Allen Experimental Physics For Medical 38p

Physics
EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS
10
For
NEET-UG
(MEDIUM: ENGLISH)
ALLEN
Physics: Experimental skills
ALLEN
Pre-Medical
EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS
S.No. Contents Page
01. Vernier calipers-its use to measure the internal and
depth ofa vessel. external diameter and
1
02.
Screw gauge-its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin
sheet/wire
Simple
square ofPendulum-dissipation
03. of energy by plotting a graph between the
amplitude and time 13
04. Metre Scale - the mass ofa given object by the principle of
moments. 16
05. Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire 18
06. Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of
detergents 23
07. Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal
velocity of a given spherical body 33
08. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a
resonance tube 39
09. Specific heat capacity of agiven () solid and (i) liquid by method of
mixtures 43
10. The resistivity of the material of a given wire using ametre bridge 47
11. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.
51
12. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method 55
13.
The focal length of;i) Convex mirror (i) Concave mirror (ii) Convex lens,
using the parallax method 59
The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a

14.
prism
triangular 66
15. Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope 69

16. Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias. 71
17.
Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down
voltage. 75
ldentification of Diode. LED,. Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection

18. 80
of such items
19. Solutions 83
Physics: Experimental skills ALLEN
Pre-Medical
VERNIER CALIPERS-ITS USE TO MEASURE THE INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL DIAMETER AND DEPTH OF A VESSEL
Introduction about vernier calipers :
It is a device, designed by a French Mathematician Pierre Vernier to measure accurately upto th of a
millimetre.
It has four parts :
() Main scale (ii) Jaws (internal and external) (ii) Vernier scale (iv) Metallic strip
JawFixed nmmlnlunlmbmdmnl
Strip E
Main Scale M
Vernier Scale
Movable Jaw Vernier calipers
Main Scale :
It is a steel metalic strip Mwith fixed jaws as shown in figure, graduated in cm and mm on one edge and
inches on other side which is not shown in the figure.
Jaws :
t has two fixed jaws Aand Cand two movable jaws Band Das shown in the figure. Jaws Aand Bare to
measure thickness or length and C &Dto measure intenal diameter of vessel. When jaws Aand B are
closed, straight part of C and D jaws also toúch each other.
Vernier Scale :
Vernier scale slides freey left or right on metallic strip M. It can not only slide but also be fixed in any
position by screw S. In laboratory vernier calipe, vernier scale has 10 divisions which coincide with 9 mm
of main scale.
Note :In questions it is not necessary that 9 main scale divisions coincide with 10 vernier scale division you
will get information about this in question.
Metallic Strip :
Amotalstrin E attached to back side of Mand connected with vernier scale. When jaws A and B touch each
other. the edqe of Etouches the edge M. The strip Eis used for measuringdepth of vessels.
Vernier Constant or Least count :
The smalest measurement possible with vernier calipers is called vernier constant or Least count..
or
The smallest value of a physical quantity which can be measured (accurately) with an instrument is called the
least count (L.C.) of the measuring instrument.
or
Vernier Constant (V.C) is defined as the difference between one main scale division (MSD) and one vernier
scale division (VSD).
V.C. = 1 MSD. -1VSD
Physics : Experimental skil.
ALLEN divisionis M units and that of one
vernier scale division
is V
urits,.
Pre-Medical main scale the length interval of a
Nowsuppose the
size of one vemnier divisions is equal to scale main
interval of b
Also suppose that the length
divisions.
i.e.
aM = bV
V- M
÷M =
::V.C. or LC. = M-V= M- at
divisions (each of length V units)
or
divisions. These 10 division

contains 10 equal The length of one small
Example : A vemier scale S units) of the main scale.
the length
with 9 equal divisions (each of1mm. then calculate vermier constant.
main scale is 1 mm, i.e., S=
Thus, 10V=9S
or
(S-)= S-S
10
Or
But S=1mm
1 or vernier constant.,
(S-)=
1
V.C=mm = 0.lmm = 0.01 cm
Zero Error and its Types :
Due to wear and tear of the jaws by some manufacturing defect. the zero marks of the main scale and
vemier scale may not be in the same straight line, when the jaws A&Bare made to touch each other. l
error is known as zero error. It can be positivelor(negative, i
1. Positive error:
of
The zero error is positive when the zero mark of the vernier scale lies towards the right side ofthe zeero
the main scale (figure).
2(cm) main
Scale
Vernier
Scale
Positive Error = No. of division of VS
coincided with MS x(L.C)
= (5) (0.1 mm) = 0.5 mm or
2. Negative error 0.05 cm
When the zero mark of the vemier scale lies towards the left side of the zero of the main scale(figure),then
the zero error is called negative
error.
2 (cm) main
Ttuluul
Vernler
Scale
0 510 Scale
Negative Error = Total no. of VSD
=-[10 -5] x(0.1 mm)-VSD coinciding with main scale] x(L.C.)
= -0.5 mm
Correction of zero error : or -0.05 cm
To get the correct
reading, zero error with proper sign is
Means : Actual reading = observed
reading - zero error
subtracted from the observed readng
2
Physics :Experimental skills ALLEN
Pre-Medical
EXPERIMENT # 1
Objective :- Use of vernier calipers to measure intermaland external diameter and depth of a vessel.
Apparatus required :-Vernier calipers, convex lens and a cylindrical vessel whose extemal or intemal
diameter or depth is to be measured.
Procedure :
1. First, determine the least count and zero error of a given vernier calipers.
2. Now, to measure thickness or diameter or length of the body, fix the body between the lower jauws Aand B
of the vernier calipers and tighten the screw S (figure).
D
12 13 14 15 cm F
0 1 2 3 45 6 8 91
B
Glass marble
3. To measure the intermal diameter of a cylindrical vessel such as calorimeter, insert the upper jaws C andD
intemal
of vernier calipers in the given vessel (figure). Open the jaws to the extent that their edges touch the
walls of the vessel.
12 13 4 15 an E
4
To measure the depth of a given vessel, hold the edge of the vemier calipers at the ring of the
vessel and move the vernier scale in such a direction so that strip E attached to it, just touches the
bottom of the givern vessel (figure). Clamp the vemier scale with the help of screw S.
In all the above cases :
1 Find LC of the instrument.
2 First of all observe zero error as shown above.
3. Nowput object between jaws and lock its position with screw.
4 Observe the main scale reading (MSR).
5. Observe the vemier scale division coinciding with MSD (VSR),
6 Observed reading = MSR + (VSR) ×(L.C)
7 Correct reading = measured reading - zero error
- MSR + (VSR) x(L.C) - zero error
Precautions:
1. Motion of vemier scale on main scale should be made_mooth by oiling ifnecessary).
2. Vernier constant and zero error should be carefully observed and properly recorded.
3. The body should be gripped between the jaws firmly but gently (without undue pressure on it from the jaws).
4 Observations should be taken f right angle at one place and taken at least at (three) different places.
ALLEN Physics :Experimental skils
Pre-Medical
Sources of error:
1. The vemier scale may bé loose on main scale.
2. The jaws may(not be at right anges on the mains scale.
3. The graduations on scalé not De correct and clear.
Special points :
Different type of vemier scales are available now a days, in
1. which some of these are :
Ordinarily in Laboratory
We use vermier calipers in which 10 VSD
coincide with 9 MSD and main scale has 10 divisions in 1
1
Therefore, 1 MSD = cm and N= 10 N= No. of VSD)
Thus V.C.= IMSD 1
N 10 10m=0.0lcm=0.Lmm
2. In Fortin's Barometer
lcm on main scale is divided into 20
of main scale. divisions. Also 25 divisions of Vernier scale coincide with 24 divisions
V.CIMSD 1 1
N 20 Cm=0.002cm,=0.02mm
3. In
Travelling
1cm on main Microscope :
scale = 20 divisions.
1MSD = 1
Cm.
20
50 vermier
divisions coincide with 49 divisions on
So
N= 50 main scale.
V.C,=._1MSD 1
,1 1
N 20 50 1000Cm=0.00lcmn
Physics : Experimental skills ALLEN
Pre-Medical
MULTIPLE CHoICE QUESTIONS
1. Vernier Calipers is provided with : 7. If size of one main scale division is S units and
(1) Jaws to measure extemal diameter size of one vernier scale division V units and 'm
(2) Jaws to measure intemal diameter vernier scale divisions coincide with (m - 1)
divisions on main scale then :
(3) Strip to measure depth of hole
(4) All of above S (2) S-V=
(1) S-V
m-1
2. Vernier calipers cannot be used to measure :
(1)Extermal diameter of a cylinder (3) S -V Sm (4) None of these
(2) Intemal diameter of a cylinder
8. The vemier scale of vernier calípers has 10
(3) Diameter of a pin point
divisions. One centimetre on the main scale is
(4) Length of a pin divided into ten equal parts. If 10divisions of the
3. What is the function of upper pair of jaws in the vernier scale coincide with small divisions of
vernier calipers? the main scale, the least count of the calipers is:
(1)To measure internal diameter of vessel (1) 0.01 cm (2)0.02 cm
(2) To measure external diameter of vessel (3) 0.05 cm (4) 0.005 cm
(3) To measure depth of vessel 9. In a vemier calipers smallest division of main
(4) None of these scale is 1 mm. Vernier scale has 20 divisions
4. The fiqure shows a vernier (whose least count = which coincide with 19 divisions of main scale.
When fixed jaw touches a movable jaw, zero of
0.1 mm) with jaws of vermier are touching each vernier scale lies on right of zero of the main
other. The zero error in the vernier calliper is : Scale and 12th division of vemier scale coincides
0 2(cm)main with any division of main scale. Type of zero
LulunuuL
Vernier
scale
error and its value is :
(2) ve, 0.60 mm
510 Scale (1)+ ve, 0.60 mmn
(3) + ve, 0.6 mm (4)- ve, 0.6 mm
(1) + 0.5 mm (2)-0.5 mm
10. The main scale of vermier calipers is divided into
(3) + 0.5 cm (4) 0.5'cm
0.5 mm and its least count is to be 0.005 cm.
5. The figure shows a situation when the jaws of The number of vemier divisions is :
vernier are touching each other. f least count of (1) 10 (2) 20 (3) 30 (4) 40
vermier is 0.1 mm, the zero error in the vemier 11. To measure the length of a cylinder, a student
calliper is : uses the vernier calipers, whose main scale reads
2(cm) main atleast 1 mm and its vermier is divided into 10
scale
divisions which coincide with 9 divisions of the
Vemier
Scale main scale. He observed that when the two jaws
of the instrument touch each other the eighth
(1)+ 0.5 mm (2) -0.5 mm
(4) -0.3 mm division of the vemier scale coincides with any
(3) + 0.3 mm one of the main scale division and the zero of the
6. What is vernier constant ?
vernier lies to the right of the zero of main scale.
(1) It is the value of the one main scale division When he placed a cylinder tightly along its length
by the total number of divisions on the main between the two jaws the zero of the ermier
scale. Scale lies slightly to the left of 42 mm and the
(2) It is the value of one vernier scale division fourth vernier division coincides with a scale
divided by the total number of division on the division. The length of the cylinder measured by
vernier scale. the student is :
(3) It is the difference between value of one main (1) 4.14 cm 2)4.24 cm
scale division and one vemier scale division (3) 4.06 cm (4) 4.32 cm
(4) It is not the least count of vemier scale
5
ALLEN
Pre-Medical
12. The length of a cylinder is measured with the 16. N divisions on the main scale of a
help of a vemier calipers whose nine divisions of calipers coincide with (N + 1) divisions of the
vemier
the main scale are equal to ten divisions of the vernier. scale. If each division of main scale is 'a'
vernier Scale. Smallest division on the main scale units, then the least count of the instrument is :
is 0.5 mm. It is observed that zero of
vemier N
scale has just crossed the 78th division of the (1) (2) N+)*a
N
main scale and its fourth division coincides with
any main scale division. The length of the (3) a (4)
cylinder is : N+1
(1) 78.4 mm (2) 39.40 mm 17. A vernier calipers having 1 main scale division =
(3) 39.4 mm (4) 39.20 mm 0.1 cm is designed to have a least count of 0.02
Passage : cm. If n be the number of divisions on vemier
A vernier calipers used by student has 20 Scale and m be the length of vemier scale, then :
divisions in 1 cm on main scale. 10 vermier (1) n = 10, m = 0.5 cm
divisions coincide with 9 main scale divisions. (2) n = 9, m = 0.4 cm
When jaws are closed, zero of main scale is on (3) n = 10, m = 0.8 cm
left of zero of vemier scale and 6th (4) n = 10, m = 0.2 cm
division of
vernier scale concides with any of main scale 18. The vermier of a circular scale is divided in to 30
divisions. He places a wooden cylinder in divisions, which coincides with 29 main scale
between the jaws and measure on length. The divisions. If each main scale division is (1/2)e, the
zero of vemier scale is on right of 3.20 cm and
least count of the instrument is
8th vermier division coincides with any main
scale (1) 0.1' (2) 1'
division. When he measures thickness of cylinder (3) 10
he finds that zero of venier scale lies on right of (4) 30'
1.50 cm mark of main scale and 6th division of 19. The least count of the main scale of a
vemier
vernier scale coincides with any main scale calipers is 1 mm. Its vermier scale is divided into
division. From above observations answer the 10 divisions and coincide with 9
divisions of the
following questions. main scale. When jaws are touching each other,
13. Least count and zero error of vemier calipers the 7th division of vernier scale
coincides with a
are: division of main scale and the zero of vermier
(1)0.05 cm, + 0.30 cm scale is lying right side of the zero of main scale.
(2) 0.05 mm, + 0.30 mm When this vermier is used to measure length of a
(3) 0.05 mm, - 0.30 mm cylinder the zero of the vemier scale between 3.1
(4) 0.05 cm, - 0.30 cm cm and 3.2 cm and 4h VSD coincides with a
14 Correct values of measured length and diameter main scale division. The length of the cylinder is :
are : (VSD is vemier scale division)
(1) 3.21 cm, 1.50 cm (1) 3.21 cm (2) 2.99 cm
(2) 3.210 cm, 1.500 cm
(3) 3.2 cm (4) 3.07 cm
(3) 3.27 cm, 1.93 cm
20. The diameter of a cylinder is
(4) 3.270 cm, 1.560 cmn measured using a
15. In an experiment the angles are Vernier calipers with no zero error. It is found
required to be that the zero of the Vernier scale lies between
measured using an instrument, 29 divisions of
the main scale exactly coincide with the 5.10 cm and 5.15 cmn of the main scale. The
30 Vernier scale has 50 divisions equivalent to Z.+0
divisions of the vermier scale. If the smallest
division of the main scale is half-a-degree (=0.59, cm. The 24th division of the Vernier scale excatly
then theleast count of the coincides with one of the main scale divisions.
instrument is: The diameter of the cylinder is :
(1) One degree (2) Half degree
(3) One minute (4) Half minute (1) 5.112 cm (2) 5.124 cm
(3) 5.136 cm (4) 5.148 cm
Pre-Medical
21. The smallest division on the main scale of a
Vernier calipers is 0.1 cm. Ten divisions of the
Vernier scale correspond to nine divisions of the
main scale. The figure below on the left shows
the reading of this calipers with no gap between
its two jaws. The figure on the right shows the
reading with a solid sphere held between the
jaws. The correct diameter of the sphere is
0 main scale 1 3 main scale 4
0 Vernier scale 10 0 Vernier scale 10
(1) 3.07 cm (2) 3.11 cm

