Heat Lab-M

Contents
Experiment Name Page

1-conduction along simple bar 4
2-Effect of surface contact 6
3-cross-sectional area 8
4-conduction along composite bar 11
5-Radial conduction 14
6-Stefan-Boltzmann law 17
7-Emissvity 21
7- Free convection - fixed power 23
8- Forced convection - fixed power 27
9-Heat transfer coefficient andNusselt number” 29
10-Heat exchanger 32
conduction
Introduction:
heat transfer is a basic science that deals with the rate of transfer of thermal
energy. They are three basic mechanisms of heat transfer, which are conduction,
convection, and radiation, and discuss thermal conductivity.Conduction is the
transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of asubstance to the adja
cent, less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles. Con
vectionis the mode of heat transfer between a solidsurface and the adjacent liq
uid or gas that is in motion, and it involves thecombined effects of conduction
and fluid motion. Radiation is the energyemitted by matter in the form of elec
tromagnetic waves (or photons) as a resultof the changes in the electronic con
figurations of the atoms or molecules.
Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a sub-
stance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the
particles. Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, or gases. In gases and liq-
uids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of the molecules during
their random motion. In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of the
molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by freeelectrons.
The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on the geometry of the
medium, its thickness, and the material of the medium, as well as the tempera-
turedifference across the medium.
1
Description
the paste was put on the heater, cooler and sample (stainless steel) surfaces. So
as to prevent the presence of air that acts as an isolator .then the heater power
was calculated by current and voltage values. After sufficient time ≈ (5 min), for
steady state condition the temperature values were recorded.
Figure 2: radial and axial heat conduction study unit.
2
1. Temperature controller Allows to regulate the temperature of the resistor
used
2. Ammeter Allows to measure the current flowing through the resistor used
3. Voltmeter Allows to measure the current flowing through the resistor used
4. Sample + support Storage area of the samples used for axial conduction
(Stainless steel D25mm, brass D25 mm and brass D15 mm)
5. Axial module - Heat source Consisting of a brass cylinder D25 mm
equipped with a heating cartridge
6. Axial module - Cold source Consisting of a brass cylinder D25 mm
equipped with a circulating cold water
7. Push button Allows you to read the power used by the resistor on the
voltmeter and ammeter
8. Resistors operation indicator
9. Three positions Switch Select the module controlled by the regulator
10. Radial module Brass disk Ø = 110 mm e = 3 mm
11. Cooling circuit (network)
12. Lever maintaining the axial modules
T : 21 temperature readings by thermocouple T type
Electrical box includes: A white light for voltage presence A general power
disconnect USB output for supervision.
3
Experiment 1 “conduction along simple bar”
Objective:
To investigate fourier’s law linear conduction of heat along simple bar.
Theory:
If a plane wall of thickness (dx) and area (A) supports a temperature difference
(dT) then the heat transfer rate per unit time (Q) by conduction through the wall is
found to be:
Q ~ AdT/dX
If the material of the wall Is homogeneous and has thermal conductivity (K) then:
𝑑𝑇
Q = K .A .𝑑𝑋
If should be noted that heat flow is positive in the direction of temperature fall.
Figure 1: steady heat conduction.
4
Procedure :
1-Perform the verifications given in the equipment installation section
2-Open the water supply valve and check that the water circulates
3-Turn the selection switch of the conduction mode to "axial"
4-Launch the acquisition software
5-Place the sample in brass D25mm between the heat source and the cold source
after verifying the presence of conductive paste on the faces in contact
6-Lock it in position by turning the lever with the red ball to the left
7-Activate the selector "current-voltage reading " in order to know the power of
the heating cartridge
8-Use the arrows to adjust the setpoint to 100 C
9-On the software in the axial heating section , select the brass sample
10-Record the values in the chart given on next page after stabilization of the
temperatures (5-10 minutes)
11-Also record the controller output power in %
12-Swivel the lever with the red ball to the right and remove the sample.
Data
Setpoint T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 % P Q K
W/m.k
w W
5
Experiment 2“Effect of surface contact”
Objective: To demonstrate the effect of surface contact on thermal conduc-
tion between adjacent slabs of material.
Theory:
When two surface are in contact, path of thermal conduction exists only across
those points where actual physical contact occurs on microscopic scale the de-
gree of thermal contact depend on the respective surface finishes.
Air trapped in the gap between each surface acts as a thermal insulator resulting
in temperature step the conduction path. This can be reduced by the use of con-
duction compound, which fills the air spaces and improved thermal contact.
The Thermal Resistance Concept, equation (1) for heat conduction through a
plane wall can be rearranged as;
T1−T2
Qcond, wall = (W) (1)
R wall
Where,
𝐿
Rwall = 𝑘𝐴(°C/W) (2)
is the thermal resistance of the wall against heat conduction or simply the con-
duction resistance of the wall. Note that the thermal resistance of a medium
depends on the geometry and the thermal properties of the medium.
Figure 1: heat flow
6
Procedure :
5-Place the sample in brassD25mm between the heat source and the cold source
after verifying from non the presence of conductive paste on the faces in contact
Data and calculation:
W/m.k
w W
7
Experiment 3 " cross-sectional area"
Objective:
To investigate the effect of change in cross-sectional area on the temperature
profile along a thermal conductor.
Theory:
the rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is proportional to the tempera-
ture difference across the layer and the heat transfer area, but is inversely pro-
portional to the thickness of the layer. That is,
(Area) (Temperature difference)

