Full Download pdf of (eBook PDF) Real Research: Research Methods Sociology Students Can Use 2nd Edition all chapter

(eBook PDF) Real Research: Research
Methods Sociology Students Can Use

2nd Edition
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-real-research-research-methods-sociolog
y-students-can-use-2nd-edition/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Research Methods for Business Students, 9th Edition

Mark Saunders - eBook PDF
https://ebooksecure.com/download/research-methods-for-business-
students-9th-edition-ebook-pdf/
Business Research Methods 2nd Edition (eBook PDF)
http://ebooksecure.com/product/business-research-methods-2nd-
edition-ebook-pdf/
(eBook PDF) Real World Research 4th Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-real-world-research-4th-
edition/
(eBook PDF) Introduction to Health Research Methods 2nd

Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-introduction-to-health-
research-methods-2nd-edition/
(eBook PDF) Research Methods for Business Students 8th
Edition by Mark N. K. Saunders
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-research-methods-for-
business-students-8th-edition-by-mark-n-k-saunders/
(eBook PDF) Research Methods in Human-Computer

Interaction 2nd Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-research-methods-in-
human-computer-interaction-2nd-edition/
(eBook PDF) Research Methods: The Essential Knowledge

Base 2nd Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-research-methods-the-
essential-knowledge-base-2nd-edition/
(eBook PDF) Research Methods in Linguistics
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-research-methods-in-
linguistics/
(eBook PDF) Understanding Communication Research

