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Essentials of Oceanography, 12e (Trujillo)
Chapter 7 Ocean Circulation
7.1 Matching Questions
Match the term or description with the appropriate phrase. Not all answers will be used.
A) movement of water from the top to the bottom of the water column
B) net water movement to the left or right of the direction of the wind
C) movement of water from the bottom to the top of the water column
D) water flow driven by gravity and modified by the Coriolis effect
1) downwelling
Diff: 1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
Section: 7.3 What Causes Upwelling and Downwelling?
Essent'l Concept: 7.3 Describe the conditions that produce upwelling
OSLP: 3 The ocean is a major influence on weather and climate.
2) Ekman transport
Diff: 1
Section: 7.2 What Creates Ocean Surface Currents and How Are They Organized?
Essent'l Concept: 7.2 Explain the origin of ocean surface currents and how surface circulation
patterns are organized
OSLP: 1 The Earth has one big ocean with many features.
3) geostrophic current
Diff: 1
4) upwelling
Diff: 1
OSLP: 3 The ocean is a major influence on weather and climate; 1 The Earth has one big ocean
with many features.
Answers: 1) A 2) B 3) D 4) C
1
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Match the term or description with the appropriate phrase. Not all answers will be used.
A) cold current, southern hemisphere, temperate latitudes

B) cold current, northern hemisphere, temperate latitudes
C) cold current, polar latitudes, southern hemisphere
D) warm current, northern hemisphere, temperate latitudes
5) Benguela Current
Diff: 2
Section: 7.4 What Are the Main Surface Circulation Patterns in Each Ocean Basin?
Essent'l Concept: 7.4 Specify the main surface circulation patterns in each ocean basin
6) California Current
Diff: 2
7) Canary Current
Diff: 2
8) Gulf Stream
Diff: 2
9) Kuroshio Current
Diff: 2
2
10) West Wind Drift
Diff: 2
Answers: 5) A 6) B 7) B 8) D 9) D 10) C
7.2 Multiple Choice Questions
1) Deep ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ and caused by ________.
A) density differences; the Coriolis effect and land
B) density differences; differences in salinity and temperature
C) latitude; differences in salinity and land
D) wind; the Coriolis effect and land
E) wind; gravity and density
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section: 7.1 How Are Ocean Currents Measured?
Essent'l Concept: 7.1 Demonstrate an understanding of how ocean currents are measured
2) Surface ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ and modified by ________.
A) density differences; the Coriolis effect and land
B) density differences; differences in salinity and temperature
C) latitude; differences in salinity and land
D) wind; the Coriolis effect and land
E) wind; gravity and density
Answer: D
Diff: 2
3
3) Which of the following statements is true of surface ocean currents?
A) Surface currents concentrate warm water in the center of the gyre at mid latitudes.
B) Surface currents form circular patterns in the major ocean basins called "gyres."
C) Surface currents occur within and below the pycnocline.
D) Surface currents transport cold water toward the poles.
E) Surface currents transport warm water toward the equator.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
4) Equatorial currents are driven by the ________.

A) Coriolis force
B) density
C) Ekman transport
D) trade winds
E) westerlies
Answer: D
Diff: 2
5) Identify the mismatched pair from the choices below.

A) Agulhas Current, West Australia Current
B) Brazil Current, Benguela Current
C) Canary Current, Gulf Stream
D) Kuroshio Current, California Current
E) Labrador Current, Humboldt Current
Answer: E
Diff: 4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
4
6) Compared to an eastern boundary current in a gyre, which of the following statements is true
for a western boundary current?
A) Deeper current
B) Increased current velocity
C) Warmer water
D) Narrower current
E) Deeper currents, increased current velocity, warmer water, and narrower current are all true of
western boundary currents
Answer: E
Diff: 2
7) Which of the following is a western boundary current?

A) Benguela Current
B) Brazil Current
C) Canary Current
D) California Current
E) Peru Current
Answer: B
Diff: 1
8) Compared to western boundary currents, eastern boundary currents are ________.

A) broad and deep
B) broad and slow
C) deep and swift
D) narrow and deep
E) shallow and swift
Answer: B
Diff: 2
5
9) Which of the following is NOT an eastern boundary current?
A) California Current
B) Canary Current
C) Gulf Stream
D) Peru Current
E) West Australian Current
Answer: C
Diff: 1
10) The Ekman spiral is caused by ________.

A) density differences in the water column
B) the wind and gravity
C) the wind and the Coriolis effect
D) the pycnocline
E) pressure gradients
Answer: C
Diff: 2
11) Which type of current flow moves in a circular path around a subtropical convergence,
reflecting Ekman transport, gravity, and the Coriolis effect?
A) Counter-current circulation
B) Density-driven circulation
C) Geostrophic circulation
D) Langmuir circulation
E) Thermohaline circulation
Answer: C
Diff: 2
6
12) In the southern hemisphere, the direction of Ekman transport is always ________.
A) at a 45° angle from the wind direction
B) parallel to the wind direction
C) to the east of the wind direction
D) to the left of the wind direction
E) to the right of the wind direction
Answer: D
Diff: 2
13) Geostrophic circulation within a gyre is driven by ________.

A) density and the wind
B) gravity and the Coriolis effect
C) temperature and pressure
D) the wind and pressure
E) salinity and gravity
Answer: B
Diff: 1
14) Western intensification causes ________.