(3) 3.15 cm (4) 3.17 cm
ALLEN
Pre-Medical Physics: Experimental skils
SCREW GAUGE-ITS USE TO DETERMINE THICKNESS/
DIAMETEROF THIN SHEETIWIRE
Concept of Screw gauge or Spherometer :
When a screw, fitted in a nut is rotated in ány direction, it rotates about the axis as well
as
the axis. In this motion linear distance moved by the screw head is directly
(rotation given to the screw. proportional to the translaamount
tes alongof
The linear distance moved by the screw along its axis in one
to the distance complete rotation is called pitch. It is
between the vo successive threads)on the screw (tigure). also equal
Pitch
Screw head
Direction
of motion
Nut
Least Count :
For a screw, is defined as
the
cap/scale as shownm in above ratio of the pitch to the total
figure. number of divisions made on the circular
Least count = pitch
total number of divisions on
Now, suppose the circular scale is the circular
divided into 100 equal parts and scale the pitch of the screw is
Least count = Imm lmm, then
100 0.01 mm or 0.001 cm or 10
Because the least count of the screw is in um
screw. The screw the order
Introduction of the screw gauge : and spherometerof(micromete,
gauge/micrometer are based on therefore
the
it is also known as
micromeie
It consists of a
Ushaped frame Eof gunmetal. At one end of E. a principle of screw
attached. It is called the stud. At right
of Tis
threaded and has a angles to the other end of Esmall metal niece P having a plane tace
is fixed the
has very less wear and tear. screw of gun metal having its
front face Qas plane. tubular hub T.is The because,
nne it
Tubular Gun metal used
hub (T)
Stud Screw Clrcular scale
M
Ratchet (R)
Base line K
The tubular hub T -U-Frame (E)

graduated in extends a tew
This is knowncentasimeters beyond the end of
mil imeters.
the axis of the hub.
pitch scale or the the frame. The extended portionis
to the right hand This base line is main scale M. It has a line whichlies along
end
easily move the screwof Qthe screw. known as
Q. This line of cylindrical base fixed
cyl
called the circular scale orin and out. The circular
the head scale. A cap is
in drical graduation.
cap can feeely
rotate
A
hollow capis
vcylindricalThus one al
avoids undue tightening of the generally about the hub T. Itis
screw and startsratchet to thedivided
parts.
Ris fixed into 100 or 50 equal ratchet
8 giving crackingg sound right hand end of the cap each This
when heads P and Q meet other.
Pre-Medical
Zero error :
10
10
g0
No zero error Positive zero error Negative zero error

