Full Download pdf of A Survey of Mathematics with Applications 10th Edition (eBook PDF) all chapter

A Survey of Mathematics with
Applications 10th Edition (eBook PDF)

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/product/a-survey-of-mathematics-with-applications-10th-editi
on-ebook-pdf/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
(eBook PDF) A Survey of Mathematics with Applications

(10th Edition)
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-a-survey-of-mathematics-
with-applications-10th-edition/
(Original PDF) Finite Mathematics and Calculus with

Applications 10th Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-finite-mathematics-
and-calculus-with-applications-10th-edition/
Discrete Mathematics with Applications 4th Edition

(eBook PDF)
http://ebooksecure.com/product/discrete-mathematics-with-
applications-4th-edition-ebook-pdf/
(eBook PDF) Discrete Mathematics with Applications 5th

Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-discrete-mathematics-
with-applications-5th-edition/
(eBook PDF) Discrete Mathematics with Applications 4th
by Susanna
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-discrete-mathematics-
with-applications-4th-by-susanna/
(eBook PDF) Calculus with Applications 10th Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-calculus-with-
applications-10th-edition/
(eBook PDF) Contemporary Business Mathematics with

Canadian Applications 12th Edition
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-contemporary-business-
mathematics-with-canadian-applications-12th-edition/

mathematics-with-canadian-applications-12th-edition-2/

mathematics-with-canadian-applications-12th-edition-3/
Contents
1 Critical Thinking Skills 1
1.1 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning 2

1.2 Estimation 9
1.3 Problem Solving 19
2 Sets 39
2.1 Set Concepts 40

2.2 Subsets 48
2.3 Venn Diagrams and Set Operations 54
2.4 Venn Diagrams with Three Sets and Verification of
Equality of Sets 65
2.5 Applications of Sets 74
2.6 Infinite Sets 81
3 Logic 90
3.1 Statements and Logical Connectives 91

3.2 Truth Tables for Negation, Conjunction, and
Disjunction 101
3.3 Truth Tables for the Conditional and Biconditional 114
3.4 Equivalent Statements 124
3.5 Symbolic Arguments 136
3.6 Euler Diagrams and Syllogistic Arguments 146
3.7 Switching Circuits 151
4 Systems of Numeration 163
4.1 Additive, Multiplicative, and Ciphered Systems of

Numeration 164
4.2 Place-Value or Positional-Value Numeration Systems 172
4.3 Other Bases 179
4.4 Computation in Other Bases 186
4.5 Early Computational Methods 194
5 Number Theory and the Real Number System 203
5.1 Number Theory 204

5.2 The Integers 215
5.3 The Rational Numbers 225
v
A01_ANGE2107_10_SE_FM_ppi-xviii.indd 5 16/09/15 6:23 PM

vi CONTENTS
5.4 The Irrational Numbers 240

5.5 Real Numbers and Their Properties 248
5.6 Rules of Exponents and Scientific Notation 255
5.7 Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences 264
5.8 Fibonacci Sequence 272
6 Algebra, Graphs, and Functions 284
6.1 Order of Operations and Solving Equations 285

6.2 Formulas 295
6.3 Applications of Algebra 300
6.4 Variation 308
6.5 Linear Inequalities 317
6.6 Graphing Linear Equations 323
6.7 Solving Systems of Linear Equations 337
6.8 Linear Inequalities and Systems of Linear Inequalities 350
6.9 Solving Quadratic Equations by Using Factoring and by Using
the Quadratic Formula 360
6.10 Functions and Their Graphs 370
7 The Metric System 393
7.1 Basic Terms and Conversions Within the Metric System 394
7.2 Length, Area, and Volume 402
7.3 Mass and Temperature 412
7.4 Dimensional Analysis and Conversions to and from the Metric
System 420
8 Geometry 435
8.1 Points, Lines, Planes, and Angles 436

8.2 Polygons 447
8.3 Perimeter and Area 457
8.4 Volume and Surface Area 468
8.5 Transformational Geometry, Symmetry, and Tessellations 481
8.6 Topology 499
8.7 Non-Euclidean Geometry and Fractal Geometry 506

