M1. Color Fundamentals

Chapter 1.
Color Fundamentals
1 © Copyright 2021 HP Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. For training purposes only.
Color Fundamentals
Welcome
This self-paced training course, Imaging and Printing Fundamentals: Color Fundamentals, provides a detailed discussion about how we
perceive color, the theory of color, how we describe color, the factors that can affect the appearance of color, and finally, addresses
some of the challenges of reproducing color.
After completing this course, you should be able to:
Describe the factors that can cause changes in the

Explain how people perceive color
appearance of color
Describe the theory of additive and subtractive Describe selected troubleshooting issues about
color reproducing color
Identify visual color systems
Color Fundamentals
How this course works

Color Fundamentals course uses a layered approach to present you with the information you need to support color reproduction on HP
printer. Job aids and Information links are optional materials that you can use to supplement your learning, or as references on the job.
Be sure to click and view all other content while taking each lesson to obtain the most benefit from this course.
This course features five lessons following this introductory lesson. The lessons provide the following information:
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
Selected issues
What is color Color theory Describing color Appearance of color related to
reproducing color
NOTE
• A Resources area is also provided at the end of the course. The resources area provides quick and easy access to the links, job
aids, and demonstrations provided throughout the course.
• The lessons in this course should be completed sequentially. Each lesson begins with the Lesson overview, listing the
learning objectives for that lesson. The learning check at the end of each lesson tests your achievement of those objectives
1.1 What is color
This lesson discusses how the human eye perceives light and
color, how color is detected, as well as wavelengths of light and
the absorption of color
Color Fundamentals > What is color
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to:
Identify four elements required for color to exist
Identify the range of wavelengths in the visible spectrum
Indicate how different objects treat light
Define a reflectance curve
Identify the regions of the visible spectrum that the human visual system
can detect
What is color?
• Color is the result of an interaction between light, an object, an
observer's eyes and their brain. Human eyes have sensors called
rods and cones that are sensitive to light waves. When light waves
strike the cones, the sensors send signals to the brain, which then
perceives the signals as specific colors.
• The following graphic shows how colors are interpreted by the
human eye.
NOTE
Rods are used only in low light
viewing conditions.
What is color?
Electromagnetic
spectrum Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and is comprised of waves, with each wave
having a specific wavelength. Wavelengths are measured in nanometers (nm), which are one-millionth of
a millimeter. The wavelengths visible to the human eye range from about 400 to 700 nm. The region
Visible spectrum
containing these visible wavelengths is called the visible spectrum.
The following animation shows the electromagnetic spectrum.
Spectral curves
Reflective,
transmissive, and
emissive objects
Reflectance curves
Detecting color
Human visual system
What is color?
Electromagnetic
spectrum The visible spectrum is what we see when light passes through a prism.
When the visual system detects wavelengths around 600-650nm, we see "red"; when it detects
wavelengths around 575nm, we see "yellow"; wavelengths around 450-500nm give "blues". When our eyes
Visible spectrum
detect all the visible light waves in the spectrum at once, our brain perceives white.
The following animation shows how colors in the visible spectrum are perceived by the human eye.
Visible Light
Spectral curves spectrum wavelength NOTE
Reflective,
700 nm When we do not detect
transmissive, and any wavelengths at all,
emissive objects we perceive black
Reflectance curves
Detecting color Sun Prism
400 nm
Human visual system
Color as perceived by human Visual system
What is color?
Electromagnetic
spectrum Light can be shown as radiant power as a function of wavelength on spectral curves. The following graphic
shows the curves that represent the amount, or intensity of light emitted at each wavelength in the visible
spectrum by some common fluorescent of illuminants.
Visible spectrum
350
Cool White Delux Cool White
250
Spectral curves 150
50
Reflective,
Warm White Delux Warm White
transmissive, and
Radiant Power
250
emissive objects 150
50
Reflectance curves
Daylight Soft White/Natural
250
150
Detecting color
50
250 650 250 650

Human visual system
Wavelengths (nm)
What is color?
Electromagnetic
spectrum When light waves strike an opaque object, the object's surface absorbs some of the light waves and reflects the
remainder of the spectrum. Exactly which wavelengths are absorbed and reflected determines the color of the
object. There are two types of object that absorb and reflect light:
Visible spectrum
• Reflective objects, such as paper.
• Transmissive objects, such as transparencies.
Spectral curves Emissive objects, such as lighting or computer monitors, emit light as a result of some sort of chemical reaction,
such as the burning gasses of the sun or the heated filament of a light bulb.
Reflective, transmissive,
and emissive objects
Reflectance curves Reflective objects Transmissive objects

Return some or all the Allow light to pass through
wavelengths of emitted light from one side to the other.
that strike its surface. A
Detecting color The color of a transmissive
reflective object that returns
object results from the
100% of all light, such as a
manipulation of wavelengths
perfectly white surface, is
of light as they pass through.
called a perfect diffuser.
Human visual system
What is color?
Electromagnetic
spectrum The particular composition of wavelengths an object reflects can be shown on a reflectance curve as the
amount of light the object reflects at each wavelength. A reflectance curve is a color's unique fingerprint.
Visible spectrum A color's reflectance curve is not affected by things like a neighboring color or an observer's visual skills.
The following animation shows some examples of reflectance curves.
Spectral curves
100 100
Vibrant Red Dark Green Vibrant Blue Dull Blue
0 0
Reflectance curves 400 700 400 700 400 700 400 700
100 100
Light Blue Dark Blue Dark Gray Light Gray
Detecting color
Human visual system 0 0

