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Macroeconomics, 11e (Gordon)
Chapter 8 Inflation: Its Causes and Cures
1) Continuous inflation in the long run requires repeated ________ shifts of the AD curve caused by a
continuous increase in the ________.
A) leftward; government expenditures
B) rightward; nominal money supply
C) inward; nominal money supply
D) None of the above, inflation is primarily a supply side phenomenon.
Answer: B
Question Status: Previous Edition
2) Continuous inflation requires repeated ________ shifts of the SAS curve, accompanied by continuous
________ of price expectations.
A) leftward; upward adjustments
B) rightward; downward adjustments
C) inward; downward adjustments
D) None of the above, inflation is primarily a demand side phenomenon.
Answer: A
3) After a period of sustained unexpected inflation, it is likely that the renegotiation of nominal wages will
A) shift the SAS curve downward thereby increasing output.
B) shift the SAS curve upward thereby increasing output.
C) shift the SAS curve upward thereby decreasing output.
D) shift the AD curve downward thereby increasing output.
Answer: C
4) The short-run SAS curve is positively sloped because as

A) AD increases, mark-ups are increased, indicating variable mark-up pricing.
B) SAS increases, mark-ups are increased, indicating variable mark-up pricing.
C) AD increases, raw materials prices set by auction tend to rise.
D) A and C are both correct.
Answer: D
5) Suppose that members of Congress and the President believe that the natural rate of unemployment is 2%
but in fact it is 6%, and employing fiscal policy they increase AD each time unemployment rises above 2%.
The underestimation of the natural rate combined with adaptive expectations will
A) lead to continuous inflation by shifts in both AD and SAS.
B) lead to a continuous inflation by a shift in only AD.
C) lead to a continuous inflation by a shift in only SAS.
D) lead to continuous increases in output and unemployment.
Answer: A
1
6) When the expected rate of inflation falls, the short-run Phillips Curve
A) shifts upward.
B) shifts downward.
C) remains unaffected.
D) becomes vertical.
Answer: B
7) In constructing the short-run Phillips Curve, SP,

A) real wages are fixed.
B) nominal wages are renegotiated.
C) nominal wages are fixed.
D) raw materials prices are fixed.
Answer: C
8) Each SP curve is drawn assuming

A) Pe as embodied in wage contracts is "fixed."
B) Pe and prices are rigid.
C) Pe and real wages are rigid.
D) None of the above.
Answer: A
9) The slope of the SP curve is determined in large part by the

A) rate of increase in mark-ups.
B) the slope of the LP curve.
C) the level of Pe.
D) the level of fixed real wage.
Answer: A
10) When the actual inflation rate is equal to the expected inflation rate the economy will be ________ and the SP
curve will ________.
A) in long-run equilibrium; shift upward
B) in disequilibrium, at an output level less than the natural rate of output; shift upward
C) in short-run equilibrium; shift upward
D) in short- and long-run equilibrium; be stable
Answer: D
11) Suppose that the government enforced a law which required employers to adjust nominal wages monthly by
the previous month's CPI. The short-run SAS curve would shift ________ and the SP curve would be
________.
A) gradually; stable
B) rapidly; unstable
C) continuously; flat
D) slowly; steep
Answer: B
2
12) An acceleration of nominal GDP growth from, say 4% to 6% will
A) permanently raise the rate of inflation.
B) temporarily lower the rate of inflation.
C) leave real GDP unaffected in the long run.
D) Both A and C.
Answer: D
13) If expectations are adaptive it means that the expected rate of inflation
A) depends on the observed rate of inflation.
B) depends on one's previously expected rate of inflation.
C) will be rising when inflation is rising.
D) All of the above are accurate statements about adaptive expectations.
Answer: D
14) All points on the SP curve (but not on the LP line) share the characteristic that the economy is not in the long-
run equilibrium because
A) price level is constantly increasing faster than nominal wage rate.
B) wage contracts failed to anticipate inflation correctly.
C) wage contracts failed to specify in advance the wage increases necessary to keep up with inflation.
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
15) The slope of the SP curve depends on

A) how business changes its markups when output varies.
B) whether the expansionary force in the economy is coming through monetary policy or fiscal policy.
C) the percentage of GDP that is sold on auction markets.
D) Both A and C.
Answer: D
16) The variable p(e) represents

A) the inflation rate that workers expect during the current period.
B) the price level that workers believe will exist during the next year.
C) the inflation rate that both workers and firms expected at the time of the last contract negotiation.
D) the difference between the inflation rate expected this year and the actual rate of inflation.
Answer: C
17) The short-run Phillips Curve gives

A) the actual short-run level of real GDP and inflation.
B) all possible combinations of real GDP and inflation, for a given set of expectations.
C) all possible combinations of real GDP and inflation, for fully adjusted expectations.
D) the response of real GDP and inflation to supply shocks.
Answer: B
3
18) The rate of inflation will be permanently reduced provided
A) the rate of monetary growth is permanently reduced.
B) the government balances the budget.
C) people behave rationally.
D) there is a Pigou effect.
Answer: A
19) If actual real GDP (Q) is permanently greater than natural real GDP (YN)
A) the economy is off its short-run Phillips Curve.
B) the actual rate of inflation must be less than the expected rate.
C) the economy is on its long-run Phillips Curve.
D) there must be a continuous acceleration of inflation.
Answer: D
20) The flatter the SP curve

A) the greater will be the shift in the SP.
B) the greater will be the change in inflation and the smaller will be the change in real GDP for any given
change in nominal GDP growth.
C) the greater will be the change in real GDP and the smaller will be the change in inflation for any given
change in nominal GDP growth.
D) the greater will be the growth of nominal GDP.
Answer: C
21) The short-run equilibrium of inflation and real GDP

A) depends only on the rate of growth of the money supply.
B) occurs where expected inflation equals actual inflation.
C) depends only on the rate of growth of nominal GDP.
D) None of these.
Answer: D
22) An increase in the rate of growth of nominal GNP

A) will cause a greater increase in real GNP the lower the rate of inflation.
B) will cause a smaller increase in real GNP the lower the rate of inflation.
C) will shift the SP curve upward.
D) will shift the SP curve downward.
Answer: A
23) The growth of nominal GDP

A) can be broken down into the growth of the price level times the growth of real GDP.
B) is equal to the index of prices times the level of real GDP.
C) can be broken down into the growth of money supply plus the growth of velocity.
D) is the same as the growth of aggregate supply.
Answer: C
4
24) If the inflation rate is 10% and nominal GDP growth is 8% then real GDP must have
A) increased by 2%.
B) decreased by 18%.
C) decreased by 2%.
D) increased by 18%.
Answer: C
25) Which of the following does NOT affect nominal GDP?

A) tax rate
B) foreign exchange rate
C) nominal money supply
D) expected inflation rate
Answer: D
26) If nominal GDP growth has accelerated permanently (assuming Y(N), is constant)
A) real GDP must keep growing until the growth rate of nominal GDP equals the inflation rate.
B) real GDP will increase by the same percentage that nominal GDP increased.
C) real GDP must keep growing until the rate of growth of real GDP equals the inflation rate.
D) the level of real GDP will be permanently increased.
Answer: A
27) Which of the following are reasons why rational workers and firms may form their expectations by looking
backward rather than forward?
A) the existence of long-term wage and price agreements would prevent actual inflation from responding
immediately to an acceleration in nominal GDP
B) if in the past acceleration in nominal GDP has caused inflation, then a current acceleration might be
expected to increase inflation
C) people may have no reason to believe that the acceleration in GDP growth will be permanent
D) Both A and B.
Answer: D
28) If people completely adjust for any error in their estimation of this period's inflation rate
A) the expected rate of inflation must be higher next period.
B) the expected rate of inflation must be lower next period.
C) the actual rate of inflation will be higher next period.
D) next period's expected inflation will be the same as this period's actual inflation.
Answer: D
29) Which of the following "theories" of the formation of expectations are discussed by Gordon?
A) menu costs, markup, and wage efficiency theories
B) forward and backward-looking theories
C) economic, sociological, and political science theories
Answer: B
5
30) Lucas's idea of information barriers as applied to the formation of inflation expectations is an example of
A) forward-looking expectations.
B) backward-looking expectations.
C) adaptive expectations.
D) irrational expectations.
Answer: A
31) Backward-looking expectations could be classified as a ________ theory.

A) proactive
B) reactive
C) first proactive then a reactive
Answer: B
32) Backward-looking expectations may reasonably describe actual behavior because

A) changes in inflation rates or price levels are often temporary.
B) changes in inflation rates or price levels are often permanent.
C) the speed of adjustment of prices and wages is difficult to estimate since contract negotiators have
perfect information about negotiations in other industries.
D) Both A and C.
Answer: A
33) If firms have only a weak tendency to raise markups during cyclical expansions, or if there are only a few
auction markets in raw materials, then
A) the SP curve will be relatively flat and a "cold-turkey" cure for inflation will be relatively quick.
B) the SP curve will be relatively flat and a "cold-turkey" cure for inflation will be long lasting.
C) the SP curve will be relatively steep and a "cold-turkey" cure for inflation will be relatively quick.
D) the SP curve will be relatively steep and a "cold-turkey" cure for inflation will be long lasting.
Answer: B
34) The long-run Phillips Curve is

A) horizontal at the level of expected inflation p(e).
B) vertical at the natural level of Y/Y(n) = 100.
C) dependent on price expectations.
D) dependent on the rate of inflation.
Answer: B
35) In order for the economy to be in long-run equilibrium

A) price expectations must be accurate.
B) the economy is on an SP curve.
C) y = p.
Answer: D
6
Figure 8-1
36) Everywhere to the left of the long-run Phillips Curve as in the figure above
A) actual inflation is less than expected inflation and the expected inflation rate will be reduced.
B) actual inflation is less than expected inflation and the expected inflation rate will be raised.
C) actual inflation is greater than expected inflation and the expected inflation rate will be raised.
D) actual inflation is greater than expected inflation and the expected inflation rate will be reduced.
Answer: A
37) In the figure above, suppose that the economy traces the path E 0 to E1 to E1'. We might conclude that
________ fiscal or monetary policy shifted the AD curve with price expectation first ________ then ________.
A) expansionary; constant; revised upward
B) expansionary; revised upward; constant
C) contractionary; revised upward; constant
D) contractionary; constant; revised downward
Answer: A
38) Everywhere to the right of the long-run Phillips Curve