A) a steeper slope of surface water in the western section of the gyre as compare to the eastern
section of the gyre
B) equatorial countercurrents
C) the center of the gyre to be shift to the west
D) very swift western boundary currents
E) All of the choices are the result of westward intensification.
Answer: E
Diff: 2
7
15) Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient-rich deep water through
________.
A) convergence
B) downwelling
C) land breezes
D) sea breezes
E) upwelling
Answer: E
Diff: 1
16) Which of the following is true of surface water circulation near Antarctica?
A) A gyre is formed here.
B) Two circumpolar currents dominate it, one current that moves water to the east and one
current that moves water to the west.
C) It is dominated by water flow directly away from the polar region toward the north.
D) The surface ocean has no strong currents.
E) The circulation of water around the Antarctic continent is driven by density differences.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
17) When a meander from the Gulf Stream pinches off and isolates a body of water within the
North Atlantic gyre, the body of water is called a ________.
A) cold core ring
B) cyclonic circulation
C) geostrophic circulation
D) Langmuir cell
E) warm core ring
Answer: A
Diff: 1
8
18) During winter months, monsoon winds over the Indian Ocean ________.
A) flow from land to sea and are dry
B) flow from land to sea and are wet
C) flow from sea to land and are dry
D) flow from sea to land and are wet
E) the direction of airflow is unchanged but precipitation increases
Answer: A
Diff: 3
19) The El Niño Southern Oscillation can best be described as ________.

A) relative changes between two different atmospheric pressure systems at high altitude
B) the relationship between sea surface temperature and changing atmospheric pressure
C) tidal differences between coastal Peru and Darwin, Australia
D) variation in wind speed over the Pacific Ocean
E) wind speed and wind direction differences along the equator
Answer: B
Diff: 2
20) Thermohaline circulation is driven by ________.

A) density differences
B) the Coriolis effect
C) latitude
D) longitude
E) wind
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Section: 7.5 How Do Deep-Ocean Currents Form?
Essent'l Concept: 7.5 Explain the origin and characteristics of deep-ocean currents
9
21) Compared to Antarctic Bottom Water, North Atlantic Deep Water is ________.
A) colder
B) denser
C) higher in nutrients
D) higher in salinity
E) lower in oxygen
Answer: D
Diff: 2
22) The arrangement of water masses in the southern Atlantic Ocean from the surface to the
bottom is ________.
A) Antarctic Bottom Water, Antarctic Intermediate Water, North Atlantic Deep Water
B) Antarctic Intermediate Water, Antarctic Bottom Water, North Atlantic Deep Water
C) Antarctic Intermediate Water, North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water
D) North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water, Antarctic Intermediate Water
E) North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Intermediate Water, Antarctic Bottom Water
Answer: C
Diff: 2
23) Which of the following is not a source of deep water in the ocean?
A) Southern subpolar latitudes
B) Northern subpolar latitudes
C) Subtropical convergences
D) Arctic convergence
E) Antarctic convergence
Answer: C
Diff: 3
10
24) Deep-water circulation brings dense, cold, oxygen-rich water from the surface to the deep
ocean because of ________.
A) greater rates of photosynthesis in deep water
B) greater dissolution of oxygen in colder water than warmer water
C) increases in pH with depth
D) decreases in pH with depth
E) greater volcanic out-gassing at the ocean surface
Answer: B
Diff: 2
25) Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of
words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A) Gulf of Alaska
B) Indian
C) North Atlantic
D) South Atlantic
E) South Pacific
Answer: A
Diff: 4
A) Agulhas Current
B) Benguela Current
C) California Current
D) Canary Current
E) West Australian Current
Answer: A
Diff: 4
11
A) Gulf Stream
B) Kuroshio Current
C) North Equatorial Current
D) Peru Current
E) Somali Current
Answer: D
Diff: 4
A) California Current
B) Canary Current
C) Gulf Stream
D) North Atlantic Current
E) North Equatorial Current
Answer: A
Diff: 4
A) Australian drought
B) decreased fish stock in coastal Peru
C) flooding rains in southeastern United States
D) Peruvian upwelling stops
E) strong trade winds
Answer: E
Diff: 4
12
A) Thermohaline circulation
B) Density-driven circulation
C) Antarctic Bottom Water
D) Kuroshio Current
E) North Atlantic Deep Water
Answer: D
Diff: 4
31) Ocean surface currents transfer about ________ of the total amount of heat from the tropics
to the poles.
A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds
E) three-fourths
Answer: B
Diff: 1
32) Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents directly?
A) Accidental spills from container ships
B) Doppler flow meters
C) Anchored buoys
D) Pressure gradients
E) Radar altimeters
Answer: A
Diff: 2
13
A) Doppler flow meters
B) Anchored buoys
