LEVEL OF COMPLIANCE OF CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS TOWARDS THE

DISCIPLINARY PROGRAM IMPLEMENTED BY THE

CCJE IN PHINMA ARAULLO UNIVERSITY

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of

The College of Criminal Justice Education

PHINMA Araullo University

Cabanatuan City

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirement for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

By:

Abuan, Ralph Danielle S.

Agustin, Alaissa L.

Cortez, Kurt Vincent Andrei M.

Manaog, Queenzy S.

Naron, Aldessa Marie M.

Simbulan, Gerly D.
 CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Setting

Introduction

The use of discipline is a popular phenomenon in the school system. Disciplinary

Programs engage and assist students in understanding appropriate student behaviors to

attain meaningful and respectable interaction with one another in the school community.

It educates students about expected conduct and present potential consequences for

failing to adhere to such expectations.

According to Owan (2012), the goal of discipline is to teach students to be in

control of themselves and to choose socially and morally responsible behavior because it

is the right thing to do, not because of fear of punishment or hope of reward. However,

many students perceive or react to the management of discipline differently.

Furthermore, Porter (2020), stated that level of student's compliance to school

rules were not consistent but rather dynamic and influenced by a combination of factors.

Students' compliance involves adherence to school and classroom rules and the teacher’s

instructions. This includes students behaving in a manner appropriate to the school

environment, respecting other students and teachers and following directions. While

Overton and Sullivan (2018), define non-compliance in different forms such as not

adhering to school's proper attire, proper haircut, disobedience to teachers and

misconduct, tardiness, vandalism and the like.

In South Africa, Botha et al. (2006), have developed a School Disciplinary Policy

to inform the broader school community of the disciplinary code of the school and to
establish the rules and procedures to guide disciplinary action. It is the policy of Curro

Holdings Ltd to support the principles of fair discipline and the consistent application of

appropriate, corrective and progressive disciplinary measures where necessary. The

policy and procedures are documented and issued to ensure that corrective action and

discipline are administered consistently, promptly and fairly. This policy must be read in

conjunction with the school's Code of Conduct.

Meanwhile in United Kingdom, Staffordshire University is known for its hands-

on approach to criminology education. Philips (2017), the head of the Staffordshire

University, developed Student Disciplinary Procedures to inform students of the

procedures for investigating breaches of discipline, of the rights of students when

undergoing the procedures and of the penalties which can be imposed. Penalties could

include (but are not limited to: Exclusion temporarily, or in serious cases, permanently

from the School; Restricting access to specific facilities for a fixed period; Making a

financial charge for damage caused; Imposing a fine; Requiring a written apology;

Issuing a warning with conditions; Adding a note to a student's academic record which

may be made available to potential employers who request references for the student.

Even in the Philippines, Disciplinary Programs have been made and implemented.

In Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts and Sciences Inc, approved by De Jesus (2022),

the school administrator, the College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE) Department

proposed policies and guidelines that, implements strict discipline to the entire CCJE

department. It includes proper wearing of prescribed school uniform; proper haircut for

men and proper fixing of hair for women while inside the campus; prohibited wearing of

earrings for men, nose ring, body tattoos, short pants, sando, reap jeans and house
slippers. Male Criminology students should have a clean face not having a mustache or a

beard or both and Female Criminology Students should not wear any make-up within the

school campus. Both male and female Criminology students should not have hairs

colored except for black. The Criminology students should perform the proper SOP of

courtesy in entering inside the classroom, the CCJE office or any other office found

within the school campus.

Meanwhile in the locale setting of the study, stated in the General Provisions of

KALASAG (Criminology Handbook), as part of the disciplinary program implemented

by the CCJE, all criminology students from second to fourth year received must have

criminology handbook. KALASAG is intended to provide essential information on the

policies, guidelines, and procedures that govern their academic and non-academic

activities within the College of Criminal Justice Education. It contains important

information on academic requirements, disciplinary procedures, and other relevant

matters that directly affect their academic performance and personal conduct. The

policies, guidelines, implementation, and equivalent sanctions related to academic and

non-academic activities are outlined in this manual. Students are expected to read and

familiarize themselves with the contents of this manual, and to comply with all the rules

and regulations set forth herein. Failure to comply with the provisions of this manual may

result in disciplinary action, which may include but is not limited to, suspension,

expulsion, or revocation of academic privileges.

However, a third year criminology student (2023), from PHINMA Araullo

University claimed that certain criminology students don't adhere to the handbook's

guidelines for proper conduct, gestures, and attire.