A) actual inflation is less than expected inflation and the expected inflation rate will be reduced.
B) actual inflation is less than expected inflation and the expected inflation rate will be raised.
C) actual inflation is greater than expected inflation and the expected inflation rate will be raised.
D) actual inflation is greater than expected inflation and the expected inflation rate will be reduced.
Answer: A
39) In response to a rapid deceleration in the growth rate of nominal GDP in the early 1980s,
A) inflation declined slowly, thus giving empirical support to the proponents of the adaptive expectations
approach.
B) inflation declined slower than the deceleration in nominal GDP and real output actually declined.
C) inflation declined slower than the deceleration in nominal GDP and the output ratio actually declined.
D) All of the above are correct.
Answer: D
7
40) Stagflation may be explained by
A) an upward shift in the SP curve.
B) a downward shift in the SP curve.
C) a stagnating level of AD.
D) a stagnating level of SAS.
Answer: A
41) The success or failure of economic policy with regard to the twin goals may be measured by the
A) stagflation rate.
B) unemployment rate.
C) change in the output ratio.
D) inflation rate.
Answer: C
42) As the output rises above 100%, unemployment

A) falls and inflation rises.
B) rises and inflation falls.
C) and inflation rise.
D) and inflation fall.
Answer: B
43) As the output ratio falls below 100%, unemployment

A) falls and inflation rises.
B) rises and inflation falls.
C) and inflation rise.
D) and inflation fall.
Answer: B
44) Assuming adaptive expectations, a "cold turkey" reduction in AD by policymakers will initially reduce
A) output but not inflation.
B) inflation but not output.
C) output less than inflation.
D) both output and inflation.
Answer: D
45) If the SP curve is steep then monetary and fiscal policy will have a ________ effect on inflation and a
________ effect on unemployment.
A) large; large
B) large; small
C) small; large
D) small; small
Answer: B
8
46) According to Gordon an upward shift in the SAS curve caused by a renegotiation of nominal wages is
A) supply inflation since the SAS curve shifted.
B) not supply inflation since the required change in nominal wages is the result of past change in AD and
pe.
C) natural since the SAS curve shifted.
D) a permanent acceleration of inflation.
Answer: B
47) "Supply inflation" is caused by

A) exogenous disturbances such as fiscal policy.
B) changes in business costs unrelated to prior changes in nominal GDP.
C) changes in business costs related to prior changes in nominal GDP.
D) shocks such as labor negotiations.
Answer: B
48) An adverse supply shock will shift the short-run Phillips Curve
A) outward to the right.
B) downward to the right.
C) upward to the left.
D) upward to the right.
Answer: C
49) A beneficial supply shock will shift the short-run Phillips Curve
A) inward to the left.
B) downward to the right.
C) upward to the left.
D) downward to the left.
Answer: B
50) A once-and-for-all increase in the price of a raw material, such as crude oil, will
A) not be inflationary, because this is, simply, "high prices".
B) have a short-run inflationary effect and reduces employment.
C) have no effect on inflation because this is the price of a raw material, not a final good.
D) both A and C are correct
Answer: B
51) If the government raises the growth of nominal GDP in response to a supply shock
A) inflation will decelerate and unemployment will fall.
B) inflation will accelerate and unemployment will worsen.
C) employment can be maintained so long as expectations are unaffected by the supply shock.
D) none of these results follow an increase in the growth of nominal GDP
Answer: C
9
52) Which of the following will shift the short-run Phillips Curve?
A) supply shocks
B) price controls
C) removal of price controls
D) All of the above are correct.
Answer: D
53) The effect of a supply shock on inflation and real GDP

A) depends on the initial expected rate of inflation.
B) depends on the response in the growth of nominal GDP.
C) depends on the level of natural real GDP.
D) both A and B are correct
Answer: B
54) In the short-run, the impact of an adverse supply shock is to

A) reduce real GDP and increase the inflation rate if the growth of nominal GDP remains the same.
B) reduce real GDP and leave the inflation rate unchanged if the growth of nominal GDP is reduced
enough.
C) maintain the same level of real GDP and increase the inflation rate if the growth of nominal GDP is
increase enough.
D) All of the above
Answer: D
55) In the short-run, the impact of an adverse supply shock is to

A) reduce real GDP and leave the inflation rate unchanged if the growth of nominal GDP remains the
same.
B) reduce real GDP and leave the inflation rate unchanged if the growth of nominal GDP is reduced
enough.
C) maintain the same level of real GDP and reduce the inflation rate if the growth of nominal GDP is
increase enough.
D) All of the above
Answer: B
56) Confronted with an adverse supply shock, an economy with rigid wages and prices would suffer
A) an increase in output and inflation.
B) a decrease in output and increase in inflation.
C) an increase in output and decrease in inflation.
D) a decrease in output only.
Answer: D
57) Confronted with an adverse supply shock, an economy with rigid wages but flexible prices would suffer
A) an increase in output and inflation.
B) a decrease in output and increase in inflation.
C) an increase in output and decrease in inflation.
D) a decrease in output only.
Answer: B
10
58) If price controls are initiated, we would expect that
A) unemployment will rise in the short-run.
B) the short-run rate of inflation will be unchanged.
C) the rate of inflation will accelerate in the short-run.
D) the rate of inflation will fall in the short-run.
Answer: D
59) The imposition of price controls can be expected to

A) raise the natural rate of output and reduce unemployment.
B) raise unemployment in the short-run but decrease it in the long-run.
C) raise employment in the long-run, but reduce unemployment in the short-run.
D) raise employment in the short-run, but create market dislocations in other sectors.
Answer: D
60) The effects of a supply shock on employment can be moderated in the short-run by
A) an appropriate acceleration in nominal GDP growth.
B) an appropriate deceleration of nominal GDP growth.
C) price controls.
D) both A and C would moderate the effects of a supply shock
Answer: D
61) An accommodating policy response to a supply shock

A) reduces the expected inflation rate.
B) maintains a fixed growth rate of nominal GDP.
C) eliminates the additional inflation caused by the supply shock.
D) none of these
Answer: D
62) An extinguishing policy response to a supply shock

A) attempts to keep real GDP from changing.
B) is one that maintains a fixed growth of real GDP.
C) changes the expected inflation rate.
D) causes a downward shift in the SP curve.
Answer: D
63) Given an adverse supply shock, an "extinguishing policy response" will

A) maintain the inflation rate and the output ratio.
B) lower the inflation rate and the output ratio.
C) raise the inflation rate and the output ratio.
D) maintain the inflation rate but lower the output ratio.
Answer: D
11
Figure 8-2
64) In the figure above, a policy that maintains nominal GDP growth in the advent of an adverse supply shock is
a(n)
A) extinguishing policy; M.
B) neutral policy; L.
C) accommodating policy; N.
D) incomes policy; N.
Answer: B
65) In the figure above, a policy that maintains the level of real GDP in the advent of an adverse supply shock is
a(n)
A) extinguishing policy; M.
B) neutral policy; L.
C) price-control policy; N.
D) accommodating policy; N.
Answer: D
66) If there is a permanent adverse supply shock

A) the rate of inflation can be held constant if real wages are kept from falling.
B) an extinguishing policy will produce an acceleration of inflation.
C) the level of employment at the natural level of real GDP will remain constant only if the labor supply
curve is vertical.
D) the natural level of real GDP will remain the same if the supply curve of labor is vertical.
Answer: C
67) If there is a permanent adverse supply shock

A) the rate of inflation can be held constant if real wages are kept from falling.
B) an extinguishing policy will produce an acceleration of inflation.
C) the level of employment at the natural level of real GDP will remain constant only if the labor supply
curve is upward sloping to the right.
D) a policy of accommodation at the original natural level of real GDP is not possible without an
acceleration of inflation.
Answer: D
12
Figure 8-3
68) Employing Figure above and assuming the nominal money supply is not altered, a permanent adverse
supply side shock puts ________ pressure on nominal wages during renegotiation provided ________.
A) no; the reduction in the natural real GDP Y N to Y1 is exactly offset by the fall in goods demanded due
to the rise in the price level
B) downward; the reduction in the real GDP YN to Y2 is exactly offset by the fall in goods demanded due
to the rise in the price level
C) upward; the reduction in the natural real GDP is exactly offset by the fall in goods demanded due to
the rise in the price level
D) no; since the natural real GDP does not change
Answer: A
69) Suppose that an adverse supply shock causes downward pressure on nominal wages and unemployment to
increase. If the Fed increases the money supply to stimulate AD and restore output to its previous level
(assuming no change in the labor supply) a(n)
A) one time increase in prices will result.
B) inflationary spiral will begin if the real GDP has been reduced.
C) increase in the real GDP will follow.
D) All of the above
Answer: B
70) Suppose that a country's workers are universally protected by COLA's and an adverse SAS shock, occurs.
After wage and price adjustments, ceteris paribus, we find
A) output falls dramatically and unemployment rises.
B) real wages decline and unemployment rises.
C) real wages rise and unemployment falls.
D) none of the above
Answer: A
71) Can monetary policy maintain a constant price level when confronted with the effects of an adverse supply
shock?
A) Yes, if the economy is characterized by real and/or nominal wage rigidity
B) No, if the economy is characterized by real and/or nominal wage rigidity
C) Yes, if the economy is characterized by continuous renegotiation
D) No, if the economy is characterized by overlapping contracts
Answer: B
13
72) Given an adverse supply shock, an "accommodating policy" will
D) maintain the output ratio but allow inflation to increase.
Answer: D
73) Given an adverse supply shock, a "neutral policy" will

D) maintain the inflation rate but lower the output ratio.
Answer: C
74) The existence of COLA's in an economy will introduce