C) Pressure gradients
D) Propeller flow meters
E) Radar altimeters
Answer: D
Diff: 2
A) Doppler flow meters
B) Anchored buoys
D) Radar altimeters
E) Radio-transmitting float bottles
Answer: E
Diff: 2
35) Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents indirectly?
B) Doppler flow meters
C) Free-drifting Argo floats
Answer: B
Diff: 2
B) Free-drifting Argo floats
Answer: C
Diff: 2
14
C) Propeller flow meters
D) Radar altimeters
Answer: D
Diff: 2
38) Which of the following methods are used to measure deep ocean currents directly?
C) Propeller flow meters
D) Radar altimeters
Answer: B
Diff: 2
39) Cold currents flowing ________ on the ________ sides of continents produce arid
conditions.
A) poleward; eastern
B) poleward; western
C) toward the equator; eastern
D) toward the equator; western
Answer: D
Diff: 2
15
40) Warm currents flowing ________ on the ________ sides of continents produce warm, humid
conditions.
A) poleward; eastern
B) poleward; western
C) toward the equator; eastern
D) toward the equator; western
Answer: A
Diff: 2
41) About what percent of the wind's energy is transferred to the ocean surface?
A) Two
B) Five
C) Ten
D) Twenty
E) Fifty
Answer: A
Diff: 2
42) Deep-water currents move ________ volumes of water and are much ________ than surface
currents.
A) larger; faster
B) larger; slower
C) smaller; faster
D) smaller; slower
Answer: B
Diff: 2
16
43) An increase in seawater density can be caused by a ________ in temperature or a/an
________ in salinity.
A) decrease; decrease
B) decrease; increase
C) increase; decrease
D) increase; increase
Answer: B
Diff: 2
44) The Agulhas Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
A) Eastern Boundary Current
B) Equatorial Counter Current
C) Northern Boundary Current
D) Southern Boundary Current
E) Western Boundary Current
Answer: E
Diff: 3
45) The Brazil Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Answer: E
Diff: 3
17
46) The East Australian Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Answer: E
Diff: 3
47) The Kuroshio (Japan) Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Answer: E
Diff: 3
48) The Gulf Stream is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Answer: E
Diff: 3
18
49) The West Australian Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Answer: A
Diff: 3
50) The Peru (Humboldt) Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Answer: A
Diff: 3
51) The Canary Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Answer: A
Diff: 3
19
52) The California Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Answer: A
Diff: 3
53) The Benguela Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Answer: A
Diff: 3
54) The North Atlantic Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Answer: C
Diff: 3
20
55) The North Pacific Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Answer: C
Diff: 3
56) The West Wind Drift is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Answer: D
Diff: 3
57) The North Equatorial Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
B) Equatorial Current
Answer: B
Diff: 3
21
58) The South Equatorial Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Answer: B
Diff: 3
59) Which subtropical boundary current is faster, narrower and deeper than its counterparts?
Answer: E
Diff: 2
60) The observation that ships and icebergs in the southern hemisphere float to the left of the
wind direction is an example of which of the following?
A) Eastern intensification
B) Ekman transport
C) Equatorial upwelling
D) Geostrophic current
E) Western intensification
Answer: B
Diff: 2
22
61) The observation of a hill of water within all subtropical gyres is an example of which of the
following?
B) Equatorial upwelling
C) Geostrophic current
D) Subtropical convergence
Answer: D
Diff: 2
62) The observation that one subtropical boundary current is faster, narrower, and deeper than its
counterparts is an example of which of the following?
B) Ekman transport
Answer: E
Diff: 2
63) Coastal winds can cause upwelling or downwelling due to which of the following?
B) Ekman transport
Answer: B
Diff: 2
23
64) Which of the following currents contributes to the South Eastern United States being humid?
A) Brazil Current
B) California Current
C) Gulf Stream
E) North Equatorial Current
Answer: C
Diff: 2
65) Which of the following currents contributes to the South Western United States being arid?
A) Brazil Current
C) Canary Current
D) North Equatorial Current
E) North Pacific Current
Answer: B
Diff: 2
66) Diverging surface waters are areas of ________ and ________ productivity.
A) downwelling; high
B) downwelling; low
C) upwelling; high
D) upwelling; low
Answer: C
Diff: 2
24
67) Converging surface waters are areas of ________ and ________ productivity.
A) downwelling; high
B) downwelling; low
C) upwelling; high
D) upwelling; low
Answer: B
Diff: 2
68) Coastal upwelling along the coast of Chile is a result of winds from the ________ turning
towards the ________ due to Ekman transport.
A) north; left
B) north; right
C) south; left
D) south; right
Answer: C
Diff: 2
69) The main current in Antarctic waters is the ________ Current.