 The purpose of this study is to ascertain how well criminology students comply to

the department's disciplinary policy. The researchers hope to learn more about the factors

influencing the students' compliance levels and make recommendations for program

improvements to encourage high levels of disciplinary program adherence among

criminology students. This kind of program is important, especially for criminology

students, as discipline is the most vital thing for future law enforcement personnel.

The Setting of the Study

The province of Neva Ecija is divided into four congressional districts comprising

27 municipalities and 5 cities. According to Gov. Ph, it has a population of 2,310,134.

The province of Nueva Ecija is one of the top producers of agricultural products in

Central Luzon. The province is nationally recognized as the Rice Granary of the

Philippines. Geographically, Nueva Ecija shares borders with the provinces of Bulacan,

Pampanga, Tarlac, Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya, and Aurora. That is because Nueva Ecija

is home to a broad plantation of rice and beautiful landscapes. Furthermore, there are

many historical landmarks to visit and attractions to explore.

Cabanatuan, officially the City of Cabanatuan, is a 1st class component in the

province of Nueva Ecija. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 327,325

people, making it the most populous city in Nueva Ecija and the fifth-most populous in

Central Luzon. It then remained the Capital of Nueva Ecija until 1965. Cabanatuan City

is popular to be known as the "Tricycle Capital of the Philippines". PHINMA Araullo

University is a tertiary educational institution with campuses located in Cabanatuan in

Nueva Ecija that offers quality and affordable education. PHINMA AU is one of the nine-

member schools under the PHINMA Education system. What started as a simple law
school in 1950 is now a major educational institution that provides basic, tertiary

education and professional studies to Novo Ecijanos. It is now the largest private school

in province, having three campuses located in Cabanatuan City and San Jose namely

Main Campus, South Campus and San Jose Campus. Main Campus is located at

Maharlika Highway, Barangay Bitas, Cabanatuan City, 3100 Nueva Ecija. While South

Campus is located at Maharlika Highway, Barangay H. Concepcion Sr., Cabanatuan City,

3100, Nueva Ecija and the San Jose Campus at 112 Rizal St., Barangay Canuto Ramos,

San Jose City, 3121, Nueva Ecija.

To further illustrate the setting of the study, figure 1 represents the map where the

study will be conducted.

 Figure 1.1

Map of the setting of the study

 Figure 1.2

Map of the setting of the study

 Figure 1.3

Map of the setting of the study

Conceptual Framework

The purpose of the study is to determine the level of compliance of criminology

students towards the disciplinary program implemented by the CCJE in PHINMA Araullo

University. The study will also determine the Factors affecting the level of compliance of

Criminology Students towards the Disciplinary Program Implemented by the CCJE in

PHINMA Araullo University.

To further discuss the study's conceptual framework, figure 2 presents the

paradigm, the input, the process, and the output. The input deals with identifying the

profile of the respondents, determining the level of compliance of criminology students

towards the disciplinary program and assessing the factors affecting the level of

compliance of Criminology Students towards the Disciplinary Program Implemented by

the CCJE in PHINMA Araullo University.

Moreover, the process deals with the method that will be employed by the

researchers in gathering data for the study. It includes the conduct of interview,

distribution of questionnaire checklists, collection of data, tabulation of data, use of

statistical treatment of data, evaluation of data, interpretation of data, and presentation of

data. And lastly, the output is the program enhancement that may be proposed to get

criminology students to adhere to the disciplinary program at a high level.

 Input Process Output

• Identifying the
profile of the • Conduct of
interview
respondents
* Distribution of
• Determining the • Propose
questionnaire
level of compliance checklists enhancement
of criminology • Collection of program get
students towards the data
disciplinary program criminology
• Tabulation of
data students to
• Assessing the
* Use of statistical
factors affecting the adhere to the
treatment of data
level of compliance
• Evaluation of disciplinary
of Criminology data
program at a
Students towards the
* Interpretation of
Disciplinary Program data high level.
Implemented by the
• Presentation of
CCJE in PHINMA data
Araullo University.

Feedback

Figure 2.

Paradigm of the study

Statement of the Problem

 The study aims to determine the level of compliance of criminology students

towards the disciplinary program implemented by the CCJE in PHINMA Araullo

University.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following sub-problems:

1. How may the profile of the respondents be described in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender;

1.3 Civil Status;

1.4 Year Level; and

1.5 Campus?

2. What is the level of compliance of criminology students towards the disciplinary

program implemented by the CCJE in PHINMA- Araullo University?

3. What are the factors affecting the level of compliance of criminology students towards

the disciplinary program implemented by the CCJE in PHINMA -Araullo University?

4. Based on the on the findings of the study, what program enhancement may be

proposed to get criminology students to adhere to the disciplinary program at a high

level?

