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Chapter 5 – Disruption and Renewal in West Asia and Europe

Political, Religious, and Social Unrest in Palestine: 63 B.C.E to 73 C.E.

IDENTIFICATION

1. Diaspora

ANS:

2. Essenes

ANS:

3. Josephus

ANS:

4. Masada

ANS:

5. Pharisees

ANS:

6. Qumran

ANS:

7. Sadducees

ANS:
 8. Sanhedrin

ANS:

9. Sicarii

ANS:

10. Talmud

ANS:

11. Zealots

ANS:

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which statement about Judaism or Jewish-Roman relations in the early Roman Empire is false?
a. There were divergences among groups such as the Sadducees and Pharisees.
b. The Zealots and Sicarii urged armed insurrection.
c. The revolt of 66-70 C.E. ended in a treaty favorable to the Jews.
d. The destruction of the temple in Jerusalem permanently embittered Jews against Romans.
e. none of these choices
ANS: C REF: p. 224-225

2. Eleazer was the

a. leader of Roman forces at the siege of Jerusalem.
b. leader of Jewish rebels at Jerusalem.
c. leader of Jewish rebels at Masada.
d. chief historian of the Jewish War.
e. none of these choices
ANS: C REF: p. 224

3. Direct Roman control was first instituted in Palestine by

a. Alexander the Great.
b. Scipio Africanus.
c. Scipio Judaeus.
d. Pompey the Great.
e. Augustus.
ANS: D REF: p. 224
4. Herod's new port city was
a. Caesarea Maritima.
b. Tyre.
c. Sidon.
d. Gaza.
e. Tel Aviv.
ANS: A REF: p. 224

5. Pontius Pilate was a

a. Roman quaestor.
b. Jewish rabbi.
c. Pharisee.
d. Roman prefect.
e. none of these choices
ANS: D REF: p. 224

6. The literal translation of "sicarii" is

a. thirsty ones.
b. dagger-men.
c. archers or bowmen.
d. traitors to Judaism.
e. none of these choices
ANS: B REF: p. 224

7. The scattering of Jews around the eastern Mediterranean in the aftermath of the destruction of
Jerusalem is known as
a. Holocaust.
b. deportation.
c. Diaspora.
d. pogrom.
e. none of these choices
ANS: C REF: p. 224-225

8. Which of the following was not among the requirements that members of the Qumran community had
to abide by?
a. to be just in dealings with others
b. to be truthful
c. to be pious toward God
d. to be baptized
e. none of these choices
ANS: E REF: p. 226

9. The Essene community at Qumran has been intensively compared with

a. Greek pagans.
b. Pythagoreans.
c. early Christians.
d. Zoroastrians.
e. Buddhist monks.
ANS: C REF: p. 226
SHORT ANSWER

1. What effect did the loss of their temple at Jerusalem have on the attitudes and observances of devote
Jews?

ANS:

2. What is the Talmud, and how is it important in the history of Judaism?

ANS:

3. Distinguish briefly between Pharisees and Sadducees.

ANS:

4. Describe how the Dead Sea Scrolls came to be recovered.

ANS:

Early Christianity

IDENTIFICATION

1. Augustine

ANS:

2. The City of God

ANS:

3. codex

ANS:
 4. Constantine

ANS:

5. Edict of Milan

ANS:

6. Edict of Toleration

ANS:

7. Eucharist

ANS:

8. Galerius

ANS:

9. Gospels

ANS:

10. Great Persecution

ANS:

11. Jerome

ANS:

12. Jesus

ANS:
 13. Nicene Creed

ANS:

14. papacy

ANS:

15. Paul of Tarsus

ANS:

16. Vulgate Bible

ANS:

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Roman emperors could gain deification by

a. victories in battle.
b. a vote of the senate.
c. decree of the Pontifex Maximus.
d. having epic poems written about their exploits.
e. none of these
ANS: B REF: p. 228

2. Among the more recent religious imports to the early Roman Empire were the cults of
a. Jupiter and Bacchus.
b. Bacchus and Cybele.
c. Cybele and Isis.
d. Isis and Mithras.
e. none of these
ANS: D REF: p. 228

3. Most mystery cults came to Rome from

a. Greece.
b. Macedon.
c. Judaea.
d. West Asia.
e. Africa.
ANS: D REF: p. 228
4. "Man cannot live on bread alone..." According to the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus concludes this thought
by saying
a. "he must also have water."
b. "he must also have wine."
c. "he lives on every word that God utters."
d. "he lives on my body and blood."
e. none of these
ANS: C REF: p. 228