CONTENTS vii
9 Mathematical Systems 520
9.1 Groups 521

9.2 Finite Mathematical Systems 528
9.3 Modular Arithmetic 539
9.4 Matrices 548
10 Consumer Mathematics 562
10.1 Percent 563

10.2 Personal Loans and Simple Interest 573
10.3 Compound Interest 583
10.4 Installment Buying 592
10.5 Buying a House with a Mortgage 607
10.6 Ordinary Annuities, Sinking Funds, and Retirement
Investments 618
11 Probability 632
11.1 Empirical and Theoretical Probabilities 633

11.2 Odds 646
11.3 Expected Value (Expectation) 653
11.4 Tree Diagrams 662
11.5 OR and AND Problems 671
11.6 Conditional Probability 682
11.7 The Counting Principle and Permutations 689
11.8 Combinations 699
11.9 Solving Probability Problems by Using Combinations 705
11.10 Binomial Probability Formula 710
12 Statistics 724
12.1 Sampling Techniques and Misuses of Statistics 725

12.2 Frequency Distributions and Statistical Graphs 734
12.3 Measures of Central Tendency 747
12.4 Measures of Dispersion 758
12.5 The Normal Curve 766
12.6 Linear Correlation and Regression 783

viii CONTENTS
13 Graph Theory 801
13.1 Graphs, Paths, and Circuits 802

13.2 Euler Paths and Euler Circuits 812
13.3 Hamilton Paths and Hamilton Circuits 824
13.4 Trees 836
14 Voting and Apportionment 853
14.1 Voting Methods 854

14.2 Flaws of the Voting Methods 871
14.3 Apportionment Methods 885
14.4 Flaws of the Apportionment Methods 901
ANSWERS A -1
CREDITS C -1
INDEX OF APPLICATIONS I -1
INDEX I-8
A01_ANGE2107_10_SE_FM_ppi-xviii.indd 8 30/09/15 4:05 pm

To the Student
M athematics is an exciting, living study. Its applications shape the world around
you and influence your everyday life. We hope that as you read this book you
will realize just how important mathematics is and gain an appreciation of both its
usefulness and its beauty. We also hope to teach you some practical mathematics that
you can use every day and that will prepare you for further mathematics courses.
The primary purpose of this text is to provide material that you can read, under-
stand, and enjoy. To this end, we have used straightforward language and tried to re-
late the mathematical concepts to everyday experiences. We have also provided many
detailed examples for you to follow.
The concepts, definitions, and formulas that deserve special attention are in boxes
or are set in boldface, italics, or color type. In the exercise sets, within each category,
the exercises are graded, with more difficult problems appearing at the end. At the
end of most exercise sets are Challenge Problems/Group Activities that contain chal-
lenging or exploratory exercises.
Be sure to read the chapter summary, work the review exercises, and take the
chapter test at the end of each chapter. The answers to the odd-numbered exercises, all
review exercises, and all chapter test exercises appear in the answer section in the back of
the text. You should, however, use the answers only to check your work. The answers to
all Recreational Mathematics exercises are provided either in the Recreational
Mathematics boxes themselves or in the back of the book.
It is difficult to learn mathematics without becoming involved. To be successful,
we suggest that you read the text carefully and work each exercise in each assignment
in detail. Check with your instructor to determine which supplements are available
for your use.
We welcome your suggestions and your comments. You may contact us at the
following address:
Allen Angel
c/o Marketing
Mathematics and Statistics
Pearson
501 Boylston St., Suite 900
Boston, MA 02116
or by email at:
math@pearson.com
Subject: for Allen Angel
Good luck with your adventure in mathematics!
Allen R. Angel
Christine D. Abbott
Dennis C. Runde
ix

This page intentionally left blank
561590_MILL_MICRO_FM_ppi-xxvi.indd 2 24/11/14 5:26 PM

Math We Use It Every Day!
W e present A Survey of Mathematics with Applications, Tenth Edition, with the

vision in mind that we use mathematics every day. In this edition, we stress
how mathematics is used in our daily lives and why it is important. Our primary goal
is to give students a text they can read, understand, and enjoy while learning how
mathematics affects the world around them. Numerous real-life applications are used
to motivate topics. A variety of interesting and useful exercises demonstrate the real-
life nature of mathematics and its importance in students’ lives.
The text is intended for students who require a broad-based general overview of
mathematics, especially those majoring in the liberal arts, elementary education, the
social sciences, business, nursing, and allied health fields. It is particularly suitable
for those courses that satisfy the minimum competency requirement in mathematics
for graduation or transfer.
New to This Edition

