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Mathematics for Economics: Integral and

Its Applications

Valentino Risali, M.Sc.

Monday, 20 May 2024

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Integral Tak Tentu

R
Notasi : f (x) dx.
Tujuan : Mencari semua fungsi F (x) dengan sifat

F 0 (x) = f (x).

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Review Turunan Fungsi

Teorema
1 y = c ⇒ y 0 = 0.
2 y = x n ⇒ y 0 = nx n−1 .
1
3 y = ln x ⇒ y 0 = .
x
0
4 y = sin x ⇒ y = cos x.
5 y = cos x ⇒ y 0 = − sin x.
6 y = ex ⇒ y 0 = ex .

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Review Turunan Fungsi

Teorema
1
1 y = arcsin x ⇒ y 0 = √ .
1 − x2
−1
2 y = arccos x ⇒ y 0 = √ .
1 − x2
1
3 y = arctan x ⇒ y 0 = .
1 + x2
−1
4 y = arctan x ⇒ y 0 = .
1 + x2
1
5 y = arcsecx ⇒ y 0 = √ .
x x2 − 1
−1
6 y = arcscx ⇒ y 0 = √ .
x x2 − 1

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Sifat Integral

d d d
Ingat sifat turunan : (kf (x)) = k f (x) (f (x)±g (x)) =
dx dx dx
d d
f (x) ± g (x).
dx dx
Teorema
Diperoleh Z Z
k.f (x) dx = k f (x) dx
Z Z Z
f (x) ± g (x) dx = f (x) dx ± g (x) dx

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Rumus Dasar Integral
R
1 c dx = cx.
R 1
2 x n dx = x n+1 + C , n 6= −1.
n+1
R 1
3 dx = ln | x | +C
R x
4 cos x dx = sin x + C
R
5 sin x dx = − cos x + C
R x
6 e = ex + C
R 1
7
2
dx = arctan x + C .
x +1
R 1
8 √ dx = arcsin x + C .
1 − x2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan x 2 + 2x 4 + 2 cos x dx
Penyelesaian :
Z Z Z Z
2 4 2 4
x + 2x + 2 cos x dx = x dx + 2x dx + 2 cos x dx
1 3
Z Z
4
= x + 2 x dx + 2 cos x dx
3
1 1
= x 3 + 2. x 5 + 2 sin x + C .
3 5

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Beberapa metode yang digunakan untuk mengintegralkan :
1 Metode Substitusi
2 Metode Integral Parsial.
3 Metode untuk Integrasi Fungsi Pecah Rasional
4 Metode Substitusi Trigonometri

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R 1
Tentukan dx.
x +1

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R 1
Tentukan dx.
x +1
Penyelesaian :
Diambil substitusi u = x + 1.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R 1
Tentukan dx.
x +1
Penyelesaian :
Diambil substitusi u = x + 1. Diperoleh du = dx.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R 1
Tentukan dx.
x +1
Penyelesaian :
Diambil substitusi u = x + 1. Diperoleh du = dx.
Akibatnya
1 1
Z Z
dx = du
x +1 u
= ln | u | +C
= ln | x + 1 | +C .

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan (3x + 7)8 dx

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan (3x + 7)8 dx
Penyelesaian :
Diambil substitusi u = 3x + 7.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan (3x + 7)8 dx
Penyelesaian :
Diambil substitusi u = 3x + 7.
1
Diperoleh du = 3 dx atau dx = du.
3

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan (3x + 7)8 dx
Penyelesaian :
Diambil substitusi u = 3x + 7.
1
Diperoleh du = 3 dx atau dx = du.
3
Akibatnya
1
Z Z
(3x + 7) dx = u 8
8
du
3
1
Z
= u 8 du
3
1 1
= . u9 + C
3 9
1
= (3x + 7)9 + C .
27

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R 2
Tentukan xe cx dx, c 6= 0.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R 2
Tentukan xe cx dx, c 6= 0.
Penyelesaian :
Diambil substitusi u = cx 2 .

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R 2
Tentukan xe cx dx, c 6= 0.
Penyelesaian :
Diambil substitusi u = cx 2 .
1
Diperoleh du = 2cx dx atau dx = du.
2c

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R 2
Tentukan xe cx dx, c 6= 0.
Penyelesaian :
Diambil substitusi u = cx 2 .
1
Diperoleh du = 2cx dx atau dx = du.
2c
Akibatnya
1
Z Z
x2
xe dx = e u du
2c
1
Z
= e u du
2c
1
= eu + C
2c
1 2
= e cx + C .
2c

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R √
Tentukan x 3 x 2 + 1 dx
Penyelesaian :

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R √
Tentukan x 3 x 2 + 1 dx
Penyelesaian :
Diambil substitusi w = x 2 + 1 ⇔ x 2 = w − 1.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R √
Tentukan x 3 x 2 + 1 dx
Penyelesaian :
Diambil substitusi w = x 2 + 1 ⇔ x 2 = w − 1. Diperoleh
dw = 2x dx.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R √
Tentukan x 3 x 2 + 1 dx
Penyelesaian :
Diambil substitusi w = x 2 + 1 ⇔ x 2 = w − 1. Diperoleh
dw = 2x dx. Akibatnya
Z
3
√ 1
Z √
x x 2 + 1 dx = 2x.x 2 x 2 + 1 dx
2
1 √
Z
= (w − 1) w dw
2
1 √ √
Z
= w w − w dw
2
1 2 5 2 3
= ( w 2 − w 2) + C
2 5 3
1 2 2 5 2 3
= ( (x + 1) 2 − (x 2 + 1) 2 ) + C
2 5 3

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan cos 2x dx
Penyelesaian :
Z
cos t dt = sin t + C

Substitusi w = 2x ⇒ dw = 2 dx ⇒ dx = 21 du. Akibatnya

1
Z Z
cos 2x dx = 2 cos 2x dx
2
1
Z
= cos w dw
2
1
= sin w + C
2
R 1
Jadi, cos 2x dx = sin 2x + C .
2
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan cos 2x dx

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan cos 2x dx
Penyelesaian :
Z
cos w dw = sin w + C

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan cos 2x dx
Penyelesaian :
Z
cos w dw = sin w + C

Substitusi w = 2x ⇒ dw = 2 dx ⇒ dx = 21 dw .

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan cos 2x dx
Penyelesaian :
Z
cos w dw = sin w + C

Substitusi w = 2x ⇒ dw = 2 dx ⇒ dx = 21 dw .

1
Z Z
cos 2x dx = cos w . dw
2
1
Z
= cos w dw
2
1
= sin w + C
2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan cos 2x dx
Penyelesaian :
Z
cos w dw = sin w + C

Substitusi w = 2x ⇒ dw = 2 dx ⇒ dx = 21 dw .