(Fig. A) (Fig. B) (Fig. C)
II zero of circular scale does not coincide with zero of linear scale when heads P and Q touch each other, the
Screw gauge is said to have zero error. It is also of two types :
1. Positive Zero Error :
If zero of circular scale has not crossed the base line on linear scale then zero error of the screw is positive as
shown in figure B.
2. Negative Zero Error :
If zeroof the circular scale has crossed the base line of linear scale then zero error of the screw is negative as
shown in figure C.
Back lash error :
This error is causeddue to loose fitting of screw in threads of hub. This may be caused by long use of screw
causing wéar and tear bf threads. In such screw gauge, if we suddenly change the sense of rotation, the
screw head may rotate without actual motion of the screw. This error can be minimized by rotating the
Screw in same sense for same set of observations.
EXPERIMENT
Objective :- Screw gauge- use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.
Apparatus required :- screw gauge, thin wire, convex lens etc.
Procedure :
1
First of all observe zero error as shown above, in figure B or C & find LC of instrument.
2 Put the wire between heads P and Q of screw gauge and closed the jaws till there is cracking sOund of
ratchet.
3 Observe reading on main scale say it is MSR.
4 Observe the division on circular scale which is in line with the base line, say it is CSR.
5. Observed value = MSR + CSR xLC
6. Corrected value =observed value - (zero error) - MSR +(ÇSR) x(L.C) - Zero error
Precautions :
1 To avoid undue pressure, the screw gauge álways be rotated bý rachet and hot by cao.
2 The screw should move freely without friction)
3 The zero correction, with proper sign should be noted very carefully and added carefuly.
4 Forfame set of observations, the screw should be moved in the ame direction to avoid back lash error of
the screw.
5. At each point, the diameter of the wire should be measured in two perpendicular directions and then the
fnean)of the two be taken.
6. Reading should betakenat least forfive diflerent places equally spaced along thewhole lengthf the wire.
Sources of Error :
1 The screw may have triction,
2 The screwgauge may hav&back-lash error)
3 Circular scale divisions may not be equal in size)
4. The wire may Aot be uniform.
ALLEN
Pre-Medical Physics: Experimental skil s
MULTIPLECHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The incorrect statement is :
(1) The least count of screw gauge
Comprehension based questions
depends only
on the number of circular scale divisions.
Passage-l:
(2) In a positive zero error, the zero of circular Pitch of screw gauge is 0.5 mm.
has 250 divisions. While Circular scale
scale lies below the reference line measuring the diametor
(3) In a positive zero eror, the zero of the main of a wire the linear scale reads 15
divjsions and
scale is visible 100 divisions coincides with
(4) The screw gauge with a pitch of 0.5 mm is linear scale.
reference line of
more precise than the instruments with a 7. The least count of the screw gauge is :
pitch of 1 mm if both have the same number
of circular divisions. (1) 0.005 mm (2) 0.0025 mm
2. For the pitch of a screw 0.1 cm and (3) 0.100 mm (4) 0.002 mm
200 8. The observed value of diameter of the wire is
divisions on circular scale, the least count will be:
(1) 0.5 mm (2) 0.05 mm (1) 7.7 mm (2) 7.700 mm
(3) 0.005 mm (4) 0.0005 mmn (3) 7.70 mm
3. (4) 0.770 mm
The screw gauge has least count of 0.005 Passage-II :
mm
and its circular scale is divided into 100 In a screw gauge, pitch is 1 mm and
divisions. What is the distance between equal circular
consecutive threads of its screw ?
two scale has 100 divisions. When nothing is put
(1) 0.5 mm (2) 0.05 mm between the jaws A and B which just closed then
(3) 0.01 mm 13 divisions of circular scale are
(4) 0.1 mm below the zero
4. What is the reading of of reference line on linear or main
micrometer screw gauge scale. When a
shown in fiqure (no. of divisions on circular scale wire is placed between the jaws two linear scale
is 50): divisions are clearly visible while 73 divisions on
circular scale coincide with reference line.
mm 9 The zero error is :
2E
(1) + 0.13 mm
(1) 2.30 mm (2) 2.29 mm (2) + 1.30 mm
(3) 2.36 mm (4) 2.41 mm (3) 0.13 mm
5. The pitch of a screw gauge is lmm
and (4)-1.30 mm
100 divisions on its circular scale. there are 10.
During the
process of finding the zero error, a student The observed value of diameter of the wire is
that the zero of the circular scale lies 4 finds (1) 2.73 mm (2) 2.86 mm
below the reference line. When an divisions (3) 2.60 mm
steel wire is placed between the experimental 11. Actual (4) 2.730 mm
studs, two main
scale divisions are clearly visible and thickness of wire is :
on the circular scale are 57 divisions (1) 2.73 mm
observed. The diameter (2) 2.86 mm
of the wire is : (3) 2.60 mm
(4) 2.730 mm
(1) 2.53 mm 12: Two full
(2) 2.61 mm tums the circular scale of screw gauge
of
(3) 2.57 mm cOver a distance of 1 mm on Scale. The total
(4) 2.63 mm
6. The pitch of a screw gauge is I
50 divisions on its cap. mm and there are number of divisions on circular scale is 50.
between the studs, 44thWhen nothing is put in
division of the circular
Further, it is foand that gâuge has a
screw
zero
Scale coincides with the error of -0.03 mm. While measuring the
of the main scale is reference line and zero
not visible. When a alass
plate is placed between the diameter of a thin main
wire a student notesthecircular
reads three divisions and thestuds, the main scale scale reading of 3 mm and the number of
26 divisions. Calculate the circular scale reads scale division in line, with the main Scaleis 35.
(1) 3.64 mm thickness of the plate. The diameter of the
(2) 2.64 mm wire is :
(3) 2.64 cm (4) 3.64 cm (1) 3.32 mm (2) 3.73 mm
10 (3) 3.67 mm
(4) 3.38 mm
Pre-Medical
13. A screw gauge gives the following reading when 17. A student measured the length of a rod and
used to measure the diameter ofa wire. wrote it as 3.50 cm. Which instrumnent did he
Main scale reading : 0 mm. use to measure it ?
Circular scale reading : 52 divisions (1) A screw gauge having 100 divisions in the
Given that 1 mm on main scale corresponds to circular scale and pitch as 1 mm.
100 divisions of the circular scale.
(2) A screw gauge having 50 divisions in the
The diameter of wire from the above date is : circular scale and pitch as 1 mm.
(1) 0.026 cm (2) 0.005 cm (3) A meter scale
(3) 0.52 cm (4) 0.052 cm
(4) A vernier caliper where the 10 divisions in
14. A screw gauge with a pitch of 0.5 mm and a vernier scale matches with 9 division in main
circular scale with 50divisions is used to measure
scale and main scale has 10 divisions in
the thickness of a thin sheet of Aluminium.
1cm.
Before starting the measurement, it is found that
when the anvil and screw are in contact with 18. The pitch and the number of divisions, on the
each other, the 45th division coincides with the circular scale, for a given screw gauge are
main scale line and that the zero of the main 0.5 mm and 100 respectively. When the screw
Scale is barely visible. What is the thickness of the gauge is fully tightened without any object, the
sheet if the main scale reading is 0.5 mm and the zero of its circular scale lies 3 divisions below the
25th division coincides with the main scale line ? mean line.
(1) 0.50mm (2)0.75 mm The readings of the main scale and the circular
(3) 0.80 mm (4) 0.70 mm scale, for a thin sheet, are 5.5 mm and 48
15. When the gap is closed without placing any respectively, the thickness of this sheet is :
object in the screw gauge whose least count is (1) 5.755 m (2) 5.725 mm
0.005 mm, the 5th division on its circular scale (4) 5.950 mm
(3) 5.740 m
coincides with the reference line on main scale, 19. The least count of the main scale of a screw
and when a small sphere is placed reading on
gauge is 1 mm. The minimum number of
main scale advances by 4 divisions, whereas
divisions on its circular scale required to measure
circular scale reading advances to five times to
the corresponding reading when no object was
5um diameter of wire is :
circular
placed. There are 200 divisions on the (1)50 (2) 100 (3) 200 (4) 500
scale. The radius of the sphere is 20. Using screw gauge of pitch 0.l cm and 50
(1) 4.10 mm (2) 4.05 mm
divisions on its circular scale, the thickness of an
(3) 2.10 mm (4) 2.05 mm
object is measured. It should correctiy be
gauge are
16. The circular divisions of shown screw recorded as :
main scale in one
50. It moves 0.5 mm on (1) 2.123 cm (2) 2.125 cm
ball is
rotation. The diameter of the (3) 2.121cm (4) 2.124 cm
Z1. A screw gauge of pitch 0.5mm is used to
measure the diameter of uniform wire of length
6.8cm, the main scale reading is 1.5 mmn and
curved
circular scale reading is 7. The calculated
significant
surface area of wire to appropriate
divisions on the
fiqures is : (Screw gauge has 50
circular scale]
(1) 2.25 mm (2) 2.20 mm (2) 3.4 cm²
(1) 6.8 cm2
(3) 1.20mm (4) 1.25 mm (4) 2.4 cm
(3) 3.9 cm²
11
ALLEN
Pre-Medical
physics :Experimental skil s
22. In an experiment to find out the diameter of wire
using screw gauge, the following observation
were noted :
Pa
LumE 45
(a) Screw moves 0.5 mm on main scale in

one
complete rotation
(b) Total divisions on circular scale = 50
(c) Main scale reading is 2.5 mm
(d) 45th division of circular scale is in the
pitch
line
(e)Instrument has 0.03 mm negative error
Then the diameter of wire is :
(1) 2.92 mm (2) 2.54 mm
(3) 2.98 mm (4) 3.45 mm
Que. 2 3 4
ANSWER KEY
5 6
Ans. 1 3 1 1 78
4 1
10 11 12 13 14 15
4
Oue. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 3 4 3
Ans. 3 4 2 3 4 2 3
12
Physics: Experimentalskills ALLEN
Pre-Medical
SIMPLE PENDULUM-DISSIPATION oF ENERGY BY PLOTTING A
GRAPH BETWEEN THEsQUARE OF AMPLITUDE AND TIME
Objective : Dissipation ofenergy by plotting agraph between square of amplitude nd time for simple pendulum.
Principle :
(1) In undamped oscillation, when a simple pendulum performs SHM, the force acting at displacement x is
given by
F=kx
where k is force constant=
where m is the mass of the bob and L is its effective length.

(i) In undamped oscillation, the amplitude and energy of simple pendulum remains constant.
(ii) Ih real word, when a simple pendulum oscillates, its amplitude and energy do not remain constant, rather
they decrease exponentially. Such kind of oscillations are known as Damped oscillations. In all system
damping forces like friction are present.
(iv) The energy of a simple pendulum is proportional to the square of amplitude of SHM. Therefore we can
study the dissipation of energy of simple pendulum by plotting the graph between amplitude and time.
Undamped oscillation Bamped oscillation
-bt
1. Amplitude A= A, = Constant A =A,e 2m = Ane
A4
At
A,
t t
Note : Due to damping amplitude

decreases exponentially with time and
becomes zero)after ver long tim,.
Total energy (E) -bt
2
E,-KA;
Et -b -bt
-(22)t
E, E-KA,em -(E,)e" =E,et
E+
E
t
t
Note : Due to damping, energy
decreases exponentially and becomes
zero)after long tie.
Note : You need not to remember the above exponential expression for amplitude and energy, but
do remember that both amplitude and energy decreases (exponentially)
ALLEN
Procedure:
The experimental set for the study of dissipation of energy of an oscillating simple pendulum is
as shown in
figure (a) and effective length of a simple pendulum is as shown in figure (b).
Split.
cork Clamp S
Stand
Table
Thread
Hook
E F
A+ Bob
+-B
Displace the bob by some distance and observe the
amplitude of bob and record time simultaneously after
every alternate oscillation. Record all
observation in table and the graph between amplitude square and time
willbe as below.
(Amplitude)
Time
14
Pre-Medical
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following changes with time when 4. The amplitude of a damped times SHM becomes
damping is considered for a SHM : 1 times in 3 minutes.
() Time period half in 1minutes and
(i) Angular frequency Then the value ofx will be :
(ii) Amplitude
(iv) Energy (1) 16 (2)4
(1) () & (ii) N2(i) &(iv) (3) 8._. (4)6
(3) Al (4) () & (ii)
2. Which of the following represent the correct 5. If the amplitude ofa SHM becomes times in
graph for the ámplitude with time for a damped 1

SHM: 6 minutes and the amplitude becomes n
times
(1) (2) in first 4 minutes. The value of n would be :

(1) 4 (2) 8
(3) 6 (4) 9
(3)44 (4)44 6. In damped oscillation, the amplitude after
50 oscillations is 0.8 a, where a, is the initial
amplitude, then amplitude after 150 oscllations
is :
3. Which of the following represent the graph for
(1) 0.28 a, (2) 0.512 a,
energy with time for a damped SHM ?
E4 (3) zero (4) a,
(1) E4 (2)
E
(3) E (4)
ANSWER KEY
ue 23 4 5
|Ans. 2 3 2 3 4 2
15
ALLEN
Pre-Medical
Physics :Experimental skills
METRE SCALE- THE MASS OF A GIVEN OBJECT BY
THE PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS
Metre Scale:- If a beam or rod is balanced under the action of different forces, then about point of hala
or equilibrium position :
Suna of clockwise moments = Sum of anticlockwise moments.
yéctor sum of moments of all forces is (zeroabout a point at which body is in
balanced position. equilibrium or in
Vector sum of dlockwise and anticlockwise moments is zero about an axis of fotation chosen.
This principle is used in common balance to measure themass of bod
EXPERIMENT
Objective :- To determine the mass of a given body using a metre-scale by principle of
Apparatus required - The unknown mass m, a metre-scale, a sharp edged metalmoments. or (wooden wedge.
weight boxhread etc.
Wedge
Metre scale
Mass m
m
W=mg W,-Mg
Principle :-On applying the principle of moments, we have
(mg) (x) = (Mg) (y) ’m=My/x)
Procedure :
1. Place the sharp wedge on a wooden block so that there is
weights or masses. Now place the scale on the wedge with its sufficient space below the scale for hanging
2. Adjust the positton of the scale on the wedge in such a way thatgraduated side, facing up.
wedge and the scale remains balaced (i.e. in the itsengtn is (perpendicular othe edge of the
the position of equilibrium of the scale. korizoDtal position) when no welghts are suspended. This is
3. Make (t loops of cotton thread. With the help of these
hand side and a known Standard mass 'M on the loops suspendthe unknown weight mg on the lett
4. right hand
Adjust the positions of m at A, say 10 cm from the left side of the wedge as shown in figure.
balanced in the horizontal position. end of the scale in such a way that the
scale gets
5 When the horizontal position of the metre scale
A. B and G on the scale, Record AG= xand GB becomes stable, note the positions of masses and C.G. as
as y.
6. Take three more sets of observations by shifting the relative
positions of
left end of the scale and adjusting
corresponding positions of Mfor balancemgofto(1520)and
scale.
25cm from the
Calculation :
Formula
m=M2)\X,
Unknown mass m mean of ll calculated values