Rate of heat conduction ~ or,
(𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠)
𝑇1−𝑇2 𝑑𝑇
Qcond= K A = - KA (W)
∆𝑋 ∆𝑋
(1)
where the constant of proportionality k is the thermal conductivity of the mate-

rial, which is a measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat (Fig. 1). In the
limiting case of ∆x→ 0, the equation above reduces to the differential form
8
𝑑𝑇
Qcond = - KA (W)
∆𝑋
(2)
which is called Fourier’s law of heat conduction. dT/dxis the temperature-

gradient, from continuity the heat flow ratio (Q) is the same for each section of
the conductor. Also the thermal conductivity (K) is constant (assuming no change
with average temperature of the material). The temperature gradient is inversely
proportional to the cross section area.
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
AH (𝑑𝑋)H = AS (𝑑𝑋)S = AC(𝑑𝑋)C (3)
(Area) (heater/cooler)
gradient ratio=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒)
9
Procedure :
5-Place the sample in brassD15mm between the heat source and the cold source
after verifying the presence of conductive paste on the faces in contact
Setpoint T1 T2 T3 T7 T8 T9 % P Q K
W/m.k
w W
10
Experiment 4“conduction along composite bar”
Objective:
To study the conduct on of heat along a composite bars and evaluate the overall
heat transfer coefficient.
Theory:
.the rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is proportional to the tempera-
ture difference across the layer and the heat transfer area, but is inversely pro-
portional to the thickness of the layer. That is,
(Area) (Temperature difference)

Rate of heat conduction ~ or,
(𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠)
𝑇1−𝑇2 𝑑𝑇
Qcond= K A = - KA (W)
∆𝑋 ∆𝑋
(1)
where the constant of proportionality k is the thermal conductivity of the mate-

rial, which is a measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat (Fig. 1). In the
limiting case of ∆x→ 0, the equation above reduces to the differential form
𝑑𝑇
Qcond = - KA (W)
∆𝑋
11
𝑄
The overall heat transfer coefficient, U =
𝐴∗( 𝑇ℎ𝑠−𝑇𝑐𝑠)
1/U = (XH/KH) + (XS/KS) + (XC/KC)
Procedure :
5-Place the sample in stainless steel D25mm between the heat source and the
cold source after verifying the presence of conductive paste on the faces in con-
tact
12
9-On the software in the axial heating section , select thestainless steel D25mm
sample
W/m.k
w W
13
Experiment 5 “Radial conduction”
Objective:
To examine the temperature profiles and determine the rate of heat transfer re-
sulting from radial steady conduction through the wall of a cylinder.
Theory:
Consider a long cylindrical layer (such as a circular pipe) of inner radius r1, outer
radius r2, length L, and average thermal conductivity k (Fig. 1). The two surfaces
of the cylindrical layer are maintained at constant temperatures T1 and T2. There
is no heat generation in the layer and the thermal conductivity is constant. For
one-dimensional heat conduction through the cylindrical layer, we have T(r).
Then Fourier’s law of heat conduction for heat transfer through the cylindrical
layer can be expressed as
dT
Qcond, cyl= - k A (W)
dr
(1)
Where A = 2 𝝿 r Lis the heat transfer area at location r. Note that A depends on r,
and thus it varies in the direction of heat transfer. Separating the variables in the
above equation and integrating from r = r1, where T(r1) = T1, to r = r2, where T(r2)
= T2, gives
𝑟2 𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑,𝑐𝑦𝑙 𝑇2
∫𝑟=𝑟1 𝑑𝑟 = - ∫𝑇=𝑇1 𝑘 𝑑𝑇(2)
𝐴
14
Substituting A= 2 𝝿 r L and performing the integrations give
𝑇1−𝑇2
Qcond, cyl = 2 𝝿 L k 𝑟2 (W) (3)
ln( )
𝑟1
Figure 1: A cylindrical pipe with specified inner and outer