1
Z Z
cos 2x dx = cos w . dw
2
1
Z
= cos w dw
2
1
= sin w + C
2
R 1
Jadi, cos 2x dx = sin 2x + C .
2
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
1 R
Tentukan dx.
+4 x2
1 1 1
Diperhatikan bahwa 2 = x2 = x 2 . Sub-
x +4 4( 4 + 1) 4(( 2 ) + 1)
x 1
stitusi u = . Diperoleh du = dx.
2 2
1 1
Z Z
2
dx = x 2 dx
x +4 4(( 2 ) + 1)
1 1
Z
= x 2 dx
2 2(( 2 ) + 1)
1 1 1
Z
= 2
du = arctan u + C
2 u +1 2
R 1 1 x
Jadi, dx = arctan + C .
x2 +4 2 2
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R 1
Tentukan dx, dengan a 6= 0.
x2
+ a2
1 1 1
Diperhatikan bahwa 2 2
= 2 = x .
x +a a2 ( xa2 + 1) 4(( a )2 + 1)
x 1
Substitusi u = . Diperoleh du = dx.
a a
1 1
Z Z
2 2
dx = 2 x 2 dx
x +a a (( a ) + 1)
1 1
Z
= x 2 dx
a a(( a ) + 1)
1 1 1
Z
= 2
du = arctan u + C
a u +1 a

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh (Lanjutan)

Jadi,
1 1 x
Z
dx = arctan + C
x2 +a 2 a a

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R 1
Tentukan dx.
x2
− 2x + 4 √
Diperhatikan bahwa x 2 −2x+4 = (x−1)2 +3 = (x−1)2 +( 3)2 .
1 1
Diperoleh 2 = √ . Misalkan t =
x − 2x + 4 (x − 1)2 + ( 3)2
x − 1. Maka dt = dx.
1 1
Z Z
√ dx = √ dt
(x − 1)2 + ( 3)2 t 2 + ( 3)2
1 t
= √ arctan √ + C .
3 3
Jadi,
1 1 x −1
Z
dx = √ arctan √ + C
x2 − 2x + 4 3 3
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R 2x − 1
Tentukan dx. Diambil substitusi u = x 2 − x + 5.
x2
−x +5
Diperoleh du = 2x − 1 dx.
Akibatnya
2x − 1 1
Z Z
2
dx = du
x −x +5 u
= ln | u | +C
= ln | x 2 − x + 5 | +C .

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Rumus

Dengan metode substitusi diperoleh hasil-hasil berikut :


1
Z
cos ax dx = sin ax + C
a

1
Z
sin ax dx = − cos ax + C
a
1 1 x
Z
dx = arctan + C
x2 +a 2 a a
f 0 (x)
Z
dx = ln | f (x) | +C
f (x)

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Soal Latihan

Selesaikan integral-integral berikut.


R 5√
1 x x 2 + 1 dx.
R 1 k/x
2 e dx.
x2
R 1
3 dx, k bilangan real.
x −k
R x
4 dx, k bilangan real.
x −k

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Z
x cos x dx
Z
e x cos x dx

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Metode Integral Parsial

Contoh permasalahan integral yang diselesaikan menggunakan


metode integral parsial :
Z
x cos x dx

Z
e x cos x dx

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Rumus Integral Parsial

Z Z
u dv = uv − v du.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R
Tentukan xe x dx

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R
Tentukan xe x dx
Penyelesaian :
Diambil u = x dan dv = e x dx.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R
Tentukan xe x dx
Penyelesaian :
Diambil u = x dan dv = e x dx.
Diperoleh du = dx dan v = e x .

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R
Tentukan xe x dx
Penyelesaian :
Diambil u = x dan dv = e x dx.
Diperoleh du = dx dan v = e x .
Z Z
xe dx = xe − e x dx
x x

= xe x − e x + C

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R
Tentukan x cos x dx

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R
Tentukan x cos x dx
Penyelesaian :
Diambil u = x dan dv = cos x dx.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R
Tentukan x cos x dx
Penyelesaian :
Diambil u = x dan dv = cos x dx.
Diperoleh du = dx dan v = sin x.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R
Tentukan x cos x dx
Penyelesaian :
Diambil u = x dan dv = cos x dx.
Diperoleh du = dx dan v = sin x.
Z Z
x cos x dx = x sin x − sin x dx

= x sin x − (− cos x) + C
= x sin x + cos x + C

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan x 2 cos x dx.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan x 2 cos x dx.
Penyelesaian :
Diambil u = x 2 dan dv = cos x dx.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan x 2 cos x dx.
Penyelesaian :
Diambil u = x 2 dan dv = cos x dx.
Diperoleh du = 2x dx dan v = sin x.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan x 2 cos x dx.
Penyelesaian :
Diambil u = x 2 dan dv = cos x dx.
Diperoleh du = 2x dx dan v = sin x.
Z Z
2
x cos x dx = x sin x − 2x sin x dx

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R
Tentukan x 2 cos x dx.
Penyelesaian :
Diambil u = x 2 dan dv = cos x dx.
Diperoleh du = 2x dx dan v = sin x.
Z Z
2
x cos x dx = x sin x − 2x sin x dx

Diambil u = 2x dan dv = sin x dx.


Diperoleh du = 2 dx dan v = − cos x.
Z Z
2x sin x dx = −2x cos x + 2 cos x dx

= −2x cos x + 2 sin x


Z
x 2 sin x − 2x sin x dx = x 2 sin x − (−2x cos x + 2 sin x) + C .

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R
Tentukan e 2x cos 3x dx.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R
Tentukan e 2x cos 3x dx.
Penyelesaian :
Diambil u = e 2x dan dv = cos 3x dx.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R
Tentukan e 2x cos 3x dx.
Penyelesaian :
Diambil u = e 2x dan dv = cos 3x dx.
Diperoleh du = 2e 2x dx dan v = 31 sin 3x.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R
Tentukan e 2x cos 3x dx.
Penyelesaian :
Diambil u = e 2x dan dv = cos 3x dx.
Diperoleh du = 2e 2x dx dan v = 31 sin 3x.
Akibatnya

2x 1 1
Z Z
2x
e cos 3x dx = e . sin 3x − sin 3x.2e 2x dx (1)
3 3
1 2x 2
Z
= e sin 3x − e 2x sin 3x dx (2)
3 3

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
R
Selanjutnya diselesaikan e 2x sin 3x dx.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
R
Selanjutnya diselesaikan e 2x sin 3x dx.
Diambil u = e 2x dan dv = sin 3x dx.
Diperoleh du = 2e 2x dx dan v = − 13 cos 3x.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
R
Selanjutnya diselesaikan e 2x sin 3x dx.
Diambil u = e 2x dan dv = sin 3x dx.
Diperoleh du = 2e 2x dx dan v = − 13 cos 3x.

1 1
Z Z
2x 2x
e sin 3x dx = −e . cos 3x + cos 3x.2e 2x dx
3 3
1 2x 2
Z
= e sin 3x + e 2x cos 3x dx.
3 3

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Persamaan (2) akan menjadi

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Persamaan (2) akan menjadi

1 2x 2
Z Z
2x
e cos 3x dx = e sin 3x − e 2x sin 3x dx
3 3
1 2x 2 1 2x 2
Z
= e sin 3x − ( e sin 3x + e 2x cos 3x dx
3 3 3 3
1 2x 2 2x 4
Z
= e sin 3x − e sin 3x − e 2x cos 3x dx.
3 9 9

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Ekuivalen dengan
13 1 2
Z
e 2x cos 3x dx = e 2x sin 3x − e 2x sin 3x.
9 3 9
Jadi,
 
9 1 2x 2
Z
2x
e cos 3x dx = e sin 3x − e 2x sin 3x + C.
13 3 9

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R √
Tentukan (1 − 2x)3 x − x 2 dx.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R √
Tentukan (1 − 2x)3 x − x 2 dx.
Penyelesaian
√ : √
(1 − 2x)3 x − x 2 = (1 − 2x)2 (1 − 2x) x √
− x 2.
Diambil u = (1 − 2x)2 dan dv = (1 − 2x) x − x 2 dx. du =
−x(1 − 2x) dx, v = (x − x 2 )3/2

Z √ Z
(1 − 2x) x − x dx = uv − (x − x 2 )3/2 . − 4x(1 − 2x) dx
3 2

Z
= uv + 4 (x − x 2 )3/2 .(1 − 2x) dx

Diambil substitusi t = x − x 2 .