A) real wage rigidity and shift the LP curve.
B) real wage rigidity and shift the SP curve.
C) nominal wage rigidity and shift the SP curves.
D) nominal wage rigidity and shift the LP curve.
Answer: B
75) The statement, "With a permanent adverse supply shock, the government should engage in extinguishing
policy changes," is true only if
A) the social costs of higher inflation are small and less than the social cost of less output.
B) the social costs of lost output are less than the social cost of permanently.
C) accommodating policy is impossible to conduct.
D) neutral policy is impossible to conduct.
Answer: B
14
Figure 8-4
76) Employing Figure above in the time periods t0 to t1, and t4 to t5 real GNP is ________; from t1 to t2, t3 to t4,
and beyond t5 real GNP is ________.
A) decreasing; decreasing
B) increasing; decreasing
C) increasing; increasing
D) decreasing; increasing
Answer: D
77) If there is a supply shock and there are full protection COLAs
A) the Fed must reduce the money supply and follow an extinguishing policy to prevent an inflationary
spiral.
B) the Fed must increase the money supply and follow an extinguishing policy to prevent an inflationary
spiral.
C) the Fed must reduce the money supply and follow an accommodating policy to prevent an inflationary
spiral.
D) the Fed must increase the money supply and follow an accommodating policy to prevent an
inflationary spiral.
Answer: A
78) The aggravation of inflation and unemployment as a result of a supply shock

A) is unavoidable and is referred to as the direct effect of an adverse supply shock.
B) is called the indirect effect of an adverse supply shock.
C) is a subsequent result of following an accommodating policy.
D) can be avoided if expansionary fiscal policy is initiated when the shock occurs.
Answer: B
79) Inflation is a ________ increase in the price level and it can be produced if the AD curve shifts up ________.
A) continuous, continuously
B) continuous, either once or continuously
C) one-shot, once but only once
D) one-shot, either once or continuously
Answer: A
15
80) In Chapter 8, the SAS curve is upward-sloping. One assumption that justifies this is that
A) that natural real GDP never exceeds actual real GDP.
B) that wage rates adjust instantaneously.
C) the use of long-term wage agreements.
Answer: C
81) A rising nominal wage causes

A) upward movement along the SAS curve.
B) downward movement along the SAS curve.
C) a downward shift of the SAS curve.
D) an upward shift of the SAS curve.
Answer: D
82) From an initial AD/SAS/LAS equilibrium with price and wage index numbers of 1.00 and an output index
number of 100, suppose a new SAS curve must be drawn for a wage level of 1.03. Applying a general rule for
drawing SAS curves, it goes through the
A) current AD curve at Y = 103.
B) current AD curve at P = 1.03.
C) LAS curve at Y = 103.
D) LAS curve at P = 1.03.
Answer: D
Figure 8-5
83) In the figure above, from initial point A in the top diagram AD 0 shifts to AD1, while the nominal wage
remains constant. Short-run equilibrium occurs at point
A) G.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
E) F.
Answer: B
16
84) In the figure above, from initial point A in the top diagram AD 0 shifts to AD1, while at the same time the
nominal wage rises by 5 percent. Short-run equilibrium occurs at point
A) G.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
E) F.
Answer: D
85) In the figure above, the wage rate attached to SAS 1 is

A) 1.10.
B) between 1.05 and 1.10.
C) 1.05.
D) 1.00.
Answer: C
86) In the figure above, if we move from points A to B to C in the top diagram, this is translated to the bottom
diagram as a move from points
A) A to J and back to A.
B) A to J.
C) A to H.
D) A to J to H.
E) A to H and back to A.
Answer: B
87) In the figure above, from point B suppose the nominal wage rises by 5 percent while aggregate demand
remains constant. As a result we
A) move to point C.
B) move to point D.
C) move to point F.
D) move to point A.
E) remain at point B.
Answer: B
88) In the figure above, in going from points A to B the real wage ________, and then from point B to point C
(where the exact price level is 1.1025, rounded to 1.10 in the diagram) the real wage ________.
A) rose, remained constant
B) rose, rose again
C) fell, remained constant
D) fell, fell again
E) remained constant, remained constant
Answer: C
17
89) In the figure above, a crucial assumption that goes into positioning the SP curve in the bottom diagram is
that
A) the wage rate is 1.00.
B) expected inflation is zero.
C) expected inflation is 5 percent.
D) the AD curve is AD1.
E) the shift of AD1 to AD2 will be repeated continuously.
Answer: B
90) At every current AD/SAS equilibrium point to the right of the LAS curve, the price level is ________ than
that expected on average and figured into the wage contracts in force, and thus there is pressure on the SAS
curve to shift ________ with wage renegotiations.
A) greater, upward
B) greater, downward
C) less, upward
D) less, downward
Answer: A
91) At every current AD/SAS equilibrium point to the left of the LAS curve, the price level is ________ than that
expected on average and figured into the wage contracts in force, and thus there is pressure on the SAS curve
to shift ________ with wage renegotiations.
A) greater, upward
B) greater, downward
C) less, upward
D) less, downward
Answer: D
92) Suppose than successive AD/SAS equilibrium points run up a vertical line to the right of the LAS curve. It
must be the case that inflation is ________ the average expected inflation figured into the wage contracts in
force, which allows output to ________ the natural GDP.
A) greater than, remain below
B) greater than, remain above
C) less than, remain below
D) less than, remain above
E) equal to, be maintained at
Answer: B
93) When the expected inflation rate is 5 percent, we know to draw the short-run Phillips Curve through the
A) horizontal axis at Y = 105.
B) horizontal axis at P = 1.05.
C) long-run Phillips Curve at P = 1.05.
D) long-run Phillips Curve at p = 5.
Answer: D
18
94) Along the SP curve with expected inflation of 4 percent, we are below the natural GDP when
A) inflation falls below 4 percent.
B) inflation rises above 4 percent.
C) expected inflation falls below 4 percent.
D) expected inflation rises above 4 percent.
Answer: A
95) Along the SP curve with expected inflation of 6 percent, we are above the natural GDP when
A) inflation falls below 6 percent.
B) inflation rises above 6 percent.
C) expected inflation falls below 6 percent.
D) expected inflation rises above 6 percent.
Answer: B
96) A rise in expected inflation causes

A) the SP curve to shift upward.
B) the SP curve to shift downward.
C) a movement upward along the SP curve.
D) a movement downward along the SP curve.
Answer: A
97) The SP curve shifts downward when

A) the average wage rate falls.
B) the average wage rate rises.
C) expected inflation falls.
D) expected inflation rises.
Answer: C
98) The economy is in long-run equilibrium

A) at any point along the current SP curve.
B) where the current SP curve intersects the LP line.
C) at any point along the SP curve for zero expected inflation.
D) only where the SP curve for zero expected inflation intersects the LP line.
Answer: B
99) At any point on the current SP curve that is to the right of the LP line, actual inflation is ________ than
expected, which leads to wage renegotiations that shift SP ________.
A) lower, upward
B) lower, downward
C) higher, upward
D) higher, downward
Answer: C
19
100) The "long-run Phillips Curve" is the set of points for which
A) expected inflation is zero.
B) expected inflation is equal to actual inflation.
C) actual inflation is zero.
D) actual inflation is equal to expected inflation plus the growth rate of nominal wages.
E) actual inflation is equal to expected inflation minus the growth rate of nominal wages.
Answer: B
101) Compared to an economy with staggered overlapping wage contracts, an economy in which wage contracts
are renegotiated simultaneously will tend to have
A) steeper SP curves.
B) flatter SP curves.
C) faster shifting of its SP curves.
D) slower shifting of its SP curves.
Answer: C
102) Natural real GDP is the rate of output produced by the amount of labor hired when
A) inflation is zero.
B) inflation is expected to be zero.
C) inflation is both zero and is expected to be zero.
D) being correctly anticipated.
Answer: D
103) The LP curve shifts when

A) the natural real GDP changes.
B) expected inflation changes.
C) output deviates from the natural real GDP.
D) actual inflation changes.
Answer: A
104) From an initial situation where P = 1.00 and Y = 100, 6 percent nominal GDP growth that causes P to go to
1.02 also causes Y to go to
A) 98.
B) 112.
C) 103.
D) 104.
Answer: D
105) From an initial situation where P = 1.00 and Y = 100, 6 percent nominal GDP growth that causes P to go to
1.10 also causes Y to go to
A) 116.
B) 104.
C) 96.
D) 94.
Answer: C
20
106) Whenever x exceeds p,
A) y must be positive.
B) y must be negative.
C) Y must be above YN.
D) Y must be below YN.
Answer: A
107) For real output to remain constant

A) x must be zero.
B) p must be zero.
C) x and p must both be zero.
D) p must equal x.
E) x must equal -p.
Answer: D
108) From a long-run equilibrium with p = pe = 0, suppose x rises to 6. If initially pe remains at zero and p rises to
4, Y becomes
A) 110.
B) 102.
C) 98.
D) 96.
Answer: B
109) Suppose expected inflation is fixed at zero and we are on the SP curve with p = 2 and Y = 104. If nominal
GDP rises (again) by 6 percent
A) the SP curve must now shift up.
B) we must move off the SP curve to where p = 6 and Y = 104.
C) we must slide northeast further up the SP curve.
D) we must move off the SP curve to where p = 2 and Y = 110.
Answer: C
110) From a long-run equilibrium with p = pe = 0, suppose x rises permanently to 8 and pe never rises from zero.
The economy will come to rest
A) on its LP curve with p = 8.
B) at p = 0 and Y = 108.
C) back at p = 0 and Y = 100.
D) on its SP curve at p = 8.
E) on its SP curve at p = 4 and Y = 104.
Answer: D
111) Suppose we are on the economy's SP curve for pe = 0. Currently x = p = 7. We cannot be in long-run
equilibrium because this long-run equilibrium conditions is being violated:
A) p must equal zero.
B) y must equal zero.
C) x must equal zero.
D) p must equal pe.
Answer: D
21
112) If nominal GDP growth in an economy is a constant 7 percent, the economy's long-run equilibrium is at Y
equal to ________ with inflation of ________.
A) 100, zero
B) 100, 7 percent
C) 107, zero
D) 107, 7 percent
E) 103.5, 3.5 percent
Answer: B
113) In the SP/LP model it is possible to have all short-run equilibrium points run along the LP line if we employ
the assumption of ________ expectations.
A) backward-looking
B) forward-looking
C) adaptive
D) extrapolative
Answer: B
114) Using a model of the economy's structure to estimate the future behavior of a variable is the procedure we
assume is being followed under ________ expectations.
A) backward-looking
B) forward-looking
C) adaptive
D) extrapolative
Answer: B
115) The existence of staggered overlapping wage contracts makes the assumption of backward-looking
expectations ________ reasonable since wages and prices tend to adjust ________ to changes in nominal GDP.
A) less, quickly
B) less, gradually
C) more, quickly
D) more, gradually
Answer: D
116) "pe = p - 1" is an expression of