400 700 400 700 400 700 400 700
What is color?
Electromagnetic
spectrum Humans have about six million cones in each eye. Some are sensitive to wavelengths in the bluish third of
the visible spectrum; some are sensitive to wavelengths in the greenish third; others are sensitive to
wavelengths in the reddish third. The sensitivity of each of the cones as a function of wavelengths in the
Visible spectrum
visible spectrum is commonly shown plotted like the graph on the right.
The following graphic shows the portions of the spectrum that each set of cones can detect.
Spectral curves
S M L
Relative sensitivity
Blue Green Red
Reflectance curves
Wavelength (nm)
Detecting color
400 460 490 530 650 700
Human visual system Human spectral sensitivity to color
What is color?
Electromagnetic
spectrum Light waves enter the eye and strike the retina. NOTE
• Red-sensitive cones—absorb the long, mostly reddish, wavelengths.
Color is simply a decoded
Visible spectrum • Green-sensitive cones—absorb the medium, mostly greenish, electrical signal made up of
wavelengths. combined wavelengths of
• Blue-sensitive cones—absorb the short, mostly bluish, wavelengths. light recognized by the eye.
Spectral curves All the wavelengths are mixed together and sent in the form of electrical
signals to the brain. Human Brain
Reflectance curves Sensitive Cones (RGB)
Light waves
Detecting color
Retina
Human visual system
Summary
Things to keep in mind
1. Color is the result of an interaction between light, an object, 4. Humans have about six million cones in each eye.
an observer's eyes and their brain.
2. Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, 5. Color is simply a decoded electrical signal that is made up
and is comprised of waves, with each wave having a specific of combined wavelengths of light recognized by the eye.
wavelength.
3. When light waves strike an opaque object, the object's Terms to remember:
surface absorbs some of the light waves and reflects the • Visible spectrum
remainder of the spectrum. • Spectral curves
• Reflectance curves
Learning check
1. Which elements are required for color to exist? 3. What is a reflectance curve?
• An object, an observer's eyes, light, and electromagnetic spectrum • The composition of wavelengths an object reflects.
• Reflective curves, light, transmissive objects, and an observer's • The intensity of the light source at every wavelength in the visible
eyes spectrum.
• Light, an object, an observer's eyes, and the human brain • The visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Electromagnetic spectrum, spectral curves, reflectance curves, and • The composition of wavelengths in the visible spectrum that an
human color rods object absorbs.
2. What is the range of wavelengths in the visible spectrum? 4. Which wavelengths of the visible spectrum can the human visual
system detect? Select all that apply and click Submit:
• 300 to 400nm
• Bluish wavelengths
• 400 to 600nm
• Yellowish wavelengths
• 400 to 700nm
• Reddish wavelengths
• 700 to 900nm
• Greenish wavelengths
1.2 Color Theory
This lesson explains the basic concepts of mixing primary,

additive, and subtractive colors.
Color Fundamentals > Color Theory
Objectives
Identify the three additive primaries
Select three types of devices that use additive color
Indicate the results of mixing the additive primaries
Identify the three subtractive primaries
Define the meaning of "subtractive" in subtractive color
Identify the results of mixing the subtractive primaries
Appearence of Color
ADDITIVE COLOR ADDITIVE COLOR SUBTRACTIVE COLOR
ADDITIVE COLOR SUBTRACTIVE COLOR REFLECTED SPECTRUM
DEVICES MIXING MIXING
Similar to the human visual system, digital devices such as

See for yourself!
scanners and monitors also process red, green, and blue to
produce a wide range of perceived colors. These devices are Look closely at your TV RED MAGENTA BLUE
based on additive color. with a magnifier. When
you can see the actual
In additive color, Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) lights are mixed to pixels in a white area,
WHITE
create a wide spectrum of colors—they are the primary colors of you’ll only see red, green YELLOW CYAN
additive color. and blue light.
Red, green, and blue are commonly represented numerically in a All on: White.
GREEN
range from 0, where none of the color light is present, to 255, All off: Black.
where the color light is at full intensity.
• Combines red, green, and blue light to produce light of other colors.
• Mixed in appropriate proportions, the color is perceived as white.
• Used in:
– Digital Cameras
– Scanners
– Monitors
– Print
Appearence of Color
Color televisions, cameras, scanners, and computer monitors are examples of devices that are based on the additive (RGB) color. The
key thing to remember with the additive color is that RGB light sources produce color.
The following graphic shows some examples of additive color devices.
Camera (RGB)
Monitor (RGB)
Appearence of Color
Mixing equal amounts of all three additive primaries, RGB, at full intensity
produces white light. When these three are combined at varying
intensities, a gamut of different colors is produced.
Combining two primaries at full intensity produces a subtractive
primary—cyan, magenta, or yellow. In theory, when all three fully
saturated subtractive primaries are combined on white paper, black is
produced. However, in practice, the combination does not produce pure
black. This is one reason why black toner and ink is supplied as the fourth
color in most printers. The inclusion of black results in CMY(K), four-color
printers.
CMYK cartridges in a low-end DesignJet printer
Appearence of Color
Since pigments control what portion of the visible spectrum is seen, a pigment-
based system to provide this control purposefully can be created. This system is
called subtractive color. Its name comes from using three primary color Cyan,
Magenta and Yellow (CMY) pigments to subtract, or absorb, red, green and blue
MAGENTA RED YELLOW
wavelengths from the visible spectrum.
The following graphic shows the spectrum of colors that can be created by mixing
subtractive colors. BLACK
BLUE GREEN
CYAN
NOTE
Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow are mixed to produce wide
spectrums of colorful ink, toner, and paint.
Appearence of Color
In subtractive color, light waves from a source are absorbed, or subtracted, by the colored pigment of an opaque object. The light
waves that are not absorbed is seen as the color of the object.
By mixing different pigments, we can control which light waves are absorbed and which ones are reflected, thereby controlling the
color we see.
White Light
Green
White
Blue
Red
Drag paint here
Appearence of Color
In subtractive color: REMEMBER !
• Mixing cyan, magenta and yellow creates black. • Cyan subtracts red from
MAGENTA RED YELLOW
white light
• Mixing cyan and yellow creates green. • Yellow subtracts blue
from white light BLACK
• Mixing magenta and yellow creates red.
• Magenta subtracts green
BLUE GREEN
• Mixing cyan and magenta creates blue. from white light
The following graphic shows the results of subtractive color CYAN

mixing.
• Created by subtraction (that is, absorbing) energy at some wavelengths of