Significance of the Study

 The study focuses on the level of compliance of Criminology Students Towards

the Disciplinary Program Implemented by the CCJE in PHINMA- Araullo University.

Moreover, the results of the study will be beneficial to the following:

School Administrators. This study will be helpful to come up with rules and regulations

that are more effective and efficient in discipline enhancement in terms of the level of

compliance among students.

CCJE Department. This study will serve as a guideline for enhancement and

improvement when it comes to the level of compliance of criminology students towards

the disciplinary programs implemented by the CCJE department;

CCJE Faculty and Staff. This will serve as a guide and reference for faculty members to

improve the level of compliance of criminology students towards the disciplinary

programs implemented by the CCJE;

Criminology Students. They will gain more understanding about the policies,

procedures, and guidelines of the school as well as the compliance's required for the

disciplinary programs run by the CCJE.;

Future Researchers. Through the study, this will serve as a guide and reference with

similar suit topics to develop and improve their research.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

 The study focuses on the factors affecting the level of compliance of criminology

students towards the disciplinary program implemented by the CCJE in PHINMA Araullo

University. The respondents of the study are 450 criminology students from second year

to fourth year; 150 students from Main Campus, 150 students from South Campus and

150 students from San Jose Campus through the use of random sampling method. This

study uses descriptive-survey methods of research and a checklist questionnaire as the

main instruments in gathering the needed data for its completion. This study is limited to

the profile of the respondents, level of compliance of the respondents towards the

disciplinary program and factors affecting level of compliance of criminology students

toward the disciplinary program.

The study will be conducted for a period of two (2) semesters, from August 2023

to February 2024.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined

operationally:

Behavior - It refers to the response of an individual or the way in which someone

conducts oneself with regards to the disciplinary program.

College of Criminal Justice Education - It refers to a department or college in Phinma

Araullo University that offers Criminology course.

Criminology Students - Refers to second year, third year and fourth year students who

are taking up Bachelor of Science in Criminology at Phinma Araullo University, and as

the respondents of the study.

Disciplinary Program - Refers to CCJE's program which outlines the proper conduct,

rules and guidelines for criminology students.

Discipline - Refers to the practice of being able to behave and work in a controlled way

which involves obeying rules or standards.

Fraternity - Refers to the organizations outside the school that the Criminology students

belongs to.

Implementation - The act of enforcing rules stated in the disciplinary program

implemented by the CCJE.

KALASAG - It refers to the criminology handbook that provides essential information

on the policies, guidelines, and procedures that govern the academic and non-academic

activities within the College of Criminal Justice Education.

Level of Compliance - It refers to the measure of how well the disciplinary program

implemented by the CCJE is being followed.

Main Campus - One of the three campuses of PHINMA Araullo University in Nueva

Ecija located in Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Bitas, Cabanatuan City.

Program - A plan under which action may be taken toward a goal.

Rules - Refers to specific guideline or instructions stated in the Disciplinary Program.

San Jose Campus - One of the three campuses of PHINMA Araullo University in Nueva

Ecija located in Rizal St., Barangay Canuto Ramos, San Jose City.

South Campus - One of the three campuses of PHINMA Araullo University in Nueva

Ecija located in Maharlika Highway, Barangay H. Concepcion Sr., Cabanatuan City .

Teachers - Instructors under the CCJE in PHINMA Araullo University.

 CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter confines the review of related literature and studies that give

relevance to the content of the study.

Foreign Literature

According to Online Etymology Dictionary (2020), the word "discipline"

originates from the Latin word disciplina meaning “instruction given, teaching, learning,

knowledge” and from the Latin discipulus meaning “pupil. Although its definition varies

depending on the context, in the abstract form, discipline is often described as “the

practice of making people obey rules or standards of behaviour and punishing them when

they do not”.

Similarly, Ara (2013), defines "discipline" as means of teaching acceptable

behaviours and unlearning maladaptive behaviours with support, guidance and direction.

It is about setting limits, clarifying roles, responsibilities, and mutual expectations and

creating a predictable, orderly and stable life. In line with the famous quote, “choices

have consequences”.Not observing or practicing discipline should result in some form of

corrective measures.

Meanwhile, Onderi and Odera (2012), in their journal entitled "Discipline as a

tool for effective school management", stated that in all institutions of learning, discipline

is very important because it trains students to develop responsible behavior leading to

self-disciplined person. Discipline exposes students to the art of self-control. It exposes

them to ways of handling the challenges and obligations of living and equips them with
the personal strength needed to meet the demands imposed by the school and later in

adult responsibility.