A) the forward-looking expectations assumption.
B) the adaptive expectations assumption.
C) one of the conditions for short-run equilibrium.
D) one of the conditions for long-run equilibrium.
Answer: B
22
117) From an initial long-run equilibrium with zero nominal demand growth, nominal GDP growth rises to a
permanent 9 percent. If we assume adaptive expectations with a one-period lag, the dynamic process in
response to the demand growth is
A) a loop that eventually terminates at Y = 100 with 9 percent inflation.
B) a loop that eventually terminates at Y = 100 with zero percent inflation.
C) a straight path to the northeast until we reach Y = 109 with 9 percent inflation.
D) in the first period Y = 109 with zero inflation, and every period thereafter Y =100 with 9 percent
inflation.
Answer: A
118) With a permanent acceleration in nominal GDP growth, an "adjustment loop" leaves us in the end with
________ output and ________ inflation.
A) higher, unchanged
B) higher, higher
C) unchanged, unchanged
D) unchanged, higher
Answer: D
119) "Overshooting" refers to a temporary period in the adjustment loop during which
A) the percentage deviation of real GDP from natural real GDP exceeds the growth rate of nominal GDP.
B) inflation exceeds the growth rate of nominal GDP.
C) nominal GDP growth exceeds its permanent value.
D) we move from one long-run equilibrium to another.
Answer: B
120) The segment of an adjustment loop in which movement is to the northwest is sometimes called
A) inflation.
B) expansion.
C) stagflation.
D) undershooting.
Answer: C
121) Can "stagflation" occur as part of a business cycle triggered by a change in nominal GDP growth?
A) It is the first thing that happens after GDP growth accelerates, before expected inflation has changed
much.
B) It happens after the cyclical peak in output from a GDP growth acceleration, and expected inflation is
catching up to actual inflation.
C) It is the first thing that happens after GDP growth decelerates, before expected inflation has changed
much.
D) It is part of the business cycle triggered by supply shocks, but not by demand shocks.
Answer: B
23
122) With a "cold turkey" disinflationary policy of reducing GDP growth, the assumption of adaptive expectations
causes
A) inflation to not decrease in the long-run.
B) an immediate full reduction in inflation with no temporary recession.
C) a temporary recession en route to the final long-run equilibrium.
D) a permanently lower level of output at the long-run rate of inflation.
Answer: C
123) A counterclockwise loop spiraling downward in the SP/LP diagram is the dynamic process typical of
________ policy with inflationary expectations that ________ adjust.
A) inflationary, are slow to
B) inflationary, instantly
C) disinflationary, are slow to
D) disinflationary, instantly
Answer: C
124) From a long-run equilibrium with x = p = pe = 10, a reduction in nominal GDP growth to 4 percent results in
the long run in output of ________ and inflation of ________.
A) 100, 10 percent
B) 100, 4 percent
C) 94, 4 percent
D) 94, 10 percent
E) 96, 4 percent
Answer: B
125) Assume adaptive expectations. Compared to a simple one-period lag, if the last five periods' inflation rates
are averaged to arrive at currently expected inflation, we have ________ disinflationary loops and ________
recessions accompanying disinflationary policy
A) skinnier, milder
B) skinnier, deeper
C) fatter, milder
D) fatter, deeper
Answer: D
126) During 1981-82, the drop in inflation was ________ than the drop in nominal GDP growth, resulting in a
________ real GDP.
A) less, slowly growing
B) less, shrinking
C) more, slowly growing
D) more, shrinking
Answer: B
24
127) On the historical diagram with (Y/YN) on the horizontal axis, the disinflationary loop that began in 1981
contained an unusual movement almost straight downward during ________, attributable to ________.
A) 1983-84, an adverse supply shock
B) 1983-84, renewed disinflationary monetary policy
C) 1985-86, a beneficial supply shock
D) 1985-86, renewed disinflationary monetary policy
E) 1990-91, the catching-up of expected inflation
Answer: C
128) While the actual inflation rate in the United States in 1998 was about 1.0 percent, demand-only models of the
economy had predicted that inflation would be roughly
A) 1.0 percent.
B) 2.8 percent.
C) 3.8 percent
D) 5.8 percent.
Answer: C
129) Supply inflation is triggered by changes in

A) the prices of imported goods.
B) wages as expected inflation catches up with actual inflation.
C) wages due to the current value of (Y/YN).
D) business costs unrelated to prior changes in nominal GDP growth.
Answer: D
130) Preeminent among the causes of supply inflation in recent decades is

A) general strikes
B) large changes in the price of oil.
C) unusually good or bad harvests.
D) unusually rapid adjustment of expected inflation to actual inflation.
Answer: B
131) The "direct effect" of an adverse supply shock in the SP/LP model is
A) a rightward shift of LP.
B) a leftward shift of LP.
C) an upward shift of SP.
D) a downward shift of SP.
Answer: B
132) The "indirect effect" of an adverse supply shock in the SP/LP model is
Answer: C
25
133) The "indirect effect" of a beneficial supply shock in the SP/LP model is
Answer: D
134) Crop failures generally produce ________ supply shocks in which the price level rises and then ________.
A) temporary, holds at its new higher level
B) temporary, returns to its previous level
C) permanent, holds at its new higher level
D) permanent, returns to its previous level
Answer: B
135) Oil price increases generally produce ________ supply shocks in which the price level rises and then
________.
A) temporary, holds at its new higher level
B) temporary, returns to its previous level
C) permanent, holds at its new higher level
D) permanent, returns to its previous level
Answer: C
136) Suppose we are initially at a long-run SP/LP equilibrium with x = p = pe = 4. Then an adverse supply shock
adds 3 percentage points to the inflation necessary to produce each level of output. An "accommodating"
policy response ________ the level of nominal GDP growth so that inflation is ________ percent while (Y/YN)
________.
A) lowers, 4, falls
B) lowers, 7, remains at 100
C) holds constant, 4, falls
D) raises, 4, remains at 100
E) raises, 7, remains at 100
Answer: E
adds 3 percentage points to the inflation necessary to produce each level of output. A "neutral" policy
response ________ the level of nominal GDP growth so that inflation is ________ percent while (Y/YN)
________.
A) lowers, 4, falls
B) lowers, between 4 and 7, remains at 100
C) holds constant, between 4 and 7, falls
Answer: C
26
adds 3 percentage points to the inflation necessary to produce each level of output. An "extinguishing" policy
response ________ the level of nominal GDP growth so that inflation is ________ percent while (Y/YN)
________.
A) lowers, 4, falls
B) lowers, between 4 and 7, remains at 100
C) holds constant, between 4 and 7, falls
Answer: A
139) Will a supply shock that shifts the SP curve upward leave it permanently at its new higher position?
A) A permanent shock will; a temporary shock cannot.
B) A permanent shock may if inflationary expectations are raised; a temporary shock cannot in any case.
C) Permanent or temporary shocks may if inflationary expectations are raised.
D) In no case will SP stay at its higher position.
Answer: C
140) COLAs ________ the probability that a permanent adverse supply shock will permanently increase an
economy's ________.
A) increase, inflation rate
B) increase, price level
C) decrease, inflation rate
D) decrease, price level
Answer: A
141) With COLAs in effect, if the Fed wishes to avoid a permanent acceleration of inflation after a permanent
adverse supply shock, it
A) must respond with an accommodating monetary policy.
B) must respond with a neutral monetary policy.
C) must respond with an extinguishing monetary policy.
D) can choose from accommodating, neutral, or extinguishing monetary policies.
Answer: C
142) Government price controls act as ________ supply shock, shifting SP ________.
A) an adverse, downward
B) an adverse, upward
C) a beneficial, downward
D) a beneficial, upward
Answer: C
143) With a beneficial supply shock, an extinguishing policy prevents ________, and allows ________.
A) output from rising, inflation to fall
B) output from falling, inflation to rise
C) inflation from rising, output to fall
D) inflation from falling, output to rise
Answer: C
27
144) The natural unemployment rate fell in the 1990s in part because of ________.
A) a drop in the fraction of labor force made up of teenagers.
B) an increase in the fraction of the male labor force in prison.
C) the growth in temporary help agencies.
Answer: D
Figure 8-6
145) In the figure above, positive nominal GDP growth accompanied by higher inflationary expectations take us
along path
A) A.
B) C.
C) E.
D) G.
Answer: A
146) In the figure above, an adverse supply shock accompanied by a neutral policy take us along path
A) F.
B) G.
C) H.
D) A.
Answer: C
147) In the figure above, a beneficial supply shock accompanied by an accommodating policy takes us along path
A) A.
B) C.
C) D.
D) E.
Answer: D
28
148) In the figure above, a contractionary monetary policy with no change in inflationary expectations takes us
along path
A) A.
B) H.
C) G.
D) F.
E) E.
Answer: D
149) In the figure above, an expansionary monetary policy with no change in inflationary expectations takes us
along path
A) A.
B) H.
C) G.
D) F.
E) B.
Answer: E
150) In the figure above, the one year since 1970 that the U.S. economy managed to travel along path E was
A) 1971.
B) 1970.
C) 1979.
D) 1986.
Answer: D
151) 1974-75 and 1980-81 saw the U.S. economy traveling along path ________ in Figure 8-6.
A) D
B) H
C) B
D) F
Answer: B
152) The late 1990s saw the U.S. economy traveling along path ________ in Figure 8-6.
A) D
B) H
C) B
D) F
Answer: D
153) If x is the growth rate of nominal GDP, p is the inflation rate, and y is the growth rate of real output, then
A) y = x + p.
B) p = x + y.
C) x = p + y.
D) none of the above.
Answer: C
29
154) In 1996, the growth rate of real GDP was 2.46 percent and the inflation rate was 1.94 percent. The growth of
nominal GDP was
A) 4.4 percent.
B) 0.52 percent.
C) 3.88 percent.
D) 4.92 percent.
Answer: A
155) In 1991, the growth rate of nominal GDP was 2.97 percent and the growth rate of real GDP was -0.98 percent.
The inflation rate was
A) 1.99 percent.
B) 2.91 percent.
C) 2.97 percent.
D) 3.95 percent.
Answer: D
156) The sacrifice ratio for disinflations is the cumulative