NOTE
light and reflecting the rest.
Office printers, paints, plastics, and photographic • The most common process is with cyan, magenta, and yellow inks.
prints are based on subtractive color. • Mixed in appropriate proportions the color is perceived as black.
• Used in:
– Printing
Summary
1. In additive color, Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) lights are Terms to remember:
mixed to create a wide spectrum of colors.
• RGB
• CMY(K)
2. Mixing equal amounts of all three additive primaries, RGB, • Opaque

at full intensity produces white light. • Subtractive color
3. Combining two primaries at full intensity produces a

subtractive primary—cyan, magenta, or yellow.
4. In subtractive color, light waves from a source are

absorbed, or subtracted, by the colored pigment of an
opaque object.
Learning check
1. What are the three additive primaries? 3. What are the three subtractive primaries?
• Red • Black
• Green • Cyan
• Yellow • Magenta
• Blue • Yellow
2. Which devices use additive color? 4. What is the meaning of "subtractive" in subtractive color?
• Color scanners • All light is subtracted from the CMY wavelengths.
• Color televisions • All light is subtracted from the RGB wavelengths.
• Cameras • CMY pigments are used to absorb RGB wavelengths from the visible
spectrum.
• Printers
• RGB pigments are used to absorb CMY wavelengths from the visible
spectrum.
1.3 Describing Color
This lesson explains the hue, value, and chroma color attributes
and identifies the various visual color systems. It also identifies
the main features of common color order systems and defines
color gamut.
Color Fundamentals > Describing Color
Objectives
Match the terms hue, value, and chroma with their meaning
Identify visual colors systems
Specify what visual color systems are based on
Describing Color
COMMUNICATING
Now that we know what color is and how we can create it, we need a system that will enable us to identify,
COLOR
describe and communicate color to other people.
DESERT ISLAND
EXPERIMENT Let’s imagine a practical example!
Suppose that you need to describe this color to somebody. Think how you would do it with as much detail
MUNSELL HUE, VALUE,
AND CHROMA as possible; so that the other person can perceive it.
MUNSELL COLOR Color description Will they be able to guess the correct color based on your
ORDER SYSTEM description?
OTHER COLOR ORDER
SYSTEMS
1 2 3 4
VISUAL COLOR
SYSTEMS
CIE STANDARD
OBSERVER
5 6 7 8
COLOR-MATCHING
FUNCTIONS
9 10 11 12
CIE LAB COLOR SPACE
Describing Color
COMMUNICATING
COLOR One possible way to describe color is demonstrated in the "desert island" experiment. In this experiment, a
person on a desert island decides to organize the stones on the island into some order.
DESERT ISLAND
EXPERIMENT The following animation demonstrates the desert island experiment.
MUNSELL HUE, VALUE,
AND CHROMA
MUNSELL COLOR
ORDER SYSTEM
OTHER COLOR ORDER

SYSTEMS
VISUAL COLOR
SYSTEMS
CIE STANDARD
OBSERVER
COLOR-MATCHING
FUNCTIONS
CIE LAB COLOR SPACE
Describing Color
COMMUNICATING
COLOR A. H. Munsell gave names to the color attributes: He named "color" Hue, "lightness" Value and "saturation"
Chroma.
DESERT ISLAND
EXPERIMENT • Hue is the attribute of color that we describe by the words red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple and so on.
• Value, or lightness is the quality of color that we describe by the words light and dark. Value describes the
MUNSELL HUE, VALUE,
AND CHROMA apparent amount of hue in a color.
• Chroma, or saturation describes the vividness of a color. The less gray the color contains, the more chroma it
MUNSELL COLOR
ORDER SYSTEM has. For example, red is more chromatic, or saturated, than dark red or burgundy.
OTHER COLOR ORDER

SYSTEMS
VISUAL COLOR
SYSTEMS (Yellow)
90°
L
CIE STANDARD 180° 0° (Lightness)
OBSERVER (Green) (Red)
Hue
COLOR-MATCHING 270°
(Blue)
FUNCTIONS
CIE LAB COLOR SPACE
Describing Color
COMMUNICATING
COLOR Munsell was the first to use the color attributes hue, value and chroma to "map" color in a color order system,
or color space.
DESERT ISLAND
EXPERIMENT Originally created in the early 1900's, the Munsell system remains in wide use today.
MUNSELL HUE, VALUE, The following graphic shows the Munsell color order system.
AND CHROMA
MUNSELL COLOR
ORDER SYSTEM
OTHER COLOR ORDER

SYSTEMS
VISUAL COLOR
SYSTEMS
CIE STANDARD
OBSERVER
COLOR-MATCHING
FUNCTIONS
CIE LAB COLOR SPACE
Describing Color
COMMUNICATING
COLOR The Munsell color order system is only one of many systems used to describe color. Just as there are many
maps to describe the land (vegetation, area, elevation), there are many different maps to describe color.
DESERT ISLAND
EXPERIMENT For example, the Natural Color System, adopted as a Swedish standard, uses chromaticness, blackness
(indicated as "S" in the graphic below) and whiteness to describe color.
MUNSELL HUE, VALUE,
AND CHROMA
MUNSELL COLOR
ORDER SYSTEM
OTHER COLOR ORDER

SYSTEMS
VISUAL COLOR
SYSTEMS
CIE STANDARD
OBSERVER
COLOR-MATCHING
FUNCTIONS
CIE LAB COLOR SPACE
Describing Color
COMMUNICATING
COLOR The desert island experiment, the Munsell color space, the Natural Color System and other systems like them
are visual color systems.
DESERT ISLAND
EXPERIMENT Visual color systems are based on human perception of color. In order to match a color represented in one of
these systems, a person must methodically compare a sample color-to-color swatches from the system until
MUNSELL HUE, VALUE,
AND CHROMA the closest match is made, which can take an impractical amount of time.
MUNSELL COLOR We needed a faster, universally standardized method to measure and match colors.
ORDER SYSTEM
OTHER COLOR ORDER See for yourself!

SYSTEMS
VISUAL COLOR Focus your sight on the central

SYSTEMS black point.
Can you see a light blue dot
CIE STANDARD whenever the orange one
OBSERVER
disappears?
COLOR-MATCHING
FUNCTIONS
CIE LAB COLOR SPACE
Describing Color
COMMUNICATING
COLOR In 1931, the CIE —the Commission Internationale d'Eclairaged—developed a system for a faster, more
practical way to measure and order color, called CIE XYZ.
DESERT ISLAND
EXPERIMENT The CIE XYZ system is based on a standard observer, which is a hypothetical viewer that represents the
averaged results of a color-matching experiment conducted on many human observers.
MUNSELL HUE, VALUE,
AND CHROMA In the experiment, observers varied the amounts, or intensities of red, green, and blue light sources that,
MUNSELL COLOR when mixed, created matches for test color sources.
ORDER SYSTEM
OTHER COLOR ORDER