Methods
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-understanding-
communication-research-methods/
Detailed Contents
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 • Introduction
What Is Empirical Social Research?
Why Is Research Important?
Methods of Data Collection
Surveys
Interviews
Focus Groups
Observation
Ethnography
Secondary Data Analysis
Existing Statistics
Content Analysis
Experiments
Box 1.1. Summary of Research Methods and Their
Purposes
Check Your Understanding
Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Box 1.2. Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods
Basic and Applied Research
Box 1.3. Examples of Basic and Applied Research Topics
The Components of Research
Methodology
Theory
Research Question
Box 1.4. Examples of Research Topics
Literature Review
Ethics
Sampling
Conceptualizing and Operationalizing
Preparing for Data Collection
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Evaluating the Quality of Data and Analysis
8
Presenting the Results
Box 1.5. Summary of Components of Research
Reading This Text
Summary Points
Chapter 2 • Interviewing
Box 2.1. Questions in a Semi-structured Interview
Box 2.2. Questions in a Loosely Structured Interview
Methodology
Theory
Research Questions
Box 2.3. Research Questions Appropriate for Qualitative
Interviews
Box 2.4. Avoid These Common Errors In Writing Research
Questions for Interview Research
Literature Review
Ethics
Box 2.5. Sample Informed Consent Statement for
Interviewing
Special Considerations
Other Ethical Issues
Sampling
Box 2.6. Decision Path for Qualitative Interview Sampling
Gatekeepers
Sample Size
Data Collection
Establishing Rapport
Additional Steps to Improve Data Quality
Box 2.7. Key Words Eliciting Information About Specific
Examples
Semi-Structured Interviews
Loosely Structured Interviews
Box 2.8. Interviewing Do’s and Don’ts
Data Analysis
Transcription
Steps in Data Analysis
9
Box 2.9. Axial Coding: Five Types of Patterns
Box 2.10. Diagram of Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis
Timing of Data Analysis
Using Software in Data Analysis
Summary Points
Chapter 3 • Observation and Ethnography
Methodology
Theory
Research Questions
Observation
Box 3.1. Research Questions Appropriate for Observation
Research
Box 3.2. Avoid These Errors in Writing Research Questions
for Observation
Ethnography
Box 3.3. Research Questions Appropriate for Ethnography
Box 3.4. Avoid These Common Errors In Writing Research
Questions for Ethnography
Literature Review
Ethics
Observation and Ethnography
Other Ethical Issues
Box 3.6. Decision Path for Consent in Observation and
Ethnography
Sampling
Observation
Box 3.7. Sampling for Observation
Ethnography
10
Data Collection
Ethnography
Data Analysis
Summary Points
Chapter 4 • Surveys
Box 4.1. Comparison of Survey Modes of Delivery
Methodology
Theory
Research Questions
Box 4.2. Examples of Research Questions Appropriate for
Survey Research
Box 4.3. Avoid These Common Errors IN Writing Research
Questions for Survey Research
Box 4.4. Example of Research Question and Corresponding
Hypotheses
Box 4.5. Avoid These Common Errors IN Writing
Hypotheses
Box 4.6. Example of Objectives for an Applied Study of
Sociology Alumni
Literature Review
Box 4.7. Example of Conceptualizing and Operationalizing
for Survey Research
Levels of Measurement
Box 4.8. Example of Groupings Affected by Level of
Measurement Used
Box 4.9. Question and Response Wording for Different
Levels of Measurement
Writing Survey Items
Box 4.10. Common Opposites to Use for Response
Categories
Sampling
11
Probability Sampling
Box 4.11. Probability Sampling Techniques as Applied to
Survey Research
Nonprobability Sampling
Sample Size
Box 4.12. Decision Path for Sampling for Survey Research
Response Rate
Ethics
Mail Surveys
Box 4.13. Sample Informed Consent Statement for Mail or
Take-Home Survey
Online Surveys
Box 4.14. Sample Informed Consent Statement for Online
Survey
Phone Surveys
Box 4.15. Sample Informed Consent for Phone Surveys
Face-to-Face Surveys
Take-Home Surveys
Box 4.16. Sample Informed Consent Statement for Face-to-
Face Surveys
Box 4.17. Informed Consent by Mode of Delivery
Applied Research
Finalizing the Survey Instrument
Training
Box 4.18. Example of a Grid Pattern
Pretesting the Survey
Data Collection
Mail Surveys
Phone Surveys
Face-to-Face Surveys
Online Surveys
Evaluation Research
Data Analysis
Cleaning the Data
12
Statistical Analysis
Box 4.19. Example of a Crosstab: Percentage of
Respondents Agreeing That Spanking Children Is
Necessary, by Highest Degree Obtained, 1972–2016
Box 4.20. Positive and Negative Relationships
Causality
Summary Points
Chapter 5 • Secondary Data Analysis
Methodology
Theory
Research Questions
Applied Research
Survey (and thus Secondary Data) Research
Box 5.2. Avoid These Common Errors IN Writing Research
Questions for Secondary Data Analysis
Literature Review
Ethics
Box 5.3. Popular Data Repositories of Secondary Data Sets
Box 5.4. Decision Path for Choosing a Secondary Data Set
Sampling
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Summary Points
Chapter 6 • Existing Statistics Research
Box 6.1. Example of a Spreadsheet Using Existing Statistics for
Community-Level Variables
Methodology
Theory
Research Questions
13
Existing Statistics
Box 6.3. Avoid These Common Errors When Writing
Research Questions for Existing Statistics
Ethics
Box 6.4. Selected Sources of Existing Statistics
Sampling
Existing Statistics Research
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Summary Points
Chapter 7 • Content Analysis
Methodology
Theory
Research Questions
Content Analysis
Box 7.2. Avoid These Common Errors When Writing
Research Questions for Content Analysis
Literature Review
Sampling
Content Analysis
Box 7.4. DECISION PATH for Multi-Stage Sampling for
Content Analysis
Quantitative Content Analysis
Qualitative Content Analysis
Box 7.5. Sample Quantitative Coding Sheet
Box 7.6. Sample Qualitative Coding Sheet
14
Ethics
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Quantitative Data Analysis
Qualitative Data Analysis
Box 7.7. Patterns You May Look for in Axial Coding
Applied to Content Analysis
Box 7.8. Diagram of Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis
Summary Points
Chapter 8 • Experiments for Evaluation Research
Methodology
Theory
Research Questions
Box 8.1. Sample Hypotheses for Experimental Evaluation
Research
Literature Review
Choosing a Study Design
Variations of the Classical Experimental Design
Box 8.2. Diagram of Multiple Treatment Groups With
Different Combinations of Treatment
Box 8.3. Decision Path for Choosing AN
EXPERIMENTAL Study Design
Sampling
Box 8.4. Probability Sampling Methods Adapted for
Random Group Assignment
Ethics
Informed Consent
Experimental Evaluation Research
Protecting Participants
15
Special Considerations for Evaluation Research
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Box 8.6. Threats to Internal Validity in Evaluation Research
Summary Points
Chapter 9 • Focus Groups
Methodology
Theory
Research Questions
Focus Groups
Box 9.2. Common Mistakes to Avoid in Writing Research
Questions for Focus Group Research
Literature Review
Sampling
Number and Composition of Groups
Choosing Participants
Box 9.3. Groups Planned for Focus Group Research on a
Tight Budget
Compensation and Other Incentives to Participate
Box 9.4. Decision Path for Focus Group Sampling
Ethics
Box 9.5. Sample Informed Consent Statement for Focus
Group Research
Box 9.6. Example Phone Invitation
Box 9.7. Example Follow-Up E-mail
16
Data Collection
Analysis
Summary Points
Appendix A • Reviewing the Literature
Types of Sources
Searching the Literature
Box A1.1. Journal Indexes Relevant to Sociology
Box A1.2. Example of Bracketing With Multiple Search
Rows
Reading Scholarly Articles
Writing a Literature Review
Box A1.3. Examples of How to Incorporate Citations Into a
Sentence
Plagiarism
Box A1.4. Examples of Attempts at Summarizing Without
Plagiarizing
Appendix B • Writing a Research Proposal
Title
Introduction and Literature Review
Research Question
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Implications
Timeline
Budget
Style
Guidelines and Formatting
A “Seamless Whole”
References
Index
About the Author
17
Acknowledgments
I am indebted to the former students and total strangers who were willing
to let me profile them in this book. I greatly appreciate their generosity. I
cannot adequately express my appreciation to my invaluable student
assistant, Gina White, for designing graphics and providing feedback on
the chapters. I am also grateful to Dean Eddie Vela; my department chair,
Nandi Crosby-Jordan; and my sociology colleagues for both institutional
and personal support during this process.
Thank you to those at SAGE who worked on the book: Jeff Lasser, Tiara
Beatty, Jane Martinez, and Diana Breti.
I am appreciative for having had wonderful teachers at Indiana University,