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Soal Latihan

R
Tentukan f (x) dx jika diketahui
1 f (x) = (x + a)e bx dengan b 6= 0.
2 f (x) = ln x.
3 f (x) = x 2 ln x.
4 f (x) = sin(ax).e bx dx dengan a, b 6= 0.

5 f (x) = (1 − 2x)5 x − x 2 .

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Metode untuk Integrasi Fungsi Pecah Rasional

Masalah integral yang akan diselesaikan berbentuk

P(x)
Z
dx,
Q(x)

dengan P(x) dan Q(x) merupakan suku dan keduanya tidak


memiliki faktor berserikat.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Bagian I

Bentuk
P(x)
Z
dx,
Q(x)
dengan pangkat tertinggi dari P(x) lebih kecil dari pangkat tert-
inggi dari Q(x).
Ada 4 kasus untuk bagian ini.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Akar-Akar Q(x) = 0 real dan berbeda semua

Misalkan akar-akar dari Q(x) = 0 adalah x1 , x2 , . . . , xn dengan


P(x)
semuanya berbeda. Dengan demikian dapat dinyatakan
Q(x)
sebagai

P(x) A1 A2 An
= + + ... + .
Q(x) x − x1 x − x2 x − xn

Dengan menyamakan penyebut pada ruas kanan maka nilai-nilai


A1 , A2 , . . . , An dapat ditentukan.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Selanjutnya

P(x) A1 A2 An
Z Z Z Z
= + + ... + .
Q(x) x − x1 x − x2 x − xn

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R 1
Tentukan dx.
x2 −1

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R 1
Tentukan dx.
x2
−1
Penyelesaian :
Q(x) = x 2 − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1).

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R 1
Tentukan dx.
x2
−1
Penyelesaian :
Q(x) = x 2 − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1). Akar-akar Q(x) = 0 adalah
x1 = 1 dan x2 = −1 (Real berbeda).

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R 1
Tentukan dx.
−1x2
Penyelesaian :
Q(x) = x 2 − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1). Akar-akar Q(x) = 0 adalah
x1 = 1 dan x2 = −1 (Real berbeda).

1 1 A1 A2
= = +
x2 −1 (x + 1)(x − 1) x +1 x −1
A(x − 1) + A2 (x + 1)
=
(x + 1)(x − 1)

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R 1
Tentukan dx.
−1x2
Penyelesaian :
Q(x) = x 2 − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1). Akar-akar Q(x) = 0 adalah
x1 = 1 dan x2 = −1 (Real berbeda).

1 1 A1 A2
= = +
x2 −1 (x + 1)(x − 1) x +1 x −1
A(x − 1) + A2 (x + 1)
=
(x + 1)(x − 1)

1 = A1 (x − 1) + A2 (x + 1)
1
x = 1 =⇒ 1 = 2A2 =⇒ A2 =
2
1
x = −1 =⇒ 1 = −2A1 =⇒ A1 = −
2
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

Diperoleh
1 −0, 5 0, 5
Z Z Z
2
dx = dx + dx
x −1 x +1 x −1
1 1
= − ln | x + 1 | + ln | x − 1 | +C .
2 2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Akar-Akar Q(x) = 0 real dan ada yang sama

Misalkan akar-akar dari Q(x) = 0 adalah

x1 = x2 = . . . = xr , xr +1 , . . . , xn ,

dengan xi 6= xj , i 6= j, untuk i, j = r + 1, . . . , n.
P(x)
Dengan demikian dapat dinyatakan sebagai
Q(x)

P(x) A1 A2 Ar Ar +1 An
= + +. . . + +. . .+ .
Q(x) x − x1 (x − x1 )2 (x − x1 )r x − xr +1 x − xn

Dengan menyamakan penyebut pada ruas kanan maka nilai-nilai


A1 , A2 , . . . , An dapat ditentukan. Selanjutnya diintegralkan satu
persatu.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R 1
Tentukan dx.
x3 − x2 − x − 1
Penyelesaian :
Diperhatikan bahwa

Q(x) = x 3 − x 2 − x − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1)2 = 0.

Akar-akar Q(x) = 0 adalah x1 = x2 = 1 dan x3 = −1.

1 A1 A2 A3
2
= + 2
+
(x + 1)(x − 1) x − 1 (x − 1) x +1
A1 (x − 1) (x + 1) + A2 (x + 1) + A3 (x − 1)2
2
=
(x + 1)(x − 1)2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Lanjutan Contoh

1 = A1 (x − 1)2 (x + 1) + A2 (x + 1) + A3 (x − 1)2
1
x = 1 =⇒ 1 = 2A2 =⇒ A2 =
2
1
x = −1 =⇒ 1 = 4A3 =⇒ A3 =
4
x = 0 =⇒ 1 = A1 + A2 + A3
1 1 1
Diperoleh A1 = , A2 = , A3 = .
4 2 4

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Lanjutan Contoh

dx 0, 25 0, 5 0, 25
Z Z Z Z
= dx + dx + dx
(x + 1)(x − 1)2 x −1 (x − 1) 2 x +1
1 −1 1
= ln | x − 1 | + + ln | x + 1 | +C .
4 2(x − 1) 4

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Q(x) = 0 memiliki akar-akar tidak real yang
berbeda

Akar-akar kompleks dari Q(x) = 0 selalu berpasangan, √ yaitu


jika a + ib akar, maka a − ib juga akar (a, b ∈ R,i = −1).
Persamaan ax 2 + bx + c = 0 tidak memiliki akar real jika b2 −
4ac < 0.
Misalkan Q(x) = (ax 2 + bx + c)(x − x1 )...(x − xn ) dengan
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 tidak memiliki akar real. Diperoleh

P(x) A1 x + B 1 A2 Ar
= 2 + + ...
Q(x) ax + bx + c (x − x1 ) (x − xn )

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R x
Tentukan dx.
x3 + 1
Penyelesaian :
x x
=
x3 + 1 (x + 1)(x 2 − x + 1)
A Bx + D
= + 2
x +1 x −x +1
A(x 2 − x + 1) + (Bx + D)(x + 1)
=
x3 + 1

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
x = A(x 2 − x + 1) + (Bx + D)(x + 1)
1
x = −1 =⇒ −1 = 3A =⇒ A = −
3
1
x = 0 =⇒ 0 = A + D =⇒ D =
3
1
x = 1 =⇒ 1 = A + 2(B + D) = A + 2B + 2D =⇒ B =
3

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
1 1
Didapat A = − , B = = D.
3 3
R x +1
Akan ditentukan dx.
x2 − x + 1
1
2
(2x − 1) + 12 1 2x − 1 1 1
= . 2 + . √
x2 − x + 1 1
2 x − x + 1 2 (x − 2 ) + 3/2
2

1 2x − 1 1 1
Z Z
2
dx + 1 2
√ dx
2 x −x +1 2 (x − 2
) + 3/2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
R 1
Rumus reduksi dx, n bilangan asli :
(x 2 + 1)n
Diperhatikan bahwa