SYSTEMS Illuminant Object Observer
VISUAL COLOR X=13.47

SYSTEMS x x = Y=14.39
Z=47.52
CIE STANDARD
OBSERVER
Color values, defined as
COLOR-MATCHING Standard illuminant Spectral reflectance Spectral sensitivity of the X, Y, Z
FUNCTIONS wavelength, nm wavelength, nm human eye
CIE LAB COLOR SPACE
Describing Color
COMMUNICATING
COLOR The amount of each light used in the standard observer 2.00
experiment was recorded as three numbers, called color-
DESERT ISLAND matching functions, and plotted on a graph.
EXPERIMENT
The following graphs represent a profile of the color
MUNSELL HUE, VALUE, 1.00
AND CHROMA sensitivity of the three sets of cones in the human eye.
MUNSELL COLOR • The line labeled "z-bar" represents the sensitivity to short
ORDER SYSTEM (bluish) wavelengths
0
OTHER COLOR ORDER • The line labeled "y-bar" represents the sensitivity to
SYSTEMS 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
medium (greenish) wavelengths
Visible Spetrum Wavelengths (nm)
VISUAL COLOR
SYSTEMS • The line labeled "x-bar" represents the sensitivity to long
(reddish) wavelengths
CIE STANDARD NOTE
OBSERVER
The values for X, Y, and Z are used to
COLOR-MATCHING describe and locate any color in the XYZ
FUNCTIONS color space. These are referred to as
CIE Trisimulus Values.
CIE LAB COLOR SPACE
Describing
CIE TrisimulusColor
Values
The CIE Tristimulus Values X, Y, and Z that are used to describe and dimensional image as you see to the left. However, if you could rotate
COMMUNICATING The amount of each light used in the standard
locateCOLOR
any color in the XYZ color space are obtained by multiplying the observer experiment
diagram, you wasthe
would see that recorded as three
shape rises along numbers, called
a third, value
together, at equally spacedcolor-matching functions,
wavelengths across and plotted on a graph.
the spectrum: axis.
DESERT ISLAND
• The power (P) of a CIE standard observer
The following graphs represent a profile of the color sensitivity of the three sets of cones in the human eye.
EXPERIMENT
• The reflectance (R) (or the transmittance) of the object
MUNSELL HUE, VALUE, • The line labeled "z-bar" represents the sensitivity to short (bluish) wavelengths
• AND
TheCHROMA
standard observer functions x-bar, y-bar and z-bar
• The line labeled "y-bar" represents the sensitivity to medium (greenish) wavelengths
The products
MUNSELL are summed up for all the wavelengths in the visible
COLOR
spectrum to give the tristimulus
ORDER SYSTEM • Thevalues.
line labeled "x-bar" represents the sensitivity to long (reddish) wavelengths
Using XYZ tristimulus values, the CIE constructed the xyY chromaticity
OTHER COLOR ORDER
diagram to define the visible spectrum in a three-dimensional color
SYSTEMS
space where:
• VISUAL COLOR by (X+Y+Z)
x=X divided
SYSTEMS NOTE
• y=Y divided by (X+Y+Z)
CIE STANDARD The values for X, Y, and Z are used to describe
• OBSERVER
z=Z divided by (X+Y+Z)
and locate any color in the XYZ color space. These
Since x+y+z=1, we can always calculate z. So to make things simple, are referred to as CIE Trisimulus Values.
COLOR-MATCHING
only x and y coordinates are used in the chromaticity diagram.
FUNCTIONS
The xyY chromaticity diagram is commonly shown as a two-
CIE LAB COLOR SPACE
Describing Color
COMMUNICATING
COLOR The standard observer and XYZ color space were the foundations of a universal framework for color matching.
DESERT ISLAND However, the unbalanced nature of the XYZ color space made the standards difficult to clearly address. As a
EXPERIMENT result, the CIE developed more uniform color spaces called CIE Lab and CIE Luv. Of these two models, CIE Lab is
most widely used.
MUNSELL HUE, VALUE,
AND CHROMA CIE Lab is based on the opponent color theory that
MUNSELL COLOR states a color cannot be both green and red at the
ORDER SYSTEM same time, nor blue and yellow at the same time.
(Yellow)
As a result, single values, or coordinates can be 90°
OTHER COLOR ORDER
(Lightness)
SYSTEMS used to describe the red/green and blue/yellow
180° 0°
L
attributes. In CIE Lab: (Green) (Red)
Hue
VISUAL COLOR
SYSTEMS • "L" defines lightness (value) 270°
(Blue)
CIE STANDARD • "a" denotes the red/green coordinate
OBSERVER
• "b" denotes the yellow/blue coordinate
COLOR-MATCHING
FUNCTIONS
CIE LAB COLOR SPACE
Summary
1. A. H. Munsell gave names to the color attributes: He named 5. The CIE XYZ system is based on a standard observer, which
"color" Hue, "lightness" Value and "saturation" Chroma. is a hypothetical viewer that represents the averaged
results of a color-matching experiment conducted on many
human observers.
2. Hue is the attribute of color that we describe by the words
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple and so on.
Terms to remember:
3. Value, or lightness, is the quality of color that we describe • Desert island experiment
by the words light and dark. Value describes the apparent • Color space
amount of hue in a color.
• Natural Color System
• CIE XYZ
4. Chroma, or saturation, describes the vividness of a color.
The less gray the color contains, the more chroma it has.
Learning check
1. Which visual color system uses chromaticness, blackness, and
whiteness to describe color? Select the correct answer and click
Submit.
• CIE XYZ color order system
• Natural Color System
• Munsell color order system
2. What is the meaning of "subtractive" in subtractive color?