A) Antarctic Circumpolar
B) Benguela
C) Malvinas
D) South Australian
E) South Equatorial
Answer: A
Diff: 2
25
70) Which of the following is the only current that completely circumscribes Earth?
A) Antarctic Circumpolar
B) Benguela
C) Malvinas
D) South Australian
E) South Equatorial
Answer: A
Diff: 2
71) The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is also known as which of the following?
A) Benguela Current
B) East Australian Current
C) Peru (Humboldt) Current
D) South Equatorial Current
E) West Wind Drift
Answer: E
Diff: 2
72) Which of the following Atlantic Subtropical gyre boundary currents is split into two by a
large landmass?
A) Benguela Current
B) Brazil Current
C) Canary Current
E) South Equatorial Current
Answer: E
Diff: 2
26
73) The Sargasso Sea is the water that circulates around the rotation center of the ________ gyre.
A) Indian Ocean
B) North Atlantic
C) North Pacific
D) South Atlantic
E) South Pacific
Answer: B
Diff: 2
74) Between summer and winter, which of the following currents reverses its flow direction?
A) Brazil Current
C) Falkland Current
D) Florida Current
E) Somali Current
Answer: E
Diff: 2
75) Which of the following currents is responsible for Peru becoming the largest producer of
fish, from the sea, in the world?
A) Brazil Current
B) Canary Current
C) Falkland Current
D) Humboldt Current
E) Somali Current
Answer: D
Diff: 2
27
76) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Measuring average flow
rates of ocean surface currents is simple BECAUSE they flow in the same direction and at the
same rate for long periods of time.
A) The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
B) The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
C) The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
D) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
E) Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Answer: E
Diff: 4
77) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Equatorial
Countercurrent is much better developed in the Pacific Ocean than in the Atlantic BECAUSE the
Pacific Ocean basin is larger and more unobstructed than the Atlantic Ocean.
Answer: A
Diff: 4
78) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Ocean currents have the
potential to generate more power than wind farms BECAUSE ocean currents move much faster
than the wind.
Answer: C
Diff: 4
Section: 7.6 Can Power from Currents Be Harnessed as a Source of Energy?
Essent'l Concept: 7.6 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of harnessing currents as a
source of energy
28
79) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Areas of downwelling
are associated with prolific marine life BECAUSE the necessary nutrients are continuously
replenished.
Answer: E
Diff: 4
80) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The temperatures across
the Atlantic at different latitudes are much higher in Europe than in North America BECAUSE
of the effects of heat transfer from the Gulf Stream.
C) The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.
D) The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
Answer: A
Diff: 4
81) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: India's Northeast
Monsoon provides little precipitation BECAUSE it occurs during the winter.
Answer: B
Diff: 4
29
82) Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: India's Southwest
Monsoon provides abundant precipitation BECAUSE the air brought in from the Indian Ocean is
warm and full of moisture.
Answer: A
Diff: 4
7.3 Essay Questions
1) Briefly describe the different ways that ocean currents are measured.
Answer: Ocean current measurements consist of measurements of velocity and direction and
velocity for surface and subsurface current flow. Both surface and subsurface currents can be
measured directly or indirectly. Direct methods of ocean currents are floating devices that are
can be tracked over time or fixed devices. Indirect methods consist of determining the internal
distribution of water density and the corresponding pressure gradient, radar/satellite altimeters to
produce dynamic topography maps, and Doppler flow meters to determine subsurface water
movement.
Diff: 1
2) Compare and contrast western boundary currents and eastern boundary currents.
Answer: Western boundary currents carry warm water from the equator northward along the
western side of an ocean basin. Eastern boundary currents carry cool water from the poles
southward along the eastern side of an ocean basin. Western boundary currents are fast and
relatively deep and narrow in contrast to eastern boundary currents which are slow, shallow, and
broad by comparison.
Diff: 2
30
3) Describe the location of the western boundary and eastern boundary current within a gyre.
How is the direction of these currents related to heat distribution of the Earth's oceans?
Answer: A gyre transports heat from lower latitudes resulting from an excess of solar input to
cooler, higher latitudes where there is a deficit of solar heating. Western boundary currents
transport warm water from the equator toward the poles whereas the eastern boundary currents
transport cool water from the poles toward the equator. Gyres exist to balance the Earth's heat
budget by redistributing heat from lower latitudes to higher latitudes.
Diff: 2
4) Distinguish between upwelling and downwelling.