■ Many chapter and section openers contain new, interesting, and motivational
information and applications that illustrate the real-world nature of the material.
For example, Section 2.3 introduces Venn diagrams and set operations with the
experience of purchasing a laptop computer. The Chapter 3 opener indicates how
logic has become important in the programming of electronic devices such as cell
phones and digital cameras.
■ New in MyMathLab for A Survey of Mathematics, Tenth Edition:
● New! Video lecture program with assignable homework questions
● New! Interactive Concept videos with assignable homework questions
● New! Flashcards that work on mobile devices
● New! Study Skills module
● Group Projects moved from the text to the MyMathLab course
■ Approximately 30% of the examples and exercises in the book are new or updated
to reflect current data and topics of interest to students. The authors analyzed
aggregated student usage and performance data from MyMathLab for the previ-
ous edition of this text. The results of this analysis helped improve the quality and
quantity of exercises in the text that matter most to instructors and students.
■ Topics such as geometry, consumer mathematics, and voting have been rewritten
for greater clarity.
■ New Did You Know?, Mathematics Today, and Profile in Mathematics boxes
have been added, while others have been updated.
■ New! Workbook including Integrated Review Worksheets provides additional
study support with objective summaries, note taking, worked out problems and
additional problems for practice. Integrated Review worksheets support the
Integrated Review version of the MyMathLab course.
Content Revision
In this edition, we have revised and combined certain topics to increase student
understanding.
Chapter 1 “Critical Thinking Skills,” includes exciting and current examples and
exercises.
Chapter 2 “Sets,” includes many new applications of sets pertaining to a greater

variety of relevant topics, including Facebook and other social media sites.
xi

xii MATH We Use It Every Day!
Chapter 3 “Logic,” contains many new examples and exercises. We have updated
several of the puzzles, including Sudoku, Kakuro, and KenKen.
Chapter 4 “Systems of Numeration,” contains many new examples and exercises

that relate to the digital language used by modern devices, including smartphones,
computers, and smart televisions.
Chapter 5 “Number Theory and the Real Number System,” has updated informa-
tion regarding the largest prime number found and the most calculated digits of pi.
We updated the examples and exercise sets to reflect current economic numbers such
as the national debt, the gross domestic product, population growth, and so on.
Chapter 6 In “Algebra, Graphs, and Functions,” we combined the order of opera-

tions and solving linear equations into one section to emphasize the relationship
between the two topics. We also moved material on solving systems of linear equations
and systems of linear inequalities into Chapter 6, and removed Chapter 7. The material
on matrices from Chapter 7 was incorporated into Chapter 9, “Mathematical Systems.”
Chapter 7 “The Metric System,” has many new up-to-date examples, exercises,
and photographs of real-life metric use throughout the world.
Chapter 8 “Geometry,” includes many updated examples and exercises, and we

rewrote several topics for greater clarity.
Chapter 9 “Mathematical Systems,” has many new examples and exercises. We

included a section on matrices and how they can form a group under matrix addition.
Chapter 10 “Consumer Mathematics,” contains updated interest rates involving a

variety of loans and investments. We rewrote some of the material for greater clarity.
Chapter 11 In “Probability,” we combined the topics of empirical probability

and theoretical probability into one section so that students could better see the rela-
tionship, and the difference, between the two. We updated many examples and exer-
cises that deal with real-life applications, including video games, smartphones, and
social media sites.
Chapter 12 In “Statistics,” we combined the topics of sampling techniques and

the misuses of statistics into one section. We updated many examples and exercises
involving real-life situations.
Chapter 13 “Graph Theory,” involves many new applications of graphs on a vari-

ety of topics, including Facebook, Twitter, and Linkedln.
Chapter 14 “Voting and Apportionment,” includes many updated examples and

exercises about voting and apportionment. We rewrote some of the material for
greater clarity.
Continuing and Revised Features

■ Chapter Openers Interesting and motivational applications introduce each
chapter, which includes the Why This Is Important section, and illustrate the real-
world nature of the chapter topics.