Select the correct answer and click Submit.
• Human perception of color
• The Munsell color space
• The Natural color space
• The results of the desert island experiment
1.4 Appearance of Color
This lesson discusses how the appearance of color can be affected

by changes in the light source, the object itself, and the observer.
Color Fundamentals > Appearance of Color
Objectives
Identify factors that can cause changes in the appearance of

color
Indicate how changing the light source or object changes

the appearance of color
Define the terms Simultaneous Contrast and Memory Color
Appearence of Color
CHANGING THE LIGHT
CHANGING THE OBJECT CHANGING THE OBSERVER SIMULTANEOUS CONTRAST MEMORY COLORS
SOURCE
Recall that three qualities are needed to describe color. Other factors, such as
light source and surface texture of an object, and the colors of nearby things can
affect the appearance of color. Changes in the light source will change the
appearance of color.
Earlier in this course you learned that different light sources produce different
spectral power curves. Light sources also have different color temperatures,
measured in degrees Kelvin.
KELVIN TEMPERATURE
9000-10 000 °K Shade or heavily overcast

NOTE 6500-8000 °K Overcast sky
5000-6500 °K Sun overhead
The color temperatures of a range of some common
light source are: 5000-5500 °K Flash
• Incandescent—2800K 4000-5000 °K Fluorescent lamps
• Fluorescent—4300K 3000-4000 °K Clear sky
• Daylight—6500K 2500-3500 °K Household light bulb
1000-2500 °K Candlelight
Appearence of Color
CHANGING THE LIGHT
SOURCE
Changes in the object that reflects light will change the apparent color of the object. In imaging, the terms texture, transparency, and
reflectiveness are used to describe the character of media (object).
Objects have the same color under one light source, but different colors under another.
See for yourself!
Apply different light sources to

the image to see the Light 1
differences on the RHEM Light
Indicators (special strips to
detect Metamerism).
Light 2
Reset Example
Light source OK Light source not OK

Appearence of Color
CHANGING THE LIGHT
SOURCE
Changes in the observer will change the appearance of color. Due to the differences in things like color sightedness, age, and
experience no two people "see" exactly the same image.
The following graphic shows how two observers could perceive the same image differently.
Same image, different perception
Observer 1 Observer 2
Appearence of Color
CHANGING THE LIGHT
SOURCE
Example 1 A chromatic adaptation phenomenon called simultaneous contrast causes colors to appear differently
depending on adjacent and surrounding colors.
Despite what seems like an obvious difference in contrast at first, the two boxes are, in fact, the same
Example 2 color.
See for yourself!

Example 3
Check that the purple
dots are the same color
by dragging them out of Drag both purple dots
the example. here
Reset Example
Appearence of Color
CHANGING THE LIGHT
SOURCE
Example 1 Here is another example of chromatic adaptation. The dot in the center of the black area appears to be
white (or very close, depending on your monitor). But on closer inspection, you will discover it is not white
at all.
Example 2 Your perception of color, in this example white, is affected by your eyes and brain adapting to the
interaction of the colors you see.
Example 3
Appearence of Color
CHANGING THE LIGHT
SOURCE
Example 1 In this example of chromatic adaptation, the center of the dot in the lower-left appears to be dark gray
instead of black—its appearance is affected by the surrounding white area.
Example 2
Example 3
Appearence of Color
CHANGING THE LIGHT
SOURCE
Everybody knows that rubber duckies are supposed to be yellow because that's how we remember seeing them.
Colors like this and blue sky and green grass are called memory colors. At first sight, if a memory color appears even slightly different
than it should, the color looks "wrong". But, as your eyes and brain adapt, your memory convinces you that the color appears "right".
Summary
Terms to remember:
1. Factors, such as light source and surface texture of an
object, and the colors of nearby things can affect the • Memory colors
appearance of color. • Color temperatures
2. Changes in the object that reflects light will change the

apparent color of the object.
3. Due to the differences in things like color sightedness, age,

and experience no two people "see" exactly the same
image.
Learning check
1. Which factors can cause changes in the appearance of color? • Because no two people see color exactly the same.
• Changes in the light source • Because different observers produce different spectral power curves.
• Changes in the observer 4. What are memory colors?
• Changes in the object • Colors we "know" from observation experience such as a blue sky, green grass,
and human skin tones.
• Changes in the color system
• Colors that we remember for longer than one hour.
• Simultaneous contrast
• Colors that we see when we close our eyes after staring at a color for a long
2. How does changing the light source change the appearance of color? period of time.
• A light source with a neutral color temperature emits more yellowish • Colors that help us remember important information.
wavelengths.
5. What is simultaneous contrast?
• A light source with a lower color temperature emits more reddish wavelengths.
• A phenomenon that causes colors to appear differently as a result of the
• A light source with a moderate color temperature emits more greenish temperature of the light source.
wavelengths.
• A phenomenon that causes colors to appear differently depending on the
• A light source with a higher color temperature emits more bluish wavelengths. angle of the light source.
3. Why does changing the observer change the appearance of color? • A phenomenon that causes colors to appear differently as a result of past
experiences.
• Changing the observer does not change the appearance of color.
• A phenomenon that causes colors to appear differently depending on adjacent
• Because factors such as age, color viewing experience, and color sightedness and surrounding colors.
differ from person to person.
1.5 Selected issues related to
reproducing color
This lesson discusses how to address some common issues that

can be encountered when using HP color printers.
Color Fundamentals > Selected issues related to reproducing color
Objectives
After completing this lesson you should be able to:
Indicate the purpose of color management
Determine the impact of gamuts in the color management process
Indicate why four-color process printers cannot exactly match

Pantone colors
Match the ColorSmart gamut mapping methods with the elements

they are best applied to
Indicate how different printer languages might affect printed color
Identify why the advertised DPI capability of printers is not a good