Answer: Upwelling is the upward vertical movement of cold, nutrient-rich, and oxygen-rich
water from beneath the pycnocline toward the ocean surface. Downwelling is the movement of
warm, nutrient-depleted, and oxygen-depleted water from the ocean surface downward.
Upwelling is associated with highly productive areas of the ocean, while downwelling is
associated with low primary production.
Diff: 2
5) Briefly describe the effects of severe El Niño events.

Answer: Severe El Niño events can be associated with ecological and economic disaster. In
areas that normally experience upwelling, specifically the tropical eastern Pacific, a strong El
Niño event brings warm water into an area and may even result in downwelling instead of
upwelling. Marine life dependent upon upwelling of nutrient-rich waters is adversely affected.
Areas normally experiencing arid conditions may receive above-normal precipitation, while
normally wet areas may experience the opposite effect.
Diff: 2
31
6) Discuss and compare the forces that are responsible for creating surface and thermohaline
circulation in the oceans. Include in your answer the ultimate source of energy that drives both
circulation systems.
Answer: Surface currents develop from friction between the ocean and the wind that blows
across its surface. Only about 2% of the wind's energy is transferred to the ocean surface, so a
50-knot wind will create a 1-knot current. If there were no continents on Earth, the surface
currents would generally follow the major wind belts of the world. In each hemisphere,
therefore, a current would flow between 0 and 30 degrees latitude as a result of the trade winds, a
second would flow between 30 and 60 degrees latitude as a result of the prevailing westerlies,
and a third would flow between 60 and 90 degrees latitude as a result of the polar easterlies. In
reality, ocean surface currents are driven by more than just the wind belts of the world. The
distribution of continents on Earth is one factor that influences the nature and direction of flow of
surface currents in each ocean basin. Most water involved in deep-ocean currents (thermohaline
circulation) originates in high latitudes at the surface. In these regions, surface water becomes
cold and its salinity increases as sea ice forms. When this surface water becomes dense enough,
it sinks, initiating deep-ocean currents. Once this water sinks, it is removed from the physical
processes that increased its density in the first place, so its temperature and salinity remain
largely unchanged for the duration it spends in the deep ocean. As these surface water masses
become dense and are sinking (downwelling) in high-latitude areas, deep- water masses are also
rising to the surface (upwelling). Because the water temperature in high-latitude regions is the
same at the surface as it is down below, the water column is isothermal, there is no thermocline
or associated pycnocline, and upwelling and downwelling can easily occur.
Diff: 3
32
7) Discuss the relationship between Ekman transport and geostrophic flow within a gyre. How
does this relationship contribute to western intensification?
Answer: The Ekman spiral describes the speed and direction of flow of surface waters at various
depths. This model assumes that a uniform column of water is set in motion by wind blowing
across its surface. Under ideal conditions in the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes
surface water in contact with the wind to move in a direction 45 degrees to the right of the wind
direction. In the Southern Hemisphere, where Coriolis curvature is to the left, the surface layer
moves 45 degrees to the left of the wind direction. The surface water moves as a thin layer on top
of deeper layers of water. As the surface layer moves, other layers beneath it are set in motion,
thus passing the energy of the wind down through the water column. Ekman transport deflects
surface water to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, so a clockwise rotation develops within an
ocean basin and produces the Subtropical Convergence of water in the middle of the gyre,
causing water literally to pile up in the center of the subtropical gyre. Thus, there is a hill of
water within all subtropical gyres that is as much as 2 meters high. Surface water in the
Subtropical Convergence tends to flow downhill in response to gravity. The Coriolis effect
opposes gravity, however, deflecting the water to the right in a curved path into the hill again.
When these two factors balance, the net effect is a geostrophic current that moves in a circular
path around the hill. Friction between water molecules, however, causes the water to move
gradually down the slope of the hill as it flows around it. The top of the hill formed within a
rotating gyre is closer to the western boundary than the geographic center of the gyre. As a
result, the western boundary currents of the subtropical gyres are faster, narrower, and deeper
than their eastern boundary current counterparts.
Diff: 3
8) Discuss the biological impact of upwelling and downwelling on marine ecosystems. Provide
examples of marine systems that are impacted by these processes in your answer.
Answer: Upwelling is the upward movement of cold, deep, nutrient-rich water to the surface;
downwelling is the downward movement of surface water to deeper parts of the ocean.
Upwelling hoists chilled water to the surface. This cold water, rich in nutrients, creates high
productivity (an abundance of microscopic algae), which establishes the base of the food web
and, in turn, supports incredible numbers of larger marine life like fish and whales.
Downwelling, on the other hand, is associated with much lower amounts of surface productivity
but carries necessary dissolved oxygen to those organisms living on the deep-sea floor.
Diff: 3
33
9) Describe the El Niño Southern Oscillation. What global environmental effects characterize an
El Niño event? What global environmental effects characterize a La Niña event?
Answer: The atmospheric and oceanic conditions during an El Niño-Southern Oscillation
(ENSO) warm phase occur when the high pressure along the coast of South America weakens,
reducing the difference between the high- and low-pressure regions of the Walker Circulation
Cell. This, in turn, causes the southeast trade winds to diminish. In very strong El Niño events,
the trade winds actually blow in the reverse direction. Without the trade winds, the Pacific Warm
Pool that has built up on the western side of the Pacific begins to flow back across the ocean
toward South America, creating a band of warm water that stretches across the equatorial Pacific
Ocean. The warm water usually begins to move in September of an El Niño year and reaches
South America by December or January. During strong to very strong El Niños, the water
temperature off Peru can be up to 10°C (18°F) higher than normal. In addition, the average sea
level can increase as much as 20 centimeters (8 inches), simply due to thermal expansion of the
warm water along the coast. As the warm water increases, sea surface temperatures across the
equatorial Pacific, temperature-sensitive corals are decimated in Tahiti, the Galápagos, and other
tropical Pacific islands. In addition, many other organisms are affected by the warm water. Once
the warm water reaches South America, it moves north and south along the west coast of the
Americas, increasing average sea level and the number of tropical hurricanes formed in the
eastern Pacific. La Niña events are associated with sea surface temperatures and weather
phenomena opposite those of El Niño. Indian Ocean monsoons, for instance, are typically drier
than usual in El Niño years but wetter than usual in La Niña years.
Diff: 2
10) Describe the circulation of deep ocean water.

Answer: For every liter of water that sinks from the surface into the deep ocean, a liter of deep
water must return to the surface somewhere else. However, it is difficult to identify specifically
where this vertical flow to the surface is occurring. It is generally believed that it occurs as a
gradual, uniform upwelling throughout the ocean basins and that it may be somewhat greater in
low-latitude regions, where surface temperatures are higher. Alternatively, scientific studies on
turbulent mixing rates between deep-ocean and surface waters in the Southern Ocean suggest
that deep water traveling across rugged bottom topography is a major factor in producing the
upwelling that returns deep water toward the surface.
Diff: 2
34
7.4 Visual Questions
1)
The area in the enclosed rectangle in the false-color map of sea surface temperatures is an
example of which of the following features?
A) Cyclones
B) Eddies
C) El Nino conditions
D) Monsoons
E) Upwelling
Answer: B
Diff: 4
Global Sci Out: 3
35
2)
The false-color map of sea surface temperatures shown below is an example of which of the
following features?
A) Cyclones
B) Eddies
C) El Nino conditions
D) Monsoons
E) Upwelling
Answer: C
Diff: 4
Global Sci Out: 3
36
3)
Based on the graph, which of the following has the highest density?
A) Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)
B) Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW)
C) Mediterranean Intermediate Water (MIW)
D) North Atlantic Central Surface Water (NACSW)
E) North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)
Answer: A
Diff: 4
Global Sci Out: 3
37
4)
Based on the graph, which of the following has the lowest temperature?
Answer: A
Diff: 4
Global Sci Out: 3
38
5)
Based on the graph, which of the following has the highest temperature?
Answer: D
Diff: 4
Global Sci Out: 3
39
6)
Based on the graph, which of the following has the highest salinity?
Answer: C
Diff: 4
Global Sci Out: 3
40
7)
Based on the graph, which of the following has the lowest salinity?
Answer: B
Diff: 4
Global Sci Out: 3
41
8)
Based on the graph, which of the following has the lowest density?
Answer: D
Diff: 4
Global Sci Out: 3
42
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of School-life at
Winchester College
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Title: School-life at Winchester College

or, the reminiscences of a Winchester junior under the
old régime, 1835-40.
Author: Robert Blachford Mansfield
Release date: February 12, 2024 [eBook #72944]
Language: English
Original publication: London: David Nutt, 1893
Credits: MWS and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at

https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
images generously made available by The Internet
Archive/American Libraries.)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCHOOL-