MATH We Use It Every Day! xiii
■ Problem Solving Beginning in Chapter 1, students are introduced to problem

solving and critical thinking. We continue the theme of problem solving throughout
the text and present special problem-solving exercises in the exercise sets.
■ Critical Thinking Skills In addition to a focus on problem solving, this book
also features sections on inductive and deductive reasoning, estimation, and
dimensional analysis.
■ Profiles in Mathematics Brief historical sketches and vignettes present stories
of people who have advanced the discipline of mathematics.
■ Did You Know? The colorful, engaging, and lively Did You Know? boxes
highlight the connections of mathematics to history, the arts and sciences, tech-
nology, and a broad variety of disciplines.
■ Mathematics Today These boxes discuss current real-life uses of the mathe-
matical concepts in the chapter. Each box ends with Why This Is Important.
■ Recreational Math In these boxes students are invited to apply the math in puz-
zles, games, and brain teasers. In addition, Recreational Mathematics problems
appear in the exercise sets so that they can be assigned as homework.
■ Technology Tips The material in these boxes explains how students can use
calculators, spreadsheets, or other technologies to work certain types of applica-
tion problems.
■ Timely Tips These easy-to-identify boxes offer helpful information to make the
material under discussion more understandable.
■ Boxed Material Important definitions, formulas, and procedures are boxed,
making key information easy to identify for students.
■ Chapter Summaries, Review Exercises, and Chapter Tests The end-of-chapter
summary charts provide an easy study experience by directing students to the
location in the text where specific concepts are discussed. Review Exercises and
Chapter Tests also help students review material and prepare for exams.

Get the most out of
MyMathLab
®
with Survey of Mathematics 10e by Angel/Abbott/Runde

Videos with Assessment
NEW! A completely revised video program walks
students through the concepts from every section of
the text in a fresh, modern presentation format.
And new video assessment questions are available,
checking students’ understanding of the videos
they just watched and allowing the videos to be
truly assignable.
Interactive Concept Videos

NEW! Conceptual videos require students’ input and interac-
tion as they walk through a concept and pause to check under-
standing. Incorrect answers are followed by a video explanation
of the solution and address the misconception that may have
led to that particular mistake. To check students’ understanding,
instructors can also assign trackable exercises that correspond
to the videos.
Learning Catalytics
Integrated into MyMathLab, the Learning Catalytics feature uses
students’ devices in the classroom for an engagement, assessment, and
classroom intelligence system that gives instructors real-time feedback on
student learning.
Skills for Success Modules

These modules are integrated within the MyMathLab course to help
students succeed in college courses and prepare for future professions.
www.mymathlab.com

Resources for Success
Instructor Resources ® Student Resources
Integrated Review MyMathLab Additional resources are available to support student
Course success.
This MyMathLab course option includes
prerequisite developmental math topics—at the start
Revised Video Program
Available in MyMathLab, a completely revamped video
of each chapter, students take a Skills Check assess-
lecture program covers every section in the text, pro-
ment, and have the opportunity to remediate using
viding students with a video tutor at home, in lab, or
developmental videos and Integrated Review
on the go. New interactive concept videos complete
Worksheets.
the video package, reinforcing students’ conceptual
Annotated Instructor’s Edition understanding.
All answers are included—when possible, answers are
on the page with the exercises. Longer answers are in
Student Solutions Manual
This manual provides detailed worked-out solutions
the back of the book.
to odd-numbered exercises, as well as to all Chapter
The following resources can be downloaded from
Review and Test exercises.
www.pearsonhighered.com or in MyMathLab.
TestGen® Workbook including Integrated Review

TestGen® (www.pearsoned.com/testgen) enables Worksheets
instructors to build, edit, print, and administer tests This new workbook provides objective summaries,
using a computerized bank of questions developed to note-taking, worked out problems, and additional
cover all the objectives of the text. practice problems. Integrated Review Worksheets
support the Integrated Review MyMathLab course
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides option and allow review and practice on prerequisite
Fully editable slides correlated with the textbook are topics.
available in MyMathLab or the Instructor’s Resource
Center.
Instructor’s Solutions Manual

