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Chapter 7
1. a) Given that f (t) = e−a(t−to ) u(t − to ), where a > 0, determine the Fourier
transform F (ω) of f (t).
b) Given that
1
g(t) = ,
a + jt
where a > 0, determine the Fourier transform G(ω) of g(t) by using the
symmetry property and the result of part (a).
c) Confirm the result of part (b) by calculating g(t) from G(ω) using the inverse
Fourier transform integral.
Solution:
a) Using the Fourier transform formula gives

Z ∞ Z ∞
−a(t−t0 ) −jωt
F (ω) = e e dt = eat0 e−(a+jω)t dt
t0 t0
∞
eat0 e−jωt0
= e−(jω+a)t = .
−(a + jω) t0 a + jω
b) From part (a) making t0 = 0, we have

1
f (t) = e−at u(t) ↔ F (ω) = .
a + jω
Using the symmetry property
f (t) ↔ F (ω) ⇒ F (t) ↔ 2πf (−ω),
we have
1
↔ 2πeaω u(−ω).
a + jt
1
Since g(t) = a+jt , we conclude
G(ω) = 2πeaω u(−ω).
c) Calculating g(t) from G(ω),

Z ∞ Z 0
1 jωt
g(t) = G(ω)e dω = eaω ejωt dω
2π −∞ −∞
1 h (a+jt)ω i0 1
= e = , a > 0.
a + jt −∞ a + jt
2. Let
t
f (t) = rect( ).
2
1
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from
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a) Plot g(t) = f (t − 1).
b) Determine the Fourier transform G(ω) by using the time-shift property and
the fact that
t ωT
rect( ) ↔ T sinc( ).
T 2
c) Determine G(ω) by direct Fourier transformation (integration) of g(t) and
confirm that (b) is correct.
d) Taking advantage of Parseval’s theorem (Table 7.1, entry 16), determine the
signal energy Z ∞
1
W = |G(ω)|2 dω.
2π −∞
Solution:
a) Plotting g(t):
1.5 g(t)
1.0
0.5
-0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

t
b) Since
f (t − t0 ) ↔ F (ω)e−jωt0 ,
t−1
g(t) = rect( ) ↔ G(ω) = e−jω 2sinc(ω).
2
c) Applying the Fourier transform integral
Z ∞ Z 2
G(ω) = g(t)e−jωt dt =
e−jωt dt
∞ 0

1 −j2ω 2 −jω ejω − e−jω
= e −1 = e
−jω ω j2
sin(ω)
= 2e−jω = 2e−jω sinc(ω).
ω
This result confirms our approach in part (b).
d) Calculating the signal energy:
Z ∞ Z ∞
1 2
W = |G(ω)| dω = |g(t)|2 dt
2π −∞ −∞
Z 2
= dt = 2.
0
2
3. Determine the Fourier transform F (ω) of the following signal f (t):
f (t)
1
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
Solution:
Using the definition of rect function we can express f (t) as
t t
f (t) = −rect( ) + 2rect( ).
6 2
Since we know that
t ωT
rect( ) ↔ T sinc( ),
T 2
then the Fourier transform of f (t)is
F (ω) = −6sinc(3ω) + 4sinc(ω).
4. Determine the inverse Fourier transform of

π ω
F (ω) = rect
W 2W
by direct integration. Is F (ω) absolutely integrable? Does it satisfy the Dirichlet
conditions?
Solution:
Applying the inverse Fourier transform formula, we have
Z ∞ Z W
1 1 π jωt
f (t) = F (ω)ejωt dω = e dω
2π −∞ 2π −W W
1 1 jW t sin (W t)
= e − e−jW t =
2W jt Wt
= sinc (W t) .
Now we test if F (ω) is absolutely integrable.

Z ∞ Z W
π
|F (ω)|dω = dω = 2π.
−∞ −W W
R∞
Since −∞ |F (ω)|dω converges to 2π, we can say that F (ω) is absolutely integ-
rable. Moreover, since F (ω)is bounded (|F (ω)| < ∞) and it has a finite number of
discontinuities and extrema, we can say that it F (ω) satisfy the Dirichlet conditions.
3
5. Plot the time derivative of the unit triangle △( τt ), and the function

2 t + τ /4 2 t − τ /4
f (t) = rect − rect ,
τ τ /2 τ τ /2
to show that they are equivalent. In plotting f (t), superpose the plots of τ2 rect( t±τ /4
τ /2 ),
which you obtain by shifting and scaling the graph of rect( τt ).
Solution:
We plot the unit-triangle as a reference:
( |τ |
t 1 − τ2 |t|, |t| ≤ 2
△ = |τ |
τ 0, |t| > 2
 
