–Š‡ ƒ†Ž ‘”‡Ǥ ‡•‡”˜‡†
ƒ• ‘—†‹‰”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‘Ž‘‰›ƒ† ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ† ‘Ǧ
‡†‹–‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǯ•Œ‘—”ƒŽ ‘ ‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ

͠͠Ǥ ƒ–‡‹ ‡––‹•”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ’‹†‡‹‘Ž‘‰›ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘”ǡǤŠ‡‹•ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ

‡’‹†‡‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–ǡ™Š‘•‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘ —•‡•‘–Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ
‘—– ‘‡•Ǥ‹–Š‹ Šƒ”†‹Ž‹•‘ǡ•Š‡™ƒ•ƒ™ƒ”†‡†–Š‡͜͟͞͝‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹Ž˜‡”‘•‡”‹œ‡Ǥ
‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡›ˆ‘—†‡†Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›”—•–ƒ†™”‘–‡Š‡’‹”‹–‡˜‡Ž™Š‹ Š™‘–Š‡͜͞͝͝
‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ–—†‹‡•••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”™ƒ”†ǡ–Š‡͜͜͞͝”‹•–‘Ž ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ
†‡ƒ•”‹œ‡ƒ†™ƒ• Š‘•‡ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‘’–‡„‘‘•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ ƒ†‡„›–Š‡‡™–ƒ–‡•Ǧ
ƒǤ –‹•‘™ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹͞͞Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ǥ

͠͡Ǥ ‘•‹‡‹”›‘”–‡Žƒ‹•ƒ‡‹‘”‹”‡ –‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡‡––›Ƭ ‘”†‘‘‘”‡‡–‡”ˆ‘” ‹‡ ‡

ƒ†  ‡ƒ• ƒ– ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǤ ”Ǥ ‘”–‡Žƒǯ• ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ˆ‘ —•‡• ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ‘
ƒ–—”‡ǯ•’”‘˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ‡ ‘•›•–‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•ȋȌƒ†–Š‡‹” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘Š—ƒ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ǥ
Š‡ƒŽ•‘•—’’‘”–•–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧ•—’’‘”–‹‰–‘‘Ž•†‡•‹‰‡†
–‘‡Šƒ ‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‘ˆ•’ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›‡š’Ž‹ ‹–ƪ‘™•‘ˆ‡ ‘•›•–‡•‡”˜Ǧ
‹ ‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘‡ ‘‘‹‡•ǤŠ‡‹• —””‡–Ž›™‘”‹‰‘”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†
™‹–Š–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ ‘—–Ǧ
‹‰•›•–‡•Ǥ

͢͠Ǥ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‡‡•‹•”‘ˆ‡••‘”‡”‹–—•ƒ†ˆ‘”‡”†‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ‘—‹–›ƒ†

‡‰‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‹‰ȋȌƒ–‹ƒ ‘—˜‡”ǡƒƒ†ƒǤŠ—ƒ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ†‡ ‘Ǧ
Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹•–ǡŠ‡‹•„‡•–‘™ƒ•–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‘”ƒ† ‘Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”ȋ™‹–ŠŠ‹•ˆ‘”‡”
58 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

•–—†‡–ǡ”Ǥƒ–Š‹•ƒ ‡”ƒ‰‡ŽȌ‘ˆ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽˆ‘‘–’”‹–ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ ‹•”‡ ‡–ƒ™ƒ”†•‹Ǧ

Ž—†‡ƒ‹‡””‡ŽŽ‹‘––”—†‡ƒ— ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǡƒ†–Š‡͜͞͝͞‡‡–Š‘—Ž†‡”™ƒ”†‹ ‘Ǧ
Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘‘‹ •ƒ†͜͞͝͞Ž—‡Žƒ‡–’”‹œ‡ȋ™‹–Š”Ǥƒ ‡”ƒ‰‡ŽȌǤ

ͣ͠Ǥ ƒ––Š‹‡—‹ ƒ”†‹•ƒ—††Š‹•–‘™Š‘Šƒ•Ž‹˜‡†‹–Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”‡‰‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ•–