5. The temptation of Jesus during his forty days and nights in the desert is somewhat like the temptation
of
a. Buddha.
b. Zoroaster.
c. Shiva.
d. Zeus.
e. Mithras.
ANS: A REF: p. 228

6. Paul of Tarsus was a

a. Jew.
b. Greek.
c. Roman.
d. Phoenician.
e. Egyptian.
ANS: A REF: p. 229

7. Which of the following statements about Jesus, as he is described in the Gospels, is false?
a. He respected the Jewish scriptures and agreed with the Pharisees on matters of Sabbath
observance, food laws, and ritual purity.
b. He believed the Sadducees had corrupted the Jerusalem Temple for personal gain.
c. He was popular with the masses.
d. Roman and Jewish officials arrested, tried, convicted, and crucified him as an agitator.
e. none of these
ANS: A REF: p. 229

8. The man known as "the Apostle to the Gentiles" was

a. Matthew.
b. Mark.
c. Luke.
d. Augustine.
e. Paul.
ANS: E REF: p. 229

9. The first recorded persecution of Christians took place during the reign of
a. Augustus.
b. Nero.
c. Domitian.
d. Diocletian.
e. Galerius.
ANS: B REF: p. 229
 10. The Emperor Trajan, in his letter to Pliny the Younger regarding policy to be followed in dealing with
Christians, said that
a. they should be hunted down.
b. those who try to deny that they are (or were) Christian should not be acquitted.
c. if they are brought before you and convicted, they should be punished.
d. all of these choices
e. none of these
ANS: C REF: p. 229

11. The most severe persecution of Christians was begun by

a. Nero in 64.
b. Domitian in 81.
c. Decius in 181.
d. Diocletian in 303.
e. Galerius in 311.
ANS: D REF: p. 230

12. By the end of the fourth century, the only legal religions in the Roman Empire were
a. Judaism and Christianity.
b. Christianity and Greco-Roman paganism.
c. Christianity and Mithraism.
d. Zoroastrianism and Christianity.
e. none of these pairs
ANS: A REF: p. 231

13. The "Vulgate Bible" was a translation into

a. Greek made by Augustine.
b. Latin made by Augustine.
c. Greek made by Jerome.
d. Latin made by Jerome.
e. Latin made by Tertullian.
ANS: D REF: p. 232

SHORT ANSWER

1. Describe the appeal of mystery religions during the Roman Empire.

ANS:

2. Summarize the contributions of Paul of Tarsus to the growth of Christianity. Describe both his shaping
of doctrine and his practical work to spread the faith.

ANS:

3. What was the role of Constantine in the "Triumph of Christianity"?

ANS:
Upheaval and Transition in Western Europe

IDENTIFICATION

1. Aachen

ANS:

2. Alfred the Great

ANS:

3. Attila

ANS:

4. Benedict of Nursia

ANS:

5. Burgundy

ANS:

6. Carolingian Renaissance

ANS:

7. Charlemagne

ANS:

8. Clovis

ANS:
 9. Erik the Red

ANS:

10. feudalism

ANS:

11. Franks

ANS:

12. Huns

ANS:

13. Leif Erikson

ANS:

14. Lombards

ANS:

15. Magyars

ANS:

16. Odoacer

ANS:

17. Ostrogoths

ANS:
18. Pepin

ANS:

19. Pope Gregory I

ANS:

20. Pope Leo III

ANS:

21. Vandals

ANS:

22. vassal

ANS:

23. Vikings

ANS:

24. Vinland

ANS:

25. Visigoths

ANS:
MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Besides nobles, the only fully free persons in the early Germanic states of western Europe were
a. soldiers and artisans.
b. merchants and clergy.
c. serfs and merchants.
d. property owners and serfs.
e. none of these
ANS: B REF: p. 236

2. The movement of these nomad horsemen westward out of the steppes of Asia resulted in increased
pressure on the borders of the Roman Empire. The same people fought with the forces of the Han
Empire.
a. Huns
b. Burgundians
c. Visigoths
d. Ostrogoths
e. none of these choices
ANS: A REF: p. 234

3. Not among the reasons that have been suggested for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire is
a. Christianity.
b. economic collapse.
c. lead poisoning.
d. soil exhaustion.
e. none of these choices
ANS: E REF: p. 235