1.5 t
△  
1.25 τ
1.
0.75
0.5
0.25
3Τ Τ Τ Τ Τ 3Τ
t
- 4
- 2 - 4 4 2 4
Now we plot the derivative of the unit-triangle :
( 2 t |τ |
t ′− τ |t| , |t| < 2
△ = |τ |
τ 0, |t| > 2
t
∆′ ( )
2
Τ
τ
1
Τ
3Τ Τ Τ Τ Τ 3Τ
t
- 4
-2 -4 4 2 4
1
-Τ
2
-Τ
The plot of f (t) is identical as the plot of △′ ( τt ). This becomes evident by

2 t+τ /4
plotting separately the two components of f (t), where g(t) = τ rect τ /2 and

h(t) = − τ2 rect t−τ /4
τ /2 . clearly f (t) = g(t) + h(t) = △′ ( τt ).
4
 
2 t + τ4 
 
g(t) = rect  2 t − τ4 
τ

τ

h(t) = − rect 

τ

2
Τ
2 2
Τ
τ 2
1 1
Τ Τ
-
3Τ Τ
-2
Τ
-4
Τ Τ 3Τ t -
3Τ Τ
-2
Τ
-4
Τ Τ 3Τ
t
4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4
1 1
-Τ -Τ
2 2
-Τ -Τ
6. Given that f (t) = 5△2 ( 5t ), evaluate the Fourier transform F (ω) at ω = 0.

Solution:
We can express f (t) as
( 2
5 1 − 25 |t| , |t| ≤ 52
f (t) =
0, |t| > 52 .
Finding the Fourier transform at ω = 0,

Z ∞ Z ∞
−j0t
F (0) = f (t)e dt = f (t)dt
−∞ −∞
Z 5/2
4 2
= t − 4|t| + 5 dt.
−5/2 5
Since the integrand is an even function, we double the integral from 0 to 5/2 :
5/2
4 3 2 4 125 25 25
F (0) = 2 t − 2t + 5t = 2 ( )( ) − 2( ) +
15 0 15 8 4 2

25 25 25 25
= 2 − + = .
6 2 2 3
7. a) Show that for real-valued signals f (t), the Fourier transform F (ω) satisfies the
property
F (−ω) = F ∗ (ω).
b) Using this result, show that for real-valued f (t), we have |F (−ω)| = |F (ω)|
and ∠F (−ω) = −∠F (ω) (i.e. that the magnitude of the Fourier transform is
even and the phase is odd).
Solution:
a) We start with the definition of the Fourier transform

Z ∞
F (ω) = f (t)e−jωt dt.
−∞
5
From that we get Z ∞
F (−ω) = f (t)ejωt dt,
−∞
and Z ∞
∗
F (ω) = f ∗ (t)ejωt dt.
−∞
But in real-valued signals f ∗ (t) = f (t). Therefore,
F (−ω) = F ∗ (ω)
for real f (t).
b) F (ω) can be written as
F (ω) = |F (ω)|ej∠F (ω) ,
which yields
F ∗ (ω) = |F (ω)|e−j∠F (ω) .
But since F (−ω) = F ∗ (ω), we have
F (−ω) = |F (ω)|e−j∠F (ω) .
Finally comparing this last relation with
F (−ω) = |F (−ω)|ej∠F (−ω) ,
we obtain
|F (−ω)| = |F (ω)|
and
∠F (−ω) = −∠F (ω).
8. On an exam, you are asked to calculate F (0) for some real-valued signal f (t). You
obtain the answer F (0) = 4 − j2. Explain why, for sure, you have made a mistake
in your calculation.
Solution:
As proved in the previous question, we have the Hermitian property for real f (t):
F (−ω) = F ∗ (ω).
Consequently, at ω = 0 we have
F (0) = F ∗ (0).
And this condition is only true if F (0) is real.
Alternatively, if f (t) is real, then
Z ∞
F (0) = f (t)dt
−∞
is also real. Therefore, F (0) = 4 − j2 is incorrect because it is not real.
6
9. Show that, given a real-valued signal f (t), the inverse Fourier transform integral
can be expressed as
Z ∞
1
f (t) = 2|F (ω)| cos(ωt + ∠F (ω))dω.
2π 0
Solution:
We start with the definition of the inverse Fourier transform:
Z ∞
1
f (t) = F (ω)ejωt dω.
2π −∞
Then we split this integral in two sections:
Z 0 Z ∞
1 jωt 1
f (t) = F (ω)e dω + F (ω)ejωt dω.
2π −∞ 2π 0
Rb R −a
Here, it can be proved that a g(t)dt = −b g(−t)dt. Therefore we can write,
Z ∞ Z ∞
1 1
f (t) = F (−ω)e−jωt dω + F (ω)ejωt dω.
2π 0 2π 0
Now using the Hermitian property , we substitute F (−ω) = F ∗ (ω) in the previous
equation, and rearranging, we have
Z ∞
1 ∗
f (t) = F (ω)e−jωt + F (ω)ejωt dω.
2π 0
In addition we can express F (ω) and F ∗ (ω) as
F (ω) = |F (ω)|ej∠F (ω) ,
and
F ∗ (ω) = |F (ω)|e−j∠F (ω) .
Therefore our integral can be rewritten as
Z ∞ h i
1
f (t) = |F (ω)| e−j(ωt+∠F (ω)) + ej(ωt+∠F (ω)) dω.
2π 0
which simplifies to
Z ∞
1
f (t) = 2|F (ω)| cos (ωt + ∠F (ω)) dω.
2π 0
10. The bandwidth Ω of a low-pass signal f (t) ↔ F (ω) is defined by the constraint
Z Ω
1
|F (ω)|2 dω = 0.8Wf ,
2π −Ω
where Wf denotes the energy of signal f (t).
7
a) What fraction of the signal energy Wf is contained in the frequency band
0 < ω < Ω? Explain.
b) The signal f (t) is filtered using a linear system with a frequency response
H(ω) satisfying H(ω) = 0 for |ω| < Ω and |H(ω)| = 1 for |ω| ≥ Ω. What is
the total energy of the system output y(t) in terms of the energy Wf of the
input f (t)?
Solution:
a) If f (t) is real, then |F (ω)|2 is an even signal. Therefore, the energy contained
in the frequency band 0 < ω < Ω equals the energy contained in −Ω < ω < 0,
and is Z 0 Z Ω
1 2 1
|F (ω)| dω = |F (ω)|2 dω = 0.4Wf
2π −Ω 2π 0
b) The total energy of the system output can be obtained by
Z ∞
Wy = |Y (ω)|2 dω.
∞
But Y (ω) = F (ω)H(ω), where

