Practical lessons of Genetics

Genetics Lab :.

❑Bio- safety
❑Lab contents
❑Preparation of solution Lab
 WHAT IS A BIOHAZARD?
❑A potential hazard to humans, animals or the
environment caused by a biological organism,
or by material produced .
Examples:
• Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites and their
product.
• Blood and body fluids, as well as tissues from
humans and animals.
• Transformed cell lines and certain types of
nucleic acids
 WHAT IS BIOSAFETY?
❑ Measures employed when handling
biohazardous materials to avoid infecting
oneself, others or the environment.
Achieved through :.
• Administrative Controls
• Engineering Controls
• Personal Protective Equipment
• Practices and Procedures
 Bio- safety levels :.
•
 Lab contents :.
-Tools - devices - chemicals
Symbols and marks on Chemical Packages :.
 Preparation of solution Lab :.

Factors affection the preparation of solution in

Lab :.
• Temperature
• pH degree
• solvent type
 Introduction to Genetics
• Genetics:. study of heredity in general and of
genes in particular.
• Molecular genetics :. is the study of the
molecular structure of DNA , its cellular activities
(including its replication), and its influence in
determining the overall makeup of an organism.
• Genome :. the collection of genetic information
• Gene :. basic unit of genetic information. Genes
determine the inherited characters
 DNA Structure
• DNA is made of
subunits called
nucleotides
• Three parts to a DNA
nucleotide
– Sugar
– Phosphate
– Nitrogen Base
DNA Structure
• Four Different Nitrogen
Bases
– Purine (two rings)
• Adenine
• Guanine
– Pyrimidine (one ring)
• Cytosine
• Thymine
• Uracil (not found in
DNA)
 RNA versus DNA
RNA DNA
• Single helix • Double helix
• Ribose sugar • Deoxyribose sugar
• Bases: adenine, guanine, • Bases: adenine, guanine,
cytosine, and uracil cytosine, and thymine
• Several types of RNA • One type of DNA
 Types of RNA
•
 DNA to RNA to Protein
Two step process: transcription and translation
• Transcription (rewrite): RNA is made from
DNA; occurs in the nucleus
• Translation (change language): protein is made
from RNA code; occurs in the cytoplasm at the
ribosome
 RNA Processing
•
• RNA when it is transcribed
must be processed
– GTP cap is added to 5’ end to
protect and give attach signal
to ribosome
– Introns (intervening
sequences) are cut out
– Exons (expressed sequences)
are put together
– Poly-A tail (30-200 A
nucleotides) added to 3’ end
to protect and “get out of
nucleus” signal