This manual includes fully worked solutions to all text
exercises.
Instructor’s Testing Manual

This manual includes tests with answer keys for each
chapter of the text.
www.mymathlab.com

Acknowledgments
W e thank our spouses, Kathy Angel and Kris Runde, for their support and
encouragement throughout the project. They helped us in a great many ways,
including proofreading, typing, and offering valuable suggestions. We are grateful for
their wonderful support and understanding while we worked on the book.
We also thank our children: Robert and Steven Angel; Matthew and Jake Abbott;
and Alex, Nick, and Max Runde. They also gave us support and encouragement and
were very understanding when we could not spend as much time with them as we
wished because of book deadlines. Without the support and understanding of our
families, this book would not be a reality.
We thank Patricia Nelson of the University of Wisconsin–LaCrosse and James
Lapp for their conscientious job of checking the text and answers for accuracy. We
also thank Sherry Tornwall of the University of Florida for continually making valu-
able suggestions for improving the book.
Many people at Pearson deserve thanks, including all those listed on the copyright
page. In particular, we thank Anne Kelly, Editor in Chief; Marnie Greenhut, Senior
Acquisitions Editor; Patty Bergin, Program Manager; Mary Sanger, Project Manager;
Alicia Frankel, Marketing Manager; Jennifer Myers, Marketing Assistant; Stephanie
Green, Media Producer; and Barbara Atkinson, Program Design Lead. We also thank John
Orr of Cenveo® Publisher Services for his assistance as Project Manager for this edition.
Tamsen Herrick of Butte College also deserves our thanks for the excellent work
she did on the Student’s and Instructor’s Solutions Manuals. We’d also like to thank
Barbara Burke of Hawaii Pacific University and Deborah Doucette of Erie Community
College for developing the new workbook to accompany the text.
Finally, we thank the reviewers from all editions of the book and all the students
who have offered suggestions for improving it. A list of reviewers for all editions of
this book follows. Thanks to you all for helping make A Survey of Mathematics with
Applications the most successful liberal arts mathematics textbook in the country.
Allen R. Angel
Christine D. Abbott
Dennis C. Runde
Reviewers for This and Previous Editions

*Kate Acks, University of Hawaii Maui College
Marilyn Ahrens, Missouri Valley College
David Allen, Iona College
Mary Anne Anthony-Smith, Santa Ana College
Frank Asta, College of DuPage
Robin L. Ayers, Western Kentucky University
Hughette Bach, California State University–Sacramento
Madeline Bates, Bronx Community College
Rebecca Baum, Lincoln Land Community College
Vivian Baxter, Fort Hays State University
Una Bray, Skidmore College
David H. Buckley, Polk State College
Robert C. Bueker, Western Kentucky University
Carl Carlson, Moorhead State University
Kent Carlson, St. Cloud State University
xvi

acknowledgments xvii
*Scott Carter, Palm Beach State College

Donald Catheart, State College
Yungchen Cheng, Missouri State University
Joseph Cleary, Massasoit Community College
Donald Cohen, SUNY College of Agriculture & Technology at Cobleskill
David Dean, Santa Fe College
John Diamantopoulos, Northeastern State University
Greg Dietrich, Florida State College at Jacksonville
Charles Downey, University of Nebraska
*Ryan Downie, Eastern Washington University
Jeffrey Downs, Western Nevada College
Annie Droullard, Polk State College
*Patricia Dube, North Shore Community College
Ruth Ediden, Morgan State University
Lee Erker, Tri-County Community College
Nancy Eschen, Florida State College at Jacksonville
Karen Estes, St. Petersburg College
*Mike Everett, Santa Ana College
*Robert H. Fay, St. Petersburg College
Teklay Fessanaye, Santa Fe College
Kurtis Fink, Northwest Missouri State University
Raymond Flagg, McPherson College
Penelope Fowler, Tennessee Wesleyan College
Gilberto Garza, El Paso Community College
Judith L. Gersting, Indiana University–Purdue University at Indianapolis
Patricia Granfield, George Mason University
Lucille Groenke, Mesa Community College
*Ryan Holbrook, University of Central Oklahoma
Kaylinda Holton, Tallahassee Community College
John Hornsby, University of New Orleans
Judith Ink, Regent University
Nancy Johnson, Broward College
Phyllis H. Jore, Valencia College
Heidi Kiley, Suffolk County Community College
Daniel Kimborowicz, Massasoit Community College
*Jennifer Kimrey, Alamance Community College
Mary Lois King, Tallahassee Community College
Harriet H. Kiser, Georgia Highlands College
*Linda Kuroski, Erie Community College
Julia Ledet, Louisiana State University
David Lehmann, Southwest Missouri State University
Peter Lindstrom, North Lake College
James Magliano, Union College
Yash Manchanda, East Los Angeles College & Fullerton College
Richard Marchand, Slippery Rock University