(
0, ω<Ω
|H(ω)| =
1, |ω| ≥ Ω.
Therefore,
Z −Ω Z ∞
2
Wy = |F (ω)| dω + |F (ω)|2 dω
∞ Ω
Z ∞ Z Ω
= |F (ω)|2 dω − |F (ω)|2 dω .
∞ −Ω
| {z } | {z }
Wf 0.8Wf
Consequently,
Wy = 0.2Wf .
11. Determine the 3-dB bandwidth and the 95%-bandwidth of signals f (t) and g(t)
with the following energy spectra:
|F (ω)|2
1
0 π π ω(rad/s)
2
8
|G(ω)|2
1
−2π 0 π 2π 3π ω(rad/s)
Solution:
• For a low-pass signal, the 3-dB bandwidth is the frequency where the energy
spectrum |F (ω)|2 falls to one-half the spectral value |F (0)|2 at DC. There-
fore, from the graph of the energy spectra, we can determine, that the 3-dB
bandwidth of the signal f (t) is
3π rad
.
4 s
2
1 |F (ω)|
1
2
3π
4
0 π π ω(rad/s)
2
Next, the 95%-bandwidth (Ω in the figure below), can be calculated by finding
the total energy W , and then finding Ω such that the total energy outside
|ω| > Ω equals 5% of W .
2
1 |F (ω)| π−Ω
π/2
95%
0 π ω(rad/s)
Ω
Calculating the total energy W using the formula for the area of a trapezoid,
we have
1 2π + π 3
W = = = 0.75.
2π 2 4
Thus the energy outside |ω| > Ω is 0.05W = 0.0375. But this energy can be
1
calculated as 2π times the combined areas of the right and left non-colored
triangles shown in the figure, which is
1 (π − Ω)
(π − Ω) .
2π π/2
Setting this quantity equal to 0.0375 yields
(π − Ω)2 = 0.0375π 2 .
9
Hence,
√ rad
Ω = π 1 − 0.0375 ≈ 0.80635π .
s
• Since the band-pass signal g(t) has a energy spectrum |G(ω)|2 that is a shifted
replica of |F (ω)|2 , then the bandwidth of g(t) is twice as wide as that of f (t),
i.e.
3π rad
Ω3dB =
2 s
and
rad
Ω95% ≈ 1.6127π .
s
12. a) Let f (t) = f1 (t) + f2 (t) such that f1 (t) ↔ F1 (ω) and f2 (t) ↔ F2 (ω). Show
that
f (t) ↔ F1 (ω) + F2 (ω).
b) The input signal of an LTI system with a frequency response H(ω) = |H(ω)|ejχ(ω)
is f1 (t) + f2 (t). Functions F1 (ω), F2 (ω), H(ω) and χ(ω) are given graphically
as follows:
F1 (ω)
ω
−10π rad/s F2 (ω) 10π rad/s
ω
−10π rad/s |H(ω)| 10π rad/s
4
2
ω
−10π rad/s 10π rad/s
χ(ω)
ω
−10π rad/s 10π rad/s
−π rad
Express the output y(t) of the system as a superposition of scaled and/or

shifted versions of f1 (t) and f2 (t). (Hint: y(t) = y1 (t) + y2 (t), with Y1 (ω) =
H(ω)F1 (ω) and Y2 (ω) = H(ω)F2 (ω).)
Solution:
10
a) Proving the addition property of the Fourier transform:
Z ∞
F (ω) = (f1 (t) + f2 (t)) e−jωt dt
−∞
Z ∞ Z ∞
−jωt
= f1 (t)e dt + f2 (t)e−jωt dt
−∞ −∞
= F1 (ω) + F2 (ω).
b) We know that in an LTI system, the input and output in the Fourier domain
are related as
Y (ω) = H(ω)F (ω).
But F (ω) = F1 (ω) + F2 (ω), then we have
Y (ω) = H(ω) [F1 (ω) + F2 (ω)]