ˆ‘”–››‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‡‡ƒ”‡†ƒŠǤǤ†‡‰”‡‡‹ ‡ŽŽ‰‡‡–‹ •ƒ––Š‡ •–‹–—–‡ƒ•–‡—”—†‡”–Š‡
‘„‡Žƒ—”‡ƒ–‡ ”ƒ ‘‹• ƒ ‘„Ǥ ‡‹•–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ„‘‘•‹ Ž—†‹‰Š‡‘ƒ†
–Š‡ Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ǡ Š‡ —ƒ–— ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–—•ǡ ƒ’’‹‡••ǣ  —‹†‡ –‘ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ‹ˆ‡ǯ•
‘•– ’‘”–ƒ–‹ŽŽƒ†Š›‡†‹–ƒ–‡ǫ

ͤ͠Ǥ ”‹•–‹ ƒŽƒ ƒ‰ƒ”•†‘––‹” ‹• ”‘ˆ‡••‘” ‘ˆ —•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›  ‹‡ ‡ ƒ– –Š‡ •–‹–—–‡• ‘ˆ
ƒ”–Š ‹‡ ‡•ƒ†—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–—†‹‡•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‡Žƒ†ƒ†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡† ‡ŽǦ
Ž‘™ƒ––Š‡ Š—ƒ Š‡” •–‹–—–‡Ǥ ‡”–”ƒ•Ǧ†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›•–—†‹‡•‹ Ž—†‡•–—†›‹‰•‘‹Ž
™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ”–ŠƲ• ”‹–‹ ƒŽ œ‘‡ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•ƒ† ’”‘ ‡••‡• ˆ‘” •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰Š‘™Ž‘‰ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•™‹ŽŽŽƒ•–ǤŠ‡™ƒ•”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ
–Š‡ Š—ƒ Š‡”‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†‹•–Š‡ —””‡–‹ ‡ǦŠƒ‹”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽƒ–‘ ”‘—’ǤŠ‡‹•
• ‹‡–‹Ƥ ƒ†˜‹•‘”–‘–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡“—‡•–”ƒ–‹‘”—•–ǡ”‡‡‹•–‡”•ǡ ‡ƒŽ–ŠǦ
’‘™‡”‡–Š”‘—‰Š—–”‹–‹‘ƒ† ‡Žƒ†‹ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‰ƒ‹ ‘•—‡”•Ǥ

ͥ͠Ǥ ‡„”ƒ‘„‡”–•‹•’ƒ••‹‘ƒ–‡ƒ„‘—–ˆ”‹ ƒǡˆ”‹ ƒǯ•„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ†–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒǯ•

‹–‹‡•Ǥ”ƒ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ„‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–ǡ•Š‡Šƒ••’‡––Š‡Žƒ•––Š‹”–››‡ƒ”•™‘”‹‰ƒ•ƒ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”
ƒ†–Š‡ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”‹–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆ—”„ƒ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘’Žƒ‹‰ǡƒ†
‘”‡”‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘‹—”„ƒǡ‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǤ

͜͡Ǥ —Ž‹‡– Š‘”‹•ƒ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰›ƒ–‘•–‘‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǡƒ†„‡•–Ǧ•‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆŠ‡

˜‡”™‘”‡†‡”‹ ƒǣŠ‡‡š’‡ –‡†‡ Ž‹‡‘ˆ‡‹•—”‡Ǥ ‡”‘•–”‡ ‡–„‘‘‹•Ž‡‹Ǧ
–—†‡ǣŠ‡‡™ ‘‘‹ •‘ˆ”—‡‡ƒŽ–ŠǤŠ‡•–—†‹‡•–”‡†•‹™‘”‹‰–‹‡ƒ†Ž‡‹•—”‡ǡ
‘•—‡”‹•ǡ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡™‘”ƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ™‘‡ǯ•‹••—‡•ǡƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ 
Œ—•–‹ ‡ƒ†‹•ƒ ‘Ǧˆ‘—†‡”ƒ† ‘Ǧ Šƒ‹”‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ”†‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‡”ˆ‘”ƒ‡™‡”‹ ƒ
”‡ƒǡƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

͡͝Ǥ ƒ”–‹‡Ž‹‰ƒ‹• —””‡–Ž›‡ŽŽ‡”„ƒ Š ƒ‹Ž›”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‹”‡ –‘”