However, in the book entitled "SCHOOL DISCIPLINE AND DISRUPTIVE

CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR: The Moderating Effects of Student Perceptions" Way

(2016), stated that, in recent decades, schools have been implementing more restrictive

and punitive disciplinary policies. Normative perspectives suggest that compliance

depends upon commitment to rules and authority, including perceptions of fairness and

legitimacy. Perceptions of fairness also predict lower disruptions, the effects are mediated

by positive teacher-student relations. Contrary to the deterrence framework, more school

rules and higher perceived strictness predicts more, not less, disruptive behavior. In

addition, a significant interaction effect suggests that attending schools with more severe

punishments may have the unintended consequence of generating defiance among certain

youth.

In addition, according to Bishop et. al (2022), in the literature review entitled

"Literature Review— School Discipline", ineffective discipline practices that punish

students harshly – like suspensions, alternative school placements, corporal punishment,

referrals to law enforcement, and expulsions are incredibly harmful to students. Students

can fall behind academically, face social and emotional consequences, disengage from

school, and lose trust in the adults tasked with educating and protecting them.

Furthermore, traditionally underserved students are more likely to face harsh

punishments and resulting negative consequences.

Local Literature

In connection to The Philippine Constitution 1987, Article XIV, Sec. 3, that

requires all institutions to be responsible for shaping the behavior of students under

their care, Sarmiento (2009), stated that since the 1987 Constitution mandates “all

educational institutions to teach the right and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical

and spiritual values, develop moral character and personal discipline,” institutions are

allowed to promulgate reasonable norms and rules of discipline to protect these

objectives. If the school personnel assess that a student illustrates unacceptable behavior

as observed by the faculty members or school administrators, the students may

possibly be given appropriate due process that might result to disciplinary sanctions.

Moreover, According to CHED Memorandum Order No. 09, regarding Enhanced

Policies and Guidelines on Student Affairs and Services, student discipline refers to the

judicious implementation of institutional rules and regulations governing student

behavior and conduct. The Higher Education Institutions shall have gender and disability

sensitive rules and regulations formulated in consultation with students and faculty, and

published in a student manual that is accessible and disseminated to students including

students with disabilities, faculty and concurred in by parents. The rules and regulations

define appropriate student conduct and prescribe sanctions for misconduct such as but not

limited to acts of vandalism, exaggerated utterances, irresponsible and libelous statements

and other negative acts of militancy that threaten peace and order and private and public

properties inside and outside the HEls. A discipline committee shall be established in all

HEIs to ensure due process in dealing with student misconduct. There shall be timely

mechanisms to address student grievance.

 In Kalinga State University, as part of CCJE's manual (2012), every KSU student

must value and exercise self-discipline, respect to fellow students, faculty members and

staff and administration. They must conduct themselves in class or in the campus with the

norms of good behavior, decent in manners and appearance, and courteous in speech at

all times to earn due respect. Every KSU students must be responsible to know,

understand and comply with the contents of the handbook, memoranda, circulars,

announcements, letter, notices, and directives for students as may be regularly posted

and/or disseminated by KSU authorities. Offenses such as non-wearing of validated ID,

non-wearing of prescribed school uniform/attires, wearing of tattered clothes, coming to

school with long hair (for male students), using someone's ID, using invalid ID

(tampered, with mutilated picture) and wearing of earrings by male students are strictly

prohibited.

Meanwhile, stated in Professional Academy of the Philippines' student manual

(2022), criminology students shall follow their department rules and regulations in

accordance with the school policies. Students shall at all times be courteous, respectful

and orderly in their behavior. They shall at all times be neat, clean and decent in their

clothing and appearance. Offenses such as Improper uniform including no I.D, Smoking

of cigarettes, tobacco & "vaping" inside the campus and outside near the school vicinity

while wearing the school uniform and school ID, and using any language or commit any

act that is disrespectful, indecent, and vulgar or which in any manner may cause an unjust

vexation, molestation or annoyance to other students, faculty members, employees or

officials of the school administration are strictly prohibited.

 Moreover, in PHINMA Araullo university "KALASAG" Criminology Handbook

(2023), second year to fourth year Criminology students are strictly required to adhere to

the rules and regulations stated in the handbook. These includes wearing of proper attire

or uniforms together with identification cards and college pins at all times, following

appropriate haircut and not wearing unprescribed accessories, conduct proper side-

stepping and saluting towards upperclassmen and CCJE faculty members, addressing

upperclassmen using respectful titles such as "Ma'am/Sir" as stated in the principle of

seniority, not wearing any material bearing the seal of any fraternity or sorority and

following correct procedures before starting the class, after class and upon entering the

CCJE office. Failure to comply with the provisions of this manual may result in

disciplinary action, which may include but is not limited to, suspension, expulsion, or

revocation of academic privileges.