1 (1 + x 2 ) − x 2
Z Z
dx = dx
(x 2 + 1)n (x 2 + 1)n
1 x2
Z Z
= dx − dx.
(x 2 + 1)n−1 (x 2 + 1)n

x2
Selanjutnya dx diselesaikan dengan integral parsial
(x 2 + 1)n
x x2
dengan u = x dan dv = 2 dx. Diperoleh dx =
(x + 1)n (x 2 + 1)n
−1 x 1 R 1
. 2 n−1
+ . .
2n − 2 (1 + x ) 2n − 2 (1 + x 2 )n−1

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Akibatnya

dx 1 x 2n − 3 1
Z Z
2 n
= . 2 n−1
+ . dx.
(x + 1) 2n − 2 (1 + x ) 2n − 2 (1 + x 2 )n−1
R 1
Bentuk dx dengan n 6= 1 diselesaikan menggu-
(1 + x 2 )n−1
nakan proses diatas yang diulangi.
(Disini yang paling penting adalah memahami proses penurunan
rumus reduksi. Harapannya dengan memahami proses itu kita
tidak perlu mengingat rumus yang cukup panjang tersebut)

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R 1
Tentukan dx
(x 2 + 2x + 5)3

1 dx
Z Z
dx =
(x 2 + 2x + 5)3 ((x + 1)2 + 1)3
dx
Z
= ,u = x + 1
(u + 1)3
1 u 3 1
Z
= . 2 2
+
4 (u + 1) 4 (u + 1)2
2

1 u
= . 2 + arctan(u) + C , u = x + 1
4 (u + 1)2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Akar-akar tidak real Q(x) = 0 ada yang sama

Misalkan Q(x) = (ax 2 + bx + c)r (x − x1 )...(x − xn ) dengan


ax 2 + bx + c = 0 akar-akarnya tidak real. Diperoleh

P(x) A1 x + B 1 A2 x + B2 D1 Dn
= 2 +...+ 2 r
+ +. . .
Q(x) ax + bx + c (ax + bx + c) (x − x1 ) (x − xn )

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Soal Latihan

R
Tentukan f (x) dx jika diketahui
x + 29
1 f (x) =
x2
− 2x − 35
2
8x − 16x − 12
2 f (x) =
(x − 2)2 (x + 4)

1− x
3 f (x) = √ 3
x
4

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Bagian II

Kasus derajat P(x) lebih dari derajat Q(x) :


P(x) P(x) S(x)
disederhanakan menjadi bentuk = H(x) +
Q(x) Q(x) Q(x)
dimana S(x) adalah sisa pembagian P(x) oleh Q(x). Selan-
jutnya menggunakan materi sebelumnya untuk menyelesaikan
R S(x)
.
Q(x)

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R x 4 + 3x 2 − 4
Tentukan dx
x 2 + 2x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R x 4 + 3x 2 − 4
Tentukan dx
x 2 + 2x
Penyelesaian :
Menggunakan pembagian polinomial secara bersusun,

x 4 + 3x 2 − 4 −14x − 4
2
= (x 2 − 2x + 7) + 2 .
x + 2x x + 2x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R x 4 + 3x 2 − 4
Tentukan dx
x 2 + 2x
Penyelesaian :
Menggunakan pembagian polinomial secara bersusun,

x 4 + 3x 2 − 4 −14x − 4
2
= (x 2 − 2x + 7) + 2 .
x + 2x x + 2x

x 4 + 3x 2 − 4 14x + 4
Z Z Z
2
dx = (x − 2x + 7) dx − dx.
x 2 + 2x x 2 + 2x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

Polinomial x 2 + 2x = x(x + 2) memliki dua akar real berbeda.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

Polinomial x 2 + 2x = x(x + 2) memliki dua akar real berbeda.

14x + 4 A B
2
= +
x + 2x x x +2
A(x + 2) + Bx
=
x(x + 2)

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

Polinomial x 2 + 2x = x(x + 2) memliki dua akar real berbeda.

14x + 4 A B
2
= +
x + 2x x x +2
A(x + 2) + Bx
=
x(x + 2)

14x + 4 = A(x + 2) + Bx
x = 0 ⇒ 4 = 2A ⇒ A = 2 x = −2 ⇒ −24 = −2B ⇒ B = 12

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

Polinomial x 2 + 2x = x(x + 2) memliki dua akar real berbeda.

14x + 4 A B
2
= +
x + 2x x x +2
A(x + 2) + Bx
=
x(x + 2)

14x + 4 = A(x + 2) + Bx
x = 0 ⇒ 4 = 2A ⇒ A = 2 x = −2 ⇒ −24 = −2B ⇒ B = 12
2 12
Z
+ dx = 2 ln | x | +12 ln | x + 2 | +C .
x x +2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R x 5 + 4x + 1
Tentukan dx.
x(x − 1)2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R x 5 + 4x + 1
Tentukan dx.
x(x − 1)2
Penyelesaian :
x 5 + 4x + 1
Menggunakan pembagian polinomial secara bersusun, =
x(x − 1)2
6x 2 + 1
x 2 + 2x + 4 + .
x 3 − 2x 2 + x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R x 5 + 4x + 1
Tentukan dx.
x(x − 1)2
Penyelesaian :
x 5 + 4x + 1
Menggunakan pembagian polinomial secara bersusun, =
x(x − 1)2
6x 2 + 1
x 2 + 2x + 4 + .
x 3 − 2x 2 + x
Z 5
x + 4x + 1 6x 2 + 1
Z Z
2
dx = x + 2x + 4 dx + dx
x(x − 1)2 x 3 − 2x 2 + x
1 2 6x 2 + 1
Z
2
= x + x + 4x + dx.
3 x 3 − 2x 2 + x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

6x 2 + 1 A B D
2
= + +
x(x − 1) x (x − 1) (x − 1)2
Diperoleh A = 1, B = 5, D = 7.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

6x 2 + 1 A B D
2
= + +
x(x − 1) x (x − 1) (x − 1)2
Diperoleh A = 1, B = 5, D = 7.
1 5 7 7
+ + = ln | x | +5 ln | x − 1 | + .
x (x − 1) (x − 1)2 1−x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

6x 2 + 1 A B D
2
= + +
x(x − 1) x (x − 1) (x − 1)2
Diperoleh A = 1, B = 5, D = 7.
1 5 7 7
+ + = ln | x | +5 ln | x − 1 | + .
x (x − 1) (x − 1)2 1−x

Jadi,
Z 5
x + 4x + 1 1 7
2
dx = x 2 +x 2 +4x+ln | x | +5 ln | x−1 | + .
x(x − 1) 3 1−x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Soal Latihan

R
Tentukan f (x) dx jika diketahui
1

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Integral bentuk trigonometri pangkat tinggi

Tentukan Z
cos2 θ d θ

Penyelesaian : Gunakan identitas trigonometri :


1
cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1 = 1 − sin2 θ ⇔ cos2 θ = (1 + cos 2θ)
2
Diperoleh
1
Z Z
2
cos θ d θ = (1 + cos 2θ) d θ
2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Tentukan Z
cos3 θ d θ

Penyelesaian : Gunakan identitas trigonometri :

cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1 ⇔ cos2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ.