4. The best explanation for the fall of the Roman Empire in the west is
a. depopulation due to plague.
b. protracted drought.
c. slavery as a disincentive to technological advance.
d. intensified barbarian pressure directed against thinly spread defense forces.
e. none of these choices
ANS: D REF: p. 235

5. Which of the following is NOT true about Germanic rulers in the years following the collapse of the
Western Roman Empire?
a. They incorporated both Christian and Roman elements into their government.
b. They used Latin in royal documents and law codes.
c. They continued to regard their subjects as pagans.
d. They anointed their kings at coronation.
e. They regarded the defense of the faith as a royal duty.
ANS: C REF: p. 238
 6. King Clovis
a. was baptized a Roman Catholic Christian shortly before 500.
b. was an Arian Christian, like most Germanic peoples.
c. lost considerable territories during struggles with the Visigoths and Burgundians.
d. was constantly at odds with the Byzantine emperor.
e. none of these choices
ANS: A REF: p. 238

7. Not among the territories under the control of the Carolingian Empire was that of present-day
a. France.
b. Belgium.
c. Luxembourg.
d. Netherlands.
e. Greece.
ANS: E REF: p. 240

8. In 800, this Pope crowned Charlemagne the Emperor of Rome, thus exalting him above the other
Germanic rulers.
a. Adrian I
b. Leo III
c. Stephen IV
d. Gregory IV
e. Leo IV
ANS: B REF: p. 239

9. Around 500 C.E., the group that was not prominent in western Europe was the
a. Franks.
b. Burgundians.
c. Alemanni.
d. Vikings.
e. Saxons.
ANS: D REF: p. 237

10. Which of the following territories was NOT added to the expanding Frankish Kingdom by
Charlemagne?
a. Bavaria
b. The Duchy of Benevento
c. Venetia
d. Brittany
e. The Spanish March
ANS: B REF: p. 240

11. Not among the problems the Christian faced in western Europe in first few centuries after the fall of
the Roman Empire was
a. reduction of its territory owing to the expansion of Islam.
b. doctrinal and organizational differences between Greek and Latin churches.
c. prevalence of superstition.
d. a clergy too absorbed in education and theological learning.
e. none of these choices
ANS: D REF: p. 240-241
 12. What percentage of surviving Roman literature was passed on to later ages in Carolingian manuscript
form?
a. 10
b. 25
c. 50
d. 75
e. 90
ANS: E REF: p. 243

13. The Magyars were nomadic ancestors of modern

a. Romanians.
b. Moravians.
c. Hungarians.
d. Poles.
e. Yugoslavs.
ANS: C REF: p. 244

14. Not among the areas that the Vikings conquered or made expeditions to was
a. England.
b. France.
c. Russia.
d. Newfoundland.
e. none of these choices
ANS: E REF: p. 244

15. Which of the following statements about early feudalism is false?

a. Vassals were the same as serfs.
b. Vassals were obligated to serves their lords militarily.
c. The same person might be the vassal of a greater lord and the lord of lesser vassals.
d. A vassal was expected to serve in the lord's court of justice and to feed and house the lord
and his traveling companions when required.
e. none of these choices
ANS: A REF: p. 245-247

16. Offensive warfare in the feudal system was dominated by

a. light-armed cavalry.
b. heavy infantry.
c. armed and mounted knights.
d. artillery.
e. none of these choices
ANS: C REF: p. 246

SHORT ANSWER

1. Why did the western but not the eastern half of the Roman Empire fall in the fifth century?

ANS:
 2. Describe briefly the character and operation of early Germanic kingship.

ANS:

3. What were the basic responsibilities of dukes and counts in the Carolingian system of government?

ANS:

4. What was the traditional German custom of dividing property among a deceased father's sons? How
did it complicate the issue of dynastic succession?

ANS:

5. Discuss the role of counts and dukes within the Carolingian state.

ANS:

6. What were the principal features of Benedictine monasticism?

ANS:

7. Describe the cultural and literary activities that justify the term "Carolingian Renaissance."

ANS:

Europe in the Middle Ages

IDENTIFICATION

1. Anselm of Bec

ANS:

2. Black Death

ANS:
 3. chansons de geste

ANS:

4. Cistercians

ANS:

5. Curia

ANS:

6. Dante Alighieri

ANS:

7. Dominicans

ANS:

8. Edward I

ANS:

9. fabliaux

ANS:

10. Francis of Assisi

ANS:

11. Franciscans

ANS:
12. Genoa

ANS:

13. Geoffrey Chaucer

ANS:

14. Gothic style

ANS:

15. guild

ANS:

16. Hansa

ANS:

17. Henry II

ANS:

18. Holy Roman Empire

ANS:

19. King Arthur

ANS:

20. King John

ANS:
21. Magna Carta

ANS:

22. manor

ANS:

23. Parliament

ANS:

24. Peter Abelard

ANS:

25. Philip IV

ANS:

26. Pope Innocent III

ANS:

27. romance

ANS:

28. Romanesque style

ANS:

29. scholasticism

ANS:
 30. Song of Roland

ANS:

31. Third Lateran Council

ANS:

32. Thomas Aquinas

ANS:

33. Venice

ANS:

34. William of Normandy

ANS:

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Between 500 and 1300, Europe's population grew from

a. 25 million to 50 million.
b. 25 million to 70 million.
c. 50 million to 125 million.
d. 70 million to 100 million.
e. 75 million to 150 million.
ANS: B REF: p. 247

2. During the fourteenth century in Europe,

a. the climate became colder and rainier.
b. ravaging armies destroyed crops, barns, and mills.
c. bubonic plague ravaged the population.
d. all of these choices
e. none of these choices
ANS: D REF: p. 247
3. Between 1348 and 1354, the population of Europe was reduced by about
a. 5 percent.
b. 10 percent.
c. 25 percent.
d. 33 percent.
e. 66 percent.
ANS: D REF: p. 247

4. Not usually an element in the typical manor village was

a. a wooded area.
b. a stream.
c. pasture land.
d. a church.
e. a hospital.
ANS: E REF: p. 247

5. A problem faced by the peasantry in the fourteenth century was

a. high rents.
b. general exemption of clergy and nobles from royal taxation.
c. warfare.
d. all of these choices
e. none of these choices
ANS: D REF: p. 248

6. Which of the following was not an area of significant trade in medieval Europe?
a. Spain
b. Italy
c. northern Scandinavia
d. central Europe
e. France
ANS: C REF: p. 248

7. By the thirteenth century, the primary merchants of northern Europe were the
a. Scandinavians.
b. Germans.
c. English.
d. Vikings.
e. Jews.
ANS: B REF: p. 248

8. By the late fourteenth century, the Italian city that profited most from trade relations with the east was
a. Venice.
b. Pisa.
c. Rome.
d. Naples.
e. Palermo.
ANS: A REF: p. 248
 9. Which of these was not usually a provision of town charters?
a. exemption of inhabitants from servile obligations
b. permission for the inhabitants to rent land and buildings
c. protection from arbitrary seizure of property
d. permission for the inhabitants to make laws
e. none of these choices
ANS: E REF: p. 250

10. Guilds generally

a. regulated prices.
b. supervised wages.
c. saw to the proper burial of deceased members.
d. all of these choices
e. none of these choices
ANS: D REF: p. 250

11. Typical of the Cistercian type of monasticism was

a. devotion of most of their time to memorial masses for deceased members of aristocratic
families.
b. the popularization of the role of Mary, the mother of Jesus, as the Blessed Virgin.
c. admission only of people who had chosen monastic life already as children.
d. emphasis on Jesus Christ as an inaccessible but infinitely equitable judge of souls.
e. none of these choices
ANS: B REF: p. 252

12. Which of these was not among the beliefs generally held by medieval Christians?
a. God was one, almighty, all-knowing, just and merciful.
b. Baptism cleansed individuals of original sin and initiated them into the Christian
fellowship.
c. The universe, created by God, was orderly, but in it human beings had no special place or
destiny.
d. God sent Jesus Christ to redeem humans and qualify them for heaven.
e. none of these choices
ANS: C REF: p. 253

13. Which of the following statements about the Inquisition is false?

a. Pope Innocent III ruled out confiscation of goods and property as punishment for heretics.
b. Pope Gregory IX established a central tribunal staffed by Dominicans and Franciscans.
c. Those accused were denied legal counsel and interrogated by torture.
d. Most convicted heretics were put to death by governments, not by the church.
e. none of these choices
ANS: A REF: p. 252

14. Which statement about the treatment of Jews in the Middle Ages is false?
a. They were excluded from most occupations, except trading and money lending.
b. Christians unreasonably believed that Jews were collectively responsible for Christ's
death.
c. The warriors of the First Crusade massacred the Jews in several Rhineland towns.
d. The Third Lateran Council forbade Christians to live near Jews.
e. none of these choices
ANS: E REF: p. 255
15. Feudal kings
a. were under the direct control of the Pope.
b. did not have direct control of the masses.
c. were typically elected by councils of nobles.
d. developed strong and efficient bureaucracies.
e. all of these choices
ANS: B REF: p. 255