measure of print quality
Closed systems
In the recent past, most professional color documents were Benefits Drawbacks
reproduced within "closed" systems. The characteristics of a
typical closed system are:
Closed systems have one extremely strong benefit—closed systems
• The devices are fully integrated and usually supplied by reproduce highly accurate, predictable color. And as closed systems
the same manufacturer. maintain color accuracy and predictability while printing at high speed,
high volume runs are possible.
• The entire system is professionally installed at a single
location.
• The system is tightly monitored and controlled at every
step of the process by color reproduction specialists.
NOTE
DesignJet printers can be used in closed systems.
Closed systems
In the recent past, most professional color documents were Benefits Drawbacks
reproduced within "closed" systems. The characteristics of a
typical closed system are: Closed systems produce great looking, very accurate color, but the high
• The devices are fully integrated and usually supplied by reproduction quality comes at very high cost—tens of thousands of
the same manufacturer. dollars for an entry-level system.
• The entire system is professionally installed at a single And since the entire process takes place at one physical location, all
output, including final output, must remain within the closed system. This
location.
makes the output of any stage untransportable to any other system.
• The system is tightly monitored and controlled at every
step of the process by color reproduction specialists.
NOTE
DesignJet printers can be used in closed systems.
Open systems
Today, desktop publishing is the most widely used form of Benefits Drawbacks
color document processing and reproduction, and is
performed in "open" systems. Characteristics of a typical The benefits of open systems have led to the dramatic rise of desktop
open system are: publishing.
• The design and reproduction of a document is distributed • There is an extremely wide choice of devices in an open system.
across devices from different manufacturers. • The devices can be very inexpensive. A typical entry-level system
• The devices may be geographically separated—located in including a scanner, editing workstation, and color printer can be
different buildings, cities or countries connected by a purchased for under $1,000.00 (US)
network or the Internet. • The systems are relatively
• The people using the devices range from professional easy to install and use, and
designers to entry-level office staff with little or no training require little physical space.
in color document reproduction. • The output from any stage in
an open system process is
transportable to other
systems located anywhere in Camera Monitor
the world for further
processing.
Printer
Open systems
Today, desktop publishing is the most widely used form of Benefits Drawbacks
color document processing and reproduction, and is
performed in "open" systems. Characteristics of a typical While there are many strong benefits to using open systems, there is also
open system are: one severe limitation: Open systems are prone to reproducing highly
• The design and reproduction of a document is distributed unpredictable, inaccurate color. There are a few significant reasons for this:
across devices from different manufacturers.
• The devices may be geographically separated—located in
different buildings, cities or countries connected by a
Tungsten bulb LED
network or the Internet.
• The people using the devices range from professional The devices in open systems have
The devices process color using
different color values.
designers to entry-level office staff with little or no training differently sized and differently
shaped color gamuts.
in color document reproduction.
M R Y
9600K K
6500K
5500K B G
C
The devices are subject to The devices are often not

different viewing conditions. calibrated correctly, if at all.
Open systems issues

When customers call with color issues, it is important to Viewing
Color gamuts Calibration Color values
conditions
understand the reasons why open systems reproduce highly
unpredictable, inaccurate color. The issue is most likely All devices, even devices of the same model, have a different range of
related to one of the following reasons: colors, or “color gamut”, that they can reproduce. That is, a device's gamut
is the range of colors the device is capable of producing.
Typically, the biggest differences exist between devices in the last two
steps of an open system process—display monitors and printers. Monitors
have larger gamuts than printers, and, as a result, might request colors
that a printer is simply incapable of reproducing.
Open systems issues

conditions
unpredictable, inaccurate color. The issue is most likely Scanners and monitors reproduce color using RGB color values, and
related to one of the following reasons: common four-color digital printers reproduce color using CMYK color
values.
In order to be printed, all color values must eventually be converted from
RGB to CMYK. If errors occur during this conversion, inaccurate color
reproduction will result.
The following graphic shows how four-color digital printers reproduce
color using CMYK color values.
Open systems issues

conditions
unpredictable, inaccurate color. The issue is most likely A color document is viewed on a monitor by illumination, and on paper by
related to one of the following reasons: reflectance. The different properties of these two viewing methods cause
color to look different.
In addition, color documents are often viewed under different light
sources, which may change the color so as to be perceived differently.
Incorrect and unnecessary changes in settings are commonly made to
adjust the color based on these perceived differences.
HP DreamColor is an integrated system in which all devices involved in the
capture, design, editing, and printing process use sensor-based, closed-
loop control systems to produce accurate, predictable, and consistent
color from device to device.
Open systems issues

conditions
unpredictable, inaccurate color. The issue is most likely Even if all other factors could be corrected or compensated for, devices
related to one of the following reasons: that are not properly calibrated will cause problems in accurate color
reproduction.
For example, color documents viewed on a monitor that is set at a color
temperature of 9300 Kelvin look different than the same documents
viewed on a monitor set to 6500 Kelvin. Again, this leads to unnecessary
adjustments that effect color reproduction accuracy.
Color management systems

Many open system color reproduction problems can be Color value
CMS Control CMS Function
conversion
overcome by using color management systems (CMS) or
vendor supplied color enhancement tools. A CMS maps CMS resides in the operating system of a computer, and can also be
colors between devices with different color gamuts, such as provided by applications like Adobe Photoshop, Quark and Corel Draw!.
printers and scanners. These color management systems are
By default, the operating system CMS will perform color management
software based and reside in an application, such as Adobe functions unless an application CMS automatically takes control, or the
Photoshop, or the operating system. user manually instructs application CMS to carry out color management.
Most office color reproduction is done using the default color management
of the operating system.

conversion
vendor supplied color enhancement tools. A CMS maps Broadly speaking, color management systems do two things to improve
colors between devices with different color gamuts, such as color reproduction in open systems:
1. Manage the conversion of one device color space, such as the RGB
software based and reside in an application, such as Adobe color space of a scanner or monitor, into the color space of another
Photoshop, or the operating system. device such as a CMYK printer.
2. Perform gamut mapping to compress or clip a larger RGB device gamut
to fit within the smaller CMYK device gamut.

conversion
vendor supplied color enhancement tools. A CMS maps CMS uses CIE Lab or CIE XYZ as common, device independent color spaces
colors between devices with different color gamuts, such as when converting between device dependant RGB and CMYK color spaces.
Because the CIE color spaces contain all the colors of both RGB and CMYK
software based and reside in an application, such as Adobe colors can be translated from one color space to the other with little error.
Photoshop, or the operating system.
For example, the device dependent RGB values of a scanned image are
converted to device independent CIE lab, then from CIE Lab to matching
device dependent CMYK values.
Gamut mapping
Colors in one device's gamut that are not in another device's Gamut clipping Gamut compression
gamut are considered to be out of gamut.
Monitors generally have larger, differently shaped color When gamut clipping is used, out-of-gamut colors are "clipped" away and
gamuts than printers. The difference in size and shape substituted by colors on the edge of the remaining smaller gamut. The
results in colors that are out of gamut from one device to the colors of the larger gamut that fall within the smaller gamuts are shifted,
other. Out-of-gamut colors present a significant problem in but unnoticeably so. Gamut clipping is mostly used when proofing,
emulating other devices, or when the colors need to be as close to the
the color imaging process.
originals as possible. It is generally best for most vector graphics and spot
CIE Lab and CIE XYZ do a good job converting RGB to CMYK, color.
but RGB gamuts are larger than CMYK gamuts, which can Gamut clipping is sometimes referred to as 'colorimetric' mapping.
lead to out-of-gamut colors.
CMS handles out-of-gamut colors through a process called
“gamut mapping” to map, or "stuff", the larger RGB gamut
into the smaller CMYK gamut. There are two general
methods CMS uses for gamut mapping.
NOTE
Recall that a gamut is the unique color space of a device. A device's
gamut is the range of colors the device is capable of reproducing.
Gamut mapping is sometimes referred to as 'rendering intent'.
Gamut mapping
Colors in one device's gamut that are not in another device's Gamut clipping Gamut compression
gamut are considered to be out of gamut.
Monitors generally have larger, differently shaped color When gamut compression is used, all colors of the larger gamut are
gamuts than printers. The difference in size and shape shifted until the out-of-gamut colors fall within the smaller gamut.
results in colors that are out of gamut from one device to the Shifting all colors maintains a more consistent perceptual difference
other. Out-of-gamut colors present a significant problem in among the colors resulting in optimized appearance of printed bitmap
the color imaging process. images.
CIE Lab and CIE XYZ do a good job converting RGB to CMYK, Gamut compression is generally best for bitmap (raster) images, such as
but RGB gamuts are larger than CMYK gamuts, which can photos, as it provides the most natural looking colors.
lead to out-of-gamut colors. Gamut compression is sometimes referred to as 'perceptual' mapping.
CMS handles out-of-gamut colors through a process called
“gamut mapping” to map, or "stuff", the larger RGB gamut
into the smaller CMYK gamut. There are two general
methods CMS uses for gamut mapping.
NOTE
Recall that a gamut is the unique color space of a device. A device's
gamut is the range of colors the device is capable of reproducing.
Gamut mapping is sometimes referred to as 'rendering intent'.
Pantone color matching