Diperoleh
Z Z Z
cos θ d θ = cos . cos θ d θ = (1 − sin2 θ) cos θ d θ
3 2

Substitusi u = sin θ =⇒ u = cos θ d θ.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Z Z
2
(1 − sin θ) cos θ d θ = 1 − u 2 du
1
= u − u3
3
1
= sin θ − (sin3 θ)
3
Jadi,
1 3
Z
cos3 θ d θ = sin θ − sin θ + C .
3

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Tentukan Z
cos4 θ d θ

Penyelesaian :
1
cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1 = 1 − sin2 θ ⇔ cos2 θ = (1 + cos 2θ)
2
Z Z
4
cos θ d θ = (cos2 θ)2 d θ
1
Z
= ( (1 + cos 2θ)2 d θ
2
1
Z
= 1 + 2 cos 2θ + cos2 2θ d θ
4
 
1
Z
2
= θ + sin 2θ + cos 2θ d θ
4

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
R
Untuk menentukan cos2 2θ d θ digunakan identitas trigonometri
:
cos 4θ = cos 2(2θ) = 2 cos2 2θ − 1.
1
Diperoleh cos2 2θ = (1 + cos 4θ).
2
1
Z Z
2
cos 2θ d θ = (1 + cos 4θ)
2
1 1
= (θ + sin 4θ)
2 4
Jadi,
 
1 1 1
Z
4
cos θ d θ = θ + sin 2θ + ( (θ + sin 4θ)) + C .
4 2 4

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
sin5 t cos2 t dt
R
Tentukan

Z Z
5 2
sin t cos t dt = (sin2 t)2 cos2 t sin t dt
Z
= (1 − cos2 t)2 (cos2 t) sin t dt

Diambil a = cos t =⇒ da = − sin tdt.


Z Z
(1 − cos t) (cos t) sin t dt = − (1 − a2 )2 a2 da
2 2 2

Z
= − (1 − 2a2 + a4 )a2 da

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Integral Fungsi Irasional

Rp
Akan ditentukan f (x) dx.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R√
Tentukan x 2 + 2x + 5 dx. Gunakan substitusi

x 2 + 2x + 5 = x + y ⇐⇒ x 2 + 2x + 5 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2
y2 − 5
⇐⇒ x = .
2(1 − y )

Diperoleh dx = dy .

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R x 2 + 2x + 5
Tentukan dx. Gunakan substitusi
x +1

x 2 + 2x + 5 = x + y ⇐⇒ x 2 + 2x + 5 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2
y2 − 5
⇐⇒ x = .
2(1 − y )

−2y 2 + 4y − 10
Diperoleh dx = dy .
4(y − 1)2
−y 2 + 2y + 3
x +1=
2(y − 1)
y 2 − 2y + 5
x +y =
2(y − 1)

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Substitusi Trigonometri

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1

tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x

1 + cot2 x = cosec 2 x
√ p p
Jika x = a sin u, maka a2 − x 2 = a2 − a2 sin2 u = a2 (1 − sin2 u
a cos u.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications

a2 + x 2


x 2 − a2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R√
Tentukan 4 − x 2 dx.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R√
Tentukan 4 − x 2 dx. Diambil x = 2 sin u.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R√
Tentukan 4 − x 2 dx. Diambil x = 2 sin u.Diperoleh dx =
−2 cos u du.

Z √ Z
2
4 − x dx = 2 cos u(−2 cos u) du
Z
= −4 cos2 u du

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
R√
Tentukan x 2 + 4 dx.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
R√
Tentukan x 2 + 4 dx.
Diambil x = 2 tan u.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
R√
Tentukan x 2 + 4 dx.
Diambil x = 2 tan u.Diperoleh dx = 2 sec2 u du.
Z √ Z
x + 4 dx = 2 sec u(2 sec2 u) du
2

Z
= 4 sec2 u. sec u du

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Soal Latihan

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Substitusi Trigonometri

1
Substitusi y = tan x
2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Soal Latihan

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Integral Tak Wajar

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Integral Tak Wajar Tipe I

Definisi
Rb
Diketahui a
f (x) dx ada untuk setiap b ≥ a.
Z ∞ Z t
f (x) dx = lim f (x).
a t→∞ a
R∞
Integral a f (x) dx dikatakan konvergen jika nilai limitnya
ada. Jika limitnya tidak ada atau menuju tak hingga, maka
dikatakan divergen.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Definisi
Ra
Diketahui b
f (x) dx ada untuk setiap b ≤ a.
Z a Z a
f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx.
−∞ t→−∞ t
Ra
Integral −∞ f (x) dx dikatakan konvergen jika nilai limitnya
ada. Jika limitnya tidak ada atau menuju tak hingga, maka
dikatakan divergen.

Definisi
Z ∞ Z c Z ∞
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx.
−∞ −∞ c

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
lim ln | x |= ∞ = lim ln | x | .
x→∞ x→−∞

lim ln | x |= −∞ = lim− ln | x |
x→0+ x→0

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
1 1
lim = 0 = lim .
x→∞ x x→−∞ x

1 1
lim+ = ∞, lim− = −∞
x→0 x x→0 x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications

lim x =∞
x→∞


lim+ x =0
x→0

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 1
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 1 dx konvergen atau divergen.
x
Penyelesaian :
R 1
Diperhatikan bahwa dx = ln | x |.
x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 1 dx konvergen atau divergen.
x
Penyelesaian :
R 1 Ra 1
Diperhatikan bahwa dx = ln | x |. Nilai 1 dx selalu
x x
ada untuk setiap a ≥ 1.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 1 dx konvergen atau divergen.
x
Penyelesaian :
R 1 Ra 1
Diperhatikan bahwa dx = ln | x |. Nilai 1 dx selalu
x x
ada untuk setiap a ≥ 1.
Z ∞
1
dx = lim [ln | x |]t1
1 x t→∞

= lim ln | t |
t→∞
= ∞.
R∞ 1
Jadi, 1
dx divergen.
x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 1
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 1 2 dx konvergen atau divergen.
x
Penyelesaian :
R 1 1
Diperhatikan bahwa 2
dx = − .
x x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 1 2 dx konvergen atau divergen.
x
Penyelesaian :
R 1 1 Ra 1
Diperhatikan bahwa 2
dx = − .Nilai 1 2 dx selalu ada
x x x
untuk setiap a ≥ 1.
Z ∞  t
1 1
dx = lim −
1 x2 t→∞ x 1
1
= lim − + 1
t→∞ t
= 1.
R∞ 1
Jadi, 1
dx konvergen.
x2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 1
√ dx konvergen atau divergen.
x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 1
√ dx konvergen atau divergen.
x
Penyelesaian :
R 1 √
Diperhatikan bahwa √ dx = 2 x.
x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 1
√ dx konvergen atau divergen.
x
Penyelesaian :
R 1 √ Ra 1
Diperhatikan bahwa √ dx = 2 x. Nilai 1 √ dx selalu
x x
ada untuk setiap a ≥ 1.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 1
√ dx konvergen atau divergen.
x
Penyelesaian :
R 1 √ Ra 1
Diperhatikan bahwa √ dx = 2 x. Nilai 1 √ dx selalu
x x
ada untuk setiap a ≥ 1.
Z ∞
1  √ t
√ dx = lim 2 x 1
1 x t→∞

= lim 2 t − 2
t→∞
= ∞.
R∞ 1
Jadi, 1
√ dx divergen.
x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan batas-batas p dimana 1 p dx konvergen dengan
x
p 6= 1.
Penyelesaian :
R 1 1 1−p
Ra 1
dx = x . Nilai 1
dx selalu ada untuk setiap
xp 1−p xp
a ≥ 1. Dari definisi integral tak wajar,
Z ∞  t
1 1 1−p
dx = lim x
1 xp t→∞ 1 − p
1
1
= ( lim t 1−p − 1)
1 − p t→∞

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
Jika p > 1, maka p − 1 > 0 dan
1
lim t 1−p = lim = 0.
t→∞ t→∞ t p−1

Jika p < 1, maka 1 − p > 0 dan

lim t 1−p = ∞.
t→∞

R∞ 1
Jadi, 1
dx konvergen saat p > 1.
xp

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Latihan

Selidiki kekonvergenan integral-integral berikut ini.