Precautions :
1 The wedge should bé rigig and(eaù with Ehar) edge.
2 Metre scale should have niform mass
3. The threads used for loops should b lighdistributios
Sources of error : thin andstrong)
1. Metre scale may have faulty calibration
2. The threads used for loop may b thicyand heavy
3. The thread loop may not be
perpendicular to metre scale.
(10)x
Pre-Medical
1. The centre of mass of a system of two particles 7. Fiqure shows a uniform meter scale weighing
300 gf
200 gf, pivoted at its centre. Two weightruler
divides the distance between them suspended from the as
(1) In inverse ratio of square of masses of particles and 500 gf are from mid
(2) In direct ratio of square of masses of particles shown in the diagram. The distance suspended to
point where a 200 gf should be
(3) In inverse ratio of masses of particles balance the meter scale is :
(4) In direct ratio of masses of particles 50 70 100 cm
2. A system consists of mass Mand m (<< M). The 0 10
centre of mass of the system is :
(1)at the middle
(2) nearer to M 300 gf 500 gf
(3) nearer tom (1) 10 cm (2) 30 cm
(4) at the position of larger mass. (3) 5 cm (4) 20 cm
3 A person of mass m is standing on one end of a length 100 cm under the effect of
8. A beam of
plank of mass M and length L-and floating in three forces as shown in
figure. What is the
water. The person moves from one end to 80 gf so that
distance of wedge on beam from
another and stops. The displacement of the the beam remains horizontal in
equilibrium?
plank is - 0 cm 20 cm 100 cm
Lm (2) Lm(M + m)
(1) (m+ M)
(M+ m) LM 80gf
(3) (4) (m + M) 20 gf 50 gf
Lm (1)30 cm (2) 35 cm
10 kg
4. Two particles of mass 5 kg and (3) 40 cm
(4) 50 cm
to the two ends of a kept in equilibrium it is
respectively are attached 9. A uniform metre scale is mass M is
metre scale with negligible mass. supported at 60 cm mark and the figure.
from the 5 kg suspended at 90 cm mark shown in
The centre of mass of the system of the
particle is nearly at a distance of : What is the relation between the weight
scale (W) and the weight of mass (M).
(2) 33 cm
(1) 80cm
(3) 50 m
(4) 67 cm.
scale an unknown 50 cm 60 cm 90 cm 100 cm
with a mnetre 0 cm
5. In an experiment
known mas_es of 16
mass m is balanced by two
figure. Find m.
kg and 4 kg as shown in M
(1) W> M (2) W < M
L
(3) W = M (4)Data in sufficient
balanced at 60 cm
10. A uniform metre scale is are
mark, when weight of 5 gf and 40 gf
m |m 4 kg suspended at 10 cm and 80 cm mark
16 kg (2) 6 kg respectively. Calculate the weight of the metre
(1) 10 kg (4),12 kg Scale.
(3) 75 gf (4) 55 gf
(3) 8 kg metre scale is in equilibrium position (1) 65 gf (2) 60 gf
6. Auniform
scale.
calculate the mass of the (2) 30g
(1) 20 g (4) 10 g
(4) 40 g 100 cm
30 cm
15 cm
40 gf
ANSWER KEY
9 10
5 6
Que.1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 4
1 4 17
|Ans. 3 2
ALLEN
Pre-Medical
Physics : Experimental skills
YOUNGS MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF THE MATERIAL OF
AMETALLIC WIRE
Introduction of Searle's Apparatus :
B
Reference wire
-Experimental wire
-Torsion head
Metal frame
Metal frame
Spirit
Levél
Micrometer
screw
S
JH. Hanger
W
Searle's apparatus for

determination of Y
Two wire A and B are attached to two frames F,
and F,. Wire A is reference wire while B is
suspend slotted weights W, and W, to stretch the experimental
wire. Each frame has hook (H, and H) to
wire. Frames are hinged by bar PQ so that only
pertica) experimental
connected such that R is arigid tip while C is tip of screw of (elative motionis permissible. spirit level is
A
spherometer
experimental wire extends spherometer slides down along with frame F, and with least count (0.01 mm)l
To bring back the bubble in original spirit level bubble is displaced.
position screw is moved up or down.
Objective: Determine Young's modulus

EXPERIMENT
of elasticity of the material of a given wire by using
apparatus. Searles
Apparatus required :- Searle's apparatus, metre scale,á
screwgauge, slotted weights, hanger etc.
Principle :- If awire of length L and
cross-section A is stretched by an amount by a force F acting
its length, then along
Stress=and
A strain =
Young's modulus Y=X
where F = Mg and A= I y MgL
Tre|
Procedure :
1.
Attach weights to the hooks of both the
frames so that the wires A and B
stretched. Then prepare it for the experiment by (oading become free fro knks o
of the
experimental wire B to andunloadind) kilogram weight on
one
keep the reference wire Ataut) remove its fatigue and attached only a constant weight W on the the hang
18 hook 9
Physics :Experimental skills ALLEN'
Pre-Medical
2 Measure the length of the experimental wire from the point where it leaves the fixed support to the point
where it is fixed in the frame. Find the(ithand least count of the screw gauge and determine thé diameter
of the wire at about ten)different places and at each place in two (mutually perpendicular directions.
Determine the mean diameter and radius,
3. Consult the table of constants and find thebreaking stres for thesteel wire used. The maximum load should
no exceed one-third of the reaking shress. Find the pitch and the least count of the nicrometer ttached to
u7 the frame and adjust it such that the bubble in the spirit level is exactly in the fentra Take thereading of the
micrometer.
Observe the
4. Now, increase gradually the load on the hanger of the experimental wire B in steps of 0.5)kg.
maximum
reading on the micrometer at each stage, after levelling the instrument with the spirit level till the
bubble
permissible load is reached. In these cases the adjusting scrgw h¡s to be moved upwards to bring the
in the
in the centre. To avoid back lash error, all the final adjustments should be made by moving the screw
position and
upward yirection onl, If at any time the screw is raised too much, lower it below the central
then raise it slowly to the proper position.
5. Unloag the wire by removing the weights in the same order and take the reading on the micrometer screw
error, move
each time. In this case the screw has to be moved downwards but again, to avoid the back lash
loading the wire or
the screw in the same direction only These readings taken for a particular load while
unloading the wire, should agreedoselu
Precautions :
1 Both the wires should be supported from same rigid support.

2 Kink should be remoed from éxperimenta) wire befor starting the experiment. dËrections at
3 Diameter of wire should be measured at different places and along two mutually perpendicular
every place,
4 Slotted weights should b added and femoyed genty 82
5. We should wait for taking observations after dding or femoving weight.
6 Load should b incheasgdor Gecreasedyregua, steps.
7. Do not load the wire beyond one-third of the breaking stress, 33
direction.
8. To avoid backlash error,the screw should always be tumed in thesame
Sources of Error :
1, Experimental wire may not have uniform cross-section through-out.