‘ˆ–Š‡‘•‹–‹˜‡•› Š‘Ž‘‰›‡–‡”ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒǤ ‡‹•™‡ŽŽ‘™‹
ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ƒ† Ž‹‹ ƒŽ ‹” Ž‡•ƒ†‹•ƒ„‡•–Ǧ•‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆƒ›™‘”•‘’‘•‹–‹˜‡’•›Ǧ
Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡŽ‡ƒ”‡† Š‡Ž’Ž‡••‡••ǡ†‡’”‡••‹‘ǡƒ†‘‘’–‹‹•ƒ†’‡••‹‹•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰
–Š‡„‡•–Ǧ•‡ŽŽ‹‰—–Š‡–‹  ƒ’’‹‡••ȋ͜͜͞͞ȌǤ

Ž‡Œƒ†”‘ †Ž‡” ™‘”• ™‹–Š ” ‡Ž‹‰ƒ ƒ† ‹• ƒ †‘ –‘”ƒŽ •–—†‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘•‹–‹˜‡
•› Š‘Ž‘‰›‡–‡”ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒǤŽ‡Œƒ†”‘‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰”‘ˆ‡••‘”
‡Ž‹‰ƒ‹–Š‡  ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘  ‡ơ‘”–•ƒ†‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ǡ‹Ǧ
Ž—†‹‰†”ƒˆ–‹‰ Šƒ’–‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡  ‡’‘”–‘‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ƭ ƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ

͡͞Ǥ Šƒ–—‡–Š‹•ƒ–‡ƒ Š‡”ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™‘”‡”ƒ†ƒƒ‘ˆ’‡ƒ ‡™‹–Š †‹ƒ

”‘‘–•ƒ†ƒ—‹“—‡™‘”Ž†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ ‡‹•ƒ‘”†ƒ‹‡†–‡ƒ Š‡”ȋŠƒ”ƒ Šƒ”›ƒȌ‹–Š‡
‡Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡”ƒ„Ž‡Š‹ ŠŠƒ– ƒŠǡƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘”‡‘•–‰—‹†‡–‘–Š‡•‹–‡•ƒ••‘ ‹
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 59

ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡—††Šƒƒ†‹•ƒƒ†˜‹•‘”–‘–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒǯ•‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‘—”‹•

ƒ†—Ž–—”‡Ǥ

͟͡Ǥ ƒ†ƒƒŠ‹˜ƒŠ‘Ž†•ƒŠǤǤ‹ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ—ƒ–—Š‡‘”›ǡƒ†‹•ƒ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ǡ

‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹•–ǡ‡ ‘Ǧˆ‡‹‹•–ǡƒ†ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆƒ›„‘‘•ƒ††‘œ‡•‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹Ƥ 
ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǤŠ‡‹•ƒ’”‘Ž‹Ƥ ƒ™ƒ”†”‡ ‹’‹‡–ƒ†’‹‘‡‡”‡†–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹ ‘˜‡‡–‹ †‹ƒǡ
ˆ‘—†‹‰ƒ˜†ƒ›ƒǡ †‹ƒǯ•Žƒ”‰‡•–‘”‰ƒ‹ ˆƒ‹”–”ƒ†‡‡–™‘”ƒ†‹• —””‡–Ž›ƒ••‹•–‹‰
Š—–ƒǯ• –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ –‘ ‘”‰ƒ‹  ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒŽ•‘ ˆ‘—†‡† ƒ† †‹”‡ –• –Š‡ ‡•‡ƒ” Š
‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”  ‹‡ ‡ǡ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ† ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡•‘—” ‡ ‘Ž‹ › ‹ ‡™ ‡ŽŠ‹ƒ† ‹•
••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†‹–‘”‘ˆŠ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹•–ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡Ǥ

͡͠Ǥ ƒ‡• —•–ƒ˜‡ȋ —•Ȍ’‡–Š‹•”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ–‡”‘–ƒ™ Š‘‘Žƒ†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†‡Ǧ