16. Henry II of England

a. made England Europe's best-governed twelfth-century state.
b. established some government departments at a royal capital at Edinburgh.
c. refused to let barons and knights substitute cash payments for military service.
d. did not attempt to bring church courts under royal control.
e. none of these choices
ANS: A REF: p. 256

17. The Magna Carta was issued by

a. Henry I.
b. Henry II.
c. Edward I.
d. William I.
e. none of these choices
ANS: E REF: p. 257

18. Which of the following statements about Philip IV of France is false?

a. He brought additional territories under royal control.
b. He systematized feudal relationships by demanding direct allegiance and obedience from
all vassals.
c. He taxed the French clergy.
d. He tightened control over royal revenues by developing a special accounting bureau.
e. none of these choices
ANS: E REF: p. 257

19. To obtain public support for his conflict with the papacy, Philip IV
a. initiated a war with Venice.
b. sought to discredit the Inquisition.
c. created the Estates-General.
d. removed tax support from the clergy.
e. had himself placed at the head of the French church.
ANS: C REF: p. 257

20. Before 1000, most education in Europe had taken place in

a. public universities.
b. cathedral and monastery schools.
c. seminaries.
d. research libraries.
e. none of these choices
ANS: B REF: p. 257
21. Which of the following was not among the seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages?
a. logic
b. rhetoric
c. arithmetic
d. geometry
e. calculus
ANS: E REF: p. 258

22. Which of the following statements about early European universities is false?
a. They offered education in the higher disciplines of theology, law, or medicine.
b. They were highly mobile and frequently had strained relations with their home towns.
c. Gradually, wealthy patrons endowed colleges and universities with buildings and funds.
d. all of these choices
e. none of these choices
ANS: E REF: p. 258

23. Anselm of Bec is known for his

a. use of logical reasoning in theology, even as a method to prove God's existence.
b. emphasis on mystical experience over faith.
c. agnosticism.
d. refutation of the doctrines of Thomas Aquinas.
e. none of these choices
ANS: A REF: p. 258-259

24. The most influential scholastic thinker was

a. Aristotle.
b. Peter Abelard.
c. Thomas Aquinas.
d. Dante Alighieri.
e. none of these choices
ANS: C REF: p. 259

25. Roger Bacon helped make which of the following a center for scientific studies?
a. Oxford
b. Cambridge
c. Paris
d. Bologna
e. Alexandria
ANS: A REF: p. 259

26. A poem that recounted the ambush of a detachment of Charlemagne's army at Roncevaux was the
a. Song of Roland.
b. Iliad.
c. Song of the Cid.
d. Song of the Nibelungs.
e. none of these choices
ANS: A REF: p. 259
 27. Especially prominent in medieval romances was
a. Augustus Caesar.
b. Beowulf.
c. King Arthur.
d. Hannibal.
e. none of these choices
ANS: C REF: p. 260

28. The churches built in France during the eleventh century totaled
a. about 100.
b. about 300.
c. about 1000.
d. more than 1500.
e. more than 2500.
ANS: D REF: p. 261

SHORT ANSWER

1. Describe the problems that beset Europe in the fourteenth century.

ANS:

2. Describe the religious abuses that arose from the feudalization of the church and the accompanying lay
domination of church offices.

ANS:

3. What was the effect on Jews of the Christian reconquest of Spain?

ANS:

4. Describe the functioning of government within a typical feudal monarchy.

ANS:

5. Identify the chief provisions of the Magna Carta.

ANS:

6. What was a principal difference between the outlooks of Anselm of Bec and Peter Abelard?

ANS:
 7. Why was Aristotle's work so central to the thought of the scholastics?