surface temperatures T1 and T2.
Procedure :
3-Turn the selection switch of the conduction mode to " radial "
15
9-On the software in the Radial module Brass disk Ø = 110 mm L = 3 mm
(Ri 5mm_ Ro 55mm)
Setpoint T1 T2 T3 T7 T8 T9 % P Q K
W/m.k
w W
16
Exepriment 6 "Stefan-Boltzmann law”
Objectives:
To show that the intensity of radiation on a surface is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance of the surface from the radiation source.
To show that the intensity of radiation varies as the power of the source tempera-
ture.
Introduction:
Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves
(or photons) as a result of the changes in the electronic configurationsof the at-
oms or molecules. Unlike conduction and convection, the transfer ofenergy by
radiation does not require the presence of an intervening medium. In fact, energy
transfer by radiation is fastest (at the speed of light) and itsuffers no attenuation
in a vacuum. This is how the energy of the sun reachesthe earth.
In heat transfer studies we are interested in thermal radiation, which is the form
of radiation emitted by bodies because of their temperature. It differs from other
forms of electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays, gamma rays, microwaves, ra-
dio waves, and television waves that are not related to temperature. All bodies at
a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal radiation. Radiation is a volu-
metric phenomenon, and all solids, liquids, and gases emit, absorb, or transmit
radiation to varying degrees. However, radiation is usually considered to be a
surface phenomenon for solids that are opaque to thermal radiation such as
metals, wood, and rocks since the radiation emitted by the interior regions of
such material can never reach the surface, and the radiation incident on such
bodies is usually absorbed within a few microns from the surface.
17
Theory:
The total energy dQ from an element dA can be imagined to flow through a hem-
isphere of radius r. a surface element on this hemisphere dA 1 lies on line making
an angle ɸ with the normal and the solid angle subtended by dA 1 at dA isdwɸ =
dA1/r2.
If the rate of flow energy through dA1 is dQɸ then dQɸ = iɸdwɸdA where iɸ is the
intensity of radiation in the ɸ direction.
Figure 1
The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface at an absolute
temperature Ts(in K or R) is given by the Stefan–Boltzmann law as
Qemit, max = σAsTs4(W) (1)
where σ = 5.67 * 108 W/m2 · K4 or 0.1714 * 108 Btu/h · ft2 · R4 is the
Stefan–Boltzmann constant.The idealized surface that emits radiation at this

maximum rate is called a blackbody, and the radiation emitted by a blackbody is
called blackbody radiation (Fig. 2). The radiation emitted by all real surfaces is
less than the radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature, and is
expressed as
18
Qemit = εσAsTs4(W)(2)
where ε is the emissivity of the surface. The property emissivity, whose value is
in the range 0≤ ε ≤1, is a measure of how closely a surface approximates a
blackbody for which ε=1.
Figure 2: Blackbody radiation
Procedure:
In first experimental the radiometer reading (R) were recorded at distance (X),
the second experimental the temperature reading (t) and (R) were recorded at
ambient conditions.
figure 3:Heat Transfer Service Unit
19
Figure 4:Laws of Radiant Heat Transfer
Reading Calcuaitions
Temperature Readiometer TS Ta Qb =5.59*R Qb=𝝈(𝑻𝒔𝟒 − 𝑻𝒂𝟒 )
Reading (Ts) Reading (R)
℃ W/ m^2 K K W/ m^2 W/ m^2
20
Exepriment 7 “Emissvity”
Objective:
To determine the emissivity of different surface (polished, silver and matt

black )
Theory
Emissivity is defined as the ratio of the total energy emitted by a surface to

the total energy emitted by a black surface at the same temperature for real
bodies is a function of radiation wave length the angel of incidence the sur-
face temperature and even the surface finish but it is generally practical to
assume average values when making calculations tabulated values of typical
emissivities for various materials are to be found in polished tests dealing
with this subject usually the emissivity is introduce a multiplication constant
in heat transfer calculation as for example in the Stefan Boltzmann law
which is re write.
For the polished plate:

Temperature Readiometer TS Ta Qb =5.59*R 𝑸𝒃
Qb=
Reading (Ts) Reading (R) 𝝈(𝑻𝒔𝟒 −𝑻𝒂𝟒 )
℃ W/ m^2 K K W/ m^2
21
For the silver plate:
Qb=
𝝈(𝑻𝒔𝟒 −𝑻𝒂𝟒 )
Reading (Ts) Reading (R)
℃ W/ m^2 K K W/ m^2
For the black plate:

Qb=
Reading (Ts) Reading (R) 𝝈(𝑻𝒔𝟒 −𝑻𝒂𝟒 )
℃ W/ m^2 K K W/ m^2
22
Exepriment8 Free convection - fixed power”
Objectives:
To compare the surface temperatures of the heat transfer surfaces in forced and
free convection for a fixed input power.
Introduction:
Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the ad-
jacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the combined effects of con-
duction and fluid motion. The faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection
heat transfer. In the absence of any bulk fluid motion, heat transfer between a
solid surface and the adjacent fluid is by pure conduction. The presence of bulk
motion of the fluid enhances the heat transfer between the solid surface and the
fluid, but it also complicates the determination of heat transfer rates.
Description:
In the first experiment the fan was removed, the heat transfer surface was cho-
sen, the power increased to 15 watts, after 30 minutes (to stabiles) T 1 and T2
were recorded, finally the experimental was repeated for the other heat transfer-
surfaces.
Note: In the second experimental the fan wasn’t removed.
23
Figure 2: TQ - TD1005 - Free and Forced Convection
• Includes three of the most common heat transfer surfaces: flat plate, pinned
and finned
• Thermocouples and a sensitive anemometer measure temperatures and air ve-
locity – shown on a digital display
• Additional hand-held thermocouple probe included – to measure temperatures
along the length of the pins and fins of two heat transfer surfaces
• Variable-speed fan and variable power heat source for a range of tests
• Can connect to TecQuipment’s Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS®)
24
Theory:
Heat transfer processes that involve change of phase of a fluid are also consid-
ered to be convection because of the fluid motion induced during the process,
such as the rise of the vapor bubbles during boiling or the fall of the liquid drop-
lets during condensation. Despite the complexity of convection, the rate of con-
vection heat transfer is observed to be proportional to the temperature difference,
and is conveniently expressed by Newton’s law of cooling as
Qconv= hAs(Ts -T∞) (W) (1)
where h is the convection heat transfer coefficient in W/m2 · °C or Btu/h · ft2 · °F,
Asis the surface area through which convection heat transfer takes place, Tsis the
surface temperature, and T∞ is the temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from
the surface. Note that at the surface, the fluid temperature equals the surface
temperature of the solid. The convection heat transfer coefficient h is not a prop-
erty of the fluid. It is an experimentally determined parameter whose value de-
pends on all the variables influencing convection such as the surface geometry,
the nature of fluid motion, the properties of the fluid, and the bulk fluid velocity.
Figure 1: The cooling of a boiled egg by forced and natural convection
25
Procedure:
1-Remove the fan from the top of the duct
2-fit your chosen heat transfer surface
3-Create blank results table
4-Increase the power to 15 watts
5-Wait for the temperature to stabilize while readjusting the power if necessary
and record the maximum temperature each surface reaches
6-Record the inlet (ambient temperature)
7-Switch off the heater and allow the surface to cool down to near ambient
Temperature
8-Repeat the experiment for the other heat transfer surfaces
Power = 15 W
Heat transfer T2 T1 Difference
surface Surface Temp Ambient Temp Ts – Tin (°C)
Ts(°C) Tin (°C)
Flat plate
Pinned
finned
Table 1
26
Exepriment 9” Forced convection - fixed power”
Objectives:
To compare the surface temperatures of the heat transfer surfaces in forced
convection for a fixed input power.
Theory:
the nature of fluid motion, the properties of the fluid, and the bulk fluid velocity.
Figure 1: The cooling of a boiled egg by forced and natural convection
27
Procedure:
1-Fit the fan to top of the duct
2-fit your chosen heat transfer surface
4-Make sure fan speed is at zero
5-Switch on the heater and set it 15 watts power
6-Wait for the temperature to stabilize while readjusting the power if necessary
and record the maximum temperature each surface reaches
7-Increase the fan speed to give an air velocity of approximately 2 m/s
8-Wait for temperatures to stabilize and take readings of surface and inlet tem-
pertures
9-Switch off the heater and allow the surface to cool down to near ambient
Temperature
10-Repeat the experiment for the other heat transfer surfaces
Power = 15 W
Heat transfer T2 T1 Difference
surface Surface Temp Ambient Temp Ts – Tin (°C)
Ts(°C) Tin (°C)
Flat plate
Pinned
finned
Table 2
28
Exepriment 10“Heat transfer coefficient and
Nusselt number”
Objectives:
To show how to find a value for heat coefficient and nusselt number for a heat
transfer surface in a duct for free convection.
Theory:
the nature of fluid motion, the properties of the fluid, and the bulk fluid
Figure 1: The cooling of a boiled egg by forced and natural convection.
29
Nusselt Number
In convection studies, it is common practice to nondimensionalize the governing
equations and combine the variables, which group together into dimensionless-
numbers in order to reduce the number of total variables. It is also common prac-
tice to nondimensionalize the heat transfer coefficient h with the Nusselt number,
defined as
ℎ𝐿𝑐
Nu = 𝑘 (2)
wherek is the thermal conductivity of the fluid and Lcis the characteristic length.
The Nusselt number is named after Wilhelm Nusselt, who made significantcontri-
butions to convective heat transfer in the first half of the twentiethcentury, and it
is viewed as the dimensionless convection heat transfer coefficient.
Figure 2: Heat transfer through a fluid layer of thickness L