‹‘” ‡ŽŽ‘™ ƒ– ‡‘•ǡ ƒ ‘’ƒ”–‹•ƒ ’—„Ž‹  ’‘Ž‹ › ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† ƒ†˜‘ ƒ › ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‡ ‘Ǧˆ‘—†‡† –Š‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡•‘—” ‡• ‡ˆ‡•‡ ‘— ‹Žǡ ™ƒ• ˆ‘—†‡” ƒ† ’”‡•‹†‡– ‘ˆ
–Š‡‘”Ž† ‡•‘—” ‡• •–‹–—–‡ǡƒ†•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–‡† ƒ–‹‘• ‡Ǧ
˜‡Ž‘’‡–”‘‰”ƒ‡ȋͥͥ͟͝Ǧͥͥͥ͝Ȍƒ† Šƒ‹”‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ”‘—’Ǥ ‹•„‘‘•
‹ Ž—†‡Š‡”‹†‰‡ƒ––Š‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ž†ǣƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•ǡ–Š‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡƒ†”‘••‹‰
ˆ”‘”‹•‹•–‘—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ȋͥ͜͜͞ȌǤ

͡͡Ǥ ƒ—Ž •”ƒ‡Ž‹‰‡”‹• —””‡–Ž›Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–› ‘Ǧ

‘› ‹ –Š‡ ‹‹•–”›‘ˆ ƒ„‘”ƒ† ’Ž‘›‡–‘ˆ –Š‡ ”ƒœ‹Ž‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ ‡ ‹•ƒ
‡ ‘‘‹•–ƒ†™ƒ•ƒ—‹˜‡”•‹–›’”‘ˆ‡••‘”ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ”‰‡’ƒ”–‘ˆŠ‹•Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‡‹•–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ—Ǧ
‡”‘—•™‘”•‘Žƒ„‘”‡ ‘‘‹ •ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡŽ‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–›ƒ†—”„ƒ‡ ‘‘‹ •
ƒ†ǡ‘˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•––‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡•‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›‡ ‘‘›Ǥ

͢͡Ǥ ƒ˜‹† —œ—‹ ‹•ƒ‰‡‡–‹ ‹•–™Š‘™ƒ•’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž› ‹ƪ—‡ ‡† „› ƒ Š‡Ž ƒ”•‘ǯ• „‘‘
‹Ž‡–’”‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Š•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–™Šƒ–• ‹‡–‹•–•†‘‹ƒŽƒ„ǡ•— Šƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ†–‡•–Ǧ
‹‰„‹‘ ‹†‡•Ž‹‡ǡ ƒ‘–‹‹ –Š‡”‡ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ˆƒ”‘”‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ†
™Š‡”‡‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰‹• ‘‡ –‡†Ǥ ‡Šƒ†ƒ•‡ ‘† ƒ”‡‡”‹ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ–”›‹‰–‘•Š‘™
–Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‘•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†–Š‡„‹‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ

ͣ͡Ǥ ‡‹ŽŠ‹‹•ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹•–™Š‘Ž‡ –—”‡•‘Šƒ’’‹‡••ǡ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†‹–‡”Ǧ

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ––Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ †‹„—”‰ŠǤ ‡ Šƒ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ „‘‘•
‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‘ ‹ƒŽ”‘‰”‡••ƒ†—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
ȋ͜͜͞͞Ȍƒ†‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡••ǣ‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–‘‘Ž‹ ›ƒ†”ƒ –‹ ‡ȋ͜͞͝͞ȌǤ

ͤ͡Ǥ ‡–‡”‹‡”ƒ‹•ƒ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‹–Š‡ ƒ —Ž–›‘ˆ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ–—†‹‡•ƒ–‘”‹Ǧ

˜‡”•‹–›‹‘”‘–‘Ǥ ‡™‘”•‘‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ƒ†‡–Š‹ •ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰”‡Ž‹‰‹‘
ƒ†‡ ‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ†‹• —””‡–Ž›‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–™‘’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ‘‡‘–Š‡‡–Š‹ ƒŽˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ
‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ •ǡƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”‘Dz–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘‰–‡”ǡdz
‹ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ǡ— Ž‡ƒ”™ƒ•–‡ǡƒ†–Š‡’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ

ͥ͡Ǥ ‡ƒ‹•‹–‹•ƒ”‡–‹”‡†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„—•‹‡••Žƒ™›‡”ǡ‘™™‘”‹‰ƒ•ƒ’ƒ‹–‡”ƒ†’Š‘Ǧ
–‘‰”ƒ’Š‡”Ǥ‹ ‡͜͜͢͞ǡŠ‡Šƒ•‡š’Ž‘”‡†  ƒ†Šƒ’’‹‡•••–—†‹‡•ƒ•„‘–Šƒƒ”–‹•–ƒ†
ƒ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽǤ ‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†”‘Œ‡ –φǡƒ—Ž–‹†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›”‡•‡ƒ” Š‰”‘—’‘Šƒ’’‹‡••ǡ
™Š‹ Š‹•™‘”‹‰ƒ––Š‡‘‡–‘–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡‘—–•‹†‡ƒ†‹–‡”ƒŽŽ‹˜‹‰
60 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†Š‘™–Š‘•‡ƒ”‡ ‘†— ‹˜‡‘”‘––‘Šƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ ‡”‡ ‡–Ž›’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒƤ”•–

„‘‘‘–Š‡•—„Œ‡ ––‹–Ž‡† ‡Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‘”•Ǥ

͢͜Ǥ —‹‘ Š‹†ƒ‹•••‘ ‹ƒ–‡”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ––Š‡‘‘”‘‡•‡ƒ” Š‡–‡”ǡ›‘–‘‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ

ƒ†ƒ ‘‹••‹‘‡„‡”‘ˆŠƒ’’‹‡••”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–Š‡ƒ„‹‡–ƥ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”Ǧ
‡–‘ˆ ƒ’ƒǤ Š‡ Šƒ• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† —Ž–—”‡ƒ† Šƒ’’‹‡••ˆ”‘ƒ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰›
’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ

͢͝Ǥ Ž˜ƒ”‘ƒÓƒ‹•‡‹‘”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡ŽŽ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡

‡–‡”ˆ‘”‡–”ƒŽ‡”‹ ƒǤ”ǤƒÓƒ™ƒ•–Š‡Ƥ”•–‡”‰›ƒ†˜‹”‘‡–‹‹•–‡”‘ˆ
‘•–ƒ‹ ƒˆ”‘ͥͤ͢͝–‘ͥͥ͜͝Ǥ ‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ˆ‘”Š‹• ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•
–‘ƒ–—”‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–••— Šƒ•–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹‘†‹˜‡”Ǧ
•‹–› •–‹–—–‡ȋ ‹‘Ȍƒ†Šƒ•Šƒ†‡š–‡•‹˜‡ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ”‘Ž‡•Ǥ

͢͞Ǥ ‡ ‡•Žƒ‘ƒ—‡‹•ƒ‡ ‘‘‹•–ƒ†ƒ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–Ǥ ‡‹•”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ–‹˜‡”•‹†ƒ†

†‘Žˆ‘ „žÓ‡œ—•‹‡•• Š‘‘Ž‹Š‹Ž‡ǡŠ‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ƒ–‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ—••‡š‹–Š‡
ǡ†˜‹•‘”ƒ– •–‹–—–‘†‡Ž‹‡‡•–ƒ”ǯ•ƒ†–Š‡‘—–”›‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ –‡”ƒǦ
–‹‘ƒŽ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹ ‘‘‹ •› Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ

͢͟Ǥ ƒ”ƒ”ƒ™‘”‡†™‹–ŠŠ—–ƒǯ•‹‹•–”›‘ˆŽƒ‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡„‡ ‘‹‰–Š‡Ƥ”•–‹”‡ Ǧ

–‘”ƒ––Š‡‡–‡”ˆ‘”Š—–ƒ–—†‹‡•ȋȌǤ‘™•‡”˜‹‰ƒ•”‡•‹†‡–ǡŠ‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ–
–Š‡ˆ‘”‡ˆ”‘–‹’”‘‘–‹‰ƒ††‡‡’‡‹‰ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‰Ž‘„ƒŽ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆŠ—Ǧ
–ƒǯ• ”‘••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡••ȋ  Ȍ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ƒ†‹‡ƒ•—”‹‰–Š‡
‹‡†‘ƒ‹•‘ˆ  ‹–™‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•—”˜‡›•‹ͣ͜͜͞ƒ†͜͜͞͝Ǥ ‡™ƒ•ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡
”ƒˆ–‹‰‘‹––‡‡‘ˆŠ—–ƒǯ•Ƥ”•–‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†‹•ƒ”‡‘™‡†• Š‘Žƒ”ǡŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒǡ
™”‹–‡”ƒ†’ƒ‹–‡”ǡƒ†ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–‡‡”‹‰‘‹––‡‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ

͢͠Ǥ ‹–—‡”ƒ‹•ƒƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹•–ǡ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•‡š’‡”–ƒ† ‹˜‹Ž‡‰‹‡‡”™Š‘

Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ––Š‡ˆ‘”‡ˆ”‘–‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘ —Ž–—”‡ǡŽƒ†ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǦ‡ ‘Ž‘‰›ƒ††‹• ‘‡ –•
‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†• ‹‡ ‡Ǥ ‹–Š ͜͞›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹ ƒ•–ƒ† ‘—–Š‡” ˆ”‹ ƒ
ƒ†–Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡ•Š‡‹•ƒ˜‹•‹–‹‰•‡‹‘””‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‡ŽŽ‘™ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ—••‡šǡƒ†
™‘”‡†ƒ••‡‹‘””‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ƒ– ǡǡƒ† ‡ƒ†‘ˆ‹˜‹•‹‘ƒ–  ™Š‡”‡•Š‡
Ž‡†–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡Š—–ƒφ͜͝™‹–Š–Š‡‘›ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆŠ—–ƒƒ†
”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ†‹‡•‹‘•‘ˆ  Ǥ

͢͡Ǥ ‡–‡”‹ –‘”‹•”‘ˆ‡••‘”‹˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ–—†‹‡•ƒ–‘”‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†Šƒ‹”‘ˆǦ

–ƒ”‹‘ǯ• ”‡‡„‡Ž–‘— ‹Žǡƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ”†‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ˜‹†—œ—‹ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡
‡™ ‘‘‹ • •–‹–—–‡ǡƒ†–Š‡‡–”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡†˜ƒ ‡‡–‘ˆƒ–‡ƒ†›–ƒ–‡ ‘Ǧ
‘›Ǥ ‡‹•–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆƒƒ‰‹‰™‹–Š‘—– ”‘™–ŠǡŽ‘™‡”„›‡•‹‰ǡ‘–‹•ƒ•–‡”ƒ†
Šƒ•™‘”‡†ˆ‘”‘˜‡”͜͠›‡ƒ”•‹ƒƒ†ƒƒ†ƒ„”‘ƒ†‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ •Ǥ

͢͢Ǥ ƒ–Š‹•ƒ ‡”ƒ‰‡Ž‹•”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘‘–’”‹–‡–™‘”ǡ ‘Ǧ ”‡ƒ–‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ǧ

Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘‘–’”‹–ǡƒ†ƒ‹•‹–‹‰”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ–‘”‡ŽŽ‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ ‡Šƒ•ƒ—–Š‘”‡†‘” ‘Ǧ
–”‹„—–‡†–‘—‡”‘—•’‡‡”Ǧ”‡˜‹‡™‡†’ƒ’‡”•ǡ”‡’‘”–•ƒ†„‘‘•‘•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹ Ž—†Ǧ
‹‰
 HAPPINESS: TOWARDS A NEW DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM | 61

—” ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘‘–’”‹–ǣ‡†— ‹‰ —ƒ ’ƒ –‘–Š‡ƒ”–Šȋͥͥ͢͝Ȍƒ†–Š‡„‹Ǧƒ—ƒŽ

‹˜‹‰Žƒ‡–‡’‘”–•ȋ ȌǤ

ͣ͢Ǥ ”•–˜‘‡‹œ•¡ ‡”‹•ƒ Ž‹ƒ–‡’‘Ž‹ ›‡š’‡”–ǡ ‘Ǧ Šƒ‹”‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘• –‡”Ǧ

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‡Žˆ‘”—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡•‘—” ‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡƒ†‘Ǧ”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Ž—„‘ˆ
‘‡Ǥ”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡŠ‡™ƒ•‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ”‡ Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‹‡ ‡
ƒ† ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ† ”‡•‹†‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ —’’‡”–ƒŽ •–‹–—–‡ ˆ‘” Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡ ˜‹”‘‡–
ƒ†‡”‰›ƒ†Šƒ••‡”˜‡†‹–Š‡ ‡”ƒƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǡ Šƒ‹”‹‰–Š‡˜‹”‘‡–‘Ǧ
‹––‡‡Ǥ ‡‹•Ž‡ƒ†ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ ƒ –‘” ‹˜‡ǡ‘ƒ‹‰‡‡”‰›’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ‡›‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆ
Ž‹ƒ–‡‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ

ͤ͢Ǥ ‘ŠŠ‹–‡‹•‡”‹–—•”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆŠ‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ†— ƒǦ

–‹‘ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘†‘Ǥ ‡‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡†‹–‘”‹ƒŽ‘ƒ”†ǡ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆŠ‹Ǧ
Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘‘”ƒ”›‹ ‡Ǧ”‡•‹†‡–Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ†— ƒ–‹‘‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆ
”‡ƒ–”‹–ƒ‹Ǥ ‡‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒƒ –‹˜‡‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ —ƒ‹•–Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”•ǯ ”‘—’ǡ 
ƒ†–Š‡‡™‹•‹‘•ˆ‘”†— ƒ–‹‘ ”‘—’Ǥ

ͥ͢Ǥ ‹ Šƒ”†‹Ž‹•‘‹•”‘ˆ‡••‘”‡”‹–—•‘ˆ‘ ‹ƒŽ’‹†‡‹‘Ž‘‰›ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ

‘––‹‰Šƒ‡†‹ ƒŽ Š‘‘Žƒ† ‘‘”ƒ”›”‘ˆ‡••‘”ƒ–‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘†‘ƒ†ƒ–
–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘”Ǥ‘”‹‰‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡŠ‡Šƒ•’Žƒ›‡†ƒˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡
”‘Ž‡‹‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†–Š‡•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ‡ˆǦ
ˆ‡ –•‘ˆ‹ ‘‡‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ‹–Šƒ–‡‹ ‡––Š‡™ƒ•ƒ™ƒ”†‡†–Š‡͜͟͞͝‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹Ž˜‡”‘•‡
”‹œ‡Ǥ‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡›ˆ‘—†‡†Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›”—•–ƒ†™”‘–‡Š‡’‹”‹–‡˜‡Ž™Š‹ Š™‘
–Š‡͜͞͝͝‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ–—†‹‡•••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”™ƒ”†ǡƒ†–Š‡͜͜͞͝”‹•–‘Ž
‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ †‡ƒ•”‹œ‡Ǥ –‹•‘™ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹͞͞Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ǥ

ͣ͜Ǥ ”‹ ‡ ‡›‹•ƒ ‡ŽŽ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡ —† •–‹–—–‡ˆ‘” ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘‘‹ •ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›
‘ˆ‡”‘–ǡƒ†‹• —””‡–Ž›˜‹•‹–‹‰ˆƒ —Ž–›‹—”„ƒ’Žƒ‹‰ƒ††‡•‹‰ƒ––Š‡ƒ ‘š
 Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ‹•—ƒŽ”–ƒ†‡•‹‰‘ˆƒ•Š‹‰–‘‹˜‡”•‹–›‹–Ǥ‘—‹•Ǥ ‡‹•ƒ‡„‡”
‘ˆ–Š‡„‘ƒ”†‘ˆ  ƒ†™”‹–‡•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›ˆ‘”Š‡ƒŽ›‡™•ǡƒ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
‡–‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡†˜ƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ƒ†›Ǧ–ƒ–‡ ‘‘›Ǥ

ͣ͝Ǥ ‹‰ ŠƒŒ— ‹•ƒ ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ •› Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ† –Š‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ƒ† ”‡Ǧ
•‡ƒ” Š‡”‘ˆ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰‹†‹ ‡•‹Š‹ƒǤ ‡‹•†‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‡•‡ƒ” Š‡–‡”ˆ‘”—ƒŽ‹–›
‘ˆ‹ˆ‡ƒ†—„Ž‹ ‘Ž‹ ›ƒ–Šƒ†‘‰‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†‹•†‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‡•‡ƒ” Š •–‹–—–‡
‘ˆƒ–Šƒ†‘‰‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ
62 | Report of the Kingdom of Bhutan

ABOUT THE NDP INITIATIVE

Š—–ƒǯ•‡™‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ȋȌ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†™‹†‡‡ơ‘”––‘Š‡Ž’†‡Ƥ‡ƒ‡™
ƒ†‘”‡˜‹ƒ„Ž‡’‘•–Ǧ͜͞͝͡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ‰‡†ƒǤŠ‡‹•‰”‘—†‡†‹–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‘ˆ ”‘••
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡••Ȃ–Š‡—‹“—‡˜‹•‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ƥ”•–’”‘’‘•‡†„›–Š‡͠–Š‹‰‘ˆŠ—–ƒǡ
‹•ƒŒ‡•–› ‹‰‡‹‰›‡ƒ‰ Š— ǡ‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͥͣ͜͝•™Š‡Š‡†‡ Žƒ”‡†–Šƒ–Dz ”‘••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡••
‹•‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ––Šƒ ”‘••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‘†— –Ǥdz