LIFE AT WINCHESTER COLLEGE ***
SCHOOL-LIFE AT
WINCHESTER COLLEGE
A “HOT” AT FOOT BALL
THE COMMONERS HAVE RED AND THE COLLEGE BOYS BLUE JERSEYS.
SCHOOL-LIFE
AT
WINCHESTER COLLEGE;
OR,
The Reminiscences of a Winchester Junior
UNDER THE OLD RÉGIME, 1835-40.
WITH A GLOSSARY OF WORDS, PHRASES, AND CUSTOMS,
PECULIAR TO WINCHESTER COLLEGE.
By ROBERT BLACHFORD MANSFIELD,

AUTHOR OF
“THE LOG OF THE WATER-LILY,” “THE WATER-LILY ON THE DANUBE,” ETC.
ETC.
THIRD EDITION.
LONDON:
DAVID NUTT, 270-71 STRAND.
P. & G. WELLS, WINCHESTER.
1893.
PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.
a.d. 1893 being the quincentennial anniversary of our glorious
foundation, an enterprising publisher has undertaken to bring out a
third edition of this sketch of the life of a Winchester Junior in the
dark ages of 1835-40. Thirty years have elapsed since the book was
originally written, twenty since the second edition was brought out,
and fifty-seven since I first became a Wykehamist.
No one is more aware than myself how entirely devoid of literary
merit is this little book; but as it is a true and faithful account of the
state of the school under a system that has long been superseded,
any interest that it may have must increase from year to year, as the
times of which it treats become more distant, and the manners and
customs which it depicts present a greater contrast to those of the
present day. Except in the last chapter, which I have rewritten, there
is but little difference between this and the previous editions, firstly
because I have nothing to add or alter in my record, and secondly,
because the work being stereotyped, considerable expense would
have been incurred by altering all those passages which, written in
1862, allude to the then existence of Dr. Moberly, the state of Meads,
and Antechapel at that date, &c., &c., which the reader can correct
for himself, but which do not in any way affect the object of the work,
viz., the economy of the school in 1835-40.
The representation of “a Hot” by Mr. Holmes gives an excellent
idea of that peculiar feature of the game of football as played at
Winchester at the date of which I write. The other pictures by Mr.
Garland sufficiently well represent the architectural features of the
College, but justice is scarcely done to the figures of the boys, who
did not go through their labours and amusements in such rigid style
as might be inferred from their figures and attitudes as here
represented. The cuts in the Glossary would also have been more
effective if the artist (not Mr. Garland) had ever seen a Winchester
scholar in his peculiar costume.
The sweeping changes that commenced during my school-days
were mainly owing to the initiative of Charles Wordsworth, the late
lamented Bishop of St. Andrews, as distinguished at Oxford for his
scholarship and as a theologian as he was for his supreme
excellence in cricket, rowing, tennis, skating, and all athletic
exercises. He had been appointed to the office of Second Master
one half year before I came as a boy, and, with the willing assistance
of the beloved Warden, Barter, and the Head-Master, speedily began
to make many much-needed changes in the arrangements, which
have made Winchester equal, if not superior, to any other public
school as regards the comfort and wellbeing of the boys, and worthy
of its glorious reputation for five hundred years.
I take this opportunity of expressing my great gratification at the
success of the book, and to express my thanks to my numerous
correspondents for their flattering letters. Wykehamists of every
standing have expressed their interest in this account of the manners
and customs of the School in times past, and those of my own have
testified to its accuracy. From India and America I have received
most interesting letters from old school-fellows, who had discovered
from internal evidence the personality of the writer. In one quarter
alone have I met with adverse criticism. I was accused (shortly after
the publication of the first edition) by “The Wykehamist” (a monthly
publication, edited by the boys at Winchester) of having been
actuated by a feeling of ill-will towards the School, and of untruth.
How such an idea as the former could have been gathered from the
book I am at a loss to conceive, and when it was first published the
only merit that I knew it possessed was its truth. And now I have the
best public testimony to my veracity;—a cotemporary, Mr. Gould
Adams, who, in the preface to his charming book “Wykehamica” (a
work which should be one of “the hundred books” possessed by
every Wykehamist), states that he has been indebted for some of the
materials for his work to “my very truthful picture of the Winchester of
my day.”
The Bishop of St. Andrews, who kindly allowed me to use his
engravings of the “Trusty Servant,” and of the large tablet at the west
end of school with the inscription “Aut disce,” &c.; Mr. Mackenzie
Walcot, who permitted me to use the cut of the old Commoners
Buildings that appeared in his work on Winchester College, and my
cousin, Mr. Elliot Blackstone, of New College and the British
Museum, who greatly assisted me in bringing out the first edition,
when I was abroad, have all passed away. But I must again (for the
third time) give vent to my feelings of gratitude to the Rev. H.
Moberly for answering the many questions I troubled him with, and to
my cousin, the Rev. Algernon Simeon, for his valuable assistance in
compiling the slang glossary, and to Mr. Wrench for the very great
assistance he has rendered me in supplying me with information as
to the alterations in the manners and customs of the School, which I
have embodied in the last chapter.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHAPTER I.
Introduction, 17
CHAPTER II.
OF THE LOCUS IN QUO AND DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.
Plan of College Buildings—Dons—College Præfects—
Candlekeepers— Dress—Choristers—Commoner
Buildings—Præfects—Coursekeeper, 25
CHAPTER III.
TREATS OF SOME MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.
A Fag’s Duties—His Respect for Præfects—Præfects’
Responsibilities—Code of Honour—Lying Scouted—
Exceptional Anecdote—Certain Things considered
Common Property—Slang—Nicknames of Officials and
Under-Porter—Whole Holidays—Remedies—Half
Holidays—Sundays—Hills, 37
CHAPTER IV.
THE JUNIOR’S START IN COLLEGE LIFE.
πεμπε—Tin Gloves—Test of Founder’s Kin—Tutor and Pupil
—The Fag “in Course,” 53
CHAPTER V.
THE JUNIOR IN CHAMBERS.
Choosing Chambers—Furniture of Chambers—Junior’s
Duties—Toy-time—Mess—Sound Sleepers—Sitting up—
The Scheme—Toefitying—Spree Mess—Theatricals, 58
CHAPTER VI.
THE JUNIOR IN HALL.
Rush for Trenchers, &c.—Description of Hall—Toasting and
Cooking—Receipt for Fried Potatoes—Tea—Luncheon—
Conning for Bands—Beever Time—Dinner—Dispars—
Fagging in Hall—Kitchen, 77
CHAPTER VII.
THE JUNIOR IN CHAPEL.
The Late Warden—The Antechapel—The Crimean Memorial
—The New Tower—Hours of Service—The Oath—
Cloisters, 91
CHAPTER VIII.
THE JUNIOR IN SCHOOL.
Description of School—Scobs—Officers—Division of Classes
—Prizes and Medals—Long and Short Half—Easter
Time—Commoners’ Speaking—Cloisters—Latin
Composition—Flogging—Scraping and Shirking Out—
Latin Verses—Pealing, 100
CHAPTER IX.
THE JUNIOR ON A LOCKBACK HOLIDAY.
Fagging Choristers—Crutch—Currell—Concerts—Fighting—
How to Catch the Measles—“Books Chambers,” 119
CHAPTER X.
THE JUNIOR IN MEADS.
“Watching out”—Cricket Reminiscences—Lord’s Matches—
Turf—Football—Six and Six—Twenty-two and Twenty-
two—SS and Trees—Fines—Sick-House—Gooseberry
Fool—“Going Continent”—Long Meads—Enlargement of
Meads, 128
CHAPTER XI.
THE JUNIOR ON HILLS.
On—Mizmaze—The Badger—Swimming Lessons—Practical 149
Jokes—Trial for Assault—Town and Gown Row,
CHAPTER XII.