ANS:

8. In what regard did Roger Bacon lay the groundwork for modern scientific method?

ANS:

9. Characterize briefly the subject matter of medieval fabliaux.

ANS:

10. What are the three main divisions of Dante's Divine Comedy?

ANS:

11. Contrast the identifying traits of the Romanesque and Gothic architectural styles.

ANS:

The East Roman or Byzantine Empire

IDENTIFICATION

1. Basil I

ANS:

2. Bulgars

ANS:

3. Byzantium

ANS:
 4. Constantinople

ANS:

5. Corpus Juris Civilis

ANS:

6. Eastern Orthodoxy

ANS:

7. Emperor Constantine VII

ANS:

8. Emperor Leo III

ANS:

9. Empress Irene

ANS:

10. "Greek Fire"

ANS:

11. Hagia Sophia

ANS:

12. iconoclasts

ANS:
13. iconodules

ANS:

14. Justinian I

ANS:

15. Lombards

ANS:

16. Monophysites

ANS:

17. Nestorians

ANS:

18. Old Church Slavonic

ANS:

19. Paleologi dynasty

ANS:

20. Preslav

ANS:

21. Prince Vladimir

ANS:
 22. Ravenna

ANS:

23. Slavs

ANS:

24. Taurus Mountains

ANS:

25. Theodora

ANS:

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. "Hagia Sophia" means

a. "Blessed Trinity."
b. "Holy Wisdom."
c. "Saint Sophie."
d. "Holy Ghost."
e. "Holy Spirit."
ANS: B REF: p. 262

2. The Byzantine Empire outlived the western Roman Empire by

a. 10 years.
b. 100 years.
c. 500 years.
d. 1000 years.
e. 1500 years.
ANS: D REF: p. 262

3. The Monophysites maintained that

a. Jesus was not equal to God.
b. Christ had two separate natures.
c. Christ's divine nature had absorbed his human nature.
d. Christ was the least significant member of the Trinity.
e. none of these choices
ANS: C REF: p. 264
4. Which of the following statements about the Byzantine emperor is false?
a. He was ordinarily chosen from the imperial family by the army.
b. By the fifth century, he was normally crowned and consecrated by the patriarch of
Constantinople.
c. He sat as the final court of judicial appeal.
d. He commanded the military and naval forces.
e. none of these choices
ANS: E REF: p. 265

5. Of the following territories, which was conquered by Justinian?

a. Syria
b. Egypt
c. Greece
d. Italy
e. England
ANS: D REF: p. 265

6. Justinian I
a. was a rather passive and ineffective ruler.
b. beautified Constantinople by a large-scale building program.
c. strictly forbade the use of icons.
d. opened public offices and teaching positions to Jews, Samaritans, and other non-
Christians.
e. reopened the philosophical schools in Athens.
ANS: B REF: p. 265

7. The Empress Theodora

a. belonged more to the Latin than the Greek world.
b. was much more austere than Justinian in her tastes.
c. restrained Justinian's religious zeal and eased tensions between governmental authorities
and heretics.
d. had a very strained relationship with Justinian.
e. none of these choices
ANS: C REF: p. 265

8. In the century or so after Justinian I's death, his successors engaged in struggles with all of the
following except
a. Etruscans.
b. Persians.
c. Arabs.
d. Slavs.
e. none of these choices
ANS: A REF: p. 266
 9. Which of the following statements about Emperor Leo III is false?
a. He tried to stop the diversion of many of the empire's bright and able men from state
service into monasteries.
b. He attacked the misuse of icons in eastern churches as idolatrous.
c. He transferred many rich papal lands in Italy to the patriarch of Constantinople.
d. none of these choices
e. all of these choices
ANS: D REF: p. 268

10. The Macedonian dynasty in Byzantium was established by

a. Emperor Leo III.
b. Empress Irene.
c. Emperor Basil I.
d. Emperor Constantine VII.
e. none of these choices
ANS: C REF: p. 268

11. In or shortly before the thirteenth century,

a. Serbia and Bulgaria lost their status as independent states.
b. Latin crusaders failed to capture Constantinople.
c. the Paleologi dynasty recovered Constantinople.
d. all of these choices
e. none of these choices
ANS: C REF: p. 270

SHORT ANSWER

1. Describe Justinian I's contribution to Roman law.

ANS:

2. What do "blues" and "greens" refer to in the context of life in Constantinople?

ANS:

3. What was the relationship of Byzantine literature to the models of the classical Greek period?

ANS:

4. What sorts of conflicts regarding religious beliefs exercised Christians in the Byzantine Empire?
Discuss the views of Nestorians and Monophysites.

ANS:
 5. Describe briefly the dispute over the use of icons in the Byzantine Empire.