A) loss of real GDP/increase in unemployment rate.
B) loss of real GDP/cumulative loss of nominal GDP.
C) loss of real GDP/permanent decrease in inflation rate.
D) gain in real GDP/total population.
Answer: C
157) The disinflation carried out with a cold turkey policy from 1980 to 1985 had a sacrifice ratio of
A) 35.5.
B) 5.9.
C) 450 billion.
D) 4.4
Answer: D
158) The recession of the early 1990s produced a sacrifice ratio ________ that of the much larger recession of the
1980s.
A) greater than
B) slightly smaller than
C) much smaller than
D) equal to
Answer: C
159) The inflation rate, actual employment rate and natural rate of unemployment from 1980 to 1996 indicate that
A) the inflation rate fell when the actual unemployment rate exceeded the natural unemployment rate.
B) the inflation rate increased when the natural rate of unemployment exceeded the actual unemployment
rate.
C) during most of this period the inflation rate was falling and the actual unemployment rate exceeded the
natural rate of unemployment.
Answer: D
30
160) Supply shocks in the 1990s
A) reduced the natural rate of unemployment.
B) helped hold down inflation.
C) had the opposite effect on the economy from the supply shocks of the 1970s.
Answer: D
161) Which of the following was not a beneficial supply shock occurring in the 1990s?
A) falling computer prices
B) the transition to managed health care organizations, i.e. HMOs.
C) a stronger bargaining position for labor
D) increased global competition
Answer: C
162) Beneficial supply shocks ________ the rate of inflation and ________ the natural rate of unemployment.
A) reduce, reduce
B) reduce, increase
C) increase, reduce
D) increase, increase
Answer: A
163) Which of the following countries had the lowest inflation rate from 1980 to the early 1990s?
A) Italy
B) Germany
C) France
D) United Kingdom
Answer: B
164) The European Monetary System

A) led to resurgent inflation in the 1980s.
B) gave a competitive trade advantage to countries with high inflation rates.
C) required members to keep their exchange rates within a narrow band around the German currency.
Answer: C
165) Under the European Monetary System, a country's export prices

A) decreased if the inflation rate in that country increased.
B) could be controlled by loosening domestic monetary policy.
C) became more competitive as long as that country accelerated its domestic inflation and kept its foreign
exchange rate with the deutsche mark stable.
D) none of the above.
Answer: D
31
166) For countries with high inflation rates, joining the European Monetary System meant
A) higher unemployment until they could lower their inflation rates sufficiently.
B) facing periodic upward adjustments in their exchange rate with the deutsche mark.
C) having to pursue loose monetary policy until they lowered the unemployment rate to the European
average.
D) abandoning the fixed exchange rates they had preserved since the 1960s.
Answer: A
167) The European Monetary System

A) broke down in 1990 and resulted in a resurgence of inflation in many European countries.
B) was still in place in 1996 but was permitting frequent exchange rate adjustments.
C) came to an end in 1992 and was followed by devaluations in Italy, the U.K. and several other countries.
D) has been a successful experiment in fixed exchange rates and was still in place as of 1996.
Answer: C
168) A policy to slow the growth of nominal GDP

A) can result in a higher inflation rate and an increase in the output ratio.
B) can result in a lower inflation rate and a drop in the output ratio.
C) can be combined with cost-cutting supply policies to lower the inflation rate while maintaining the
output ratio.
D) A and C.
E) B and C.
Answer: E
169) A policy response to a beneficial supply shock which allows the full impact of the shock to increase the
output ratio is
A) a neutral policy.
B) an extinguishing policy.
C) an accommodating policy.
D) an aggravating policy.
Answer: B
170) A policy response to a beneficial supply shock which focuses the full impact of the shock to lower the
inflation rate is
A) a neutral policy.
B) an extinguishing policy.
C) an accommodating policy.
D) an aggravating policy.
Answer: C
171) In ________ there were beneficial supply shocks to the U.S. economy.
A) 1974-1975.
B) 1980-1981.
C) 1995-1999.
Answer: C
32
172) In ________ there were adverse supply shocks to the U.S. economy.
A) 1973-1981
B) 1981-1986
C) 1995-1999
D) All of the above
Answer: A
Question Status: New
173) Which of the following represent supply shocks:

A) oil, farm prices, import prices, productivity growth
B) oil, export prices, unemployment, real GDP
C) farm prices, export prices, money supply, productivity growth
D) all of the above
Answer: A
Question Status: New
174) Which of the following was a beneficial supply shock in the United States in the late 1990s?
A) Higher energy prices.
B) Lower import prices.
C) Stable real prices of computers.
D) None of the above. Supply shocks in the late 1990s were detrimental to the economy.
Answer: B
175) A negative relationship between inflation and unemployment emerged in

A) 1963-70.
B) 1974-75
C) 1979-81.
D) All of the above
Answer: A
176) A positive relationship between inflation and unemployment emerged in

A) 1963-70.
B) 1974-75
C) 1986-90.
D) All of the above
Answer: A
177) The natural unemployment rate fell in the 1990s in part because of ________.
A) a drop in the fraction of labor force made up of teenagers
B) an increase in the fraction of the male labor force in prison
C) the growth in temporary help agencies
D) All of the above
Answer: D
33
178) The introduction of a single currency or "Euro" in 1999 ________ the likelihood that inflation rates will
converge in countries that join the Euro.
A) increases
B) decreases
C) has no effect on
D) may increase or decrease
Answer: A
179) According to "Okun's Law," if expansionary monetary policy were to increase Y/Y(N) by 3 percent, we could
expect the unemployment rate to decrease by ________ percentage points.
A) 0.4
B) 1.0
C) 1.5
D) 1.6
Answer: C
180) "Okun's Law" refers to

A) the trade-off between inflation and unemployment.
B) the relationship between real and nominal output growth.
C) minimum wage laws and the impact of price controls.
D) the relationship between the unemployment rate and the ratio of actual to natural output.
Answer: D
181) "Okun's Law" is the ________ relation between the ________ and the difference between the actual
unemployment rate and the average rate of unemployment.
A) direct; output ratio
B) observed positive; price ratio
C) implicit positive; output ratio
D) negative; output ratio
Answer: D
182) "Okun's Law" is the close relationship observed between a period's ________ unemployment rate and
________.
A) actual unemployment rate, (Y/YN)
B) actual unemployment rate, YN
C) inflation rate, (Y/YN)
D) inflation rate, Y
Answer: A
183) The actual unemployment rate is most likely to rise when

