REVIEWER IN STS

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS/ HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
- a time where there is a paradigm shift.
- period where scientific beliefs and studies embraced in the early and medieval times were opposed
and challenged.
- can transform society by the way of critical thinking, creating rules and policies for equal opportunities
and for purposes of evolution.

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
- antecedent is described as a precursor to the unfolding of something, or life.
- Historical backgrounds in science and technology are therefore influences which paved the way for
advanced and sophisticated advancements in science and technology that are present today.
- In the Ancient Times, people were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication
and record-keeping, mass production, safety and protection, as well as hygiene, aesthetics, and
architecture.
ANCIENT TIMES
TRANSPORTATION AND NAVIGATION
- was important as people wanted to go to places and explore new horizons.
- traveled to find food, and to find better places for their settlements.
- traveled in return for items they needed to sell their surplus goods.
- NAVIGATION helped them on their journeys to exotic and unknown areas of the world.

COMMUNICATION AND RECORD KEEPING

- important for their attempts to explore new places and to occupy them.
- They needed a way to communicate with the inhabitants of the areas they were visiting to promote
trade and avoid future conflicts.
- RECORD KEEPING was also important, as they needed to remember the places they had been to
and record each other's trades they had made.

GUNS AND ARMORS

- important in exploring new places or in forming new alliances with other tribes.
- chance of confrontation at that moment, when people interacted with different cultures and
orientations.
- Conflicts were popular particularly if cultures and orientations differed.

SPICES
- Different diseases and illnesses, both natural and man-made, hindered a human being's full ability.

ENGINEERING SECTOR
- People moved into these sector for better transportation, the establishment of systems to defend
against human attacks and natural disasters and the development of larger and stronger
infrastructures.
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES
- were signs of a particular civilization's technical development.
- seen as a status symbol among nations in future generations of how advanced their technology is.
- can also form a nation's identity.
 ANCIENT PERIOD

CUNEIFORM
- first writing system
- one of the Sumerians' main contributions.
- a device that makes use of word representations and triangular symbols carved on clay using wedge
instruments and left to dry.
- enabled the Sumerians to keep records of historically important items, or their daily lives.

WHEEL
- Sumerians have been able to invent the wheel in the latter part of their history, as the advanced tools
required to build it were already available.
- first wheels were not designed for transport but mass manufacturing with the use of the wheel and
axle.
- Farmers managed to mill grain in less time with less effort.

PAPER OF PAPYRUS
- welcome advancement was the Egyptian discovery of a paper of papyrus.
- Papyrus was a plant in Egypt which grew abundantly along the river Nile.
- able to process the plant to create thin sheets that one could write stuff down on
- Papyrus was lighter and thinner than clay tablets, the carrying and storage was simple

HIEROGLYPHICS
- Egyptians writing system that used symbols
- Some claim that hieroglyphics were adapted from the early writing system that formed by
Mesopotamia as a result of trade between civilization
- Egyptians claimed that their gods provided this writing system to them.
- Hieroglyphics was a language which tells the modern world of the ancient Egyptians' history and
culture.
- Their documents were well-preserved as they were carved at pyramid walls and other important
structures of Egyptians

WATERMILLS
- considered one of the greatest contributions of the Greek civilization to the world
- widely used in agricultural processes such as the milling of grains, a type of food processing.
- watermills made milling possible, mass production of grains, cereals, flours and the like.
- considered better than farm animal-powered mills because the less effort and time needed to operate
because the farmer had no chance to raise animals.

NEWSPAPER
- One of the Romans' greatest contributions
- First Articles, known as gazettes, published people's reports of the Roman Empire.
- Gazettes made before the invention of paper, were etched in metal or stone tablets and then
displayed in public.
- When paper was invented, it became easier for the Romans to "publish" matters which required the
Roman 's attention

MEDIEVAL PERIOD
PRINTING PRESS (JOHANN GUTENBERG)
- Johann Gutenberg managed to invent the printing press after the Chinese invented woodblock
printing
- more efficient method of printing using a cast type.
- He used wooden machines which extracted fruit juices, attached a metal impression of letters to
them, pressed the cast metal firmly into a piece of paper and then made an exact impression on
paper
MICROSCOPE (ZACHARIAS JANSSEN)
- optical innovation of the Middle Ages
- Experts need to understand the condition through an examination to establish the best drugs for
illnesses.
- They wanted a tool capable of magnifying objects that were invisible to the eye.
- In earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to create the first compound microscope, led by the
principles used for the invention of eyeglasses.

