Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Instant Download PDF Understanding The Australian Health Care System 3rd Edition Willis Test Bank Full Chapter
Instant Download PDF Understanding The Australian Health Care System 3rd Edition Willis Test Bank Full Chapter
https://testbankfan.com/product/basics-of-the-u-s-health-care-
system-2nd-edition-niles-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/the-united-states-health-care-
system-combining-business-health-and-delivery-2nd-edition-austin-
test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/understanding-the-essentials-of-
critical-care-nursing-3rd-edition-perrin-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/health-care-usa-understanding-
its-organization-and-delivery-8th-edition-sultz-test-bank/
Understanding Human Behavior A Guide for Health Care
Professionals 9th Edition Honeycutt Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/understanding-human-behavior-a-
guide-for-health-care-professionals-9th-edition-honeycutt-test-
bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/development-of-the-nervous-
system-3rd-edition-sanes-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/medical-language-for-modern-
health-care-3rd-edition-allan-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/public-health-nursing-population-
centered-health-care-in-the-community-7th-edition-stanhope-test-
bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/public-health-nursing-population-
centered-health-care-in-the-community-9th-edition-stanhope-test-
bank/
Willis: Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 3rd edition
Chapter 08: The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme: recent trends and options for reform
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
a. the dispensing of cheap prescriptions by local pharmacies for use by patients at home
b. an insurance scheme that covers the cost of medicines
c. to provide patients with medicines when they are discharged home from hospital
d. part of the Australian government’s National Medicines Policy to provide safe, quality
medicines in a timely and affordable manner
ANS: d
The PBS is part of the Australian government’s National Medicines Policy, with the stated
aims of (1) providing timely access to the medicines that Australians need, at a cost
individuals and the community can afford; (2) providing medicines that meet appropriate
standards of quality, safety and efficacy; (3) ensuring quality use of medicines; and (4)
maintaining a responsible and viable medicines industry.
REF: p. 106
a. the fixed amount that patients have to pay for all dispensed medicines
b. the shared cost between the pharmacist and patient for the payment of a dispensed medicine
c. a voluntary donation made for a service or product
d. a compulsory payment made for a service or product.
ANS: b
Each time a medication listed on the PBS is dispensed, the pharmacist is paid an amount
determined by the government, and the patient shares this cost through what are often referred
to as ‘co-payments’.
REF: p. 106
The PBS can be characterised as an insurance scheme that is financed through general
taxation. In this respect it has some similarities with Medicare, which is funded from both a
special levy and general taxation.
REF: p. 106
a. the PBS is not available to all Australians, only those who receive welfare payments
b. one is for health care (Medicare) and the other is for medicines (PBS)
c. under the PBS pharmacists are unable to run a small business because they have to work
for large chains
d. unlike doctors, pharmacists cannot charge above the pre-determined maximum for the cost
of medicines
ANS: d
For pharmaceuticals listed on the PBS, the patient normally pays all the costs of a drug up to a
pre-defined maximum (i.e. the level of the deductible) with the government covering the rest.
REF: p. 106
a. it is free for all Australians irrespective of what welfare benefit they receive
b. all Australians contribute to the scheme through general taxation
c. the scheme remains uncapped as the government is not obliged to implement advice it
receives from the PBAC
d. it remains in place because Australia has a world-class system for providing medicines to
its citizens
ANS: c
An important feature of the PBS is that it is uncapped – in that the government does not
allocate a fixed budget to pharmaceuticals – but at the same time the government is not
obliged to implement the advice of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee
(PBAC).
Generic drugs only become available when the patent on a drug has expired, allowing other
drug manufacturers to copy the drug. Generic drugs are normally much cheaper than the
original drug, as these manufacturers only need to cover the cost of production (which is
normally a small fraction of the original price) and not the cost of the drug’s development.
REF: p. 107
a. a price that is usually less than the most expensive option which is expected to paid by the
consumer
b. a process to adjust the price of pharmaceuticals in order to make it cheaper for both the
government and consumers
c. a means for the government to make more money by purchasing cheaper medicines and
then selling them on to consumers at a higher price
d. the way pharmaceutical manufacturers create newer, cheaper but less effective drugs which
are then made available to governments as generic options
ANS: b
Up until the mid-2000s, reference pricing was used to adjust the price of pharmaceuticals
listed on the PBS. This involved PBS subsidies being set at the level of the lowest-priced
pharmaceutical in a therapeutically equivalent group.
REF: p. 107
a. greater transparency through the government setting a known price for medicines to be sold
by drug companies and purchased by pharmacies
b. to collect information on the price of medicines so that the government can get the best
price for consumers
c. to save money – drug companies know that they have to sell cheaper medicines to
pharmacies which consumers then purchase
d. to reduce drug company profits by having them charge a lower price for many previously
more expensive medicines
ANS: a
The price disclosure system is based on the government setting a price at which drug
companies sell medications to pharmacies, rather than directly regulating prices. The stated
purpose of these reforms to the pricing of generics was to address the problem that Australia
paid much more for generics than many other countries.
REF: p. 108
ANS: c
Programs such as the PBS represent a long-term challenge for government as real expenditure
(i.e. spending adjusted for inflation) is often increasing faster than other government programs
and affects receipts from taxation. Rising spending over time means that a government either
needs to increase the rate of taxation or must spend less on other government programs in
order to continue to fund rising health care expenditure.
REF: p. 112
10. In order to contain the cost of the PBS, the government can:
ANS: d
One strategy, proposed in the 2014 Budget, is to reduce PBS subsidies by increasing patient
contributions, as a way of shifting some pharmaceutical costs from the government to
consumers. Another approach is to reduce or alter the types of drug prescribed. The final
option to contain the growth in PBS expenditure is to reduce drug prices, particularly of
generic medications.
Title: Fuimus
Language: Hungarian
MIKSZÁTH KÁLMÁN
54. KÖTET
A KIVÁLÁS GENEZISE
II.
Irta
JUSTH ZSIGMOND
BUDAPEST
FRANKLIN-TÁRSULAT
magyar irod. intézet és könyvnyomda
1906
FUIMUS
REGÉNY
IRTA
JUSTH ZSIGMOND
BUDAPEST
FRANKLIN-TÁRSULAT
magyar irod. intézet és könyvnyomda
1906
Minden jog fentartva.
Franklin-Társulat nyomdája.
FUIMUS
Első kiadása megjelent 1895-ben.
ELSŐ KÖNYV.
1.