A) Y is rising.
B) YN is rising.
C) (YN/Y) is falling.
D) (Y/YN) is falling.
Answer: D
34
184) In the general linear formulation of Okun's law, the value of the coefficient "h" given in the textbook as fairly
summarizing U.S. data is
A) 200.
B) 4.
C) 1.75.
D) 0.5.
E) 0.025
Answer: D
185) If the average unemployment rate = 6.0, Y = 5200, and YN = 5030, Okun's law, using the textbook's value for
"h," predicts that the unemployment rate is approximately ________ percent.
A) 7.4
B) 6.4
C) 4.3
D) 5.6
E) 5.0
Answer: C
186) If the average unemployment rate = 6.0, Y = 4850, and YN = 5030, Okun's law, using the textbook's value for
"h," predicts that the unemployment rate is approximately ________ percent.
A) 20.3
B) 7.0
C) 4.6
D) 7.8
E) 6.0
Answer: D
187) Suppose the average unemployment rate = 6.0, and YN = 5000. According to Okun's law and the textbook's
value for "h," what value of Y would bring about an actual unemployment rate of exactly 5.5 percent?
A) 6250
B) 6000
C) 5050
D) 4937.5
E) 4000
Answer: C
188) Suppose the average unemployment rate = 6.0 and YN = 5000. According to Okun's law and the textbook's
value for "h," what value of Y would bring about an actual unemployment rate of exactly 7.2 percent?
A) 4880
B) 4940
C) 5060
D) 5150
E) 4760
Answer: A
35
189) From 1989 to 1992, the output ratio fell by 4 percent while the unemployment rate rose by 1.44 percentage
points. This implies an Okun's law coefficient of
A) 2.60
B) 0.36
C) 2.40
D) 5.40
E) 0.059
Answer: B
190) From 1991 to 1996, the output ratio rose by 2.2 percent while the unemployment rate fell by 1.35 percentage
points. This implies an Okun's law coefficient of
A) 5.0.
B) 2.136.
C) 13.8.
D) 41.36.
E) 0.614.
Answer: E
191) In the diagram displaying Okun's law, the data points loop around the summarizing "Okun's law line" in a
________ direction because the unemployment rate reacts to changes in production ________.
A) clockwise, in advance
B) clockwise, with a lag
C) counterclockwise, in advance
D) counterclockwise, with a lag
Answer: B
36
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faute, par ta faute, méchante!... Oh! si j’avais su!
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Ne t’attends pas à une comédie. C’est un drame.
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tout effraye, n’a pas osé effleurer ce sujet délicat.
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j’étais prête. Je me rappelle encore le bruit des malles dans l’escalier
et la voix de nez de papa, qui ne voulait pas avoir l’air de pleurer. En
m’embrassant, le pauvre homme m’a dit: «Bon courage!» comme si
j’allais me faire arracher une dent. Quant à maman, c’était une
fontaine. Mon mari me pressait pour éviter ces adieux difficiles,
j’étais moi-même tout en larmes, quoique bien heureuse. Cela ne
s’explique guère, et pourtant c’est vrai. Tout à coup, je sentis
quelque chose qui tirait ma robe. C’était Bijou, tout à fait oublié
depuis le matin. La pauvre bête me disait adieu à sa manière. Cela
me donna comme un petit coup dans le cœur, et un grand désir
d’embrasser mon chien. Je le saisis (tu sais qu’il est gros comme le
poing) et me mis à le dévorer de baisers. Moi, j’adore caresser les
bêtes. Cela me fait un plaisir doux, ça me donne des sortes de
frissons, c’est délicieux.
Quant à lui, il était comme fou; il remuait ses pattes, il me léchait,
il mordillait comme il fait quand il est très content. Tout à coup, il me
prit le nez dans ses crocs et je sentis qu’il me faisait mal. Je poussai
un petit cri et je reposai le chien par terre. Il m’avait vraiment mordue
en voulant jouer. Je saignais. Tout le monde fut désolé. On apporta
de l’eau, du vinaigre, des linges, et mon mari voulut lui-même me
soigner. Ce n’était rien, d’ailleurs, deux petits trous qu’on eût dit faits
avec des aiguilles. Au bout de cinq minutes, le sang était arrêté et je
partis.
Il était décidé que nous ferions un voyage en Normandie, de six
semaines environ.
Le soir, nous arrivions à Dieppe. Quand je dis «le soir», j’entends
à minuit.
Tu sais comme j’aime la mer. Je déclarai à mon mari que je ne
me coucherais pas avant de l’avoir vue. Il parut très contrarié. Je lui
demandai en riant «Est-ce que vous avez sommeil?»
Il répondit: «Non, mon amie, mais vous devriez comprendre que
j’ai hâte de me trouver seul avec vous.»
Je fus surprise: «Seul avec moi? Mais nous sommes seuls
depuis Paris dans le wagon.»
Il sourit: «Oui... mais... dans le wagon, ce n’est pas la même
chose que si nous étions dans notre chambre.»
Je ne cédai pas: «Eh bien, monsieur, nous sommes seuls sur la
plage, et voilà tout.»
Décidément, cela ne lui plaisait pas. Il dit pourtant: «Soit, puisque
vous le désirez.»
La nuit était magnifique, une de ces nuits qui vous font passer
dans l’âme des idées grandes et vagues, plutôt des sensations que
des pensées, avec des envies d’ouvrir les bras, d’ouvrir les ailes,
d’embrasser le ciel, que sais-je? On croit toujours qu’on va
comprendre des choses inconnues.
Il y a dans l’air du Rêve, de la Poésie pénétrante, du bonheur
d’autre part que de la terre, une sorte d’ivresse infinie qui vient des
étoiles, de la lune, de l’eau argentée et remuante. Ce sont là les
meilleurs instants qu’on ait dans la vie. Ils font voir l’existence
différente, embellie, délicieuse; ils sont comme la révélation de ce
qui pourrait être... ou de ce qui sera.
Cependant mon mari paraissait impatient de rentrer. Je lui disais:
«As-tu froid?—Non.—Alors regarde donc ce petit bateau là-bas, qui
semble endormi sur l’eau. Peut-on être mieux qu’ici? J’y resterais
volontiers jusqu’au jour. Dis, veux-tu que nous attendions l’aurore?»
Il crut que je me moquais de lui, et il m’entraîna presque de force
jusqu’à l’hôtel! Si j’avais su! Oh! le misérable!
Quand nous fûmes seuls, je me sentis honteuse, gênée, sans
savoir pourquoi, je te le jure. Enfin je le fis passer dans le cabinet de
toilette et je me couchai.
Oh! ma chère, comment dire ça? Enfin voici. Il prit sans doute
mon extrême innocence pour de la malice, mon extrême simplicité
pour de la rouerie, mon abandon confiant et niais pour une tactique,
et il ne garda point les délicats ménagements qu’il faut pour
expliquer, faire comprendre et accepter de pareils mystères à une
âme sans défiance et nullement préparée.
Et tout à coup, je crus qu’il avait perdu la tête. Puis, la peur
m’envahissant, je me demandai s’il me voulait tuer. Quand la terreur
vous saisit, on ne raisonne pas, on ne pense plus, on devient fou. En
une seconde, je m’imaginai des choses effroyables. Je pensai aux
faits divers des journaux, aux crimes mystérieux, à toutes les
histoires chuchotées de jeunes filles épousées par des misérables!
Est-ce que je le connaissais, cet homme? Je me débattais, le
repoussant, éperdue d’épouvante. Je lui arrachai même une poignée
de cheveux et un côté de la moustache, et, délivrée par cet effort, je
me levai en hurlant «au secours!» Je courus à la porte, je tirai les
verrous et je m’élançai, presque nue, dans l’escalier.
D’autres portes s’ouvrirent. Des hommes en chemise apparurent
avec des lumières à la main. Je tombai dans les bras de l’un d’eux
en implorant sa protection. Il se jeta sur mon mari.
Je ne sais plus le reste. On se battait, on criait; puis on a ri, mais
ri comme tu ne peux pas croire. Toute la maison riait, de la cave au
grenier. J’entendais dans les corridors de grandes fusées de gaieté,
d’autres dans les chambres au-dessus. Les marmitons riaient sous
les toits, et le garçon de garde se tordait sur son matelas, dans le
vestibule!
Songe donc: dans un hôtel!
Je me retrouvai ensuite seule avec mon mari, qui me donna
quelques explications sommaires, comme on explique une
expérience de chimie avant de la tenter. Il n’était pas du tout content.
Je pleurai jusqu’au jour, et nous sommes partis dès l’ouverture des
portes.
Ce n’est pas tout.
Le lendemain, nous arrivions à Pourville, qui n’est encore qu’un
embryon de station de bains. Mon mari m’accablait de petits soins,
de tendresses. Après un premier mécontentement il paraissait
enchanté. Honteuse et désolée de mon aventure de la veille, je fus
aussi aimable qu’on peut l’être, et docile. Mais tu ne te figures pas
l’horreur, le dégoût, presque la haine qu’Henry m’inspira lorsque je
sus cet infâme secret qu’on cache si soigneusement aux jeunes
filles. Je me sentais désespérée, triste à mourir, revenue de tout et
harcelée du besoin de retourner auprès de mes pauvres parents. Le
surlendemain, nous arrivions à Étretat. Tous les baigneurs étaient en
émoi: une jeune femme, mordue par un petit chien, venait de mourir
enragée. Un grand frisson me courut dans le dos quand j’entendis
raconter cela à table d’hôte. Il me sembla tout de suite que je
souffrais dans le nez et je sentis des choses singulières tout le long
des membres.
Je ne dormis pas de la nuit; j’avais complètement oublié mon
mari. Si j’allais aussi mourir enragée! Je demandai des détails le
lendemain au maître d’hôtel. Il m’en donna d’affreux. Je passai le
jour à me promener sur la falaise. Je ne parlais plus, je songeais. La
rage! quelle mort horrible! Henry me demandait: «Qu’as-tu? Tu
sembles triste.» Je répondais: «Mais rien, mais rien.» Mon regard
effaré se fixait sur la mer sans la voir, sur les fermes, sur les plaines,
sans que j’eusse pu dire ce que j’avais sous les yeux. Pour rien au
monde je n’aurais voulu avouer la pensée qui me torturait. Quelques
douleurs, de vraies douleurs, me passèrent dans le nez. Je voulus
rentrer.
A peine revenue à l’hôtel, je m’enfermai pour regarder la plaie.
On ne la voyait plus. Et pourtant, je n’en pouvais douter, elle me
faisait mal.
J’écrivis tout de suite à ma mère une courte lettre qui dut lui
paraître étrange. Je demandais une réponse immédiate à des
questions insignifiantes. J’écrivis, après avoir signé: «Surtout
n’oublie pas de me donner des nouvelles de Bijou.»
Le lendemain, je ne pus manger, mais je refusai de voir un
médecin. Je demeurai assise toute la journée sur la plage à regarder
les baigneurs dans l’eau. Ils arrivaient gros ou minces, tous laids
dans leurs affreux costumes; mais je ne songeais guère à rire. Je
pensais: «Sont-ils heureux, ces gens! ils n’ont pas été mordus. Ils
vivront, eux! ils ne craignent rien. Ils peuvent s’amuser à leur gré.
Sont-ils tranquilles!»
A tout instant je portais la main à mon nez pour le tâter. N’enflait-
il pas? Et à peine rentrée à l’hôtel, je m’enfermais pour le regarder
dans la glace. Oh! s’il avait changé de couleur, je serais morte sur le
coup.
Le soir, je me sentis tout à coup une sorte de tendresse pour
mon mari, une tendresse de désespérée. Il me parut bon, je
m’appuyai sur son bras. Vingt fois je faillis lui dire mon abominable
secret, mais je me tus.
Il abusa odieusement de mon abandon et de l’affaissement de
mon âme. Je n’eus pas la force de lui résister, ni même la volonté.
J’aurais tout supporté, tout souffert! Le lendemain, je reçus une lettre
de ma mère. Elle répondait à mes questions, mais ne me parlait pas
de Bijou. Je pensai sur-le-champ: «Il est mort et on me le cache.»
Puis je voulus courir au télégraphe pour envoyer une dépêche. Une
réflexion m’arrêta: «S’il est vraiment mort, on ne me le dira pas.» Je
me résignai donc encore à deux jours d’angoisses. Et j’écrivis de
nouveau. Je demandais qu’on m’envoyât le chien qui me distrairait,
car je m’ennuyais un peu.
Des tremblements me prirent dans l’après-midi. Je ne pouvais
lever un verre plein sans en répandre la moitié. L’état de mon âme
était lamentable. J’échappai à mon mari vers le crépuscule et je
courus à l’église. Je priai longtemps.
En revenant, je sentis de nouvelles douleurs dans le nez et
j’entrai chez le pharmacien dont la boutique était éclairée. Je lui
parlai d’une de mes amies qui aurait été mordue et je lui demandai
des conseils. C’était un aimable homme, plein d’obligeance. Il me
renseigna abondamment. Mais j’oubliais les choses à mesure qu’il
me les disait, tant j’avais l’esprit troublé. Je ne retins que ceci: «Les
purgations étaient souvent recommandées.» J’achetai plusieurs
bouteilles de je ne sais quoi, sous prétexte de les envoyer à mon
amie.
Les chiens que je rencontrais me faisaient horreur et me
donnaient envie de fuir à toutes jambes. Il me sembla plusieurs fois
que j’avais aussi envie de les mordre.
Ma nuit fut horriblement agitée. Mon mari en profita. Dès le
lendemain, je reçus la réponse de ma mère.—Bijou, disait-elle, se
portait bien. Mais on l’exposerait trop en l’expédiant ainsi tout seul
par le chemin de fer. Donc on ne voulait pas me l’envoyer. Il était
mort!
Je ne pus encore dormir. Quant à Henry, il ronfla. Il se réveilla
plusieurs fois. J’étais anéantie.
Le lendemain, je pris un bain de mer. Je faillis me trouver mal en
entrant dans l’eau, tant je fus saisie par le froid. Je demeurai plus
ébranlée encore par cette sensation de glace. J’avais dans les
jambes des tressaillements affreux; mais je ne souffrais plus du tout
du nez.
On me présenta, par hasard, le médecin inspecteur des bains, un
charmant homme. Je mis une habileté extrême à l’amener sur mon
sujet. Je lui dis alors que mon jeune chien m’avait mordue quelques
jours auparavant et je lui demandai ce qu’il faudrait faire s’il
survenait quelque inflammation. Il se mit à rire et répondit: «Dans
votre situation, je ne verrais qu’un moyen, madame, ce serait de
vous faire un nouveau nez.»
Et comme je ne comprenais pas, il ajouta: «Cela d’ailleurs
regarde votre mari.»
Je n’étais pas plus avancée ni mieux renseignée en le quittant.
Henry, ce soir-là, semblait très gai, très heureux. Nous vînmes le
soir au Casino, mais il n’attendit pas la fin du spectacle pour me
proposer de rentrer. Rien n’avait plus d’intérêt pour moi, je le suivis.
Mais je ne pouvais tenir au lit, tous mes nerfs étaient ébranlés et
vibrants. Lui, non plus, ne dormait pas. Il m’embrassait, me
caressait, devenu doux et tendre comme s’il eût deviné enfin
combien je souffrais. Je subissais ses caresses sans même les
comprendre, sans y songer.
Mais tout à coup une crise subite, extraordinaire, foudroyante,
me saisit. Je poussai un cri effroyable, et repoussant mon mari qui
s’attachait à moi, je m’élançai dans la chambre et j’allai m’abattre sur
la face, contre la porte. C’était la rage, l’horrible rage. J’étais perdue!
Henry me releva, effaré, voulut savoir. Mais je me tus. J’étais
résignée maintenant. J’attendais la mort. Je savais qu’après
quelques heures de répit, une autre crise me saisirait, puis une
autre, puis une autre, jusqu’à la dernière qui serait mortelle.
Je me laissai reporter dans le lit. Au point du jour, les irritantes
obsessions de mon mari déterminèrent un nouvel accès, qui fut plus
long que le premier. J’avais envie de déchirer, de mordre, de hurler;
c’était terrible, et cependant moins douloureux que je n’aurais cru.
Vers huit heures du matin, je m’endormis pour la première fois
depuis quatre nuits.
A onze heures, une voix aimée me réveilla. C’était maman que
mes lettres avaient effrayée, et qui accourait pour me voir. Elle tenait
à la main un grand panier d’où sortirent soudain des aboiements. Je
le saisis, éperdue, folle d’espoir. Je l’ouvris, et Bijou sauta sur le lit,
m’embrassant, gambadant, se roulant sur mon oreiller, pris d’une
frénésie de joie.
Eh bien, ma chérie, tu me croiras si tu veux... Je n’ai encore
compris que le lendemain!
Oh! l’imagination! comme ça travaille! Et penser que j’ai cru?...
Dis, n’est-ce pas trop bête?...
Je n’ai jamais avoué à personne, tu le comprendras, n’est-ce
pas, les tortures de ces quatre jours. Songe, si mon mari l’avait su?
Il se moque déjà assez de moi avec mon aventure de Dieppe. Du
reste, je ne me fâche pas trop de ses plaisanteries. J’y suis faite. On
s’accoutume à tout dans la vie...
Enragée? a paru dans le Gil-Blas du mardi 7