According to Baynosa (2015), in his journal entitled "Criminology Student's

Discipline", factors associated to the discipline of the Criminology students of Northern

Negros State College of Science and Technology, Sagay City were school environment,

home environment, and peer groups. The prevalent disciplinary problem among

Criminology students are fraternity, teacher's instructions and haircut. School

environment and the home environment are very strong factors associated with the

discipline of the Criminology students. The respondent who graduated in the public

school is less discipline when it comes to home environment and peer groups on the other

hand respondents who graduated in private school is well discipline on both variables.

Foreign Studies
 In the study of Hesampour (2015), entitled" Effective Factors in Student's

Adherence to University Dress Code Policy" results showed that there are certain reasons

why students don't usually adhere to University Dress Code Policy. Based on the study,

the most compelling reason why students do not wear uniforms is because of their

discomfort. Many students dislike wearing uniforms and may feel constrained and

uncomfortable throughout the day. Study revealed wearing of uniforms lead to discomfort

and distraction during the school day.

However, Monozov (2012), in his study entitled "Fraternity Stereotypes and their

Impact on Student Academic Evaluations", revealed that, faculty members are likely to

form negative impressions about fraternity members. These negative impressions can

then lead to biased, unfair treatment and evaluation of such students. This is based on the

discovery that simply mentioning fraternity membership in the written statement resulted

in different scores on academic measures and personality traits. In fact, the applicant who

was a member of a non-Greek social organization, as mentioned in the written statement,

received a class grade average of 3.57 versus 3.14 grade average assigned to an identical

applicant whose only difference was found in one sentence of the written statement,

which claimed membership in a Greek-organization. The study suggested that, wearing or

bearing of any Fraternity’s insignia's and trademarks including, but not limited to, the

Fraternity’s name and Greek letters, the badge, Coat of Arms, Fraternity shirt, grand seal,

candidate token and flag should be prohibited inside the school.

Meanwhile, in the study of Boulton et. al (2015), entitled "Personal Grooming

(beyond hygiene): A Grounded Theory Study" the result of the study revealed that the

strict implementation of proper hairstyle in school premises limit self-expression by

restricting hairstyle choices. This can lead to a loss of confidence. Grooming policies can

limit the student's ability to express their individuality and personality. As a result,

forcing students to wear haircut against their will may lead to hate against the school,

teachers, and even parents.

Moreover, the study entitled "Student Disciplinary Challenges in Obuasi

Secondary Technical School: The Perspective of Teachers", by Benewaa (2020) ,

revealed that most frequently selected responses regarding disciplinary problem were

showing insubordination to school authority and dress code violation. The interview

responses highlighted several concerns the types of disciplinary problems have on the

school, one teacher said that "The indecent dressing as a result of the current fashion style

has made students to dress badly to school. Students resort to altering their school

uniforms to make them look more appealing." Another teacher said that "Not being

addressed properly as their teacher has an impact on my morale on my authority".

According to Fekadu (2019), in her study entitled "Assessing the Impact of

School Rules and Regulations on Students’ Perception Toward Promoting Good

Behavior", concluded that having less and negative perception about school rules can

lead to a low percentage of compliance. The findings of her study shows that around

33.1% of the students have a negative perception of school rules and regulations. This

leads to non compliance to such basic rules and procedures like wearing of school

uniform, wearing of identification cards, vandalism, absenteeism, disrespect to school

authority and the like. The results also showed that punishments are an effective method

of remediating individual misbehavior and therefore improving school order. However,

punishment can be ineffective when it is unfair and inconsistent..

 However, Ajah et. al (2022) in their study entitled "Perception of School

Discipline and Compliance with Rules and Regulations Among Public University

Students in Cross River State Nigeria" the results showed that the level of students’

compliance to rules and regulations among the students in university is significantly high.

They also concluded that individuals’ perception of school discipline are different, so do

their compliance with school rules and regulations. They proposed that Universities need

to work on determining their students’ perceptions to make them consistent with the

expectations of the school, the students, and the larger society as a whole.

Local Studies

According to Mack and Reyes-Chua (2019), in their study entitled "An

Evaluation of Student Discipline of Emilio Aguinaldo College – Cavite: A Basis for

Continual Improvement", in Emilio Aguinaldo College-Cavite, based on their data

gathered, it is found out that the highest offenses incurred by the students are offense

number one, not in proper uniform with the highest frequency of 757 or 66.4%, followed

by 283 or 24.8% students not wearing their ID, 15 or 1.3% shows disrespect to school

authorities and 4 or 0.4% for cross-dressing.