R 0 −x
1 e dx.
R−∞∞
2
0
xe −x dx.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Integral Tak Wajar Tipe II

Definisi
Diketahui fungsi f diskontinu di x = b tetapi kontinu pada
[a, b).
Z b Z t
f (x) dx = lim− f (x).
a t→b a
Rb
Integral a f (x) dx dikatakan konvergen jika nilai limitnya ada.
Jika limitinya tidak ada atau menuju tak hingga, maka
dikatakan divergen.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Definisi
Diketahui fungsi f diskontinu di x = a tetapi kontinu pada
(a, b].
Z b Z b
f (x) dx = lim+ f (x).
a t→a t
Rb
Integral a f (x) dx dikatakan konvergen jika nilai limitnya ada.
Jika limitinya tidak ada atau menuju tak hingga, maka
dikatakan divergen.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R1 1
Tentukan 0
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x −1

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R1 1
Tentukan 0
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x −1
Penyelesaian :
1
f (x) = kontinu pada [0, 1) tetapi diskontinu di x = 1
x −1

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
1
R1
Tentukan 0
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x −1
Penyelesaian :
1
f (x) = kontinu pada [0, 1) tetapi diskontinu di x = 1
x −1
Z 1 Z t
1 1
dx = lim− dx
0 x −1 t→1 0 x −1
= lim− [ln | x − 1 |]t0
t→1
= lim− ln | t − 1 |
t→1
= −∞.
R1 1
Jadi, 0
dx divergen.
x −1

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R5 1
Tentukan 2
√ dx konvergen atau divergen
x −2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R5 1
Tentukan 2
√ dx konvergen atau divergen
x −2
Penyelesaian :
1
Fungsi f (x) = √ kontinu pada (2, 5] tetapi diskontinu di
x −2
x = 2 sehingga merupakan integral tak wajar.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R5 1
Tentukan 2
√ dx konvergen atau divergen
x −2
Penyelesaian :
1
Fungsi f (x) = √ kontinu pada (2, 5] tetapi diskontinu di
x −2
x = 2 sehingga merupakan integral tak wajar.
Z 5 Z 5
1 1
√ dx = lim+ √ dx
2 x −2 t→2 t x −2

= lim+ [2 x − 2]5t
t→2

= 2 − lim+ 2 t − 2
t→2

Substitusi u = t − 2,
√ √
lim+ 2 t − 2 = lim+ 2 u = 0.
t→2 u→0

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Latihan

Contoh
Ra x
Tentukan 0
√ dx dengan a > 0 konvergen atau
a2 − x 2
divergen.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R1 1
Tentukan 0
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x2 −1

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R1 1
Tentukan 0
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x2
−1
Penyelesaian :
1
Fungsi f (x) = 2 kontinu pada (0, 1/2] ∪ [1/2, 1) tetapi
x −1
diskontinu di x = ±1 sehingga merupakan integral tak wajar.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
1
R1
Tentukan 0
dx konvergen atau divergen.
−1 x2
Penyelesaian :
1
Fungsi f (x) = 2 kontinu pada (0, 1/2] ∪ [1/2, 1) tetapi
x −1
diskontinu di x = ±1 sehingga merupakan integral tak wajar.
1 1/2 Z 1
1 1 1
Z Z
2
dx = 2
dx + 2
dx
0 x −1 0 x −1 1/2 x − 1
Z 5
1
= lim+ √ dx
t→2 t x −2

= lim+ [2 x − 2]5t
t→2

= 2 − lim+ 2 t − 2 = 2
t→2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Integral Tak Wajar Tipe Campuran

Contoh
R1 1
Tentukan 0
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(1 − x)

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Integral Tak Wajar Tipe Campuran

Contoh
R1 1
Tentukan 0
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(1 − x)
Penyelesaian :
1
Fungsi f (x) = diskontinu di x = 0 dan x = 1.
x(1 − x)

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Integral Tak Wajar Tipe Campuran

Contoh
R1 1
Tentukan 0
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(1 − x)
Penyelesaian :
1
Fungsi f (x) = diskontinu di x = 0 dan x = 1.
x(1 − x)
R 1/2 1
Diambil c = 1/2 dan dicek 0 dx dan
x(1 − x)
R1 1
1/2
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(1 − x)

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Integral Tak Wajar Tipe Campuran

Contoh
R1 1
Tentukan 0
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(1 − x)
Penyelesaian :
1
Fungsi f (x) = diskontinu di x = 0 dan x = 1.
x(1 − x)
R 1/2 1
Diambil c = 1/2 dan dicek 0 dx dan
x(1 − x)
R1 1
1/2
dx konvergen atau divergen. Fungsi f (x)
x(1 − x)
kontinu pada (0, 1/2] dan [1/2, 1). Diperoleh
R 1
dx = ln | x | − ln | 1 − x |.
x(1 − x)

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

1/2
1
Z
1/2
dx = lim+ [ln | x | − ln | 1 − x |]t dx
0 x(1 − x) t→0

= lim+ ln(1/2) − ln(1/2) − ln | t | + ln | 1 − t |


t→0
= lim+ −ln | t | + lim+ ln | 1 − t |
t→0 t→0
=∞−0
= ∞.
R 1/2 1 R1 1
0
dx divergen. Jadi, 0 dx divergen.
x(1 − x) x(1 − x)

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 1
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(ln x)3

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 1
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(ln x)3
Penyelesaian :
1
Fungsi f (x) = kontinu pada (1, e] dan [e, ∞) x = 0
x(ln x)3
tetapi diskontinu di x = 1.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 1
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(ln x)3
Penyelesaian :
1
Fungsi f (x) = kontinu pada (1, e] dan [e, ∞) x = 0
x(ln x)3
tetapi diskontinu di x = 1. Diambil c = e dan dicek
Re 1 R∞ 1
1 3
dx dan e dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(ln x) x(ln x)3

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 1
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(ln x)3
Penyelesaian :
1
Fungsi f (x) = kontinu pada (1, e] dan [e, ∞) x = 0
x(ln x)3
tetapi diskontinu di x = 1. Diambil c = e dan dicek
Re 1 R∞ 1
1 3
dx dan e dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(ln x) x(ln x)3
Fungsi f (x) kontinu pada (0, 1/2] dan [1/2, 1). Diperoleh
R 1
dx = ln | x | − ln | 1 − x |.
x(1 − x)

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

e e
1 1
Z Z
dx = lim− dx
1 x(ln x)3 t→1 t x(ln x)
3

1 1
= lim− [− |]t dx
t→1 2 (ln x)2 e
1 1
= − lim− ( + 1)
2 t→1 (ln t)2
1
Diperoleh limt→1− = −∞ karena limt→1− (ln t)2 = 0.
(ln t)2
Re 1 R∞ 1
Akibatnya 1 3
dx divergen. Jadi, 1
dx
x(ln x) x(ln x)3
divergen.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 0
√ dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(1 + x 2 )