”‘•• ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡•• ȋ  Ȍ ’”‘’‘•‡• –Šƒ– ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› –Š‡ ”‹‰Š–
„ƒŽƒ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ ‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ǡ ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‰‘‘† ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ƒ†
ƒ †›ƒ‹  ƒ† –Š”‹˜‹‰ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ Š‹•ǡ ‹ –—”ǡ ˆ‘•–‡”• –Š‡ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ •—ƥ ‹‡ › ƒ† ‘–‡–‡– ™Š‹ Š
’”‘‘–‡•Šƒ”‘›ƒ† ‘‡ –‡†‡••™‹–Šƒ–—”‡ǡ‘–Š‡”•ƒ†‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•Ǧ–Š‡‡••‡ ‡‘ˆ–”—‡Šƒ’’‹‡••Ǥ
Š‡Š—ƒƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Šƒ’’‹‡••–”ƒ• ‡†•ƒŽŽ–Š‡†‹˜‹†‹‰ ‘–‘—”•‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†Šƒ•–Š‡’‘™‡”–‘
—‹–‡ƒŽŽ‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–›Ǥ

NDP STEERING COMMITTEE

‹‰‹ǤŠ‹Ž‡›ǡˆ‘”‡””‹‡‹‹•–‡”‘ˆŠ—–ƒ
‡•Š‡›‘”Œ‹ǡ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ǡ ‘”‡‹‰ơƒ‹”•ȋšǦ‘ƥ ‹‘‡„‡”Ȍ
‹Ž‡›‘”Œ‹ǡ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ǡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•
ƒ”ƒ”ƒǡ”‡•‹†‡–ǡ‡–‡”ˆ‘”Š—–ƒ–—†‹‡•
ƒ”ƒ•Š‹–‡‡ǡ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ǡ ”‘••ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’‹‡••‘‹••‹‘
ƒ”ƒ ƒŽŽǡ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‡”‹–—•ǡ–ƒˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›
ƒ•Š‹Š‘†‡ǡ‹”‡ –‘”ǡ
‘ƒŽ†ȋƒ•Š‹Ȍ‘Žƒǡ‡‹‘”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ǡ

SNDP TEAM
‹”‡ –‘”ǣƒ•Š‹Š‘†‡
‡‹‘”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ǣ‘ƒŽ†ȋƒ•Š‹Ȍ‘Žƒ
‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”Ȁ”‘‰”ƒ••‹•–ƒ–ǣ‡‰ ƒ”–
‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”Ȁ”‘‰”ƒ••‹•–ƒ–Ȁ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǣ‡ƒƒ
‘Ž—–‡‡”ǣ‹‹ƒ—Š‘‡
†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǣ•Š‡™ƒ‰‹ Š‡ǡ—œƒ‰‡ƒǡ ƒ‰ Š—Š‘†‡ǡ‘„œƒ‰‘”Œ‹ǡƒ•Š‹‘„‰ƒ›

—„Ž‹•Š‡†„›ǣ
‡•‹‰‡†„›ǣ‡ƒƒǡ
”‹–‡†„›ǣ—‡•‡Ž‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘

‘’›”‹‰Š–́‘›ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆŠ—–ƒǡ͜͟͞͝
ŽŽ”‹‰Š–•”‡•‡”˜‡†

™™™Ǥ‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ„–
The Kingdom of Bhutan is honoured to offer this report as a
contribution to the growing global conversation on a transformative
post-2015 development agenda. The report is inspired by Bhutan’s
development approach based on the philosophy of Gross National
Happiness (GNH) and proposes a New Development Paradigm
(NDP) with societal happiness as its guiding vision. Such a holistic
view of development has the potential to transform humanity’s
relationship with nature, restructure our economies, change
our attitudes to food and wealth, and promote caring, altruism,
inclusiveness and cooperation.

www.newdevelopmentparadigm.bt