2 The slotted weights maynót have standard weight.
The fcYew gauge mayhave(friction or
backlash erron
3.
32
19
ALLENPre-Medical
1. In the Searle's experiment following four
wires 6. In a Searle's experiment for determination of
are made of the same material. Which of these
will have the largest extension when the Young's Modulus, when a load of 50 kg is added
same to a 3 meter long wire micrometer screw
tension is applied ? having
(1) length=300cm, diameter = 3mm pitch 1 mm, needs to be given a quarter turm in
(2) length = 50cm, diameter = 0.5 mm order to restore the horizontal position of spirit
(3) length= 100 cm, diameter = lmm
(4) length = 200 cm, diameter= 2mm Jevel. Young's modulus of the wire if its cross
2. Copper of fixed volume "V; is drawn into wire of sectional area is 10 m is
length 'C When this wire is subjected to a (1),5.88 x 10 N/m
constant force F, the extension produced in the (2) 1.5 x10" N/m
wire is 'A. Which of the following graphs is a (3) 3 x 10" N/m
straight line ? (4) None
(1) Al versus 7. In Searle's apparatus, when experimental wire is
(2) Al versus
loaded and unloaded, the air bubble in spirit level
(3) Al versus 1 (4) Alversus gets shifted.
2
3. The Young's modulus of steel is twice that of (1) towards reference wire while loading &
brass. Two wires of same length and of same towards experimental wire while unloading
area of cross section, one of steel and another of (2) towards experimental wire while loading &
brass are suspended from the same roof. If we tbwards reference wire while unloading
want the lower ends of the wires to be at the
(3) towards experimental wire, both the
same level, then the weights added to the steel times,
and brass wires must be in the ratio of : during loading & unloading
(1) 1:1 (2) 1:2 (3) 2:1 (4) 4:1 (4) towards reference wire, both the
4. In a Searle's experiment two- wires are made of
times during
the same material and have the same volume.
loading &unloading
8
The first wire has cross-sectional area A and the
A student performs an experiment to determine
second wire has cross-sectional area 3A. If the the Young's modulus of a wire, exactly 2 m
long,
length of the first wire is increased by Al on by Searle's method. In a particular
applying a force F, how much force is needed to reading, the
stretch the second wire by the samne amount?
student measures the extension in the length of
(1) 9F the wire to be 0.8 mm with an
(2) 6F (3) 4F (4) F uncertainty o
5. In determination of Young's modulus of elasticity +0.05 mm at a load of exactly 1:0 kg. The
of wire, a force is applied and extension is student also measures the diameter of the wire to
recorded, Initial length of wire is 'lm. The curve be 0.4 mm with an
between extension and stress is depicted then uncertainty of +0.01 mm.
Young's modslus of wirewillbe : Take g = 9.8 m/s (exact), The Young's miodulus
4mm obtained from the reading is
(1) (2.0 + 0.3) ×10" N/m
Extension
2mm. (2) (2.0 + 0.2) x 10" N/m
4000 8000 (3) (2.0 0.1) x10H N/m
Stress (4) (2.0 + 0.05) x 10" N/m
(KN/m)
(1) 2 x 10N/m (2) 1 x10 N/m
(3) 2 ×10° N/m (4) 1 x10° N/m
20
Physics : Experimental sklls ALLEN
Pre-Medical
9. In the determination of Young's modulus 12. A student determined Young's Modulus of
4MLg
by using Searle's method, a wire of elasticity using the formula Y= MgL' The
4bd'8
length L- 2m and diameter d- 0.5 mm is used. value of g is taken to be 9.8 m/s, without any
For a load M = 2.5 ka, an extension /= 0.25 significant error, his observation are as following.
Least count of
mm in the length of the wire is observed. Observed
Physical the Equipment
Quantities d and /are measured using a screw Quantity used for value
gauge and a micrometer, respectively. They have measurement
the same pitch of 0.5 mm. The number of Mass (M) 1g 2 kg
divisions on their circular scale is 100. The Length of bar 1mm Im
contributions to the maximum probable error of
the Y measurement Breadth of bar 0.1 mm 4 cm
(b
(1) due to the erors in the measurements of d Thickness of 0.01 mm 0.4 cm
and /are the same. bar (d)
(2) due to the eror in the measurement of d is Depression (o) 0.01 mm 5 mm
Then the fractional error in the measurement of
twice that due to the error in the
measurement of . Yis:
(1) 0.0083 (2) 0.0155
(3) due to the eror in the measurement of / is (3) 0.155 (4) 0.083
twice that due to the error in the
13. In an experiment of determine the Young's
measurement of d. modulus of wire of a length exactly Im, the
(4) due to the eror in the measurement of d is extension in the length of the wire is measured
four times that due to the error in the as 0.4mm with an uncertainty of t 0.02 mm
when a load of lkg is applied. The diameter of
measurement
the wire is measured as 0.4mm with an
of . uncertainty of t 0.01 mm. The enror in the
10. In a Searle's experiment, the diameter of the wire measurenment of Young's modulus (AY) is found
as measured by a screw gauge of least count
to be x x 1010 Nm, The approximate value of
0.001 cm 0.050cm. The length, measured by x is (Take :g = 10 m/s)
a scale of least count 0.1 cm, is 100 cm. When a
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
weight of 50 N is suspended from the wire, the
14. In an experiment to determine the Young's
extension is measured to be 0.125 cmn by a
modulus, steel wires of five different lengths
micrometer of least count 0.001 cm. Find the (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 m) but of same cross section
maximum error in the measurement of Young's (2 mm were taken and curves between
modulus of the material of the wire from these extension and load were obtained. The slope
data. (extension/Moad) of the curves were plotted with
(1) 48.90 Y (2) 4.580 Y the wire length and the following graph is
obtained. If the Young's moduhus of given steel
(3) 0.489Y (4)0.049Y wires is x x 1011 Nm2 then the value of
11. In order to determine the Young's Modulus of a x is
Extension
105
Nm
wire of radius 0.2 cm (measured using a scale of
least count = 0.001 cm) and length 1m
1.25
(measured using a scale of least count = 1 mm),
aweight of mass 1kg (measured using a scale of 1.0
least count = lg) was hanged to get the Load
0.75
elongation of 0.5 cm (measured using a scale of
0.5
least count 0.001 cm). What will be the fractional
error in the value of Young's Modulus determined 0.25
by this experiment ? 3 4 5
(1)0.149% (2) 0.9%
(4) 1.4%
Wire length (m)
(3) 9%
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
21
ALLEN Physics: Experimental skil s
Pre-Medical
15. The maximum load a test wire in Searle's 20. The Young's modulus of the material of a wire is
experiment can withstand without breaking, equal to the:
when its length is reduced to half of its original (1) stress required to increase its length four
length, will times
(1) be double. (2) be half. (2) stress required to produce unit strain
(3) be four times. (4) remain same.
16. Overall changes in volume and radi of a uniform (3) strain produced in it
(4) half the strain produced in it
cylindrical steel wire are 0.2% and 0.002%
21. A steel wire of diameter 0.5 mm and Young's
respectively when subjected to some suitable
force. Longitudinal tensile stress acting on the modulus 2 x10"Nm´carries a load of mass M
The length of the wire with the load is 1.0 m. A
wire is :- (Y = 2.0 x101l Nm2
(1)3.2 x10 Nm-2 vernier scale with 10 divisions is attached to the
end of this wire. Next to the steel wire js a
(2) 3.2 x 107 Nm-2
reference wire to which a main scale, of least
(3) 3.6 x10 Nm-2 count 1.0 mm, is attached. The 10 divisions of
(4) 3.9 x108 Nm-2 the vemier scale correspond to 9 divisions of the
17. The Young's modulus of a wire of length L and main scale. Initially, the zero of vermier scale
radius r is Y newton per square metre. If the coincides with the zero of main scale. If the load
length is reduced to L/2 and radius to r/2, its on the steel wire is increased by 1.2kq. the
Young's modulus will be : vernier scale division which coincides with a main
(1 (2) Y (3) 2 Y (4) 4Y scale division is.......
(Take g= 10 ms and = 3.2]
18. When a mass of 5k is hung on a wire then
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
extension of 30 cm take place then work done 22. The temperature of a wire is doubled. The
willbe :- (g= 10 m/s) Young's modulus of elasticity
(1)7.5 J (2) 15 J
(1) will also double.
(3) 0.5 J (4) 1.5 J (2) will become four times.
19. In Searle's experiment reference wire of cross (3) will remain same.
sectional area 3 x 10 m? can withstand a (4)will decrease.
maximum strain of 10°. Young's modulus of
steel is 2 x 10" N/m. The maximum mass the 23. A vertical experimental wire in Searle's
experiment steel wire of diameter 25 cm and
wire can hold is:- (Take g = 10m/s)
(1) 40 kg
length 2.5 m supports a weight of 8000 kg. The
(2) 60 kg change in length produced is :
(3) 80 kg (4) 100 kg (Given Y = 2 x10" Pa)
(1) 0.21 mm (2) 0.021l mm
(3) 0.021 cm (4) 0.021l cm
ANSWER KEY
Que. 2 3 45 6 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 2 2 3 1 1 2 4
1 4 4 2 2 2
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Ans. 4 2 1 2 2 3 4 2
22
Physics:Experimental skills ALLEN
Pre-Medical
sURFACETENSION OF WATER BY CAPILLARY RISE

AND EFFECT OF DETERGENTS
Introduction
Surtace tension is basically a property of liauid surface. The iquid surface behaves like a stretched elastic
membrane which has a natural tendencu to contract and tends to have a minimum surface area. This property of
iquid is called surface tension.
Intermolecular forces
molecules of same substance is
(a) Cohesive force : The force acting between the moleaules of one type of
called cohesive force.
or molecules of different substance
(b) Adhesive force : The forcé acting between different types of molecules
called adhesive force.
and do not obey the inverse-square law
O Intermolecular forces are different from the aravitational forces
molecular range. This distance is nearly 10 m.
O The distance upto which these forces effective, is caled
Within this limit, force increases veryrapidly as the distance decreases.
O Molecular range depends on the nature of the substance
Dependency of Surface Tension
the cohesive force between molecules increase the
On Cohesive Force : Those factors which increase
cohesive force between molecules decrease the surface
surface tension and those which decrease the
tension.
soluble then on mixing it in the liquid, its suface
tension
On Impurities : If the impurity is completely
quantities in a liquid, its surface tension increases. If the
increases. e.g., on dissolving ionic salts in small
tension decreases because adhesive force between
impurity is partially soluble in a liquid then its surface cohesive force effectively, e.g.
decreases
insoluble impurity molecules and liquid molecules
tension decreases.
(a) On mixing detergent in water its surface
(alcohol + water) mixture.
(b) Surface tension of water is more than
surface tension decreases. At critical temperature and
On Temperature : On increasing temperature water is maximum at 4C
tension of
boiling point it becomes zero. Note : Surface
lubricating materials on the liquid surface decreases its surface
On Contamination : The dust particles or
tension.
Definition of surface tension to the
line drawn on the free liquid surface at right anales
The force acting per unit length of an imaginary surface tension.
is defined as
line and in the plane of liquid surface,
ANGLE OF CONTACT (0 solid
angle enclosed between the tangent plane at the liquid surface and the tangent plane at the
The
liquid is defined as the angle of contact
surface at the point of contact inside the
of the solid and liquid in contact.
The anale of contact depends the nature surface.
concave shape, Liquid rise up & wet the solid
Angle of contat 0 <90° meniscus is surface.
of contact 0> 90’ meniscus is convex shape, Liquid falls & do not wet solid
Angle
shape, Liquid neither rise nor falls
Angle of contact = 90° meniscus is plane
contact
Effect of Temperature on angle of
cos. and 9, decrease.
tension decreases, thus cos. increases
On increasing temperature surface
decreases.
So on increasing temperature, 9, 23
ALLEN
Pre-Medical
Physics : Experimental skills
Effect of Impurities on angle of contact
(a) Solute impurities increase surface tension, so cos, decreases and angle of contact 0, increases.
(b) Partially solute impurities decrease surface tension, so angle of contact 0, decreases.
Effect of Water Proofing Agent
Angle of contact increases due to water proofing agent. It gets converted acute to obtuse angle.
Capillary Tube and Capillarity
The property by virtue of which a liquid rises or gets depressed in a capillary tube is known as
capillarity.
Rise or fall of liquid in tubes of narrow bore (capillary tube) is called capillary action.
Calculation of Capillary Rise
() Pressure Balance Method :
Enlarged view
When a capillary tube is first dipped in a liquid as
Fabn
shown in the figure, the liquid climbs up the walls Pe
curving the surface. Let the radius of the meniscus be
R and the radius of the capillary tube be r. Angle of
contact is , surface tension is T, density of liquid is p
and the liquid rises to a height h. R= Radius of the
meniscus R=I
Now let us consider two points A and B at the same cos
horizontal level as shown. By Pascal's law

P,=P P = Pe + pgh
Now, point C is on the curved meniscus which has P and P.as the
pressures on its concave and convex
sides respectively.
21
Pam =(Pam-thpg ’h=. 2T 2T cos c
Rpg rpg
(ii) Force Balance Method :
The liquid continues to rise in the capillary tube until the weight of the ligquid column becomes
equal to
force due to surface tension.
In equilibrium : force due to S.T = weight of rise liquid
(2rr)Tcos = mg
hTcos
rpg
Zurin's Law :
The height of rise of liquid in a capillary tube is inversely proportional to the radius of the capillary tube, if
T, 0, p and gare constant hc 1 or rh = constant. It implies that liquid will rise more in capillary tube of less
radius and vice versa.
Important key points :

