Lesson 3.3-3.

4 -Precipitation Σ A1 P 1
P AVE =
CHARACTERISTIC Σ A1
Isohyetal method—In this method, the
Depth-as it helps us understand the amount of point rainfalls are plotted on a suitable base
precipitation in a given area over a specific period. map
Duration-to the length of time rainfall occurs. Σ A1−2 P 1−2
P AVE =
Σ A1−2
Intensity- defined as the time rate of rainfall depth
and is commonly given in the units of millimeters
T WO POINT
per hour P1+ P 2
P1−2=
2
Frequency- specifically, the return period refers to
how often rainfall occurs Summation of two area is A

Lesson 3.6 missing data

Vertical Depth- that would accumulate on a level
surface if the precipitation remained where it fell. Causes of Missing Data
Hyetograph-a graphical representation of the  Malfunctioning of precipitation gage
distribution of rainfall intensity over time. and/or related equipment
 Effect of natural hazards
DIFFERENT TYPE OF RAIN GAUGES  Sabotage (terrorism)
NON-RECORDING  Human related problems

Symon’s rain gauge-It consists of a funnel with a METHONDS-

circular rim of 12.7 cm diameter and a glass bottle
as a receiver.
RECORDING
Tipping bucket rain gauge- This consists of a
cylindrical receiver 30 cm diameter with a funnel
inside
Weighing type rain gauge.- when acertain weight
of rainfallis collected in a tank,
Float type rain gauge.- as the rain is collected in
a float chamber,
AUTOMATIC-RADIO-REPORTING RAIN-GAUGE-
used in mountainous areas, which are not easily
accessible
AUTOMATIC RAIN-GAUGE- observe rainfall
amount every 10 minutes and automatically send
the data to a collection server.
RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging)- useful in
locating precipitation and estimate its intensity and
in determining the center of tropical cyclones.
LESSON 3.5 POINT RAINFALL
MEASUREMENTS
POINT RAINFALL- It is the rainfall at a single
station.
 Arithmetic average method—simply
averaging arithmetically the amounts of
rainfall
Σ P1
P AVE =
n Ratio= Slope 2 / Slope 1
 Thiessen polygon method—to allow for
non-uniform distribution of gauges by
providing a weighting factor for each gauge.
 statistical analysis
 time series analysis,
 neural networks,
 spatial analysis, etc.
 Station-year method—records of two or
more stations
PA Pb
=
a . a . r . A a . a .r .b
 ARITHMETIC MEAN-According to the
arithmetic mean method, the missing
precipitation Px
i=2
1
PX= ∑ P1
n i=1
 Normal ratio method- Where Px is the
missing precipitation for any storm at the
interpolation station x, “Pi”
i=2
1 N
PX= ∑ X P1
n i=1 N 1
Lesson 3.7 DOUBLE MASS ANALYSIS
Double mass analysis- This method compares the
cumulative annual (or alternatively, seasonal)
values of station X with those of a reference station.
Step 1: table (year, stn x, Stn Ave)
Step 2: Cumalative Stn. X and Stn. Ave (iplupls
lang Y1 + Y2 +Y3…)
Step 3: kunin ang ratio
Sloper 1 = Given sa tapat ng year kung saan
lumiko Cum Stn X– 0 / Given sa tapat ng year kung
saan lumiko Cum Stn X Ave -0
Sloper 2 = End - Given sa tapat ng year kung saan
lumiko Cum Stn X/ End- Given sa tapat ng year
kung saan lumiko Cum Stn X Ave -0
Step 4: adjust. stn X = original STN. X times Ratio
Step 5: Cumulative of Adjusted STN X
plus the adj. Stn. X copy the Cum STn. Ave
Step 6: aarx = total of adj Stn. X over years