août 1883, sous la signature: Maufrigneuse.
LE MODÈLE.
A
RRONDIE en croissant de lune, la petite ville d’Étretat, avec ses
falaises blanches, son galet blanc et sa mer bleue, reposait
sous le soleil d’un grand jour de juillet. Aux deux pointes de ce
croissant, les deux portes, la petite à droite, la grande à gauche,
avançaient dans l’eau tranquille, l’une son pied de naine, l’autre sa
jambe de colosse; et l’aiguille, presque aussi haute que la falaise,
large d’en bas, fine au sommet, pointait vers le ciel sa tête aiguë.
Sur la plage, le long du flot, une foule assise regardait les
baigneurs. Sur la terrasse du Casino, une autre foule, assise ou
marchant, étalait sous le ciel plein de lumière un jardin de toilettes
où éclataient des ombrelles rouges et bleues, avec de grandes fleurs
brodées en soie dessus.
Sur la promenade, au bout de la terrasse, d’autres gens, les
calmes, les tranquilles, allaient d’un pas lent, loin de la cohue
élégante.
Un jeune homme, connu, célèbre, un peintre, Jean Summer,
marchait, d’un air morne, à côté d’une petite voiture de malade où
reposait une jeune femme, sa femme. Un domestique poussait
doucement cette sorte de fauteuil roulant, et l’estropiée contemplait
d’un œil triste la joie du ciel, la joie du jour, et la joie des autres.
Ils ne parlaient point. Ils ne se regardaient pas.
—Arrêtons-nous un peu, dit la jeune femme.
Ils s’arrêtèrent, et le peintre s’assit sur un pliant, que lui présenta
le valet.
Ceux qui passaient derrière le couple immobile et muet le
regardaient d’un air attristé. Toute une légende de dévouement
courait. Il l’avait épousée malgré son infirmité, touché par son amour,
disait-on.
Non loin de là, deux jeunes hommes causaient, assis sur un
cabestan, et le regard perdu vers l’horizon.
—Non, ce n’est pas vrai; je te dis que je connais beaucoup Jean
Summer.
—Mais alors, pourquoi l’a-t-il épousée? Car elle était déjà infirme
lors de son mariage, n’est-ce pas?
—Parfaitement. Il l’a épousée... il l’a épousée... comme on
épouse, parbleu, par sottise!
—Mais encore?...
—Mais encore... mais encore, mon ami. Il n’y a pas d’encore. On
est bête, parce qu’on est bête. Et puis, tu sais bien que les peintres
ont la spécialité des mariages ridicules; ils épousent presque tous
des modèles, des vieilles maîtresses, enfin des femmes avariées
sous tous les rapports. Pourquoi cela? Le sait-on? Il semblerait, au
contraire, que la fréquentation constante de cette race de dindes
qu’on nomme les modèles aurait dû les dégoûter à tout jamais de ce
genre de femelles. Pas du tout. Après les avoir fait poser, ils les
épousent. Lis donc ce petit livre, si vrai, si cruel et si beau,
d’Alphonse Daudet: les Femmes d’artistes.
Pour le couple que tu vois là, l’accident s’est produit d’une façon
spéciale et terrible. La petite femme a joué une comédie ou plutôt un
drame effrayant. Elle a risqué le tout pour le tout, enfin. Était-elle
sincère? Aimait-elle Jean? Sait-on jamais cela? Qui donc pourra
déterminer d’une façon précise ce qu’il y a d’âpreté et ce qu’il y a de
réel dans les actes des femmes? Elles sont toujours sincères dans
une éternelle mobilité d’impressions. Elles sont emportées,
criminelles, dévouées, admirables, et ignobles, pour obéir à
d’insaisissables émotions. Elles mentent sans cesse, sans le vouloir,
sans le savoir, sans comprendre, et elles ont, avec cela, malgré cela,
une franchise absolue de sensations et de sentiments qu’elles
témoignent par des résolutions violentes, inattendues,
incompréhensibles, folles, qui déroutent nos raisonnements, nos
habitudes de pondération et toutes nos combinaisons égoïstes.
L’imprévu et la brusquerie de leurs déterminations font qu’elles
demeurent pour nous d’indéchiffrables énigmes. Nous nous
demandons toujours: «Sont-elles sincères? Sont-elles fausses?»
Mais, mon ami, elles sont en même temps sincères et fausses,
parce qu’il est dans leur nature d’être les deux à l’extrême et de
n’être ni l’un ni l’autre.
Regarde les moyens qu’emploient les plus honnêtes pour obtenir
de nous ce qu’elles veulent. Ils sont compliqués et simples, ces
moyens. Si compliqués que nous ne les devinons jamais à l’avance,
si simples qu’après en avoir été les victimes, nous ne pouvons nous
empêcher de nous en étonner et de nous dire: «Comment! elle m’a
joué si bêtement que ça?»
Et elles réussissent toujours, mon bon, surtout quand il s’agit de
se faire épouser.
Mais voici l’histoire de Summer.
La petite femme est un modèle, bien entendu. Elle posait chez
lui. Elle était jolie, élégante surtout, et possédait, paraît-il, une taille
divine. Il devint amoureux d’elle, comme on devient amoureux de
toute femme un peu séduisante qu’on voit souvent. Il s’imagina qu’il
l’aimait de toute son âme. C’est là un singulier phénomène. Aussitôt
qu’on désire une femme, on croit sincèrement qu’on ne pourra plus
se passer d’elle pendant tout le reste de sa vie. On sait fort bien que
la chose vous est déjà arrivée; que le dégoût a toujours suivi la
possession; qu’il faut, pour pouvoir user son existence à côté d’un
autre être, non pas un brutal appétit physique, bien vite éteint, mais
une accordance d’âme, de tempérament et d’humeur. Il faut savoir
démêler, dans la séduction qu’on subit, si elle vient de la forme
corporelle, d’une certaine ivresse sensuelle ou d’un charme profond
de l’esprit.
Enfin, il crut qu’il l’aimait; il lui fit un tas de promesses de fidélité
et il vécut complètement avec elle.
Elle était vraiment gentille, douée de cette niaiserie élégante
qu’ont facilement les petites Parisiennes. Elle jacassait, elle babillait,
elle disait des bêtises qui semblaient spirituelles par la manière drôle
dont elles étaient débitées. Elle avait à tout moment des gestes
gracieux bien faits pour séduire un œil de peintre. Quand elle levait
les bras, quand elle se penchait, quand elle montait en voiture,
quand elle vous tendait la main, ses mouvements étaient parfaits de
justesse et d’à-propos.
Pendant trois mois, Jean ne s’aperçut point qu’au fond elle
ressemblait à tous les modèles.
Ils louèrent pour l’été une petite maison à Andrésy.
J’étais là, un soir, quand germèrent les premières inquiétudes
dans l’esprit de mon ami.
Comme il faisait une nuit radieuse, nous voulûmes faire un tour
au bord de la rivière. La lune versait dans l’eau frissonnante une
pluie de lumière, émiettait ses reflets jaunes dans les remous, dans
le courant, dans tout le large fleuve lent et fuyant.
Nous allions le long de la rive, un peu grisés par cette vague
exaltation que jettent en nous ces soirs de rêve. Nous aurions voulu
accomplir des choses surhumaines, aimer des êtres inconnus,
délicieusement poétiques. Nous sentions frémir en nous des
extases, des désirs, des aspirations étranges. Et nous nous taisions,
pénétrés par la sereine et vivante fraîcheur de la nuit charmante, par
cette fraîcheur de la lune qui semble traverser le corps, le pénétrer,
baigner l’esprit, le parfumer et le tremper de bonheur.
Tout à coup Joséphine (elle s’appelle Joséphine) poussa un cri:
—Oh! as-tu vu le gros poisson qui a sauté là-bas?
Il répondit sans regarder, sans savoir:
—Oui, ma chérie.
Elle se fâcha.
—Non, tu ne l’as pas vu, puisque tu avais le dos tourné.
Il sourit:
—Oui, c’est vrai. Il fait si bon que je ne pense à rien.
Elle se tut; mais, au bout d’une minute, un besoin de parler la
saisit, et elle demanda:
—Iras-tu demain à Paris?
Il prononça:
—Je n’en sais rien.
Elle s’irritait de nouveau:
—Si tu crois que c’est amusant, ta promenade sans rien dire! On
parle, quand on n’est pas bête.
Il ne répondit pas. Alors, sentant bien, grâce à son instinct
pervers de femme, qu’elle allait l’exaspérer, elle se mit à chanter cet
air irritant dont on nous a tant fatigué les oreilles et l’esprit depuis
deux ans:
Je regardais en l’air.
Il murmura:
—Je t’en prie, tais-toi.
Elle prononça, furieuse:
—Pourquoi veux-tu que je me taise?
Il répondit:
—Tu nous gâtes le paysage.
Alors la scène arriva, la scène odieuse, imbécile, avec les
reproches inattendus, les récriminations intempestives, puis les
larmes. Tout y passa. Ils rentrèrent. Il l’avait laissée aller, sans
répliquer, engourdi par cette soirée divine, et atterré par cet orage de
sottises.
Trois mois plus tard, il se débattait éperdument dans ces liens
invincibles et invisibles, dont une habitude pareille enlace notre vie.
Elle le tenait, l’opprimait, le martyrisait. Ils se querellaient du matin
au soir, s’injuriaient et se battaient.
A la fin, il voulut en finir, rompre à tout prix. Il vendit toutes ses
toiles, emprunta de l’argent aux amis, réalisa vingt mille francs (il
était encore peu connu) et il les laissa un matin sur la cheminée
avec une lettre d’adieu.
Il vint se réfugier chez moi.
Vers trois heures de l’après-midi, on sonna. J’allai ouvrir. Une
femme me sauta au visage, me bouscula, entra et pénétra dans mon
atelier: c’était elle.
Il s’était levé en la voyant paraître.
Elle lui jeta aux pieds l’enveloppe contenant les billets de
banque, avec un geste vraiment noble, et, d’une voix brève:
—Voici votre argent. Je n’en veux pas.
Elle était fort pâle, tremblante, prête assurément à toutes les
folies. Quant à lui, je le voyais pâlir aussi, pâlir de colère et
d’exaspération, prêt, peut-être, à toutes les violences.
Il demanda:
—Qu’est-ce que vous voulez?
Elle répondit:
—Je ne veux pas être traitée comme une fille. Vous m’avez
implorée, vous m’avez prise. Je ne vous demandais rien. Gardez-
moi!
Il frappa du pied:
—Non, c’est trop fort! Si tu crois que tu vas...
Je lui avais saisi le bras.
—Tais-toi, Jean. Laisse-moi faire.
J’allai vers elle, et doucement, peu à peu, je lui parlai raison, je
vidai le sac des arguments qu’on emploie en pareille circonstance.
Elle m’écoutait, immobile, l’œil fixe, obstinée et muette.
A la fin, ne sachant plus que dire, et voyant que la scène allait
mal finir, je m’avisai d’un dernier moyen. Je prononçai:
—Il t’aime toujours, ma petite; mais sa famille veut le marier, et tu
comprends!...
Elle eut un sursaut:
—Ah!... ah!... je comprends alors...
Et, se tournant vers lui:
—Tu vas... tu vas... te marier?
Il répondit carrément:
—Oui.
Elle fit un pas:
—Si tu te maries, je me tue... tu entends.
Il prononça en haussant les épaules:
—Eh bien... tue-toi!
Elle articula deux ou trois fois, la gorge serrée par une angoisse
effroyable:
—Tu dis?... tu dis?... tu dis?... répète!
Il répéta:
—Eh bien, tue-toi, si cela te fait plaisir!
Elle reprit, toujours effrayante de pâleur:
—Il ne faudrait pas m’en défier. Je me jetterais par la fenêtre.
Il se mit à rire, s’avança vers la fenêtre, l’ouvrit, et, saluant
comme une personne qui fait des cérémonies pour ne point passer
la première:
—Voici la route. Après vous!
Elle le regarda une seconde d’un œil fixe, terrible, affolé; puis,
prenant son élan comme pour sauter une haie dans les champs, elle
passa devant moi, devant lui, franchit la balustrade et disparut...
Je n’oublierai jamais l’effet que me fit cette fenêtre ouverte, après
l’avoir vu traverser par ce corps qui tombait; elle me parut en une
seconde grande comme le ciel et vide comme l’espace. Et je reculai
instinctivement, n’osant pas regarder, comme si j’allais tomber moi-
même.
Jean, éperdu, ne faisait pas un geste.
On rapporta la pauvre fille avec les deux jambes brisées. Elle ne
marchera plus jamais.
Son amant, fou de remords et peut-être aussi touché de
reconnaissance, l’a reprise et épousée.
Voilà, mon cher.
Le soir venait. La jeune femme, ayant froid, voulut partir; et le
domestique se remit à rouler vers le village la petite voiture
d’invalide. Le peintre marchait à côté de sa femme, sans qu’ils
eussent échangé un mot, depuis une heure.
Le Modèle a paru dans le Gaulois du lundi 17