For pure water and clean glass capillary , 0°’ Radius of meniscus = radius of capillary
Rise of liquid in a capillary tube does not obey the law of conservation of mechanical energy.
Inside a satellite, water will rise upto the top level but will not overflow. Radius of curvature (R) increases n
such a way that final heighth' is reduced and given by h'= hR (It is in accordance with Zurin's law).
R'
Ia capillary tube is dipped into a liquid and tilted at an angle afrom vertical then the vertical height of the
liquid column remains same whereas the length of liquid column in the capillary tube increases.
24
Pre-Medical
h= lcosa ’ l=
COS A
The height h' is mneasured from the lowest point of the meniscus. However, there exists sorne liquid above
this line also. If correction is applied then the formula willbe T= 2cos0
EXPERIMENT
Objective: To determine the surface tension of water by capillary rise method.
Apparatus and material required : A glass/plastic capillary tube, travelling microscope, beaker, fine
motional adjustable stand, cork with pin, clean tap water, dilute nitric acid solution, diute caustic soda
solution, clamp stand, plumb line and a thermometer etc.
Principle : When a liquid rises in a capillary tube, whose one end is placed in the liquid, the weight of the
column of liquid of density p below the meniscus, is supported by the upward force of surface tension acting
around the circumference of point of contact. Therefore,
Capillarytube
Pin P Travelling
Microscope
Vemier
scale Main scale
To determine the surface tension of liquid by capillary rise method
2urT = r²hpg (approx for water)

hpgr
or T= 2
where T= surface tension of the liquid

h= height of the liquid column and
r= inner radius of the capillary tube
25
ALLEN
Pre-Medical
Procedure:
\ Experiment should be performed in awelit place with good ambient visibility
(2) Clean the capillary tube and beaker successively in caustic soda and nitric acid and finally
rinse thorouohk.
with water.
(3) A Beaker is placed onastand S which is adjustable. Fill the beaker
with the tap water, free from dirt or
grease such that the free surface of water stands a little below the edge of the
beaker. Measure tho
temperature of water
(4) Clamp the capillary tube near its upper end shown.
Adjust it to be vertical with the help of plumb line. Fll
the beaker near to the brim with water. Adjust the
position of the adjustable stand, in such a way that the
lower end of the capillary tube is well within water in beaker as
shown in figure
(5) Mount a fine pin P through the cork C on
another clamp, parallel to the capillary tube, such that its tip just
above the water surface, as shown in figure.
Slowly lower the pin, till its tip just touches the water
This can be done by coinciding the tip of the pin surface.
with the water surface.
Measurement of capillary rise:
(6) Calculate and record least count of the travelling
M. Raise the microscope to a microscope Cross wire
suitable height, keep its axis
horizontal and view the water meniscus in the tube,
the microscope. Make adjustment so that the through
wire just
horizontal cross
touches the lowest point of the concave
which looks inverted as shown in figure. Note thismeniscus
M
Magnified and inverted view f
the traveling microscope. reading of meniscus in the capillary
(7) Now lower the microscope till the horizontal cross wire is
midway between lower ponted end of the needle and Cross wire
its image
in water as shown in figure. (This
gives the
surface of the water). Record this reading of position the free
of
the microscope too.
The difference between these two
the water column. readings gives the height of
(8) To find the radius r of a
put an
capillary tube,
ink mark at the point where
the
meniscus stood and cut capillary at this
point carefully with sharp edge of a
blade. Never break the tube by
d
bending as would cause an unveven
fracture. To get an even and clear
fracture, scratch the tube at ink mark Position of cross wire of T.M, for
by a sharp blade and apply themeasurement of internal diameter
tension of capillary in two mutually
along the length of the tube. perpendicular directions
Fix the cut tube
horizontally on the clamp stand. Focus the microscope on the
the tube end and measure its transverse
internal diameter in two mutually cross-section
vertical) by adjusting the travelling perpendicular directions.(horizontal a
microscope and noting the readings as shown in figure.
26
Pre-Medical
Observations :
Determination of 'h'
Least Count of the travelling microscope = mm
Measurement of diameter of the capillary tube
Mean radius of capillary tube r = cm; Temperature of water =
Calculation:
tension at
Substitute the value of h' and 'r and 'o a' in the fomula for T to calculate the value of surface
particular temperature
Result:
Surface tension of water at °C= + Nm-1
Precautions:
tube, it must rinsed first in a
1. Capillary tube should be free of anycontamination. To clean the capillary
solution of caustic soda then with dilute nitric acid and finally cleaned with water thoroughly.
2. The capillary tube must set vertical

container by lifting or lowering
3. Ensure that capillary tube is sufficiently wet, raise and lower water level in
tube.
the beaker. It should have no effect on the height of the liquid in capilary
avoid backlash error
4. Microscope should be moved in lower direction onlyso as to
concave meniscus
5. Hejght of the meniscus should be measured from the lowest point of the
perpendicular directions
6. Internal diameter of the capillary, should be measured in two mutually
also at the end
7. Temperature of water must be recorded in the beginning and
Sources of error:
level may not fall back when the level in
1. Inserting dry capillary tube can cause gross error as liquid
container is lowered
2. Capillary tube may not have uniform bore

3. Temperature of water may not be constant during the experiment
4. Surface tension changes with impurities and temperature
only
5. Microscope may have back lash error so it has to be moved in one direction
Discussion:
and the weight of the liquid
1. In fine capillary tube, meniscus may by considered as nearly hemispherical
above the lowest point of the meniscus is (Erpg.
as
Takingthis into account, the more precise formula for surface tension can be given
T=~oer(h +
27
ALLEN'
Pre-Medical Physics: Experimental skills
2. In using dry capillary tube, the water level in capillary may not fall down when the
container is
prevent this, before performing the experiment capillary tube must be made wet well or lowered.
rinsed from
To
thoroughly. Altematively, same can be achieved by raising and lowering the beaker inside
Further activities :
1. Experiment can be performed at different temperatures and ettect of
be studied
temperature on surface tension Can
2. Experiment can be performed after adding soluble (like adding NaCl or sugar)
and insoluble impurities and
effect of change in impurity concentration on surface tension can be
studied.
3. Study the effect of inclination of capillary
tube on height of liquid rise in the capillary tube
4. Effect of using the capillary of length
smaller than the normal liquid level rise and check
overflows out or not whether the liquid
5. Effect of change in effective diameter
(hence radius) of the capillary, on the height of liquid
liquid rise, for same
6. Experiment can be performed by using low concentration of
height of liquid rise as compare to normal pure
detergent mixed with water and compare the
water.
Interesting facts about surface tension:
1. Water strider insects can travel on the surface of
water which acts as stretched membrane.
2. Sparingly soluble
impurities in water may decrease the surface tension (ex.
other hand completely soluble impurities may Phenol, Dettol etc), on the
increase the surface tension.
3. Detergents / soaps increases the
cleaning effect of water by decreasing the cohesive forces
molecules. among water
4. Soap bubbles balance
surface tension forces against intemal pneumatic eXcess pressure.
5. Small irregular camphor
pieces run/dance on the surface of water as the
tension of water near its ends, unevenly, thus creating camphor decreases the surtace
imbalance of intermolecular forces of attraction and
causes differential pressure. Thus, surface tension at
different ends of camphor are different and this
unbalance force created by uneven surface tension sets the
6. Hairs of fine brush gets stick
pieces of camphor to run or dance.
close together, when taken out of water or liquid due
to surface tension whicn
tries to minimize the liquid surface area.
28
Pre-Medical
1. The spherical shape of rain-drop is due to : 9. If acapillary of radius r is dipped in water, the
(1) Density of the liquid height of water that rises in it is h and its mass is
(2) Surface tension
M. If the radius of the capillary is halved the mass
(3) Atmospheric pressure of water that rises in the capillary will be :
(4) Gravity
2. The property utilized in the manufacture of lead (2) 2M (3) M 4
shots is:
(1) 4M 2
(1) Specific weight of liquid lead 10. When a capillary tube of glass is dipped into a
(2) Specific gravity of liquid lead tub containing mercury then the mercury level in
(3) Compressibility of liquid lead the capillary goes down because the pressure just
(4)Surface tension of liquid lead below the meniscus is :
3. Adding detergents to water helps in removing
(1) zero
dirty greasy stains. This is because :
(a) It increases the oil-water surface tension (2) equal to atmospheric pressure
(b) It decreases the oil-water surface tension (3) less than atmospheric pressure
(c) It increases the viscosity of the solution (4) more than the atmospheric pressure
(d) Dirt is held suspended surrounded by 11. In a surface tension experiment with a capillary
detergent molecules
tube water rises up to 10 cm. If the same
(1)(b) and (d) (2) (a) only
(3) (c) and (d) (4) (d) only experiment is repeated on an artificial satellite
4. Spiders and insects move and run on the surface which is revolving round the earth, water will rise
of water without sinking because : in the capillary tube up to a height of :
(1) Elastic membrane is formed on water due to (1) 0.1 m
property of surface tension (2) 0.98 m
(2) Spiders and insects are lighter
(3) Spiders and insects swim on water (3) 9.8 m
(4) Spiders and insects experience up-thrust (4) full length of capillary tube
5. Shape of meniscus for a liquid of zero angle of 12. Water rises to a height h in a capllary at the
contact is : surface of earth. On the surface of the moon the
(1) plane (2) parabolic height of water column in the the same capillary
(3) hemi-spherical (4) cylindrical will be :
6. A liquid does not wet the sides of a solid, if the (1)6h (2) 1/6 h (3) h (4) Zero
angle of contact is: 13. Two capillary tubes of same diameter are put
(1)Zero
vertically one each in two liquids whose relative
(2) Obtuse angle (more than 909
densities are 1.6 and 0.6 and surface tensions
(3) Acute angle (less than 90 are 240 dyne/cm and 300 dyne/cm
(4) 45°
water, respectively. Ratio of heights of liquids in the two
7 If a wax coated capillary tube is dipped in
then water in it will ; tubes h,/h, is :
(1) rise up 3 9
(1) (2) (3) (4)
10 10
(2) depress
(3) sometime rise and sometime fall 14. Radius of a capillary is 0.2 cm. A liquid of weight
(4) rise up and come out as a fountain
6.2 N may remain in equilibrium in the capillary.
8. Two capillaries of same material but of different will be
Then the surface tension of liquid
radiare dipped in a liquid. In one of the capillary
the liquid rises to a height of 22 cm and in other (0 =0):
(1) 5 x 1o N/m (2) 5 x 10* N/m
to 66 cm. The ratio of their radii is :
(1) 9:1 (2) 6: 1 (3) 3: 1 (4) 4: 1 (3) 50 N/m (4) 500 N/m
29
ALLEN
Pre-Medical Physics: Experimentalskils
15. Water rise in acapillary upto an extension height 21. While performing experiment to
such that upward force of surface tension tonsion of water using capillary risemeasure surface
balances the force of 75 x 10 N due to weight method. tho
of water.
necessary precautions to be taken is:
If
surface tension of water is
6 x 10* N/m. The intemal (a) both capillary tube, and water should be fron
circumference of the from contamination
capillary must be :
(1) 12.5 x 10 m (2) 6.5 x 10 m (b) capillary tube should be clean while
(3) 0.5 x 10 m (4) 1.25 x 10² m may contain some dirt or grease water
16. Internal radius of a capillary tube is 1 cm and (c) temperature of water should be
observed
14 while performing experiment
surface tension of water is 70 dyne/cm, if angle (d) intemal diameter of capillary
of contact is zero, then water will rise up in should be
the measured in two mutually perpendicular
tube up to height (g = 980 cm/s) : direction
(1) 4 cm (2) 2 cm (1) 14 cm (2) 18 cm
17. Water ises in a capillary upto a (1)(a), (c) (2) (b), (c)
height of 4 cm. (3) (a), (c) & (d) (4) (c). (d)
If it is tilted to 30° from the
vertical, then the 22. While measuring the surtace tension of water, by
length of water column in it will be :
capillary rise method, which of the following
(1) Cm (2) 8V3 cm (3) 4 cm (4) 2 cm precaution is/are necessary.
18. The wettability of a surface by a liquid a) Capillary tube and water must be clean and
depends free from
primarily on : contamination/ grease
(1)angle of contact between the surface (b) Capillary tube should be set vertical & The
and the
liquid temperature of the water should be noted
(2) viscosity (c) Travelling microscope should be
(3) surface tension moved in
lower direction only avoid back lash error
(4) density (d) Internal diameter of capillary tube
19. Water rises to height 'h' in capillary tube. the should be
measured in two mutually perpendicular
length of capillary tube above the surface of directions
water is made less than h.then - (1) (b) & (c)
(1) water does not rise at all. (2) (b)
(3) (d) & (e) (4) (a). (b), (c) & (d)
(2) water rises upto the tip of capillary
tube and 23. Choose the incorrect statemnent among the
then starts overflowing like a fountain.
(3) water rises upto the top of following
capillary tube and (1) capillary action is due to both cohesion and
staysthere without overflowing.
(4) water rises upto a point a little adhesion
below the top
and stays there. (2) falling raindrop becomes a spherical due to
20. Three liquids of densities pP1, P2 and p3 (with P1 > cohesion and surface tension
P2 > p). having the same value of surface (3) surface tension is due to cohesion between
tension T, rise to the sarme height in three atoms at the free surface
identical capillaries. The angles of contact 01, , (4) mixing soap solution with water, increases its
and 8, obey: surface tension
24. If an end of a capillary tube is dipped into aliquid
(1) < , <0, <0, <n then
(1) liquid level will rise in the tube
(2) n > , > 0, > 0, >
(2) liquid levelwill depress in the tube
(3) (3) liquid level will remain constant as of
,>, >0, >0, 2 0
surrounding liquid
(4) 0s0, < 0, <0, < (4) any of the above may be possible
30
Pre-Medical
25. If the angle of contact of a drop of liquid is acute 30. Liquid reaches an equilibrium as showm, in a
then capillary tube of internal radius r. If the surface
(1) cohesion, is equal to adhesion tension of the liquid is T, the angle of contact 0
(2) cohesion is more than adhesion
and density of liquid p, then the pressure
(3) adhesion is more than cohesion
difference between P and Q is :
(4) bothadhesion and cohesion have no
connection with the angle of contact
26. Four Capillaries of different bores are dipped in
same liquid contained in Beaker as shown. The
increasing order of the respective height attained
by the liquid in the capillaries ill be:
2T (2)
rcos
2T (4)
(3)
r cos 0
taken for
31. The following observations were
determining surface tension T of water by
(1)AB CD (2) DCBA capillary method :
(3) A D CB (4)CBDA Diameter of capillary, D = 1.25 x 10* m
liquid level in a
27. The phenomena of rise or fall of rise of water, h = 1.45 x 10 m
capillary tube is called as capillarity. In non
relation Using g = 9.80 m/s and the simplified relation
wetting liquids like mercory the correct
adhesion
between cohesion of mercury and T = rhg x 10 N/m, the possible error in
between mercury and capillary tube is: 2
surface tension is closest to :
(1) cohesion is lesser than adhesion
(2)cohesion is equal to adhesion (1) 2.4% (2) 10% (3) 0.15% (4) 1.5%
and adhesion
(3) no relation between cohesion
adhesion 32. Water rises to a height of 10 cm in a glass
(4) cohesion is greater than
pen leak at high capillary tube. If the area of cross-section of the
28. Whydoes an ink filled fountain
altitude? tube is reduced to one-fourth of its former value
then find height of water rises in the tube.
(1) Atmospheric pressure increases,
decreases,
(2) atmospheric pressure (1) 20 cm (2) 5 cm (3) 2.5 cm (4) 7 cm
(3) temperature decreases,
(4) height increases
33. Liquid rises to a heiqht of 2 cm in a capillary
29. Choose the wrong statement