ANS:

Islam and Islamic Empires

IDENTIFICATION

1. Abbasids

ANS:

2. Abu al-Abbas

ANS:

3. Abu Bakr

ANS:

4. Aisha

ANS:

5. Ali

ANS:

6. Ayatollahs

ANS:

7. Battle of Siffin

ANS:
 8. Battle of the Camel

ANS:

9. Battle of Yarmuk

ANS:

10. bedouin

ANS:

11. caliph

ANS:

12. Hadith

ANS:

13. hajj

ANS:

14. Husayn

ANS:

15. Islam

ANS:

16. Ka'bah

ANS:
17. Mecca

ANS:

18. Medina

ANS:

19. Moors

ANS:

20. Mu'awiya

ANS:

21. Muhammad

ANS:

22. Muhammad al-Muntazar

ANS:

23. mullahs

ANS:

24. Qur'an

ANS:

25. Shari'a

ANS:
26. Shi'i

ANS:

27. Sunnis

ANS:

28. Tarik

ANS:

29. Twelvers

ANS:

30. Umar

ANS:

31. Umayyad Caliphate

ANS:

32. Uthman

ANS:

33. Yazid

ANS:
MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following statements about the Prophet Muhammad is false?

a. He was born in Mecca around 570.
b. He married an older widow named Khadijah.
c. The revelations he received from Allah were set down in the Qur'an.
d. He left very explicit instructions that he was to be succeeded by his son-in-law, Ali.
e. none of these choices
ANS: D REF: p. 273

2. Muslims believed
a. in the prophets of the Old and New Testaments, including Christ as a prophet.
b. that angels did not exist.
c. that Christ was neither God nor a prophet.
d. that certain individuals were "elect" and should enjoy superior status.
e. none of these choices
ANS: A REF: p. 271

3. Not among the five basic pillars of Islam was

a. belief in Allah and Muhammad as his prophet.
b. prayer five times a day.
c. fasting from sunrise to sunset during the month of Ramadan.
d. the giving of alms.
e. pilgrimage to Mecca once a year.
ANS: E REF: p. 272

4. The hajj commemorated the hijrah, that is, the

a. ascension of Muhammad into heaven.
b. writing down of the Qur'an.
c. flight of Muhammad from his enemies in Mecca in 622.
d. death of Muhammad.
e. none of these choices
ANS: C REF: p. 272-273

5. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Islamic injunctions amounted to a great improvement for women in Arabia.
b. widowed women under Islam were permitted to own and dispose of property before such
rights were enjoyed by women under Christianity in the West.
c. Muslim males could have as many as four wives.
d. all of these choices
e. none of these
ANS: D REF: p. 271

6. Which of the following statements is false?

a. Arab women and children accompanied their armies on military campaigns.
b. Arab women frequently joined combat.
c. Byzantine soldiers were shocked to see Arab women on battlefields.
d. Arab women played a decisive role at the battle of Yarmuk.
e. none of these choices
ANS: E REF: p. 274
 7. The area not conquered by Muslims was
a. France.
b. Spain.
c. Egypt.
d. Arabia.
e. Syria.
ANS: A REF: p. 277-278

8. The most important reason for the rapidity of the expansion of the Muslim/Arab Empire was
a. The weakness of the Sassanid Empire.
b. The fervent faith of the Muslims and the equalitarian nature of the religion.
c. The weakness of the Byzantine Empire.
d. Technology superior to anything possessed by its enemies.
e. none of these choices
ANS: B REF: p. 274

9. Peoples in the territories conquered by Muslims

a. often welcomed their new rulers and were rapidly absorbed within Islamic society.
b. were generally forced to convert to Islam.
c. were permitted to bear arms.
d. were forced to pay taxes much higher than those imposed under previous regimes.
e. none of these choices
ANS: A REF: p. 274

10. Which of the following statements is false?

a. Islamic law strictly regulated slavery.
b. Muslims could enslave other Muslims captured in war.
c. Slaves in the Muslim world were not generally used as agricultural labor.
d. all of these choices
e. none of these
ANS: B REF: p. 275

11. The first Islamic fleet was built under the direction of
a. Umar.
b. Uthman.
c. Mu'awiya.
d. Ali.
e. none of these choices
ANS: C REF: p. 276

12. The opponents at the Battle of the Camel were

a. Ali and Aisha.
b. Aisha and Umar.
c. Umar and Uthman.
d. Mu'awiya and Aisha.
e. Ali and Mu'awiya.
ANS: A REF: p. 276
13. Mu'awiya established a new Islamic capital at
a. Jerusalem.
b. Mecca.
c. Medina.
d. Alexandria.
e. Damascus.
ANS: E REF: p. 277