= H(ω)F1 (ω) + H(ω)F2 (ω) .
| {z } | {z }
Y1 (ω) Y2 (ω)
Now, for the region where F1 (ω) 6= 0, we have
H(ω) = 2.
Therefore,
Y1 (ω) = 2F1 (ω) ←→ y1 (t) = 2f1 (t).
Also, for the region where F2 (ω) 6= 0, we notice a phase that is changing
linearly. Hence,
1
H(ω) = 4e−j 10 ω .
Consequently,

1
−j 10 ω 1
Y2 (ω) = 4e F2 (ω) ←→ y2 (t) = 4f2 t− .
10
Finally, adding the two results, we obtain

1
y(t) = 2f1 (t) + 4f2 t− .
10
13. Determine the response y(t) of the circuit shown below with an arbitrary input
f (t) in the form of an inverse Fourier transform and then evaluate y(t) for the case
t
f (t) = e− 6 u(t) V.
2Ω
+
f (t) +
- 3F y(t)
-
11
Solution:
The equivalent circuit in the Fourier domain is
2Ω
1 +
F (ω) +
- Ω Y (ω)
jω3 -
Using voltage division, we have

1 1
jω3 6
Y (ω) = F (ω) 1 = F (ω) 1 .
2+ jω3 6 + jω
Applying the inverse Fourier transform,

Z ∞ Z ∞ 1 F (ω)
1 jωt 1
y(t) = Y (ω)e dω = 6
1 ejωt dω.
2π −∞ 2π −∞ 6 + jω
Applying the Fourier transform pair

1
e−at u(t) ↔ , a > 0,
a + jω
to the input function yields
t 1
f (t) = e− 6 u(t) ←→ F (ω) = 1 .
6 + jω
We substitute this F (ω) into the inverse Fourier transform, and obtain
Z ∞ 1
1 6 jωt
y(t) = 2 e dω.
2π −∞ 1
+ jω
6
Finally we use the Fourier transform pair

1
te−at u(t) ↔ , a > 0,
(a + jω)2
to obtain,
1 1
y(t) = te− 6 t u(t).
6
12
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lives of the
Queens of England of the House of Hanover,
volume 2 (of 2)
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
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are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
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eBook.
Title: Lives of the Queens of England of the House of Hanover,

volume 2 (of 2)
Author: Dr. Doran
Release date: March 6, 2024 [eBook #73112]
Language: English
Original publication: London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1875
Credits: Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced
from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF

THE QUEENS OF ENGLAND OF THE HOUSE OF HANOVER,
VOLUME 2 (OF 2) ***
THE
QUEENS OF ENGLAND
OF THE
HOUSE OF HANOVER
VOL. II.
LONDON: PRINTED BY
SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
AND PARLIAMENT STREET
LIVES
OF THE
QUEENS OF ENGLAND
OF THE
HOUSE OF HANOVER
BY
DR. DORAN, F.S.A.

AUTHOR OF ‘TABLE TRAITS’ ‘HABITS AND MEN’ ETC.
FOURTH EDITION
CAREFULLY REVISED AND MUCH ENLARGED
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOL. II.
LONDON
RICHARD BENTLEY & SON, NEW BURLINGTON STREET
Publishers in Ordinary to Her Majesty
1875
CONTENTS
OF
THE SECOND VOLUME.
CHARLOTTE SOPHIA—Cont.
CHAPTER IV.
BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND MARRIAGES.
PAGE
Death of the Duke of Cumberland—His military career— 1
The soubriquet of the Butcher given him—Anecdotes
of him—Marriage of Caroline Matilda—Her married life
unhappy—Dr. Struensee—Mésalliances of the Dukes
of Gloucester and Cumberland—The Duke of
Cumberland and Lady Grosvenor—The Royal
Marriage Act—Olivia Serres—Lord Clive’s present of
diamonds to the Queen—Disgusting correspondence
of the Duchess of Orleans and Queen Caroline—The
Prince of Wales’s juvenile Drawing-room—Simple life
of the Royal Family at Kew—Prince Frederick and his
cottage beauty—Paton and his naval pictures—Royal
births—The custom of cake and caudle observed—
Petty larcenists—Sarah Wilson and her subsequent life
—Death of Princess Mary; and of Princess Augusta,
the King’s mother—The Earl of Bute—Neglected
education of George III.—Petronilla, Countess Delitz—
The Countess of Chesterfield, her conversion by
Whitfield—Efforts of Lady Huntingdon to convert the
gay Earl of Chesterfield—Mr. Fitzroy—George III. at
Portsmouth—Jacob Bryant’s ‘golden rule’—Witty
remark of Queen Charlotte—Attendant bards on
Royalty; Mark Smeaton, Thomas Abel, David Rizzio—
The Princess under the guardianship of Lady Charlotte
Finch—The Queen’s benevolence—Satirists
CHAPTER V.
PERILS, PROGRESS, AND PASTIMES.
The American War—Dr. Dodd—The Duchess of