especially Drs. Martin Weinberg and Donna Eder. Twenty years out, I still
use things you taught me every single day. And I’m so fortunate to have
my students at Chico State, whose deep engagement with all things
sociological makes teaching a pleasure. Thank you for continuing to make
me a better teacher and a better person.
And last but certainly not least, a very deep and special thanks to my
family and dear friends: Dad, Mom, Allan, Diego, Jiajia, Cole, Lindsay,
and Nandi, all of whom provide me continuous love, even when I’m on the
other side of the world. Thank you for supporting me in following my
heart. You all mean the world to me.
SAGE and the author are grateful for the input from the following
reviewers:
Tawnya Adkins Covert, Western Illinois University

Aya Kimura Ida, California State University, Sacramento
Amber Nelson, Marian University
Jennifer Strangfeld, California State University, Stanislaus
18
1 Introduction
What Is Empirical Social Research?

Most research methods textbooks start their discussion of research by
describing the scientific method, with its focus on total objectivity,
replicability, and highly structured procedures. There is, however, great
debate among sociologists as to whether sociology is a science and even
whether it is desirable to be so. Critical theorists, conflict theorists,
feminist scholars, symbolic interactionists, ethnomethodologists, and
postmodernists have all heavily criticized scientific approaches to studying
society. Additionally, a good deal of sociological research is not, and does
not aim to be, scientific. So if not all sociological research is scientific,
then what differentiates it from common sense or mere opinion? There are
three important characteristics that set research apart. First, social research
is systematic; that is, the researcher develops a plan of action before
beginning the research. Second, social research involves data, which are
the pieces of information gathered from primary sources. This is what
makes it empirical—based not on ideas or theory but on evidence from
the real world. Third, social research involves analysis, meaning the
researcher interprets the data and draws conclusions from them. Thus,
writing what is typically called a “research paper” does not fit our
definition of empirical research because doing so typically involves
summarizing the analyses of other authors, not forming a new analysis
based on collected data.
Why Is Research Important?

Sociologists consider research essential work, and most professional
sociologists spend at least some of their time conducting it. Because it is
empirical, systematic, involves the collection of data, and requires an
analysis based on those data, many sociologists view research as the most
valid form of knowledge on which to base social policy. Additionally, it
can be used to test the accuracy of social theory, to document social trends,
to make comparisons over time or across geographical regions, to inform
people, to gain new insights about social phenomena, and to support
arguments in debate.
19
But why should you, the sociology student, care about social research?
After all, relatively few sociology majors become professional
sociologists. In my experience, there are three main reasons why you
should care about social research. First, research is powerful. By that I
mean that to conduct research is to create new knowledge, and to engage
in the production of knowledge is to exercise a form of power. In
producing knowledge, you have the opportunity to influence what others
know and think as well as the actions they may take. Research can also be
a powerful tool for helping others to hear the voices and experiences of
those who are often ignored or disregarded, for challenging stereotypes,
and for correcting social myths. Until recently, this form of power has
been exercised by relatively few people. Knowledge production has been
(and continues to be) dominated by an upper-middle-class, mostly male,
mostly white Anglo elite. Having a wider diversity of people contributing
to the creation of new knowledge helps to democratize this form of power.
Second, research skills are in high demand. Virtually every organization,

whether it is in the not-for-profit, business, government, or education
sector, needs to evaluate and assess its performance, as well as to
determine what unmet needs its clients have and how it can meet those
needs. That means it needs people who are skilled in collecting the
appropriate data, analyzing them, and presenting them in a way that can be
understood by those who are not necessarily well schooled in research
methods. In other words, in learning how to conduct social research, you
are learning very valuable job skills. Even if you do not want to become a
“researcher” per se, having research skills not only increases your value in
the job market, it can help you do your job better. Say, for example, you
are the assistant director of a homeless shelter. In order to apply for federal
funding and private grants to expand the services your shelter provides,
you need to document the following:
The number of people using each of the services your shelter