from the following tube. The angle of contact between the solid and
more
(1) smalldroplets of a liquid are
spherical due to the liquid is zero. The tube is depressed
is only
the surface tension now so that the top of the capillary
capillarity angle of
(2) oil rises through the wick due to 1cm above the liquid then the apparent
use of
(3) in drinking liquids through a straw, we contact between the solid and the
liquid is
phenomenon of capillarity. (2) 30° (3) 60° (4) 90°
(4) None of these (1) 0°
31
ALLEN
Pre-Medical Physics:Experimental skil s
34. Assertion Soap solution should have small 37. Match the following with suitable
angle of contact. list II :
options given in
Reason If angle of contact is small therefore List-I List-II
Soap solution rinse the clothes dust in less time. Excess pressure AIndependent of
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
temperature
corect explanation of (A). Surface energy BVaries directly
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (B) is NØT the in formation of with (radius)?
correct explanation of (A). drop
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false. II Capillary rise C| In general
(4) (A) is false but (R) is true. decrease with
35. Assertion increase in
Surface tension of a liquid is
independent of the area of the surface. temperature
Reason Surface tension produced due to IV Angle of contact D Varies inversely
with (Area2
cohesive force.
E Varies inversely
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and R)) is the with (Volume)a
correct explanation of (A). (1) -E; I-D; IIHA: IV-B (2) I-D; I-E; II-C; V-A
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is NOT the
(3) -D; IHB; II-E; V-A (4)I-E; I-B; I-D; VC
correct explanation of (A). 38. Match the angle of contact for a liquid with
(3) (A) is true but (R)is false. suitable options in list II :
(4) (A) is false but (R) is true. List-I List-II
A liquid will rise
= 90° B pure water silver
<90° liquid will not
wet solid surface
36. Assertion : The angle of contact of a liquid > 90 D pure water and
decreases with increase in temperature. glass
Reason : With increase in temperature, the (1) -B; I-D; II-A; IV-C
surface tension of liquid increases. (2) -D; I-B; II-A; IV-C
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the (3) I-B; I-D; III-C; IV-A
corect explanation of (A). (4) -D; II-B; I-C; IV-A
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (B) is NOT the
correct explanation of (A).
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(4) (A)is false but (R) is true.
ANSWER KEY
Que. 2 3 4 5 6 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 2 4 1 3 2 2 3 4 4
4 1 2
Que. 16 17 18 30
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
|Ans. 2 1 1 3 4 3 4 4 1
4 3 1 4 2
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 3637 38
Ans. 4 1 1 1 3 4 2
32
Pre-Medical
CO-EFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY OF A GIVEN VIScOUS LIQUID BY

MEASURING TERMINAL VELOcITY OF AGIVEN SPHERICAL BODY
Introduction :
Viscosity is the property of a fluid (liquid or gas) bu virtue of which it opposes th¿ relatiye motion between its
adjacent layers. It is the fluid friction or intemal friction.
The intemal tangential) force which tends to retard the relative motion between the adjacent layers is called
viscous force.
Stoke's Law and Terminal velocity

Stoke's Law
Stoke showed that if a small sphere of radius r is moving with a velocity v through áhomogeneoua stationary
medium (liquid or gas), of viscosity n then the viscous force acting on the sphere is F, = 6mrv.
Terminal Velocity
When a solid sphere falls in a liquid, its accelerating motion is controlled
by the viscous force due to liquid and hence it attains a constant velocity
TF, - 6nr
which is known as the terminal elocity (v) density=g
As shown in the figure when the body moves with constant velocity i.e.
terminal velocity (with no acceleration) the net upward force (upthrust
Th + viscous force F)balances the downward force (weight of the body W).
4
Therefore Th + F,=W’;rog + 6rnrv, =rpg ’,=
4
2lo-og
9
5velocity
where r= radius of body p= density of body

G= density of medium 'ncoefficient of viscosity.
Graph : time or distance ’
The variation of velocity with time (or distance) is shown in the adjacent graph.
Examples of bodies moving in viscous medium :

1 A
balloon filled witth Heor H, noves(up with constant rate in air due to viscosity.
2 A(ea ball fall in(long gycerine tube downwards with constant velocity due to viscosit
3 Aparachute falls down with(smal terminal velocitydue to viscosity.
EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE COEFFICIENT OF VISCOsITY USING STOKE'S LAW
Objective: - To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring the teminal
velocity of a given spherical body, using stokes law.
lead shots
Apparatus and material required :- A tall cylinder about 1mhigh of transparent glass/acrylic,
of different sizes, stop watch (mechanical/electronic), laboratory stand, gummed paper, metre rod,
thermómeter, glycerine etc.
33
ALLEN
OR
A
Stopwatch to
know fime
intervals between successive
equa(fallíng distance
Viscous liquid ,=6rmrv
C 4
W-ls
Forces acting on a spherical body
falling through a viscous
according to Stoke's law medium
Principle :
When a spherical body of radius r and
density p falls freely
n, with terminal velocity v,
then the sum of the upward through a viscous liquid of density o and viscosity
downward weight of the ball (Fig.). þuoyant force and viscous force F, is balanced by
weight = Buoyant force on the ball + the
4 4
viscous force
'Pg= r'og +6mrv
Or
-2r'lp- olg
9
n
where v is the terminal velocity, the
under appication of çonstant constant velocity acquired bya body while
iscous moving thrÍugh viscous u
The terminal velocity depends directlyforce.
on the square of the size
several spherical balls of different radi are (diameter) of the spherical ball. Theretore,
Would be a straight line. made to fall freely through the viscous liquid then a plot O
Procedure :
1. Fit a rubber cork in the
pass the small tube throughmouth
it.
of the glass jar after
filling it with glycerinà and
Paste twO pieces of gummed
measure the distance. paper at two points separated by A B
2.
Nowtake a lead shot of such a about 50 cm and
size that it can easily pass
Measure its diameter with
and take its mean. ascrew gauge in two mutually through the glass tube. D
perpendicular direçtions Diameter of mutually
measured in twolead S
34 perpendicular directions
Pre-Medical
the narrow glass tube so that it falls(centrally
3 Dip the ballin asmallquantity of glycerine and drop it through
ball will attain a uniform velocity. As soon
through the glass jar. After moving through a few centimeters, the
qummed paper, start the stop watch and stop it when it
as the ball passes down the upper edge of the first
sphere.
reaches the upper edge of the next qummed paper. From this,find the velocity of the succession to ensure
shots of the same size in quick
4 Kepeat the experiment by dropping hfee ar four lead
identical femperatuje conditions and find the mean value of v.
5. Repeat the experiment by dropping(five more lead shots of different sizes.
R
(ms)
6
T
X
Graph between terminal velocity