Queensberry and the ‘Beggar’s Opera’—Royal
Progress—Royal Visit to Bulstrode—Mrs. Delany and
Queen Charlotte—Birth of Prince Octavius—Strange,
the Engraver—The Riots of London—Lady Sarah
Lennox—The Prince and his Sire—The Prince’s
Preceptors—Errors committed in the education of the
Princes—The Prince’s favourite, Perdita Robinson—
Marie Antoinette’s present to her—Separate
establishment granted to the Prince—Lord North’s
facetious remark—Parliamentary provision for the
Prince—The Prince’s presence in the House of
Commons not acceptable—His pursuit of pleasure—
The Duke of Clarence described by Walpole—The
Prince of Wales overwhelmed with debts—Dissension
in the Royal Family—Marriage proposed to him to
extricate him from his debts—The Prince’s connection
with Mrs. Fitzherbert—The Prince’s marriage
disclaimed by Mr. Fox—The Prince’s behaviour to Mrs.
Fitzherbert—The Prince acknowledges his marriage to
the Queen 31
CHAPTER VI.
COURT FORMS AND COURT FREEDOMS.
Loss of the American Colonies—Political Struggle—The

King’s health unsatisfactory—Life of the Royal Family
at Windsor—Mrs. Delany—The Queen and the Widow
—Early service in the Chapel Royal at Windsor—Rev.
Tom Twining and Miss Burney—Miss Burney’s
Reception by the Queen—Promenade of the Royal
Family on the terrace—The Queen’s ‘dressing’—The
Queen’s partiality for Snuff—Country life of the Royal
Family at Kew—Princess Amelia; the King’s great
affection for her—Scene on the birthday of the
Princess—Margaret Nicholson’s attempt to
assassinate the King—The Queen’s dread—Her
fondness for Diamonds—Mrs. Warren Hastings—The
present from the Nizam of the Deccan—Unpopularity
of the King and Queen—Their affection for each other
—The Queen’s tenderness to Mrs. Delany—
Reconciliation of the King and the Prince—A pleasant
scene—Another Court Incident 54
CHAPTER VII.
SHADOWS IN THE SUNSHINE.
The Princess Amelia—Her connection with the Duke of 72

Grafton—Beau Nash and the Princess—Her
despotism as Ranger of Richmond Park—Checked by
Mr. Bird—A scene at her Loo-table—Her fondness for
stables—Her eccentric Costume—Inordinate love of
Snuff—Her Death—Conduct of the Princes—The
King’s Illness—Graphic picture of the state of affairs—
Lord Thurlow’s treachery—Heartlessness of the Prince
—Deplorable condition of the Queen—The King
delirious—Particulars of his Illness—Dr. Warren—
Melancholy scene—The King wheedled away to Kew
—Placed under Dr. Willis—The Prince and Lord
Lothian eavesdroppers—The King’s Recovery—The
King unexpectedly encounters Miss Burney
CHAPTER VIII.
THE ‘FIRST GENTLEMAN’ AND HIS PRINCIPLES.
Inconsistency of the Whigs—The Tories become radical

reformers—Party spirit—A restricted Regency scorned
by the Prince—Compelled to accept it—The King’s
rapid recovery—Incredulity of the Princes in regard to
the King’s recovery—A family scene at Kew—Ball at
White’s Club on the King’s recovery, and unbecoming
conduct of the Princes—Thanksgiving at St. Paul’s—
Indecent conduct of the Princes—Grief of the King—
Expectations of the Prince disappointed—Caricatures
and satires 92
CHAPTER IX.
ROYALTY UNDER VARIOUS PHASES.
Bishop Watson a partisan of the Prince—The bishop’s 102