currently provides, and how often they use each service
The demographic characteristics of your population, such as the
number of women and children that you serve, or the number of
people with mental illnesses
The number of people helped by your organization who, after 1 year,
have regular lodging and employment
What services your clients need that are unavailable in your area
The impact on your clients of the federal budget cuts to family
20
planning centers
All of these data require that research be conducted. If you don’t have the
skills to do the work, you will have to pay someone else to do it, which
will further reduce the amount of money that goes directly toward the
services that your clients so desperately need. In short, research skills are
not only important for those who want to be sociology professors or
researchers, but for anyone wanting a leg up in a highly competitive job
market. Obviously, one course cannot make you an expert researcher.
Certainly, to truly learn the skills of research you will need to take
additional courses, read on your own, and/or learn the ropes through
hands-on experience under the guidance of an experienced researcher.
Nonetheless, even if you do not continue your studies in research methods,
by the end of this course you will have learned the basics of research,
which means you will have more knowledge than most people about
conducting good research—and this can make you more marketable.
Third, knowing about social research, even if you never conduct any
yourself, will make you a better consumer of social research. Research is
used to do everything from endorse the newest weight-loss product to
provide the basis for a political candidate’s crime reduction plan. Some of
this research is very sound, but there is also a lot of bad, even meaningless,
research being conducted. By understanding how research should be
conducted, and how it should not, you will be empowered to critically
examine claims made by researchers and to determine for yourself whether
the results are worth relying upon.
Methods of Data Collection

There are several different research methods—that is, ways to collect
data. Here, I briefly describe each of the methods to give you a quick
introduction, as a springboard to a more detailed discussion of these
methods in subsequent chapters.
Surveys
Surveys involve asking people predesigned questions and, usually, asking
them to choose from among the answer choices that you, the researcher,
have provided. Their answers are turned into numeric codes so that
21
statistics can be calculated from them. Surveys are designed to gather very
specific yet standardized information from a lot of people and to get the
same information from everyone surveyed. They are best used for studying
social or demographic trends, cause and effect, attitudes, and simple
behaviors.
Interviews
Interviews involve asking people questions that are open ended; that is,
you haven’t predetermined possible answer choices for them. Instead, they
freely express themselves in answering your questions. The answers are
not analyzed with statistics; instead, they are analyzed for their meaning
and themes. The purpose of interviews is to better understand some aspect
of the social world from the perspective of the research participants, to see
the world as they see it, and to understand that perspective in great depth.
Interviews yield very detailed information about the perspectives of only a
small group of people. They are best used for studying what goes on in
people’s heads: their perceptions, interpretations, meanings, and
experiences of the social world, as well as their motivations and feelings.
Focus Groups
Focus group research consists of gathering 5 to 12 people together for
usually about two hours and asking them some questions on a particular
topic in order to get their thoughts, reactions, feelings, and opinions. They
are not just individual interviews done all at once; the unique feature of
focus groups is that the group discussion creates a type of synergy among
the group members, allowing the conversation to go in new directions and
for participants to respond to one another in a way that enables them to
think of and say things they wouldn’t have thought of on their own. Focus
groups are very good for generating new ideas, for finding out reactions to
different versions of something (a plan, policy, etc.), for investigating
topics on which there is very little information, and for understanding the
perspectives of different groups of people in some depth.
Observation
Observation involves watching people to document their behavior. It is
used to understand how people interact with one another and to find
22
patterns in their behavior. It is particularly good for understanding
behavior that the actors are unaware of or that they won’t admit to. For
example, observation could be used to document whether salespeople treat
black and white customers differently. If we were to ask these salespeople
in a survey or interview about their behavior, they may likely answer that
they treat everyone the same. Observation is the only way to determine,
however, whether their behavior actually matches up to this claim.
Ethnography
Sociologists borrowed the method of ethnography from anthropologists.
It is a method that involves deeply immersing yourself in a culture or
subculture to understand it (or some aspect of it). Ethnographers combine
formal and informal interviewing, observation, and sometimes content
analysis of documents (see below). Its purpose is to understand some
aspect of a culture in great depth. It is good for studying the norms, values,
and meanings of a culture or subculture.
Secondary Data Analysis