TELESCOPE (HANS LIPPERSHEY)

- need for nautical innovations was strong, as the Middle Ages was also regarded as the Age of
Discovery.
- Given the vast and barren oceans that divided the countries, it was important for ship captains to see
far and wide for them to navigate or escape danger at sea.
- Telescope's invention, an optical instrument that helps to view distant objects, has been of
great benefit to navigators

WAR WEAPONS
- wars during the Middle Ages were widespread, there was also great progress in the technology of
guns.
- Both sides need to grow weapons not only as offensive instruments but also as defensive
instruments
- built cross bows and long bows for open-area battles so that they could target the enemy at long
distances, keeping themselves protected with the defense of walls and fortifications.

PASTEURIZATION (LOUIS PASTEUR)

- better production means to meet the needs of the population, food security and food safety became
an issue.
- With dairy products, particularly milk, the challenge to keep processed food from rotting was greater
because they typically spoiled faster.
- Such products had to be consumed almost immediately after delivery, or they would cause disease
such as diphtheria, food poisoning and typhoid fever.

TELEPHONE (ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL)

- The more people got acquainted through trade and discovery, the more they wanted a way to keep
these links securely and communicate with each other in real time.
- Governments also required some form of communication system that would enable them to better
administer their states.
- Alexander Graham Bell 's Telephone development was one of the most significant developments at
the time

CALCULATOR
- had already been built, and circumstances in modern times demanded a quicker way of calculating
more complex equations.
- Computing tools do need to be easy to handle, because they can be used every day.
- Invention of Modern Calculators not only paved the way for simpler arithmetical calculations, but also
created more complicated processing machines.

PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE (VICTOR LLAVE)

- Converting transport vehicles to something more useful has become commonplace for Filipinos.
- Conversion of American military jeeps used in World War II to jeepneys, adding a sidecar to a vehicle,
turning it into a tricycle with more passengers to handle.
- Victor Llave and his team at H2O Technologies have been able to develop the Salamander, but also
rivers and lakes, to answer the problem. This can also be used for Island-to-Island travel.
- In several parts of the world flooding is a normal occurrence during the rainy season. Tricycles have a
really hard time navigating the streets.
- the Philippines is an archipelago, the Salamander is a useful innovation with much promise.

SALT LAMP (AISA MIJENO)

- one of the big needs in the Philippines is electrification
- Electricity powers different machine types, including light sources
- A young scientist from Philippines named Aisa Mijeno was able to develop a lighting device using a
plentiful resource in the Philippines - saltwater.
- AISA MIJENO developed the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp, an environmentally
friendly source of light that works and does not emit harmful gases.
- Apart from people living in coastal areas, it can also help those from far-flung barrios because by
adding two tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap water, they can make their own saltwater

MEDICAL INCUBATOR (DRA. FE DEL MUNDO)

- High mortality rates of newborn babies are a major issue in the Philippines.
- One explanation for this problem in the 20th century was the lack of available incubators, due to a
lack of resources and electricity, particularly in far-flung rural areas.

DRA. FE DEL MUNDO

- Pediatrician
- First Asian Women admitted to Harvard Medical School
- built a medical incubator made of indigenous and inexpensive materials that do not operate on
electricity
- was made by Dra. del Mundo by placing a native laundry basket inside a larger one.

MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/ ARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM

- In 2010, the Institute for Development of Science and Technology-Industrial Technology (DOSTI-ITDI)
was able to introduce the Mosquito Ovicidal / Larvicidal Trap System, also known as OL Trap
- This trap device consists of naturally occurring components that are deadly to mosquitoes but safe for
people and climate
E – JEEPNEY
- Jeepney ruled the streets of the Philippines
- JEEPNEY is known as the primary form of transportation for most Filipinos
- diesel-powered jeepney emits huge amounts of black smoke, and due to its rudimentary exhaust
system is typically a major contributor to noise pollution.
- The electric Jeepney (e-jeepney) was developed to combat these disadvantages.