THE JUNIOR ON LEAVE OUT.
Saints’ Days—Early Leave Out—Poaching—Rowing—A
Dinner—Sunday Leave Out, 161
CHAPTER XIII.
THE JUNIOR IN STANDING-UP WEEK.
Standing-up—Commoners—Pealing, 169
CHAPTER XIV.
THE JUNIOR IN ELECTION WEEK.
“Ad Portas”—“Electors”—“Candlesticks”—“Founders”—
Examinations—“Superannuates”—Medal Speaking—
Election Dinners—Effects of Eating Ice when Hot—
Resignation—“Domum”—“Ball”—“Jam
Lucis”—“Batlings”—Last Breakfast, 174
CHAPTER XV.
Conclusion, 187
GLOSSARY, 197
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
It is now nearly half a century since, full of hope and spirits, I made
my appearance at Winchester College, when I entered the gates,
proud of my position as the junior Wykehamist; and more than forty
years have elapsed since I doffed my gown, and stepped forth into
the outer world.
Times have changed since then, and perhaps in no place are the
changes more marked than in the old school. I was there at a
remarkable period, as, during my residence, important and much
required improvements and alterations were commenced in the
system of internal economy, discipline, and education, which have
continually advanced to the present day, till at last, in the opinion of
some who are well fitted to form a judgment, the operation has been
so roughly carried on, that, together with the customs that required
extirpation, some institutions have been rooted up which might as
well have been allowed to remain.
Among the more beneficial changes I may mention the
amelioration of the fagging system, from which many of the
asperities were removed while I was in the position most capable of
appreciating the benefit, and which since my departure has been still
further improved. I consider mitigated fagging a valuable institution,
and I think on this subject I can speak with authority, as when I
entered I was junior in College, and during the whole five years that I
was there I was always a fag, never having sufficiently advanced in
the school to taste the sweets of power. When I went to Winchester
the life of a junior was not made very pleasant to him for the first
year or two. I attribute this principally to the following causes:—First
and foremost, to the brutality of one or two boys; if any such now
exist, as there were in my time, (which I doubt,) their opportunities
and power of cruelty are so curtailed, and the feeling against such
proceedings both abroad and in the school so much stronger, that
their evil influence is reduced to a minimum. Secondly, to the
monstrous system of fagging at dinner-time, and the atrocities
therewith connected; the whole of which has been absolutely done
away with. And, lastly, to the unlimited extent to which watching out
at cricket, and kicking in at football, was carried; the former of which
has now been reduced within reasonable limits, and the latter
entirely abolished.
Some of my friends have expressed themselves amused with
such of my school experiences as I have occasionally recited to
them, and have from time to time urged me to publish them. I do not
think I should ever have carried out the suggestion, had not
circumstances occurred which induced me, in 1860, to take up my
quarters at Winchester for some weeks, when I was naturally led to
frequent my old haunts; and this brought many long-forgotten
scenes, thoughts, faces, and words so vividly to my recollection, that
I found a real pleasure and interest in noting them down. Whether
any one will take either pleasure or interest in reading my notes
when published, is perhaps doubtful; yet I know that, when I was a
boy at College, we were eager for any information about the former
manners and customs of the old place; and it is to the boys
especially that I address myself; and I hope that if this little book falls
into the hands of any of the juniors, they will derive some comfort
from the thought that although they may consider their own lives
rather hard, others have passed through far severer trials than theirs,
unscathed, and can yet look back to the time of their juniorship with
interest and regret. If I fail in interesting them it must be my own
fault, as, whatever my deficiencies in style and expression, I cannot
plead want of knowledge of my subject; I think also that I am
impartial; I respect my old school, and if I had boys, and could get
them into it, I would send them there; but I am not the least inclined
to cry it up at the expense of other similar establishments, of which I
have had no experience. I am certain, however, that there is no
school where, at the present day, the authorities take a more
personal and careful interest in the moral and physical wellbeing of
the boys; and this is rendered more practicable at Winchester than at
most other public schools, owing to the number being limited to
about two hundred, instead of being allowed to expand till it
becomes rather a cluster of small schools than one solid
establishment.[1]
If any of my own contemporaries ever glance over these pages, I
hope they will experience a pleasure in having some scenes brought
again before their minds’ eye with which they were once familiar, but
of which the remembrance had become fainter and fainter, as they
have gradually been shadowed over by the duties and struggles of
after-life; though I fear that any such satisfaction will be damped by
the feeling of how much better they might have been described by
an abler pen.[2] I cannot expect that my book will be noticed by
anybody except Wykehamists, yet, in case it should ever attract the
notice of any one who is altogether unacquainted with Winchester, I
have given a description of the geography of the buildings (in chap,
ii.) and the institutions of the school, lacking which the book would
have been entirely without meaning to them;—all such dissertations
the Wykehamist will, of course, skip. I have, however, omitted giving
any account of the history, antiquities, and architecture of the
College, all of which have been amply described in several works
with which Wykehamists are very well acquainted, and which others
can easily procure if they desire any such information. I simply
propose as my task some account of the inner life of the boys as it
was, “Consule Planco,” illustrated by a picture of the trials and
amusements of a junior.
As I remarked above, I think fagging on the whole a laudable
institution. Some of the stories here related may not perhaps seem
to put it in a very pleasant light; but it must be remembered always,
that it is much mitigated at present, and also that, in a light and
somewhat gossiping production like this, there is more movement
and life in such anecdotes than in a relation of the ordinary
kindnesses shown by the bigger to the lesser boys; certainly, I have
a more lasting general recollection of benefits received than of
cruelties suffered; and in after-life, in the rough struggles of the
world, happy is he who has gone through such a training. Here there
is no tuft-hunting—wealth and rank have little influence, if the heart is
not open and hand skilful. A boy learns to help himself, not to be
disheartened in difficulties, and to be prepared for any emergency;
and withal a keen sense of honour, friendly rivalry, and patriotic
feeling, is continually kept in action. Commend me in a row, moral or
physical, to your public schoolman: in the former case, he will very
probably be endowed with the judgment, decision, and self-reliance
so necessary in such an emergency; and in the latter, he will be
likely to stand firm, and know the use of his left hand as well as his
right, and when, where, and how to bring both into play.
Plan of Winchester College 1835-40
CHAPTER II.
OF THE LOCUS IN QUO AND DRAMATIS
PERSONÆ.
Plan of College Buildings—Dons—College Præfects—