You conduct secondary data analysis when you use data that someone
else has gathered, usually (though not always) through a survey, and then
compute new statistics from the data, producing a new analysis. There are
many sets of secondary data that are collected specifically for this purpose,
and they generally have gathered a lot of information from a large, often
representative, group of people. Secondary data analysis is popular
because it allows you to investigate research interests that would have
been too expensive or time-consuming had you needed to collect the data
on your own.
Existing Statistics
Existing statistics are also based on the data that someone else has
collected. Unlike secondary data analysis, however, in which you get the
raw data (uncalculated) and compute the statistics yourself, with existing
statistics you are working with statistics produced by someone else (rather
than the raw data). Existing statistics are less likely to come from surveys
and more likely to come from the data collection of government agencies.
The Department of Education, for example, does not have to survey people
23
in order to determine how many students are enrolled in California
schools; these data are part of the department’s bureaucratic record
keeping. Sometimes you might use those statistics to produce new
statistics. For instance, you might gather existing statistics on high school
exit exam scores and school spending to determine how much money a
state needs to spend on education in order for most students to reach a
particular level of achievement on the exams. Other times, you might
conduct a new analysis by bringing together statistics that have not
previously been analyzed in relation to one another. For example, you
might take the existing statistics on the number of violent offenses and
property crimes, county unemployment rates, median home prices, school
enrollment rates, and income statistics to investigate the relationship
between socioeconomic conditions in an area and its crime rate. In order
for the use of existing statistics to be considered research by our definition,
however, you must do more than simply report the already existing
statistics; you must produce a new analysis, even if you did not gather the
data yourself.
Content Analysis
Content analysis involves gathering existing texts, images, songs, or other
audiovisual products, such as videos or commercials, to analyze them for
themes in their content, style, and form. Content analysis is often used to
study pop culture, but it can also be used to study, for example, the values
imparted in sex education curricula or the capitalist logic in the speeches
of American presidents. Researchers conducting content analysis often
strive to reveal both the obvious and the more subtle messages or ideas
contained within the text or image.
Experiments
Experiments are what immediately come to mind for many people when
they think of research methods. It is the method used in the natural
sciences and one that gets a lot of visibility in the media. When you
conduct an experiment, you take two or more groups and alter the
conditions of all but one of those groups in a controlled way in order to
understand the effect that each condition has on the group. The analysis is
usually statistical. In sociology, it is typically used to understand behavior.
Although popular among sociologists in the first two thirds of the 20th
24
century, it is the least frequently used method in sociology today. Box 1.1
is a summary of the research methods described.
Box 1.1 Summary of Research Methods and

Their Purposes
25
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The question of economy in time in handling the Incubator Cellar
had been a problem, which we finally solved by piping gas into the
Cellar and Brooder House, from the mains which are laid in the road
passing the Farm. Thus we did away with the danger of fire from
sixteen incubator lamps (for we now had in the cellar sixteen
machines) and the twenty Hover lamps, and the time and labor of
cleaning and filling them. We placed a governor on the gas main, so
that it was impossible to increase the pressure at any time of the day
or night, and the gas worked most satisfactorily in incubation and
brooding.
The extensions on the Farm planned for 1910 were a Cockerel
House, for the housing of breeding cockerels, and the widening and
lengthening of No. 1 Laying House. These alterations were made in
No. 1, so that it was an exact counterpart of Nos. 2 and 3. We also
planned, as soon as the breeding season was over, and the 1910
breeding pen was shipped to the various buyers who had purchased
these birds for August delivery (and the entire pen was sold early in
1910), to add another section to the Breeder House, and to build a
few more Colony Houses. Then we built what we thought would be
an adequate Office to handle the business of the Farm, but which
has since proved large enough for only one quarter of the present
requirements. We increased the size of the Egg Packing Room, and
installed a freezer with a capacity of over two thousand pounds of
green bone. This practically covers the enlargements on the plant for
1910.
Adopted Hot Water Incubators

For three years we had been investigating quietly the so-called
Mammoth Incubators, or in other words, the Coal Heated, Hot Water
Incubator, and before the close of the hatching season of 1911 we
had decided to install two such machines in a cellar 146 feet long by
22 feet wide—this cellar to be built so as to allow us to extend the
present Brooder House to the same length and width as the cellar.
This cellar has since been constructed, with a Brooder House over
it, so that we now have capacity for the incubation of 15,600 eggs at
one time.
The Hot Water System for heating the air supplying the Hovers
has also been installed, and the Brooder House now has a capacity
of some 12,000 youngsters, before it is necessary to move any of
them to the Range.
The Breeder House has again been enlarged, and, with the
addition, a year hence, of another Breeding House, which is planned
to be 180 feet long by 16 feet wide, and a larger house for the
breeding of unrelated cockerels, The Corning Egg Farm will have
reached the limit planned for since the inception of the Farm. We
shall then have a capacity of 4500 sterile pullets, 3500 yearling hens
for breeding purposes, and housing for 1200 cockerels.
Why Great Farms Fail

One reads of Poultry Farms carrying anywhere from twenty to forty
thousand layers. Experience has taught us that the plant that gets
beyond the size where those financially interested can supervise and
know the condition of the Farm from one end to another daily, falls
down of its own weight, as it is impossible to find men, unless
financially interested, who will look after the endless details, which
spell success or ruin on a large poultry plant.
The planning and designing of all buildings on The Corning Egg
Farm was done by ourselves, and all the construction has been done
under our personal supervision. In the first two years we did not
contract even the labor, employing simply “handy men” who worked
with us under our instructions. Latterly, with the large amount of
routine and office work pressing upon us, we found it to be wise
economy to contract the labor, ourselves supplying the material and
supervising the work.
The buildings, with the arrangement of all equipment, are built in
accordance with ideas thought and worked out by ourselves, on lines
which seemed to us common sense, and economical in time and
money for the handling of Poultry.
Until within the last two years we had never seen another poultry
farm, and those we have seen have only strengthened our conviction
that no serious error has been made in laying out The Corning Egg
Farm Plant.
CHAPTER II
Egg Farming the Most Profitable Branch of
Poultry Keeping
The profits are surer and larger. The reason this is not more widely
known is because, in the past, few people have been able to resist
the temptation of attempting to cover a number of the different
branches of poultry culture. They have tried to get into the “fancy,”
and have dreamed of taking a blue ribbon at Madison Square
Garden, or at some other large Show. Then the broiler branch has
engrossed their attention, and from that they have gone on to soft
roasters, and the other phases of the slaughter house side of poultry
for market purposes, and they have endeavored to cover all the
different branches from which money is made in poultry, while
entirely overlooking the fact that this is an age of specialization, and
that the person who would succeed in any business must make up
his mind to follow one branch of it, and bring that branch up to the
highest efficiency.
Developing the Great Layer