Similarly, in the study of Espinosa (2020), entitled "Implementing School

Disciplinary Program through Participatory Action Research Approach", showed that the

compliance in the school disciplinary rules and regulations were not highly met,

especially for the five following areas: attendance; general behavior guidelines; substance

use; uniform guidelines; and use of facilities. The following were inappropriate

behaviors of the students that were being reported to the office of prefect of discipline,

such as: wearing of colored shoes, colored hair, incomplete uniform, not wearing of ID,
and inappropriate conduct towards peers and faculties. For a reason that majority of the

students did not own a school handbook, they are not well-versed in it. Espinosa (2020)

came to the conclusion that in order for students to properly comprehend to the policy,

the student handbook must be required, and it must be read. A better understanding of the

school rules would increase the effectiveness of rules in promoting good behavior of

students. Students should have enough understanding about school rules and regulations

to exercise easy and effective implementations. He added that, students must be oriented

at the start of the school year to further clarify policies and procedures.

However, in the study of Santos and Marasigan (2021), entitled "Dress Code

Policy Adherence and Self-Discipline of University Students", with an overall Weighted

Mean = 2.94 and a Standard Deviation = 0.92, it is implied that the respondents have high

level of compliance in dress code policy. The respondents could have mixed feelings

about the dress code. Most notably, the positive feeling is confidence and honour, while

the negative feeling can be a restriction on self-expression. Nevertheless, the positive

outweighs the negative when it comes to college student’s attitudes, resulting in a high

level of dress code policy adherence.

Meanwhile, in the study of Chavez (2017), entitled "Relation of Students’

Awareness of School Rules and Regulations to Institutional Discipline", results form the

survey showed that faculty members reminding the students on school policies were able

to get the highest mean of 4.03 with an interpretation of effective. The data only show

that faculty members could be of big help in disseminating the rules and regulations of

the school in order to prevent occurrence of violations.

 Furthermore, Layson (2015), in his study entitled "Criminology Student's

Discipline", stated that the school environment and the home environment are very strong

factors associated with the discipline of the Criminology students. Creating more

connections and greater cooperation among the school, family, and community contexts

may be one way for schools to improve student behavior and school discipline. It is also

be considered that the peers or the students wherein an individual gets to interact should

be complying to rules and regulations of the school for it contributes how he behaves and

reacts to certain situations. The peer group has powerful effect on human conduct and can

have a dramatic influence on decision making and behavior choices.

 CHAPTER 3

Methods and Procedures

This chapter presents the research method use in the conduct of the investigation.

It also outlines the population and sampling scheme, description of the respondents,

research instruments, validation of instruments, procedures in the collection of data and

statistical treatment of data.

Research Method

The researchers will utilize the descriptive-survey type since the study aims to

determine the level of compliance of criminology students towards the disciplinary

program implemented by the CCJE in PHINMA Araullo University. This type of research

design provides a detailed and accurate picture of the characteristics and behaviors of a

particular population or subject. By observing and collecting data on a given topic,

descriptive research helps researchers gain a deeper understanding of a specific issue and

provides valuable insights that can inform future studies (Sirisilla, 2023).

According to McCombes (2019), descriptive research focuses to accurately and

systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. He also stated that a

descriptive research design can use a wide variety of quantitative and qualitative methods

to investigate one or more variables. Unlike in experimental research, the researcher does

not control or manipulate any of the variables, but only observes and measures them.
 Descriptive research does not manipulate variables or test hypotheses; instead, it

describes the traits of the group, circumstance, or phenomenon being studied. Since it is

the most suitable method for conducting the research, the descriptive method of research

will therefore be used in the study.

Respondents

The respondents of the study are a total of four hundred fifty (450) criminology

students from different campuses of PHINMA Araullo University located in Nueva Ecija.

The breakdown of respondents include one hundred fifty (150) criminology students

from PHINMA Araullo University Main Campus, one hundred fifty (150) criminology

students from PHINMA Araullo University South Campus and one hundred fifty (150)

criminology students from PHINMA Araullo University San Jose Campus. The

researchers choose criminology students from different campuses because they have the

basis on the knowledge and information about the disciplinary program implemented by

the CCJE in PHINMA Araullo University. For that reason, the researchers believed that

the chosen respondents, such as the criminology students from PHINMA Araullo

University are able to provide the data required for the study.