14. During the Umayyad Caliphate, a particularly important and enduring Islamic presence was
established in
a. France.
b. Spain.
c. Italy.
d. China.
e. none of these choices
ANS: B REF: p. 277

15. Opposition to the Umayyad Caliphate gained a martyr and rallying point with the death of
a. Husayn.
b. Yazid.
c. Mu'awiya.
d. Hasan.
e. none of these choices
ANS: A REF: p. 278

16. Shi'i predominate or constitute a sizable presence in all of the following except
a. Iran.
b. Iraq.
c. Egypt.
d. Lebanon.
e. the eastern Arabian peninsula.
ANS: C REF: p. 278

17. An independent Fatimid Caliphate was established in 969 in

a. Cairo.
b. Damascus.
c. Jerusalem.
d. Medina.
e. Istanbul.
ANS: A REF: p. 279

18. The Abbasids succeeded in their struggle against the Umayyads because
a. the growing wealth and increasingly secular lives of the Umayyad rulers caused mounting
opposition.
b. the Umayyads had difficulty attracting recruits.
c. rumors spread that the Umayyad Caliphs drank wine.
d. all of these choices
e. none of these choices
ANS: D REF: p. 279
SHORT ANSWER

1. Outline the principal events in the life of Muhammad.

ANS:

2. What were the opposing views regarding succession to Muslim leadership in the century after
Muhammad's death?

ANS:

3. What are the Qur'an, Hadith, and Shari'a?

ANS:

4. Who was Aisha and what were her accomplishments?

ANS:
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 WORKS IN LITERATURE

THE LITERARY HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN

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A HISTORY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE DURING

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STUDIES IN GERMAN LITERATURE.

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THE HISTORY OF FRENCH LITERATURE.

I. From its Origin to the Renaissance.
II. From the Renaissance to the Close of the Reign of Louis
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THE LITERARY MOVEMENT IN FRANCE DURING

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
By Georges Pellissier. Authorized English version by Anne G.
Brinton,
together with a General Introduction. 8o, pp. 479 $3.50
The eminent French critic, M. Ferdinand Brunetiere says of
this: “M. Pellissier’s work is no less the picture than the history
of contemporary French literature. In addition, it is also the
philosophy of, or rather describes, the evolution of the literary
movement of our country.”

AMERICAN LITERATURE, 1607-1885.

By Prof. Charles F. Richardson, of Dartmouth College. Two vols.,
8o,
pp. xx. + 535, 456 $6 00
Popular edition. Two vols. in one, half bound, 8o, pp. xx. + 992 $3 50
Part I.—The Development of American Thought.
Part II.—American Poetry and Fiction.
“It is acute, intelligent, and original, showing true critical
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PHILOSOPHY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE.

A course of lectures delivered in the Lowell Institute, Boston. By
John Bascom, author of “Problems of Philosophy,” etc. 8o, pp. xii. +
318, $1.50
“A knowledge of forces, as well as of facts, is essential to
our comprehension of any phenomena.... It is this which Mr.
Bascom helps us to gain.”—Chicago Tribune.

STUDIES IN GERMAN LITERATURE.

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“The work of a painstaking scholar, who can select with rare
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exceptional grace.”—Literary World.

THE HISTORY OF FRENCH LITERATURE.

I. From its Origin to the Renaissance.
II. From the Renaissance to the Close of the Reign of Louis
XIV.
III. From the Reign of Louis XIV. to that of Napoleon III.
By Henry van Laun. Three vols. in one. Half leather, cloth sides, 8o,
pp. 342, 392, 467 $3 50
“It is full of keenest interest for every person who knows or
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A LITERARY HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH

PEOPLE.
From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. By J. J.
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forming one volume. Sold separately.
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G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS, New York and London.

 Transcriber’s Notes
Obvious errors in punctuation and inconsistencies in proper names have been silently
corrected.
Page 17: “he rest of Europe” changed to “the rest of Europe”
Page 263: “Bogdanóvich’s Pysche” changed to “Bogdanóvich’s Psyche”
Page 313: “shine in the bark” changed to “shine in the dark”
Page 315: “mary him” changed to “marry him”
Page 321: “aphabetical order” changed to “alphabetical order”
Page 352: “more stupid that our” changed to “more stupid than our”
Page 418: “are overthown” changed to “are overthrown”
Page 438: “learny our parts” changed to “learn our parts”
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANTHOLOGY
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