From the start the Builders of The Corning Egg Farm, at Bound
Brook, N. J., realized these conditions, and were never led into side
issues but gave their entire thought and attention to the development
of a great layer, realizing that if this was to be accomplished
everything except an egg must be considered a by-product, and
disposed of along the line of least resistance: in short carrying out
the Scriptural injunction, “This one thing I do.” This one thought has
been so successfully adhered to that the development of The
Corning Egg Farm in five years has been remarkable in its
production of the greatest laying type of hen yet produced, the
Corning Strain Single Comb White Leghorn, placing the Farm head
and shoulders above any other Egg Farm anywhere in the Country.
Egg Farming is profitable not only when carried on in a large way,
but, to the suburban dweller, a small number of hens in the back
yard is a profitable investment, and the system, as worked out on
The Corning Egg Farm, succeeds with a few hens, and enables the
owner of a small plot of land to always have sanitary, fresh eggs, to
reduce his grocery bills, and materially increase the pleasure of
suburban life.
Corning Method in Small Flocks

Two illustrations of the working out of the Corning Method in a
small way would doubtless be of interest. While it is true that the 16
feet wide House is the most desirable from all standpoints, the length
of the house may be anything from 20 feet to 200 feet, as the house
is of sectional construction, 20 feet being a section.
In the back yard of a gentleman living in Bound Brook was kept a
small pen of birds, in all eighteen, composed of hens and pullets.
These were a mixture of Barred Rocks and Rhode Island Reds. The
pullets were of early hatch and should have come into eggs at least
in the first week of October. The hens completed the moult much
earlier than is generally expected, and still the owner was without
eggs.
Different methods, and nostrums of guaranteed egg producing
foods, were tried, but all without success. After a call at The Corning
Egg Farm, he stated that in one week and three days the first eggs
were found in the nests, and the continuance of the Corning Method
of feeding and working the hens produced eggs steadily through the
Winter months, beginning with the middle of December, and the
birds continued to lay more than an average output until they went
into the moult the following Fall.
A gentleman, who has a small place within a mile of The Corning
Egg Farm, some four years ago purchased hatching eggs from our
Breeding Pen, and the following Fall he also bought a small pen of
Breeders. He aims to produce and carry through the Winter about
one hundred pullets, and for four years now, by adhering strictly to
the Corning Method, and with the Corning Strain Single Comb White
Leghorns, he has met with a success almost phenomenal.
Before he became conversant with the Corning Method (and with
the stock he was then carrying before beginning with the Corning
Strain) his success was represented by zero, but to-day his balance
sheets, which he displays with great pride, are extremely interesting
reading.
This gives a very fair illustration of two small flocks of different
size, and of the results obtained.
On Large Farms
Turning now to the story of two egg farms which have been built
within the last two years, one in New Jersey and the other in
Pennsylvania, we find again most interesting and successful
conditions.
The Pennsylvania Farm started its first season by the purchase
from us of fifteen hundred hatching eggs. The owner came to our
Farm and asked our assistance in planning his campaign of growth.
His hatch from the fifteen hundred eggs, and he never had run an
incubator before, was some 75 per cent. of all eggs set, and, by
following the feeding methods prescribed, his mortality was very low.
He placed in his Laying House that Fall some five hundred pullets,
and in July, 1910, he had sent us an order for three thousand eggs
for the season of 1911.
As he told this story on a visit to The Corning Egg Farm, in the
month of February, 1911, he had done the almost impossible, simply
by following the Method laid down in the literature published by The
Corning Egg Farm, and had made money from the second month
that his pullets had begun to lay. The quality of his eggs was such
that he took over the trade of the largest hotel in a neighboring city,
so far as he was able to supply their wants.
PANORAMIC VIEW OF PART OF THE CORNING EGG FARM,
PHOTOGRAPHED IN OCTOBER, 1910.
The Jersey Egg Farm referred to is owned and run by a gentleman

of advanced years. His first season’s start was on a very small scale,
but he was most successful in bringing his pullets to the laying point,
and getting a remarkable output of eggs through the Winter months.
In his district he was able to dispose of all his eggs to people who
came to the door and paid the cash for them at prices ten to twenty
cents per dozen above the market. The Corning Egg Farm received
from him a very large order for hatching eggs for the season of 1911,
and this Fall he had an elegant flock of pullets ready to house and
turn out an ever increasing supply of eggs for the coming Winter.
These four illustrations are a few of the many which The Corning
Egg Farm is able to point to as the result of the use of its Method.
CHAPTER III
What is a Fresh Egg?—An Egg Should be
Sanitary as Well as Fresh
The answer one generally gets to this query is, an egg so many
hours old, and, as the average grocer prints the card, “just laid.”
“Fresh” and “new laid,” as applied to eggs, mean nothing. Hens
improperly fed lay eggs not only often unpalatable, but that are
carriers of disease. The hen’s productive organs are so constructed
that bacteria which she may take into her crop with impure food are
passed into the egg.
Manure Drainage to Drink