Sampling Method

Simple Random Sampling will be used by the researchers in determining the

samples. Simple Random Sampling is a type of probability sampling in which the

researcher randomly selects a subset of participants from a population. A simple random

sample is a randomly selected subset of the population. Every member of the population

in this sampling method has an equal chance of getting chosen (Thomas, 2020).
 A simple random sample is a small, random portion of the entire population to

represent the entire data set, where each member has an equal probability of being

chosen. Researchers select a simple random sample to make generalizations about a

population (Hayes, 2023).

The researchers choose criminology students as respondents because they are

familiar with the problem that is the objective of this study. Researchers believe that by

using this sampling technique during their research, both reliable and unbiased

conclusions will be drawn.

Research Instrument

In this study, the researchers will conduct an initial survey using a researcher-

made questionnaire checklist that will be formulated with the help of research adviser.

The questionnaire-checklist will be the main tool that the researchers will be using in

gathering of data for the study. It is a research instrument consisting of a series of items

for the purpose of gathering information from the respondents. The draft of the

questionnaire was drawn out based on the researcher's readings, previous studies,

professional literature and published thesis relevant to the study. The said instrument will

be composed of series of questions such as the socio-demographic profile of the

respondents, the level of compliance of criminology students towards disciplinary

program and factors affecting the level of compliance of the students.

To obtain the data needed to answer the specific problems in the study, a

questionnaire checklist will utilize. The following steps will utilize in the construction

and validation of the questionnaire.

Profile of the Respondents

This instrument will be used to describe the profile of the three (3) groups of

respondents in terms of age, gender, civil status, year level and campus.

Level of compliance of criminology students towards the disciplinary program

implemented by the CCJE in PHINMA Araullo University

This was composed of six (6) Item checklist that deals in the level of compliance

of criminology students towards the disciplinary program implemented by the CCJE in

PHINMA Araullo University

The responses on each items will be evaluated using the Likert’s Scale Scoring as

shown below:

Scale Numerical Equivalent Interpretation

4 3.26-4.00 Highly Complied (HC)

3 2.51-3.25 Complied (C)

2 1.76-2.50 Slightly Complied (SC)

1 1.00-1.75 Not Complied (NC)

Determining the actors affecting the level of compliance of criminology students

towards the disciplinary program implemented by the CCJE in PHINMA Araullo

University
 This was composed of six (6) item checklist that deals with how the respondents

deal with the affecting the level of compliance of criminology students towards the

disciplinary program implemented by the CCJE in PHINMA Araullo University.

The responses on each items will be evaluated using the Likert's Scale

Scoring as shown below:

Scale Numerical Equivalent Interpretation

4 3.26-4.00 Strongly Agree (SA)

3 2.51-3.25 Agree (A)

2 1.76-2.50 Disagree (DA)

1 1.00-1.75 Strongly Disagree (SD)

To further support the questionnaire checklist, the researchers will conduct an

interview questionnaire that will identify the factors affecting the perception of

criminology students towards the disciplinary program implemented by the CCJE in

PHINMA Araullo University.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers formulate a title and present it to their research teacher. The

researcher will also ask permission for approval of this research study through a series of

recommendations and healthy criticism from the panelist and also, with the help of the

research adviser. The researchers will be presented their study along with the draft of the
questionnaire checklist. All the corrections, comments, and suggestions in this study will

consider by the researcher to improve their study. For the actual survey, the researchers

will present a letter to the Dean and Program Heads of CCJE in PHINMA Araullo

University in every respective campuses for their approval to distribute the questionnaire

checklist to the respondents.

Upon obtaining the approval to conduct the study, the researcher will inform the

participants the nature and importance of the study and will give them instructions in

answering the questionnaire checklist. The participants will be given enough time to

answer. Afterwards, the researchers will retrieve the questionnaire checklist to the

respondents then tally the data, tabulate the data, use statistical treatment of data, for

them to have their conclusions and present their recommendations.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data that will be gathered, collated, evaluated and analyzed by means of the

following statistical treatments:

1. Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents.

Socio-demographic refer to a combination of social and demographic factors that

define people in a specific group or population. In other words, when we talk about

socio-demographic, we mean different social and demographic features help us know

what members of a group have in common. In general, organizations and researchers use

various data collection methods, including interviews, surveys, and observation

techniques, to gather socio-demographic data from a mapped-out sample. By stringing

this data correctly and interpreting it correctly, they can discover patterns in consumer

preferences and behaviors (Formplus Blog, 2023).

Frequency distribution.

This was used by categorizing and tabulating the frequency of each occurrence.

Frequency distribution is an organized tabulation/graphical representation of the number

of individuals in each category on the scale of measurement. In this way, the table

summarizes he distribution of values in the sample.

Percentage.

This was used to get the proportion of a part of the whole.