and square of radius of ball,
Precautions :
1. The liquid should be/highly viscous and transparent.
Ball should be perfectly spherical)
lead shos should(no touch the walls of the glass
2.
3. The lead shots should be dropped(gently and the falling
tube
4. Velocity should be noted(onlywhen it becomes(constant.
Sources of Error :
1. The liquid maynothave uniform density
2 Screw gaugè may have some type of error.
which appreciable affects viscosity.
3. The temperature of liquid may nótconstant
terminal velocity)
4. There may be some delay or error in calculating
Facts and applications of viscosity ; knowledge
(Millikan conducted theoil dropexperiment, to determine the charge of an electron He used the
1
of viscosity to determine charg. and spraying.
2 Viscosity playsimportant role in printing process, painting instruments, doors and are used as brake ojl in
motion of some
3. (Higbly viscous liquids are used to damp the
hydraulic brakes. chaose suitable
The knowledge of the coefficient of viscosity and its variation with emperature, helps to
4.
conditions.
ktbricants for machines depending upon operating
Further activities :
use mustard oil infstead f glycerinein the
1 To find viscosity of mustard oil lint: Set up the apparatus and
wide bore tube).
Take an eye dropper, fill milk in it. Drop one
2 To check purity of(mily (Hint: Use(mustard l in the tall tube.find its terminal velocity. Use the knowledge of
and
drop of mil, in the oil at thetop of the wide bore tube
coefficient of viscosity of mustard oil to calculate the lensity pf milk]. in an
rise of air bubble [Hint: Use the bubble maker used
3. Study the effect of viscosityof water on the time of
terminal velocity of rising air bubble].
aquariym. Place it in the wide bore tube. Find the
35
ALLEN
Pre-Medical
Physics :Experimental skils
1. The velocity of faling rain drop attain limiting 10. Adrop of water of radius 0.0015 mm is
value because of :
(1)surface tension
in air. If the coefficient of fal ing
viscosity of air is
(2) upthrust due to air 2.0 x 105 kg / (m-s), the terminal velocity of the
(3) viscous force exerted by air drop will be (neglect density of air) :
(4) none of these (The density of water= 1.0 x10 kg/m and g
2. Poise is the unit of : 10 m/s?)
(1) Pressure (2) Friction (1) 1.0 x 10- m/s (2) 2.0 x 10- m/s
(3) Surface tension (4) Viscosity (3) 2.5 x 10 m/s (4) 5.0 x 10 m/s
3. A body of density D, and mass M is
moving 11. Two rain drops reach the earth with
downward with unifom velocity in glycerine of different
terminal velocities having ratio 9: 4. Then, the
density D,. What is the viscous force acting on ratio of their volume is :
it:
(1) 3:2 (2) 4:9 (3) 9: 4 (4) 27:8
(1) (2) 12. Viscosity of liquids :
(1) Increases with increase in temperature
(3) Mg D, (4) Mg D, (2) Is independent of temperature
4. Two small spheres of radi r and 4r fall
through a (3) Decreases with decrease in
temperature
viscous iquid with the same terminal velocity. (4) Decreases with increase in
The ratio of the viscous forces acting on them is:
13. A small sphere of radius 'r
temperature
(1)1:2 (2) 4:1 (3) 1:16 (4) 1:4 falls from rest in a
5 Asmall drop of water falls from rest
through a
-viscous liquid. As a fësult, heat is produced due
large height h in air. The final velocity is : to viscous force. The rate of
production of heat
(1) almost independent of h when the sphere attains its terminal velocity, is
(2) proportional to Wh proportional to
(3) proportional to h (1) r (2) r (3) r (4) r
(4) inversely proportional to h 14. TwWO Small spherical metal
balls, having equal
6 Two drops of equal radius are falling through air masss, are made from materials of densities p1
with a steady velocity of 1 cm/s. If the two drops and pzlp1= 8p2) and have.radii of Imm and
coalesce, then its teminal velocity will be 2mm, respectively. They are made to fall
(1) 4% x5 cm /s (2) 4% cm/s vertically (from rest) in a viscous medium whose
(3) 5% x4cm /s (4) 4% x5 cm/s coefficient of viscosity equals n and whose
7. Speed of 4 cm radius ball in a viscous liquid is 40 density is 0.1 p. The ratio of their terminal
cm/s. Then the speed of 2 cm radius ball of velocities would be :
same material in the same liquid is : 79 19
(1) (2 39 79
(1) 5 cm/s (2) 10 cm/s 72 (3) (4
36 72 36
(3) 40 cm/s (4) 80 cm/s 15. The velocity of a small ball of mass M and
Two rain drops falling through air have radii in
the ratio 3:2. They will have terminalvelocity in density d, when dropped in a container filled with
the ratio : glycerine becomes constant after some time. It
(1) 4:1 (2)9: 4 (3) 2: 1 (4) 4:9 d
the density of glycerine is.
9. A sphere of mass M and radius R is then the iscous
falling in a
viscous fluid. The square of the terminal velocity force acting on the ball will be:
attained by the falling object will be proportional (1) Mg
to : 2 (2) Mg
(1) MR² (2) M/R (3) M²/R? (4) M/R?
(4) 2Mg
36
Physics:Experimental skills ALLEN'
Pre-Medical
16. A spherical ball is dropped in a long column of a 22. A small ball of mass m and radius r is falling
highly viscous liquid. The curve in the graph under gravity through a viscous liquid of
shown, which represents the speed of the ball (v) coefficient of viscosity n. If gis the acceleration
as a function of time (t) is :
due to gravity then the terminal velocity of the
ballis proportional to
mgr mg
B /1) mgn (2) mgnr (3) (4)
r rn
23. A sphere of brass released in a long liquid

A column attains a terminal velocity Vo. f the
t terminal velocity attained by sphere of marble of
the same radius and released in the same liquid is
(1) B (2)C (3) D (4) A
nvo. Then the value of n will be: (given the
17. The correct statement about the variation of
specific gravity of brass, marble and liquid are
viscosity of fluid with increase in temperature: 8.5, 2.5 and 0.8 respectively.)
(1) viscosity of both liquids and gases increases
5
(2) viscosity of liquids increases (2)
(3) viscosity of liquids decreases
(4) viscosity of gases decreases (3)
18. The terminal velocity of a copper ballof radius 5
mm faling through a tank of oil at room 24. Two metal spheres are falling through a liquid of
temperature is 10cm s. If the viscosity of oil at density 2 x 10 kg/m with the same uniform
room temperature is 0.9 kg m s, the viscous speed. The material density of sphere l and
drag force is : sphere 2 are 8 x 10 kg/m' and 11 x 10 kg/m'
(2) 8.48 x 10° N respectively. The ratio of their radii is :
(1) 8.48 x 10 N 3
(3) 4.23 >x 10° N (4) 4.23 x10° N (1) (2) (3) (4)
2
19. If the terminal velocity of a sphere of gold
25. Assertion Viscosity of a liquid is the property
(density = 19.5 kg/m) is 0.8 m/s in a viscous of the liquid by vitue of which it opposes the
terminal
liquid (density = 1.5 kg/m), find the relative motion anmongits different layers.
speed of a sphere of silver (density=10.5 kg/m) Reason The viscosity of liquid increases
of the same size in the same liquid:
(1)0.4 m/s (2) 0.133m/s rapidly with rise in temperature.
(3) 0.1 m/s (4)0.2 m/s (1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
20. Two rubber ballwith radii in the
ratio of1:2fall correct explanation of (A).
atmosphere, (2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is NOT the
from a great height through the
they have
then the ratio of their momentum after correct explanation of (A).
attained terminal velocity is : (3) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(1) 1:1 (2) 1:4 (3) 1: 16 (4) 1:32 (4) (A) is false but (R) is true.
statements A and B, 26. Assertion : Machine parts are jammed in
21. Consider the following two
given
and identify the correct choice in the winter.
answers : Reason : The viscosity of lubricant used in
in
A: Viscosity of liquids decreases with decrease machine parts increases at low temperature.
the
temperature
decreases with (1) Both (A) and (R) are true and R) is
B: Surface tension of a liquid correct explanation of (A).
NOT the
increase in temperature (2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is
(1) Both A and B are true
(2) A is true but B is false
(3) A is false. but B is true
(4) (A)is false but (R) is true.
(4)Both A and B are false
37
ALLEN Physics : Experimental skills
Pre-Medical
27. Assertion :A small spherical ball is dropped in
a viscous liquid. The velocity of liquid is shown in
figure.
Reason: The value of acceleration due to
gravity in viscous liquid first increases then
becomes constant.
Velocity
Distance
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and R) is the
(2) Both (A) and R) are true and (R) is NOT the
(4) (A) is false but (R) is true.
ANSWER KEY
Que. 12 6
ool 10 11 12 | 13 14 15
Ans. 3 4 1 4 1 1
2 2 2 3 3 4 4 3 4
Oue 16 17 | 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
|Ans. 1 3 1 1 4 3 4 2 3 3
38

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Physics

The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a

15. Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope 69

ldentification of Diode. LED,. Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection

Movable Jaw Vernier calipers

divisions. These 10 division

0 Vernier scale 10 0 Vernier scale 10

(1) 3.07 cm (2) 3.11 cm

The tubular hub T -U-Frame (E)

No zero error Positive zero error Negative zero error

(a) Screw moves 0.5 mm on main scale in

where k is force constant=

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Note : Due to damping amplitude

graph for the ámplitude with time for a damped 1

(1) (2) in first 4 minutes. The value of n would be :

Unknown mass m mean of ll calculated values

Searle's apparatus for

Objective: Determine Young's modulus

1 Both the wires should be supported from same rigid support.

1, Experimental wire may not have uniform cross-section through-out.

sURFACETENSION OF WATER BY CAPILLARY RISE

horizontal level as shown. By Pascal's law

Important key points :

To determine the surface tension of liquid by capillary rise method

2urT = r²hpg (approx for water)

where T= surface tension of the liquid

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2. Capillary tube may not have uniform bore

29. Choose the wrong statement

CO-EFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY OF A GIVEN VIScOUS LIQUID BY

Stoke's Law and Terminal velocity

where r= radius of body p= density of body

Examples of bodies moving in viscous medium :

Viscous liquid ,=6rmrv

Graph between terminal velocity

23. A sphere of brass released in a long liquid

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