reception by the Queen—The Prince’s patronage of
the bishop—Bishop Watson’s views on the Regency—
Laid on the shelf—The Prince and the bishop’s
‘Apology’—Ball given on the King’s recovery by
Brookes’s Club—Mrs. Siddons, as Britannia—The
Queen’s Drawing-room on the occasion—Mrs.
Siddons’s readings at Buckingham House—Gay life of
the Duke of York—Popularity of the Duke of Clarence
—His boundless hospitality at the Admiralty—Duel
between the Duke of York and Colonel Lennox—
Littleness of spirit of the Princes—Royal Visit to
Lulworth Castle—Assault on the King—Caricatures of
the day—Marriage of the Duke of York—Ceremonious
royal visit to the young couple—Caricatures of the
Duchess of York—Unhappy in her marriage—The
Duchess and Monk Lewis—Alleged avarice of the King
and Queen—Dr. Johnson’s opinion of the King—
Etiquette at Court—The Sailor Prince ‘too far gone’ for
a minuet—The Royal Family at Cheltenham—The
mayor and the master of the ceremonies—
Questionable taste of the Queen in regard to the
drama—Moral degradation of England during the reign
of the first two Georges—Mrs. Hannah More’s ideas on
morality; and Rev. Sydney Smith’s witty remark on it—
A delicate hint by the Queen to Lady Charlotte
Campbell—The Prince’s pecuniary difficulties—The
Prince and affairs of the heart—Mésalliance of the
Duke of Sussex
CHAPTER X.
LENGTHENING SHADOWS.
The Prince of Wales’s marriage to the Princess Caroline 128

of Brunswick—Her character—The Prince’s behaviour
at the marriage ceremony—Lord Holland’s two
accounts of the Princess irreconcileable—The Prince’s
hatred of the Princess—Propriety of the Queen’s Court
—Unpopularity of the King—Pelted by the mob—Birth
of the Princess Charlotte—Strict observance of Court
etiquette—Marriage of the Princess Royal to the Prince
of Wurtemburg—First book stereotyped in England—
The Volunteer mania—Attempted assassination of the
King—Archbishop Cornwallis’s drums, and Lady
Huntingdon’s efforts to induce him to discontinue—Her
hot reception by Mrs. Cornwallis—Lady Huntingdon
induces the King to aid her—The King’s letter to the
archbishop—Conduct of the clergy—Incident of the
Drawing-room—The Prince a Radical—The King’s
illness—His excitement—Feeling exhibited by the
Duke of York—The Prince of Wales incredulous of the
recovery of the King—Conversation between the King
and Dr. Willis—The Queen’s anxiety—Particulars of
the King’s Illness—Recovery of the King—Home scene
at Windsor Castle
CHAPTER XI.
THE END OF GREATNESS.
Queen as an author—Domestic life of the Royal Family— 151

Return of the King’s Illness—His continual agitation—
Dr. Symonds not the medical officer for the King—
Capricious changes made by the King in his household
—His humorous eccentricities—Contest between the
King and the Prince—The Queen’s conduct—Scant
courtesy to the royal invalid—Errors committed by the
King—Wellesley and Nelson—Gradual decay of the
King—His eccentricity at the installation of Knights of
the Garter—Picture of the daily life of the Royal Family
—Position of the Queen—The King’s resignation on
his blindness—Distress of his mind—Renewal of the
Regency question—Extraordinary assertion to Lord
Eldon—The King’s person confided to the Queen—
The Queen’s letters to Lord Eldon—Her merry letter to
him—A touching incident—The Queen’s unpopularity
—Marriage of the Princess Charlotte—Decline of the
Queen’s health—Disgraceful reception of her by the
City—Her death—Considered as a parent—Her
political influence—The debts of Prince of Strelitz—
The Court on George III.’s ceasing to exercise
authority—Regal retinue about the old King dismissed
—The Queen’s funeral—Her will—Her diamonds—
Death of the Duke of Kent—Death of the King—Visit of
the Emperor of the French to the Duchess of
Gloucester
CAROLINE OF BRUNSWICK,
WIFE OF GEORGE IV.
CHAPTER I.
MOTHER AND DAUGHTER.
Marriage of Princess Augusta to the Prince of Brunswick

—His reception at Harwich—Wedding performed with
maimed rites—The Prince at the opera—A scene—Old
mode of travelling of the bride and bridegroom—Issue
of this marriage—Dashing replies of Princess Caroline
—Her mother the Duchess a weak and coarse-minded
woman—Education of German princesses—Infamous
conduct of the Duke of York—Lord Malmesbury sent to
demand Princess Caroline in marriage for the Prince of
Wales—His account of the Princess—Eloquence of the
Duchess on the virtues of the Princess—The Duke’s
mistress, and picture of the Court of Brunswick—The
Duchess’s stories of bygone times—The marriage by
proxy—Celebration of the wedding-day—The marriage
treaty—Eccentricity of the Duke—Education of the
Princess neglected—The courtesan champion of
morality—The Duke’s fears for the Princess—Lady
Jersey and the Queen—Lord Malmesbury’s advice to
the Princess—Madame de Hertzfeldt’s portrait of the
Princess—The Princess’s exuberant spirits at a court
masquerade—More admonitions by Lord Malmesbury
—Madame de Waggenheim’s taunt, and Lord
Malmesbury’s thrust en carte 183
CHAPTER II.
THE NEW HOME.
The Princess desires to have Lord Malmesbury as her