xviii acknowledgments
Don Marsian, Hillsborough Community College

Marilyn Mays, North Lake College
Susan McCourt, Bristol Community College
Robert McGuigan, Westfield State College
Wallace H. Memmer, Brookdale Community College
Maurice Monahan, South Dakota State University
Julie Monte, Daytona State College
Karen Mosely, Alabama Southern Community College
Kathleen Offenholley, Brookdale Community College
Edwin Owens, Pennsylvania College of Technology
Wing Park, College of Lake County
Bettye Parnham, Daytona State College
Joanne Peeples, El Paso Community College
Traci M. Reed, St. John’s River State College
Nelson Rich, Nazareth College
Kenneth Ross, University of Oregon
Ronald Ruemmler, Middlesex County College
Rosa Rusinek, Queensborough Community College
Len Ruth, Sinclair Community College
John Samoylo, Delaware County Community College
Sandra Savage, Orange Coast College
Gerald Schultz, Southern Connecticut State University
Richard Schwartz, College of Staten Island
Kara Shavo, Mercer County Community College
Minnie Shuler, Chipola College
Paula R. Stickles, University of Southern Indiana
Kristin Stoley, Blinn College–Bryan
Steve Sworder, Saddleback College
Shirley Thompson, Moorhead College
Alvin D. Tinsley, Central Missouri State University
Sherry Tornwall, University of Florida
William Trotter, University of South Carolina
Zia Uddin, Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania
Michael Vislocky, University of Cincinnati
*Thomas G. Walker II, Western Kentucky Community College
Sandra Welch, Stephen F. Austin State University
Joyce Wellington, Southeastern Community College
Sue Welsch, Sierra Nevada College
Robert F. Wheeler, Northern Illinois University
Susan Wirth, Indian River State College
Judith B. Wood, College of Central Florida
Jean Woody, Tulsa Community College
James Wooland, Florida State University
Michael A. Zwick, Monroe Community College
*Denotes reviewers for tenth edition.

1
What You Will Learn
■ Inductive and deductive reasoning
processes
■ stimation
E
■ roblem-solving techniques
P
Critical
Why This Is Important
Life constantly presents
new problems. The more
Thinking sophisticated our society

becomes, the more complex
Skills
the problems. We as individuals
are constantly solving problems.
For example, when we consider
ways to reduce our expenses or
when we plan a trip, we make
problem-solving decisions. We
also have to make problem-
solving decisions when we
figure out how to divide our
time between studying, friends,
family, work, and recreational
activities. Additionally, businesses
are constantly trying to solve
problems that involve making
a profit for the company and
keeping customers satisfied.
The goal of this chapter is
to help you master the skills
of reasoning, estimating, and
problem solving. These skills
will aid you in solving problems
in the remainder of this book as
well as those you will encounter
in everyday life.
 Planning a trip uses critical thinking skills to

stay within a budget while visiting exciting
new places.
M01_ANGE2107_10_SE_C01_pp001-038.indd 1 26/06/15 10:17 am