Another significant gamut-related issue is reproducing Pantone certified printers Tips for reproducing Pantone colors
Pantone colors in open systems.
The inability of all four-color process printers to accurately "Pantone certified" printers are available that have been through a process
reproduce most Pantone colors is primarily due to where several hundred colors from the printer's gamut have been
differences in gamut. The Pantone color matching system carefully chosen that best approximate Pantone colors. These colors are
uses 17 specialty inks to create its gamut of colors. By provided as a lookup table that can be loaded for use in certain
applications. It should also indicate which percentage of the Pantone
contrast normal four-color printers use only four inks or
tables can be reproduced within specified tolerances.
toners.
It is important to note that the closest match is often substantially
There is no practical way a four-color process can exactly different from the target Pantone.
match of colors reproducible using 17 inks. However, some
printers are "Pantone Certified" to approximate Pantone color
reproduction.
NOTE
“Pantone Certified” only means
that a printer is capable of
closely approximating Pantone
color reproduction.
No CMYK printer can exactly
match Pantone colors.
Pantone color matching

Another significant gamut-related issue is reproducing Pantone certified printers Tips for reproducing Pantone colors
Pantone colors in open systems.
The inability of all four-color process printers to accurately Keep the following in mind when reproducing Pantone colors in open
reproduce most Pantone colors is primarily due to systems:
differences in gamut. The Pantone color matching system 1. Pantone palettes can be found on the World Wide Web, or possibly on
uses 17 specialty inks to create its gamut of colors. By the driver that accompanies the printer.
contrast normal four-color printers use only four inks or 2. TIF and EPS Pantone palette charts can be printed to show how close
toners. the colors match.
There is no practical way a four-color process can exactly 3. Pantone colors must be printed as CMYK values through the PostScript
match of colors reproducible using 17 inks. However, some driver only.
printers are "Pantone Certified" to approximate Pantone color 4. Microsoft Office users can purchase a Pantone color assistant from the
reproduction. pantone company that has the sRGB values of each Pantone color. The
values and colors can be used with PostScript and PCL.
sRGB
An issue that comes up frequently in discussions of color
reproduction in open systems is sRGB - "standard" Red Green
Blue.
sRGB is a universally standard RGB color space developed by
HP and other color imaging leaders. Its purpose is to ease MAGENTA
RED BLUE
the color management process in open systems.
In most cases, color reproduction performed using sRGB will
result in better - not perfect, but better - screen match on WHITE
four-color printers.
YELLOW CYAN
In fact, for the majority of users, the best color results from
HP printers are achieved using sRGB.
GREEN
ICC Profiles and color tables

ICC profiles and color tables are two other important
elements related to color management you might encounter.
An ICC profile is a detailed description of the way a device,
such as a scanner or printer, handles color information.
Computations based on each device's ICC profile are
combined into one overall color table that ensures color
accuracy is maintained from input source to final output.
Generally, ICC profiles are used only by color professionals
who know how and when to use them.
DID YOU KNOW THAT…?

ICC (International Color Consortium) was formed in 1993 by Adobe,
Agfa, Apple, Kodak, Sun Microsystems and Microsoft. Since then,
several of the founding members have left, and others have
become ICC members, including HP.
Languages and applications Original Pantone App #1 App #2 App #3 App #4 App #5 App #6
colors
Printer languages, like PCL and PostScript, and applications

also play a role in color reproduction in open systems.
PCL and PostScript—both supported by HP—have different
methods of handling color information.
PCL is RGB only. Any design work done in a CMYK color space
will be converted to RGB values before being sent to the
printer. This is done differently from application to
application. The PostScript driver must be used to pass CMYK
values to the printer.
Compare these colors to see how the original color can be
In addition, applications can have a major effect on color changed by different applications.
reproduction quality. Some applications automatically alter
color information without telling the user or providing
manual override, while other applications alter color, allow NOTE
manual adjustments, and override control. Corel Draw! always converts everything to CMYK values for PostScript
and RGB for PCL. However, Corel Draw! allows users to send RGB
bitmaps as RGB through the PostScript printer dialogs.
If the user is at all concerned about reproduction quality, a careful look
at what the application does to color information is essential. In many
cases, this information can be found in the application's "help" area.
Dots per inch