lord chamberlain—The Duchess a coarse-minded
woman—The Duke of Clarence her bitter enemy—The
Duke and Duchess’s caution to Lord Malmesbury, and
his dignified reply—The Abbess of Gandersheim’s
opinion of mankind—Difficult question proposed by the
Princess, and Lord Malmesbury’s gallant reply—The
Abbess without human sympathy—A state dinner, and
a mischievous anonymous letter—The Princess’s
departure for England—Her indifference to money—
Instances—Ignorance of the Duchess—Difficulties of
the journey—The Princess’s design to reform the
Prince of Wales—Indefatigable care of Lord
Malmesbury—Story of the Princess at Hanover—Care
as to her toilette recommended—Presents given by
the Princess—Her arrival in England—Ridiculed by
Lady Jersey—Reproof administered to her ladyship by
Lord Malmesbury—The first interview of the Prince and
Princess—Cold reception of the bride—Flippant
conduct of the Princess—Lord Malmesbury
reproached by the Prince of Wales 209
CHAPTER III.
THE FIRST YEAR OF MARRIED LIFE.
The Princess’s letters to her family intercepted— 235

Unkindness exhibited to her—The Prince seeks a
separation—Acceded to by the Princess—She
removes to Blackheath—Her income settled—Merry
hours spent by the Princess at Blackheath—
Intercourse between the Princess and her daughter—
The Princess’s unfortunate acquaintance with Lady
Douglas—The boy Austin—Lady Douglas’s
communication to the Prince attacking the Princess—
The delicate investigation—Witnesses examined—The
Princess hardly dealt with—Her memorial to the King—
Delay in doing her justice—The Monarch’s decision—
Exculpated from the grave charges—Comparison of
Caroline Queen of George II. and Caroline of
Brunswick—The Prince and Lady Hertford—Miss
Seymour, and the Prince’s subornation of witnesses—
Persecution of the Princess by her husband—Her
appeal to the King—Menace of publishing The Book—
The Princess received at the Queen’s Drawing-room—
Meeting of the Prince and Princess—Death of the
Duke of Brunswick at the battle of Jena—The Duchess
a fugitive—The Princess’s debts
CHAPTER IV.
MOTHERS AND DAUGHTERS.
Imbecility finally settled on the mind of George III.— 263

Intercourse between the Princess and her daughter
obstructed—The Whigs betrayed by the Prince—
Sketch of the Duchess of Brunswick—The Princess’s
Court at Kensington diminished—Her pleasant dinners
there—Lively outbreaks of the Princess—Her sketches
of character—Her indiscretion—An adventure—
Description of the Princess Charlotte—The Princess of
Wales’s demeanour to her mother—Thoughtlessness
of the Duchess of Brunswick—Popularity of the
Princess on the wane—Her determination to bring her
wrongs before the public—She becomes more
melancholy—An incident—Continued agitation of the
Princess—She becomes querulous—The poet
Campbell presented to her—A humorous fault of
orthography—The Prince and John Kemble
CHAPTER V.
HARSH TRIALS AND PETTY TRIUMPHS.
The Princess again in public—Restricted intercourse

between the Princess and her daughter—Sealed
letters addressed by the Princess to the Prince—
Published—The Princess’s appeal to Parliament—
Bitterness on both sides—Meeting of the Princess and
her daughter—The Princess at Vauxhall—Death of the
Duchess of Brunswick—Last interview between the
Duke of Brunswick and the Princess—Her depressed
spirits—Unnoticed during the festivities of 1814—
Sacrifice made by the Princess—Unnoticed by the
Emperor of Russia and the King of Prussia—The
Princess at the opera—A scene—Not invited to the
great City banquet—Mr. Whitbread’s advice to the
Princess—A freak—Reception of the Regent in the
City—The Princess excluded from the Drawing-rooms
—Correspondence between the Queen and the
Princess—Her letter to the Regent—Discussed in the
House of Commons 277
CHAPTER VI.
A DOUBLE FLIGHT.
The Prince of Orange proposes to the Princess Charlotte 299

—His suit declined—Dr. Parr—A new household
appointed for the Princess Charlotte—Her
astonishment and immediate flight—Alarm and pursuit
—Princess Charlotte removed to Cranbourne Lodge—
The Princess of Wales determines to leave England—
Her departure from Worthing—The Regent’s continued
hatred of her
CHAPTER VII.
THE ERRANT ARIADNE.
The Princess arrives at Hamburgh—Assumes the title of