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 0
√ dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(1 + x 2 )
Penyelesaian :
R 1 √
Diperhatikan bahwa √ 2
dx = 2 arctan( x).
x(1 + x )

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 0
√ dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(1 + x 2 )
Penyelesaian :
R 1 √
Diperhatikan bahwa √ 2
dx = 2 arctan( x). Fungsi
x(1 + x )
1
f (x) = √ diskontinu di x = 0 tetapi kontinu pada
x(1 + x 2 )
Ra 1
(0, 1] dan nilai 1 √ dx selalu ada untuk setiap
x(1 + x 2 )
a ≥ 1.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan 0
√ dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(1 + x 2 )
Penyelesaian :
R 1 √
Diperhatikan bahwa √ 2
dx = 2 arctan( x). Fungsi
x(1 + x )
1
f (x) = √ diskontinu di x = 0 tetapi kontinu pada
x(1 + x 2 )
Ra 1
(0, 1] dan nilai 1 √ dx selalu ada untuk setiap
x(1 + x 2 )
a ≥ 1.
Z 1
1 √ 1
√ dx = lim [arctan x]t
0 x(1 + x 2 ) t→0+

= lim+ arctan(1) − arctan t
t→0
= π/4.
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

∞ √
1
Z
√ 2
dx = lim [arctan x]t1
1 x(1 + x ) t→∞

= lim arctan t − arctan(1)
t→∞
= π/2 − π/4.
R∞ 1
Jadi, 0
√ dx konvergen.
x(1 + x 2 )

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan e
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(ln x)3

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan e
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(ln x)3
Penyelesaian :
1
Fungsi f (x) = kontinu pada [e, ∞) tetapi diskontinu
x(ln x)3
di x = 0 dan x = 1.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 1
Tentukan e
dx konvergen atau divergen.
x(ln x)3
Penyelesaian :
1
Fungsi f (x) = kontinu pada [e, ∞) tetapi diskontinu
x(ln x)3
di x = 0 dan x = 1. Diambil c = 1/2 dan dicek
R 1/2 1 R1 1
0
dx dan 1/2 dx konvergen atau
x(1 − x) x(1 − x)
divergen. Fungsi f (x) kontinu pada (0, 1/2] dan [1/2, 1).
R 1
dx = ln | x | − ln | 1 − x |.
x(1 − x)

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
∞ t
1 1
Z Z
dx = lim dx
e x(ln x)3 t→∞ e x(ln x)
3

1 1
= lim [− |]t dx
t→∞ 2 (ln x)2 e
1 1
= − lim ( − 1)
2 t→∞ (ln t)2
1
Diperoleh limt→∞ = 0 karena limt→∞ (ln t)2 = ∞. Aki-
(ln t)2
batnya
1 1 1
− lim ( 2
− 1) = .
2 t→∞ (ln t) 2
R∞ 1
Jadi, e
dx konvergen.
x(ln x)3

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Soal Latihan

R∞ 2
1 Tentukan −∞
xe cx dx, c 6= 0.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Jumlahan Riemann

Definisi
Partisi pada interval [a, b] adalah himpunan
P = {xi | i = 0, 1, ..., n}, x0 = a, xn = b, dengan

x0 < x1 < ... < xn .


Dengan adanya partisi P, maka [a, b] terbagi menjadi n inverval
bagian [xi , xi+1 ] dengan i = 0, 1, ..., n − 1}.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Definisi
Panjang interval ke i adalah ∆i x = xi − xi−1 .

Definisi
Panjang partisi P pada [a, b] didefinisikan sebagai

k P k= max{| ∆i x |: i = 1, ..., n}.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Definisi
Diberikan partisi P pada [a, b]. Untuk setiap i = 1, 2.., n
diambil xi∗ ∈ [xi−1 , xi ]. Didefinisikan jumlahan

S(P, f ) = Σni=1 f (xi∗ )∆i x

yang selanjutnya disebut jumlahan Riemann.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Definisi Integral Tertentu
Definisi
Diberikan fungsi kontinu f pada [a, b]. Fungsi f dikatakan
terintegral ( Riemann ) pada [a, b] jika

lim S(P, f )
kPk→0

ada. Jika f terintegral pada [a, b], maka ditulis


Z b
f (x) = lim S(P, f ).
a kPk→0

Jika k P k→ 0, maka n → ∞. Jadi,

lim S(P, f ) = lim S(P, f ).


kPk→0 n→∞

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R2
Hitunglah 0 x 2 dx menggunakan definisi.
Penyelesaian :
Diambil partisi P dengan panjang sub interval sama yaitu ∆i x =
2 2i
. Untuk setiap i = 1, 2, ..., n dipilih xi∗ = xi = .
n n
2i 2 2
S(P, f ) = Σni=1 ( ).
n n
8i 2
= Σni=1 3
n
8 4 4
= + + 2.
3 n 3n

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
8 4 4 8
lim + + 2 = .
n→∞ 3 n 3n 3
Jadi,
2
8
Z
x 2 = dx.
0 3

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Sifat Integral Tertentu
Z b Z b
k.f (x) dx = k f (x) dx
a a
Z b Z b Z b
f (x) ± g (x) dx = f (x) dx ± g (x) dx
a a a

Z b Z c Z b
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx, a < c < b
a a c

Jika f (x) ≥ 0 untuk setiap a ≤ x ≤ b, maka


Z b
f (x) dx ≥ 0.
a

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Teorema Fundamental Kalkulus

Selain menggunakan definisi jumlahan Riemann, integral ter-


tentu juga dapat dihitung menggunakan hasil berikut.
Teorema
R
Jika f kontinu pada [a, b], F (x) = f (x) dx, maka
Z b
f (x) dx = [F (x)]ba = F (b) − F (a).
a

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Teorema Fundamental Kalkulus

Selain menggunakan definisi jumlahan Riemann, integral ter-


tentu juga dapat dihitung menggunakan hasil berikut.
Teorema
R
Jika f kontinu pada [a, b], F (x) = f (x) dx, maka
Z b
f (x) dx = [F (x)]ba = F (b) − F (a).
a

Perlu diperhatikan bahwa Teorema diatas berlaku untuk fungsi


kontinu pada interval [a, b]. Jika f tidak kontinu pada [a, b],
maka dapat ditinjau melalui definisi integral tak wajar.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R1
Hitung 0
xe x dx

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R1
Hitung 0 xe x dx
Penyelesaian :
f (x) = xe x kontinu pada [0, 1].

F (x) = e x (x − 1).
Z 1
xe x = [e x (x − 1)]10 = 1.
0

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R π/2
Hitung 0
x cos x dx

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh

R π/2
Hitung 0 x cos x dx
Penyelesaian :
f (x) = x cos x kontinu pada [0, π/2].

F (x) = x sin x + cos x.