One of the biggest issues concerning color reproduction is
dots per inch (dpi).
It is important to know that when manufacturers advertise
dpi numbers like 1200 dpi or 2400 dpi, they are specifying
addressability, which is only one factor in the imaging chain.
Other factors, such as development, transfer, and fusing,
also play significant roles in the overall print quality of an
image.
In fact, it has been clearly demonstrated that HP printers
printing at 600 dpi with ImageREt 2400 produce image
quality equal or superior to printers printing at a claimed
2400 dpi.
The following graphic compares 600 dpi, 2400 dpi, and
Image REt 2400.
ImageREt
HP ImageREt is a print technology developed by HP to deliver
superior print quality by optimizing each element of the print
system.
The techonlogy's foundation comprises key color such as
image enhancements, HP Smart supplies, and high-
resolution imaging, to provide enhanced color.
HP ImageREt is available in a variety of categories that have
been developed for a variety of user needs. There are
currently three categories of HP ImageREt print
technology—ImageREt 2400, HP ImageREt 3600, and HP
ImageREt 4800.
The following graphic compares ImageREt 2400, HP
ImageREt 3600, and HP ImageREt 4800.
Banding issues
Defect definition Diagram Example Corrective action
Dark Line Banding (DLB):

Thin and well-defined lines across the plot,
Calibrate Media Advance
which are darker than the surrounding area.
Dark Light Zone Banding (DLZB):

• Reprint
Thick and diffused bands with changing
• Calibrate Media Advance
lightness.
• Clean printheads
• Calibrate Media Advance

• Change to a different media or
Differential Banding:
replace media roll
Thin and well-defined lines which go from
• Print in Best
darker to lighter than the surrounding area.
• Print IQ reference plot (HP
service level)
Worms:
Thick and diffuse bands with soft and
• Print in Best
irregular waves.
Banding issues
Defect definition Diagram Example Corrective action
Single Band (at top page) : Use cut sheet to avoid curling
Band of different hue/lightness occurring just
once in the plot.
Vertical Banding (Worms): N/A

Bands / lines across the plot in the paper axis
movement direction.
Zone Banding: • Calibrate Media Advance

Bands of different hue/lightness (2 mm thick) • Pen Alignment
repeated all along the plot. More visible in • Print in Plain Super Best or
dark colors. Coated Best/Super Best
Summary
1. Closed systems produce great looking, very accurate color, 6. sRGB is a universally standard RGB color space developed
but the high reproduction quality comes at very high cost. by HP and other color imaging leaders.
2. While open systems provide a wide choice of inexpensive 7. HP ImageREt is a print technology developed by HP to
devices that are easy to install and use, they are also prone deliver superior print quality by optimizing each element of
to reproducing highly unpredictable, inaccurate color. the print system. It is available in a variety of categories
that have been developed for a variety of user needs.
While there is no practical way a four-color process printer can
3. accurately reproduce most Pantone colors, some printers are
"Pantone Certified" to approximate Pantone color reproduction. Terms to remember:
• Pantone colors
4. Colors in one device's gamut that are not in another • Color management systems (CMS)
device's gamut are considered to be out of gamut. • ICC profiles
• Dots per inch (dpi)
5. HP ColorSmart automatically applies the best gamut
mapping method to each element of a page to optimize
text, graphics, and images.
Learning check
1. What is the purpose of color management? • The Pantone color matching system uses 17 specialty inks to create its gamut
of colors.
• It delivers superior print quality by optimizing each element of the print
system. • The Pantone color matching system uses a higher DPI.
• It eliminates quality issues that could occur when using devices that support • Four-color process printers use the sRGB color space, not CMYK.
different DPIs.
4. How do printer languages affect printed color?
• It eliminates color reproduction issues between devices with different color
gamuts. • Printer languages have different methods of handling color information.
• It helps to produce image quality equal or superior to printers printing at a • Not all printer languages support ColorSmart technology.
claimed 2400 dpi.
• Different printers support different DPIs.
2. What impact do gamuts have on color management systems?
• Not all printer languages support ImageREt 2400.
• It indicates the range of colors a device is capable of reproducing.
5. Why is the advertised DPI capability of printers not a good measure
• It standardizes the colors used throughout the world. of print quality?
• It ensures that all devices use the same DPI. • It specifies the fusing capabilities only.
• It ensures that all devices support ImageREt 2400. • It specifies the transfer capabilities only.
3. Why can four-color process printers not exactly match Pantone • It specifies the support color space only.
colors?
• It specifies addressability only.
• Four-color process printers use the CMYK color space, not sRGB.

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Chapter 1.

After completing this course, you should be able to:

Describe the factors that can cause changes in the

Identify visual color systems

How this course works

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

Identify four elements required for color to exist

Identify the range of wavelengths in the visible spectrum

Indicate how different objects treat light

Define a reflectance curve

Human visual system

Detecting color Sun Prism

Spectral curves 150

250 650 250 650

Reflectance curves Reflective objects Transmissive objects

Human visual system 0 0

Human visual system Human spectral sensitivity to color

Reflectance curves Sensitive Cones (RGB)

This lesson explains the basic concepts of mixing primary,

Identify the three additive primaries

Select three types of devices that use additive color

Indicate the results of mixing the additive primaries

Identify the three subtractive primaries

Define the meaning of "subtractive" in subtractive color

Identify the results of mixing the subtractive primaries

Similar to the human visual system, digital devices such as

Drag paint here

In subtractive color: REMEMBER !

The following graphic shows the results of subtractive color CYAN

• Created by subtraction (that is, absorbing) energy at some wavelengths of

2. Mixing equal amounts of all three additive primaries, RGB, • Opaque

3. Combining two primaries at full intensity produces a

4. In subtractive color, light waves from a source are

• Color scanners • All light is subtracted from the CMY wavelengths.

• Color televisions • All light is subtracted from the RGB wavelengths.

Identify visual colors systems

Specify what visual color systems are based on

OTHER COLOR ORDER

CIE LAB COLOR SPACE

OTHER COLOR ORDER

CIE LAB COLOR SPACE

OTHER COLOR ORDER

CIE LAB COLOR SPACE

OTHER COLOR ORDER

CIE LAB COLOR SPACE

OTHER COLOR ORDER See for yourself!

VISUAL COLOR Focus your sight on the central

CIE LAB COLOR SPACE

OTHER COLOR ORDER

VISUAL COLOR X=13.47

CIE LAB COLOR SPACE

CIE LAB COLOR SPACE

• CIE XYZ color order system

• Natural Color System

• Munsell color order system

2. What is the meaning of "subtractive" in subtractive color?

• The Munsell color space

• The Natural color space

• The results of the desert island experiment

This lesson discusses how the appearance of color can be affected

Identify factors that can cause changes in the appearance of

Indicate how changing the light source or object changes

Define the terms Simultaneous Contrast and Memory Color

9000-10 000 °K Shade or heavily overcast