And Temperature Difference T.
30
Procedure
1-Make sure the duct is perfectly vertical,as this will affect your results
2-Remove the fan from the top of the duct
3-Fit the flat heat transfer surface
5-Set the heater to 20 watts
6-Move the duct traverse probe so it reads zero
7-Wait for the temperature to stabilize
8-Choosing to either move in equal steps
Duct trav- T1 T2 T3 Ts – Tin (°C) Tp – Tin (°C)

erse probe Amblent Heat transfer Duct traverse
posltlo temperature surface tem- probe Tp(°C)
(mm) (probe) Tin perature Ts
(°C) (°C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
74
31
Exepriment 11 “Heat exchanger
Objective :
1-To demonstrate the working principles of shell and tube heat exchanger Oper-
ating under parallel flow conditions
2- To demonstrate the working principles of shell and tube heat exchanger Oper-
ating under counter flow conditions
Theory:A heat exchanger is any device that effects the transfer of thermal ener-
gy from one fluid to another without mixing the fluids two types of heat exchang-
ers, Parallel flow and counter flow will be examined in this lab The parallel flow
heat exchanger has the hot and cold fluids flowing in the same Direction, but it
the two fluids flows in the opposite direction a counter flow typeAs show in the
figure
Fluid B
Fluid A
1 2
32
A –parallel flow heat exchanger
ta1
ta2
tb2
tb1
ma a
mb b
Assumptions:
U= constant through the exchanger
-The system is adiabatic
-The temperatures of both fluids are constant over a given cross section
-The specific heat of fluid is constant
H eat power absorbed (q)=Qc * 𝝆𝒄 * Cpc *(Tco-Tci)
Qc : volume flow rate of cold fluid
𝜌𝑐: density of cold fluid
Cpc: specific heat of cold fluid
Overall heat transfer coefficient
U =heat power absorbed / heat transmission * (LMTD)
LMTD :log mean temperature difference .
33
LMTD = ∆T2 - ∆T1 / ln (∆T2 - ∆T1 )
Heat transmission area = 0.96m^2
Heat exchanger effectiveness
(𝜺) =q / qmax
Qmax =Cmin ( Thi – Tci )
Ch = mh * Cph
Cc = mc * Cpc
NTU = UA / Cmin
By NTU method (Number of Transfer Units )
𝑪𝐦𝐢𝐧
𝟏−𝒆−𝑵𝑻𝑼 {𝟏+ (𝐂𝐦𝐚𝐱)}
(𝜺) = 𝑪𝐦𝐢𝐧
𝟏+(𝐂𝐦𝐚𝐱)
34
B: Counter flow heat exchangers :-
ta1
tb1 ta2
tb2
ma a
mb
b
Procedure :-
1- Turn on cold water supply