Formula:

(%) = ___f___ X 100

(%) = Percent of frequency

% = Percent of frequency

Where: f = Frequency

N = Total of Respondents

2. For the level of compliance of criminology students towards the disciplinary

program implemented by the CJE in PHINMA Araullo University, the following

statistical formula was used:

Weighted mean. This was used by multiplying the weight (or probability)

associated with a particular event or outcome with its associated quantitative outcome
and then summing all the products together. It is very useful when calculating a

theoretically expected outcome where each outcome has a different probability of

occurring, which is the key feature that distinguishes the weighted mean from the

arithmetic mean.

Formula:

WM = TWF

Where:

WM = Weighted Mean

TWF = Total Weighted Formula

N = Total number of respondents

3. On factors affecting the level of compliance of criminology students towards the

disciplinary program implemented by the CJE in PHINMA Araullo University, the

following statistical formula was used:

Weighted mean. This was used by multiplying the weight (or probability)

associated with a particular event or outcome with its associated quantitative outcome

and then summing all the products together. It is very useful when calculating a

theoretically expected outcome where each outcome has a different probability of

occurring, which is the key feature that distinguishes the weighted mean from the

arithmetic mean.

Formula:

WM = TWF

N
 Where:

WM = Weighted Mean

TWF = Total Weighted Formula

N = Total number of respondents

Ranking

This statistical treatment was also utilized to discuss positional advantages. The

ranking is the placement of an item in a category of more or less that the same item. It

simply says that one is higher than the other.

 Questionnaire Checklist

Level of Compliance of Criminology Students towards the Disciplinary Program

Implemented by the CCJE in PHINMA-Araullo University

Part I. Profile of the Respondents

Instruction: Please answer the following items by putting a check mark (/) and answer on
the appropriate space provided. Kindly answer all the following items.

1.1 Age
__ 18 to 20 years old

__ 21 to 23 years old

__ 24 to 26 years old

__ Others (please specify)

1.2 Gender

__ Female

__ Male

1.3Year Level

__ 2nd year

__ 3rd year

__ 4th year

1.4 Civil Status

__Single
 __Married
__Separated
1.5 Campus?

__ Main

__ South

__ San Jose

Part II. Level of Compliance of Criminology Students towards the Disciplinary Program

Implemented by the CCJE in PHINMAAraullo University.

Instructions: Below you will find the statements that describe the Level of Compliance of

Criminology Students towards the Disciplinary Program Implemented by the CCJE in PHINMA

Araullo University. Please select the number by putting a check mark (/) that corresponds to your

agreeableness to the statement related to your

experience/perception.

Scale Verbal Interpretation

(4) Highly Complied (HC)
(3) Complied (C)

(2) Slightly Complied (SC)

(1) Not Complied (NC)

Suggested statements 4 3 2 1

2.1. Wearing of proper attire or uniform including

university pins set forth by the disciplinary program
2.2 Follows appropriate haircut and avoids wearing
unprescribed accessories.

2.3. Conduct proper side-stepping and saluting towards

upperclassmen and CCJE faculty members.

2.4. Addressing upperclassmen using respectful titles

such as "Ma'am/Sir" as stated in the principle of
seniority.
2.5. Not wearing any material bearing the seal of any
fraternity or sorority.
2.6. Follows correct procedures before starting the
class, after class and upon entering the CCJE office.

Part III. Factors affecting the Level of Compliance of Criminology Students towards the

Disciplinary Program Implemented by the CCJE in PHINMA Araullo

University?

Instructions: Below you will find the statements that describe the Factors affecting the

Level of Compliance of Criminology Students towards the Disciplinary Program Implemented by

the CCJE in PHINMA Araullo University. Please select the number by putting a check mark (/) that

corresponds to your agreeableness to the

statement related to your experience/perception.

Scale Verbal Interpretation

(4) Strongly Agree (SA)
(3) Agree (A)
(2) Strongly Disagree (SD)
(1) Disagree (D)

Suggested statements 4 3 2 1
3.1 Wearing of proper uniform and university pins lead to
discomfort and distraction during the school day.

3.2.Prescribed haircut and hairstyle limit the student's

ability to express their individuality and personality.

3.3. Proper side stepping and saluting prepares them for

their chosen career path as law enforcers.
3.4. Criminology student receives frequent reminders
from their peers about using respectful titles such as
"Ma'am/Sir" to show respect to teachers and seniors.
3.5. Criminology student doesn't involve in any fraternity
or sorority.
3.6. Criminology student receives frequent reminders
from their teachers about the correct procedures before
starting the class, after class and upon entering the CCJE
office.

Thank you for your Participation!