An egg being eighty per cent. water, consider the effect on eggs
produced by the farmers’ flocks, where the water supply is mainly
pools in the barn yard, which receive the drainage from the manure
piles, and where the principal food supply is scratched out of manure
heaps, consisting of undigested grain that has already passed
through another animal.
A hen must have a large proportion of animal food to lay well, and
to produce rich, nutritious eggs.
Diseased Meat to Eat

Consider what in many instances this animal food consists of,
carcasses of glandered horses, tuberculous cows, and putrid and
maggoty meat. If a dish of putrid beef were placed on the table
before people they would shrink back in horror, yet they will eat eggs
which have been produced by hens which have been fed on these
identical ingredients, apparently entirely oblivious of the fact that the
hen performs no miracle in the production of an egg, but simply
manufactures the egg from the materials, whatever they may be,
which she gathers into her system.
As the Food, so the Egg

The Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, says that while such conditions undoubtedly do exist it
cannot be proven that such eggs are shipped from State to State,
and that, therefore, it does not come under the jurisdiction of the
Interstate Commerce Commission, and cannot be controlled under
the National Pure Food Law.
What is needed, then, is to know that eggs are not only fresh, but
sanitary. The Corning Egg Farm layers are fed the best quality of
grains and meals that can be procured. The animal food is supplied
by fresh, green bone, cut and prepared daily. This bone comes from
inspected cattle only, and the Farm is equipped with a large freezing
plant for the purpose of carrying the bone in a perfectly fresh
condition. The hens are housed and cared for under absolutely
sanitary conditions.
A Perfect Egg a Rarity

The growing interest in Poultry Culture is bringing the Public to a
realization of the fallacy of the old idea that “any egg not rotten must
be a good egg.” Comparatively few people have ever eaten a perfect
egg. With the growth of real egg farms through the country, the time
is approaching when the words “fresh” or “strictly fresh” will no longer
mean anything to the purchaser, and the word “sanitary” will take
their place, and in some way the egg trade will be controlled, and the
grocer, and butcher, and peddlers of eggs, will not be allowed to put
cold storage eggs out as a sanitary article of food.
Some of the New York papers are now beginning to agitate the
question of Sanitary Eggs, notably the New York Commercial, which
is a leader in this educational line. The day is coming when the
person who is operating an egg farm that is known to produce the
egg of real quality will have no difficulty in obtaining the price that
such an article is really worth.
Unlimited Demand for Quality Eggs

There is an unlimited demand for an egg which can be depended
upon as to quality. The difficulty that the seller meets with when
going to a hotel or restaurant is the fact that the proprietor has been
fooled many times. As they have put it, “people start well, and for a
time keep up the quantity, and the quality is all right, but when the
stringent time of year comes they fall down as to quantity, and a little
later they have evidently been tempted to keep up the quantity by
gathering eggs from other sources than their own, and then we meet
with the questionable pleasure of having a patron at our tables return
to us an egg just ready to hatch.”
When one seeks private trade for the output of his hennery it is
possible to obtain extreme prices, provided the buyers can be
convinced of the absolutely high quality of what they are purchasing.
In New York, last year, for a few weeks, a man, gotten up as a
veritable “hay-seed” farmer, sold eggs from house to house through
the streets running from 45th to 65th, in large quantities. They were
all marked in red ink with the date on which they were said to be laid.
He did not last very long, and his liberty was curtailed, and for
some time he graced one of the free institutions where iron bars
obstruct the view of the surrounding country. It developed that this
enterprising crook was buying the culls from cold storage houses,
and, in a basement on 43d Street near the North River, he had eight
girls steadily at work marking the alleged dates when these eggs
were laid.
The difficulty seems to be that when you reach the question of a
“fresh egg,” everyone, almost, becomes a fakir. The grocers, many
of them, buy case after case of storage eggs, and, when the retail
price reaches sixty-five cents a dozen for so called “fresh eggs,” they
are supplying all buyers with the cold storage product, in quantities
practically unlimited. Their counters are always decorated with
baskets of these “just laid, perfectly fresh eggs.”
Therefore, it becomes necessary for the Egg Farmer to satisfy
customers, beyond peradventure, as to his ability to himself supply
the goods which he contracts to deliver, and after once doing this his
experience will be the same as that of The Corning Egg Farm, not to
be able to keep and properly look after enough hens to turn out half
the eggs he could sell at profitable prices, because the price he asks
does not discourage customers who are willing to pay well for a
really satisfactory article.
The following is the basis on which The Corning Egg Farm makes
all its contracts for table eggs.
Sunny Slope Farm
(The Great Corning Egg Farm)
PRODUCES
Eggs for the Table