Z π/2
π/2
x cos x = [x sin x + cos x]0 = π/2 − 1.
0

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Teorema
Diketahui f kontinu pada [a, b]. Jika g : [α, β] −→ [a, b] naik
( turun ) monoton dan mempunyai turunan pada [α, β], maka
Z b Z β
f (x) dx = f (g (t))g 0 (t) dt.
a α

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R2
Tentukan 0
(3x + 7)8 dx

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R2
Tentukan 0 (3x + 7)8 dx
Penyelesaian :
Substitusi u = 3x + 7. x = 0 ⇒ u = 7 x = 2 ⇒ u = 13

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R2
Tentukan 0 (3x + 7)8 dx
Penyelesaian :
Substitusi u = 3x + 7. x = 0 ⇒ u = 7 x = 2 ⇒ u = 13
1
Diperoleh du = 3 dx atau dx = du.
3

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R2
Tentukan 0 (3x + 7)8 dx
Penyelesaian :
Substitusi u = 3x + 7. x = 0 ⇒ u = 7 x = 2 ⇒ u = 13
1
Diperoleh du = 3 dx atau dx = du.
3

2 13
1
Z Z
8
(3x + 7) dx = u8 du
0 7 3
1 13 8
Z
= u du
3 7
1
= [u 9 ]13
7 du
27

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Teorema
Misalkan f dan g kontinu untuk setiap x R≥ a dan

| f (x) |≤ g (x), untuk
R ∞ setiap x ≥ a. Jika a g (x) dx
konvergen, maka a f (x) dx konvergen dan
Z ∞ Z ∞
| f (x) dx |≤ g (x) dx.
a a

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 2
Selidiki apakah 1
e −x dx konvergen atau divergen.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 2
Selidiki apakah 1 e −x dx konvergen atau divergen.
Diperhatikan bahwa x 2 ≥ x untuk setiap x ≥ 1.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 2
Selidiki apakah 1 e −x dx konvergen atau divergen.
Diperhatikan bahwa x 2 ≥ x untuk setiap x ≥ 1.
2
Diperoleh −x 2 ≤ −x dan e −x ≤ e −x , untuk setiap x ≥ 1.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 2
Selidiki apakah 1 e −x dx konvergen atau divergen.
Diperhatikan bahwa x 2 ≥ x untuk setiap x ≥ 1.
2
Diperoleh −x 2 ≤ −x dan e −x ≤ e −x , untuk setiap x ≥ 1.

Z ∞ Z t
−x
e dx = lim e −x dx
1 t→∞ 1
= lim [−e −x ]t1
t→∞
1
= lim (−e −t ) +
t→∞ e
1
= .
e

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R∞ 2
Selidiki apakah 1 e −x dx konvergen atau divergen.
Diperhatikan bahwa x 2 ≥ x untuk setiap x ≥ 1.
2
Diperoleh −x 2 ≤ −x dan e −x ≤ e −x , untuk setiap x ≥ 1.

Z ∞ Z t
−x
e dx = lim e −x dx
1 t→∞ 1
= lim [−e −x ]t1
t→∞
1
= lim (−e −t ) +
t→∞ e
1
= .
e
R∞ R∞ 2
Akibatnya 1
e −x dx konvergen. Dari Teorema, 1
e −x dx
konvergen.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
R ∞ −x 2
0
e dx konvergen.
Penjelasan :
Z ∞ Z 1 Z ∞
−x 2 −x 2 2
e dx = e dx + e −x dx.
0 0 0

2
g (x) = e −x ≥ 0, ∀0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
g kontinu pada [0, 1].
2
g 0 (x) = −2xe −x = 0 ⇐⇒ x = 0

1
g (0) = 1, g (1) = .
3
Nilai maksimum g pada [0, 1] adalah 1.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh
Diperoleh
0 ≤ g (x) ≤ 1, ∀0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
R1 R1 2
Karena 0 1 dx = 1 (konvergen), maka 0 e −x dx juga
konvergen.
R∞ R∞
2 2
Karena 1 e −x dx konvergen, 0 e −x dx konvergen.

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Soal Latihan

R∞ 1
1 Tunjukkan 1
dx konvergen.
(1 + x 2 )n

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Soal Latihan A

R
Tentukan f (x) dx jika diketahui :
1 f (x) = x. sin x. cos x
2 f (x) = (x + 1) ln(x 2 + 1)
x +1
3 f (x) = x 2 . ln( ).
x −1
4 f (x) = sin(ln x).

5 f (x) = sin x

6 f (x) = arctan x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Soal Latihan B

R
Tentukan f (x) dx jika diketahui :
ex
1 f (x) =
(e x − 2)(e 2x − 2e x + 2)
2x 3
2 f (x) = 4 .
x − 3x 2 − 4
x2 + 1
3 f (x) = 3
x + x 2 − 5x + 3
2x 4 + 36x 2 + x + 160
4 f (x) =
(x 2 + 9)2 (x − 2)

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Soal Latihan C

R
Tentukan f (x) dx jika diketahui :
1 f (x) = sin x(cos 2x)4 .
cos x − sin 2x
2 f (x) = √
4 − sin x
1
3 f (x) =
cos 2x − 3 sin 2x − 1
sin x
4 f (x) =
1 + sin x + cos x

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Soal Latihan D

1
1 f (x) = p √
x +3 x
r
2x − 1
2 f (x) =
x +3

1 + x + 2x 1/3
3 f (x) = 1/3
.
2 + x
x
r
4 f (x) = √
x +2 x
1
5 f (x) = √
(x − 2) x 2 + 4x + 1

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Latihan
R
Tentukan f (x)dx jika diketahui :
100
1 f (x) =
(2 − 5x)
2
2 f (x) = (9 − 4x) 3

3 f (x) = (9 + 4x) 2x 2 + 9x − 100

4 f (x) = x 5 x 2 + 1

x + 10
5 f (x) =
x − 10
6 f (x) = e sin x cos x
x
7 f (x) =
(1 + x 2 )2
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Latihan

R
Tentukan f (x)dx jika diketahui :
1 f (x) = x 3 cos 4x
2 f (x) = (x − 3)2 sin(−3x)
3 f (x) = e −3x cos 4x

4 f (x) = sin x
5 f (x) = x 3 ln x
x2 x.x
6 f (x) = 2 2
(hint : f (x) = ,)
(1 + x ) (1 + x 2 )2

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Latihan

x + 29
1 f (x) =
x2
− 2x − 35
2
8x − 16x − 12
2 f (x) =
(x − 2)2 (x + 4)

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Latihan UTS
R
Tentukan f (x)dx jika diketahui :
1 f (x) = (x + 1). ln(x 2 + 1)

2 f (x) = x. 5 2 + 3x 2
2
3 f (x) = 2
x − 2x + 3
x −3
4 f (x) = 2
x − 2x + 2
999
5 f (x) = 2
(x + 1)2
−999
6 f (x) = 2
(x + 1)3
1
7 f (x) =
1 + sin x + cos x
5
xValentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Aplikasi Integral untuk Menentukan Luas Daerah

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh 1


Tentukan luas daerah yang dibatasi kurva x + y = 2, y = x
dan sumbu X .

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Cara 1 :
Z 1 √
Z 2
L = LI + LII = x dx + (2 − x) dx
0 1

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Cara 2 : Z 1
L= (2 − y ) − y 2 dy
0

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
Contoh 2

Tentukan luas daerah yang dibatasi kurva y = 9 − x 2 , garis


5x − 3y + 5 = 0, sumbu X dan sumbu Y .
Penyelesaian :
Titik perpotongan : (− 11
3
, 0), (2, 0).

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications
−1 0
1
Z Z
2
L= 9 − x dx + (9 − x 2 ) − (5x − 5) dx
−3 −1 3

Valentino Risali, M.Sc. Mathematics for Economics: Integral and Its Applications

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