2- Set the heat exchanger up for parallel flow condition
3- Set the electrical supply switch on the on position and observe operation
of the pump
4- Set the temperature controller to 80℃
5- Open the cold water control valves and set the flow at 600 cc/min
6- Open the hot water control valves and set the flow at 1200 cc/min
7- After conditions have stabilized, records the data in the table below
8- After data has recorded, close the hot and cold water valves and turn off
the power
9- Sat the heat exchanger up for counter flow conditioins
Type Th in ℃ Th mid℃ Th out℃ Tc in ℃ Tc mid ℃ Tc out℃

Parallel
counter
Type Power Effectiveness LMTD NTU U

Absorbed KW 𝜺 w/m^2℃
Parallel
counter
35
HEAT TRANSFER
Eng-mazen Alsbeitan

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Contents

Experiment Name Page

convection, and radiation, and discuss thermal conductivity.Conduction is the

uid or gas that is in motion, and it involves thecombined effects of conduction

figurations of the atoms or molecules.

Figure 2: radial and axial heat conduction study unit.

Figure 1: steady heat conduction.

1-Perform the verifications given in the equipment installation section

3-Turn the selection switch of the conduction mode to "axial"

4-Launch the acquisition software

8-Use the arrows to adjust the setpoint to 100 C

11-Also record the controller output power in %

Figure 1: heat flow

1-Perform the verifications given in the equipment installation section

3-Turn the selection switch of the conduction mode to "axial"

4-Launch the acquisition software

8-Use the arrows to adjust the setpoint to 100 C

11-Also record the controller output power in %

Data and calculation:

(Area) (Temperature difference)

where the constant of proportionality k is the thermal conductivity of the mate-

which is called Fourier’s law of heat conduction. dT/dxis the temperature-

Figure 1: steady heat conduction.

1-Perform the verifications given in the equipment installation section

3-Turn the selection switch of the conduction mode to "axial"

4-Launch the acquisition software

8-Use the arrows to adjust the setpoint to 100 C

11-Also record the controller output power in %

Data and calculation:

(Area) (Temperature difference)

where the constant of proportionality k is the thermal conductivity of the mate-

1/U = (XH/KH) + (XS/KS) + (XC/KC)

1-Perform the verifications given in the equipment installation section

3-Turn the selection switch of the conduction mode to "axial"

4-Launch the acquisition software

8-Use the arrows to adjust the setpoint to 100 C

11-Also record the controller output power in %

Data and calculation:

Figure 1: A cylindrical pipe with specified inner and outer

1-Perform the verifications given in the equipment installation section

4-Launch the acquisition software

8-Use the arrows to adjust the setpoint to 100 C

9-On the software in the Radial module Brass disk Ø = 110 mm L = 3 mm

(Ri 5mm_ Ro 55mm)

11-Also record the controller output power in %

Data and calculation:

Qemit, max = σAsTs4(W) (1)

where σ = 5.67 * 108 W/m2 · K4 or 0.1714 * 108 Btu/h · ft2 · R4 is the

Stefan–Boltzmann constant.The idealized surface that emits radiation at this

Figure 2: Blackbody radiation

figure 3:Heat Transfer Service Unit

To determine the emissivity of different surface (polished, silver and matt

Emissivity is defined as the ratio of the total energy emitted by a surface to

For the polished plate:

For the black plate:

Qconv= hAs(Ts -T∞) (W) (1)

Figure 1: The cooling of a boiled egg by forced and natural convection

1-Remove the fan from the top of the duct

2-fit your chosen heat transfer surface

3-Create blank results table

4-Increase the power to 15 watts

6-Record the inlet (ambient temperature)

8-Repeat the experiment for the other heat transfer surfaces