Countess of Wolfenbüttel—Travels in Switzerland—
Meeting of the Princess with the ex-Empress Maria
Louisa and the divorced wife of the Grand Duke
Constantine—The Princess at Milan—Her English
attendants fall off—Her reception by the Pope—At a
masked ball at Naples—Her imprudence—Her
festivals at Como—The Princess at Palermo—Bergami
her chamberlain—The Princess at Genoa—
Corresponds with Murat—Personal vanity of Queen
Charlotte—The Pope visits the Princess—Surrounded
by Italians—Her roving life—Proceeds to Syracuse—At
Jericho—Lands at Tunis and visits the Bey—Liberates
European slaves—The Princess at Athens—At Troy—
At Constantinople—At Ephesus—At Acre—Stopped at
Jaffa—Enters Jerusalem—Her reception by the
Capuchin Friars—Institutes a new order of chivalry—
Life on board the polacca—The Princess and
Countess Oldi at Como—Private theatricals a favourite
pastime—Agents and spies—Innocent incidents
converted into crimes—Bergami divested of his
knighthood—The Princess at Carlsruhe—
Contemptuously neglected at Vienna—The
chamberlain her only attendant—The Princess in
public—Deeply affected by the death of Princess
Charlotte—As uncircumspect as ever 313
CHAPTER VIII.
THE RETURN TO ENGLAND.
Report of the Milan Commissioners—The Princess’s

determination to return to England—Studied neglect of
her by Louis XVIII.—Lord Hutchinson’s proposal to her
to remain abroad—Her indignant refusal—Bergami’s
anger on the refusal of the proposition—Discourtesy of
the French authorities to the Princess—Her reception
in England—The Regent’s message to Parliament—
The green bag—Sympathy with the Queen—Desire for
a compromise evinced; meeting for the purpose at
Lord Castlereagh’s—The contending parties in
Parliament—Mr. Wilberforce as Mr. Harmony—Mr.
Brougham the Queen’s especial advocate—The
Queen’s name in the Liturgy demanded—Mr.
Denman’s argument for it—Address of the House of
Commons to the Queen—Her reply, and appeal to the
nation—A secret inquiry protested against—The
Queen at Waithman’s shop—Violence of party spirit 334
CHAPTER IX.
QUEEN, PEERS, AND PEOPLE.
The secret committee on the Queen’s conduct— 349

Encounter between the Queen and Princess Sophia—
Bill of Pains and Penalties brought into the House of
Lords—The Queen demands to know the charges
against her—Her demand refused—The Queen again
petitions—Lord Liverpool’s speech—The Queen’s
indignant message to the Lords—Money spent to
procure witnesses against her—Public feeling against
the Italian witnesses—Dr. Parr’s Advice to the Queen
—His zealous advocacy of her cause—Lord Erskine’s
efforts in her favour—Her hearty protest against legal
oppression—Gross attack on her in a provincial paper
—Cruel persecution of her—Her sharp philippic

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Analog Circuit Design Discrete and Integrated 1st

a) Using the Fourier transform formula gives

b) From part (a) making t0 = 0, we have

f (t) ↔ F (ω) ⇒ F (t) ↔ 2πf (−ω),

G(ω) = 2πeaω u(−ω).

c) Calculating g(t) from G(ω),

-0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

F (ω) = −6sinc(3ω) + 4sinc(ω).

4. Determine the inverse Fourier transform of

Now we test if F (ω) is absolutely integrable.

Now we plot the derivative of the unit-triangle :

The plot of f (t) is identical as the plot of △′ ( τt ). This becomes evident by

6. Given that f (t) = 5△2 ( 5t ), evaluate the Fourier transform F (ω) at ω = 0.

Finding the Fourier transform at ω = 0,

a) We start with the definition of the Fourier transform

is also real. Therefore, F (0) = 4 − j2 is incorrect because it is not real.

F (ω) = |F (ω)|ej∠F (ω) ,

But Y (ω) = F (ω)H(ω), where

Express the output y(t) of the system as a superposition of scaled and/or

Y (ω) = H(ω) [F1 (ω) + F2 (ω)]

Now, for the region where F1 (ω) 6= 0, we have

Finally, adding the two results, we obtain

Using voltage division, we have

Applying the inverse Fourier transform,

Applying the Fourier transform pair

Finally we use the Fourier transform pair

Title: Lives of the Queens of England of the House of Hanover,

Author: Dr. Doran

Release date: March 6, 2024 [eBook #73112]

Original publication: London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1875

Credits: Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed Proofreading

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF

DR. DORAN, F.S.A.

THE SECOND VOLUME.

The American War—Dr. Dodd—The Duchess of

Loss of the American Colonies—Political Struggle—The

The Princess Amelia—Her connection with the Duke of 72

Inconsistency of the Whigs—The Tories become radical

Bishop Watson a partisan of the Prince—The bishop’s 102

The Prince of Wales’s marriage to the Princess Caroline 128

Queen as an author—Domestic life of the Royal Family— 151

Marriage of Princess Augusta to the Prince of Brunswick

The Princess desires to have Lord Malmesbury as her

The Princess’s letters to her family intercepted— 235

Imbecility finally settled on the mind of George III.— 263

The Princess again in public—Restricted intercourse

The Prince of Orange proposes to the Princess Charlotte 299

The Princess arrives at Hamburgh—Assumes the title of

Report of the Milan Commissioners—The Princess’s

The secret committee on the Queen’s conduct— 349

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The plot of f (t) is identical as the plot of △′ ( τt ). This becomes evident by