décembre 1883.

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4) The short-run SAS curve is positively sloped because as

7) In constructing the short-run Phillips Curve, SP,

8) Each SP curve is drawn assuming

9) The slope of the SP curve is determined in large part by the

15) The slope of the SP curve depends on

16) The variable p(e) represents

17) The short-run Phillips Curve gives

20) The flatter the SP curve

21) The short-run equilibrium of inflation and real GDP

22) An increase in the rate of growth of nominal GNP

23) The growth of nominal GDP

25) Which of the following does NOT affect nominal GDP?

31) Backward-looking expectations could be classified as a ________ theory.

32) Backward-looking expectations may reasonably describe actual behavior because

34) The long-run Phillips Curve is

35) In order for the economy to be in long-run equilibrium

38) Everywhere to the right of the long-run Phillips Curve

42) As the output rises above 100%, unemployment

43) As the output ratio falls below 100%, unemployment

47) "Supply inflation" is caused by

53) The effect of a supply shock on inflation and real GDP

54) In the short-run, the impact of an adverse supply shock is to

55) In the short-run, the impact of an adverse supply shock is to

59) The imposition of price controls can be expected to

61) An accommodating policy response to a supply shock

62) An extinguishing policy response to a supply shock

63) Given an adverse supply shock, an "extinguishing policy response" will

66) If there is a permanent adverse supply shock

67) If there is a permanent adverse supply shock

73) Given an adverse supply shock, a "neutral policy" will

74) The existence of COLA's in an economy will introduce

78) The aggravation of inflation and unemployment as a result of a supply shock

81) A rising nominal wage causes

85) In the figure above, the wage rate attached to SAS 1 is

96) A rise in expected inflation causes

97) The SP curve shifts downward when

98) The economy is in long-run equilibrium

103) The LP curve shifts when

107) For real output to remain constant

116) "pe = p - 1" is an expression of

129) Supply inflation is triggered by changes in

130) Preeminent among the causes of supply inflation in recent decades is

156) The sacrifice ratio for disinflations is the cumulative

164) The European Monetary System

165) Under the European Monetary System, a country's export prices

167) The European Monetary System

168) A policy to slow the growth of nominal GDP

173) Which of the following represent supply shocks:

175) A negative relationship between inflation and unemployment emerged in

176) A positive relationship between inflation and unemployment emerged in

180) "Okun's Law" refers to

183) The actual unemployment rate is most likely to rise when

Enragée? a paru dans le Gil-Blas du mardi 7

Le Modèle a paru dans le Gaulois du lundi 17