“WHICH CANNOT BE SURPASSED”
WHITE,
THEY ARE: STERILE,
SANITARY,
FRESH,
STERILE.—The hens producing Eggs for

the Table are housed by themselves
and their eggs do not contain the life
germ, giving a purity not otherwise
obtained.
SANITARY,—because of the clean, fresh
air housing and best quality of pure
food and water. People are learning
the necessity of investigating the
source from which Eggs come more
carefully than milk or water, as it is
now known that Eggs can be a
greater carrier of disease than either
milk or water.
FRESH,—because eggs laid one day are
delivered the next.
OUR METHODS and feeding formulas
give these eggs a delicious flavor,
peculiarly their own.
EVERY EGG sold by us is produced on
Sunny Slope Farm, and is guaranteed
as above stated.
ONCE BOUGHT, ALWAYS SOUGHT
Sunny Slope Farm

BOUND BROOK NEW JERSEY.
CHAPTER IV
Preparation of Eggs for Market
If high prices are to be obtained for eggs they must not only be
good, but have a look of “class,” to the would be purchaser. They
must be spotlessly clean, and, as far as possible, each dozen should
present a uniform appearance.
One is able to know each day the exact price of the class of eggs
which he is selling, for the Egg Market is like the Stock or Bond
Market, and one who is in the Egg business is dealing with a
commodity which at all times is salable at a price. At The Corning
Egg Farm we receive daily the reports from the Exchange, as given
in the New York Commercial. These are cut out and placed in a
scrap book, so that, from year to year, we are able to tell exactly
what the conditions were on any given date, and form a very close
idea as to what can be expected in regard to prices. And so we have
an absolute basis of prices for contracts.
The nearest quotation to the egg which is produced by The
Corning Egg Farm is what is termed “State Pa. and nearby Hennery,
white, fancy, large.” This we take as a basis and arrange our prices
from it daily, adding the advance which the Corning sanitary table
egg brings.
30 DOZEN CORNING SANITARY FRESH EGGS READY TO SHIP
It is quite impossible, with the growth of the country and the

demand for better things in all food products, to over-do the
production of Sanitary Eggs.
The following pages show the manner in which the quotations are
placed in our Scrap Book.
CHAPTER V
The Selection of the Breed—The Strain is of
Utmost Importance
To a man engaging in any branch of Poultry Culture the selection
of the proper breed is of grave importance, but to the man who is
planning an Egg Farm it is without doubt of graver importance than
where any other branch of the poultry business is to be carried on.
For many years different localities have believed that there was
very decided merit in the different colored egg shells. The Culture of
Boston was certain that the dark shell contained an egg with a richer
flavor, while New York and vicinity would believe in nothing but the
white shelled egg. It is, however, noted with interest that the Culture
of Boston has discovered that the color of the shell really has nothing
to do with the flavor of the egg, and to-day the rigid adherence to a
premium paid for the dark shelled egg, generally throughout the New
England States, is rapidly passing into history.

Full Download pdf of (eBook PDF) Real Research: Research Methods Sociology Students Can Use 2nd Edition all chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Full Download pdf of (eBook PDF) Real Research: Research Methods Sociology Students Can Use 2nd Edition all chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

(eBook PDF) Real Research: Research

Methods Sociology Students Can Use

Research Methods for Business Students, 9th Edition

Business Research Methods 2nd Edition (eBook PDF)

(eBook PDF) Real World Research 4th Edition

(eBook PDF) Introduction to Health Research Methods 2nd

(eBook PDF) Research Methods in Human-Computer

(eBook PDF) Research Methods: The Essential Knowledge

(eBook PDF) Research Methods in Linguistics

(eBook PDF) Understanding Communication Research

I am appreciative for having had wonderful teachers at Indiana University,

Tawnya Adkins Covert, Western Illinois University

What Is Empirical Social Research?

Why Is Research Important?

Second, research skills are in high demand. Virtually every organization,

The number of people using each of the services your shelter

Methods of Data Collection

Secondary Data Analysis

Box 1.1 Summary of Research Methods and

Adopted Hot Water Incubators

Why Great Farms Fail

Developing the Great Layer

Corning Method in Small Flocks

The Jersey Egg Farm referred to is owned and run by a gentleman

Manure Drainage to Drink

Diseased Meat to Eat

As the Food, so the Egg

A Perfect Egg a Rarity

Unlimited Demand for Quality Eggs

Eggs for the Table

STERILE.—The hens producing Eggs for

Sunny Slope Farm

It is quite impossible, with the growth of the country and the

You might also like