Candlekeepers—Dress—Choristers—Commoner
Buildings—Præfects—Coursekeeper.
Before entering into particulars it will be necessary to give the non-

Wykehamist reader some idea of the arrangement of the College
buildings, and of their various uses in the general economy of the
institution.
The College of St Mary of Winchester (near Winchester, as it used
to be called) was, in olden times, situated outside the town, but is
now bounded on its west side by the buildings of Kingsgate Street
and College Street. The entrance is from the latter street through a
handsome portal called “outer gate,” which opens into a quadrangle,
on the east side of which is the Warden’s house; passing through
this court and another gateway (“middle gate,” above which is
“election chamber”) we enter another spacious quadrangle, the
southern side of which is formed by the chapel and hall, the western
mainly by the kitchen, and the remaining two sides by the boys’ bed-
chambers, (on the ground floor,) and the fellows’ and second
master’s lodgings above. Underneath the hall, and close to the great
hall staircase, a passage called “seventh-chamber passage” leads
into a third quadrangle of smaller dimensions, called “school court,”
on the south of which is the school, and on the east the outside wall
of the chapel cloisters; along the entire western side of the College
buildings, from College Street to the school, extend the buildings of
Commoners, (the boys not on the foundation,) the communication of
which with College is through a door on the west side of “school
court.” A passage between the school and cloister wall leads to the

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7.1 Matching Questions

A) cold current, southern hemisphere, temperate latitudes

7.2 Multiple Choice Questions

4) Equatorial currents are driven by the ________.

5) Identify the mismatched pair from the choices below.

7) Which of the following is a western boundary current?

8) Compared to western boundary currents, eastern boundary currents are ________.

10) The Ekman spiral is caused by ________.

13) Geostrophic circulation within a gyre is driven by ________.

14) Western intensification causes ________.

19) The El Niño Southern Oscillation can best be described as ________.

20) Thermohaline circulation is driven by ________.

69) The main current in Antarctic waters is the ________ Current.

7.3 Essay Questions

4) Distinguish between upwelling and downwelling.

5) Briefly describe the effects of severe El Niño events.

10) Describe the circulation of deep ocean water.

Title: School-life at Winchester College

Author: Robert Blachford Mansfield

Release date: February 12, 2024 [eBook #72944]

Original publication: London: David Nutt, 1893

Credits: MWS and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCHOOL-

A “HOT” AT FOOT BALL

By ROBERT BLACHFORD MANSFIELD,

Plan of College Buildings—Dons—College Præfects—

Before entering into particulars it will be necessary to give the non-

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