2 CHAPTEr 1 Critical Thinking Skills
SECTION 1.1 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Upon completion of this section, Thus far, no two people have been found to have the same
you will be able to: fingerprints or DNA. So fingerprints and DNA have become
■ Understand and use inductive forms of identification. As technology improves, so do iden-
reasoning to solve problems.
tification techniques. Computerized fingerprint scanners are
■ Understand and use deductive
now showing up in police stations, in high-tech security build-
reasoning to solve problems.
ings, with personal computers, and with smartphones. You
can purchase a personal USB fingerprint scanner that requires
your distinctive fingerprint to gain access to your computer.
The belief that no two people have the same fingerprints is based on a type of reasoning
we will discuss in this section.
Why This Is Important As you will see in this section, we use a type of reasoning, called
inductive reasoning, every day when we make decisions based on past experiences.
Inductive Reasoning
Before looking at some examples of inductive reasoning and problem solving, let us
first review a few facts about certain numbers. The natural numbers or counting
numbers are the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, . p The three dots, called an ellipsis,
mean that 8 is not the last number but that the numbers continue in the same manner.
A word that we sometimes use when discussing the counting numbers is “divisible.”
If a , b has a remainder of zero, then a is divisible by b. The counting numbers that
are divisible by 2 are 2, 4, 6, 8, . p These numbers are called the even counting num-
bers. The counting numbers that are not divisible by 2 are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, . p These
numbers are the odd counting numbers. When we refer to odd numbers or even num-
bers, we mean odd or even counting numbers.
Recognizing patterns is sometimes helpful in solving problems, as Examples 1
and 2 illustrate.
Example 1 The Product of Two Odd Numbers

If two odd numbers are multiplied together, will the product always be an odd
number?
Solution To answer this question, we will examine the products of several pairs of
odd numbers to see if there is a pattern.
1 * 5 = 5 3 * 7 = 21 5 * 9 = 45
1 * 7 = 7 3 * 9 = 27 5 * 11 = 55
1 * 9 = 9 3 * 11 = 33 5 * 13 = 65
1 * 11 = 11 3 * 13 = 39 5 * 15 = 75
All the products are odd numbers. Thus, we might predict from these examples that
the product of any two odd numbers is an odd number. ■
Example 2 The Sum of an Odd Number and an Even Number

If an odd number and an even number are added, will the sum be an odd number or
an even number?

1.1 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning 3
Solution Let’s look at a few examples in which one number is odd and the other
Mathematics Today number is even.
3 + 4 = 7 9 + 6 = 15 23 + 18 = 41
The Eyes Tell It All
5 + 12 = 17 5 + 14 = 19 81 + 32 = 113
All these sums are odd numbers. Therefore, we might predict that the sum of an
odd number and an even number is an odd number. ■
In Examples 1 and 2, we cannot conclude that the results are true for all counting
numbers. From the patterns developed, however, we can make predictions. This type
of reasoning process, arriving at a general conclusion from specific observations or
ANGE.1322.003 examples, is called inductive reasoning, or induction.
Definition: Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is the process of reasoning to a general conclusion through
observations of specific cases.
A utomated teller machines

(ATMs) are now experimenting
with determining identity by scan-
ning the iris of a person’s eye. Induction often involves observing a pattern and from that pattern predicting
When you open a bank account, a conclusion. Imagine an endless row of dominoes. You knock down the first,
your iris is scanned and the image which knocks down the second, which knocks down the third, and so on. Assum-
is entered into a computer. When ing the pattern will continue uninterrupted, you conclude that any one domino
you use an ATM, a powerful cam- that you select in the row will eventually fall, even though you may not witness
era automatically checks the veins the event.
in your iris against the computer’s
Inductive reasoning is often used by mathematicians and scientists to develop
files. Iris scanning is also used now
by law enforcement to locate miss- theories and predict answers to complicated problems. For this reason, inductive rea-
ing children. In the future, iris scan- soning is part of the scientific method. When a scientist or mathematician makes a
ning may also be used to track prediction based on specific observations, it is called a hypothesis or conjecture.
down Alzheimer’s and mentally dis- After looking at the products in Example 1, we might conjecture that the product of
abled patients. Iris scanning can be two odd numbers will be an odd number. After looking at the sums in Example 2, we
done in a matter of seconds, so it might conjecture that the sum of an odd number and an even number is an odd
can be a much quicker procedure
number.
than fingerprinting and is just as ac-
curate. Because the iris-scanning Examples 3 and 4 illustrate how we arrive at a conclusion using inductive
method of identification relies on reasoning.
the observation of specific cases to
form a general conclusion, it is
based on inductive reasoning. Example 3 Fingerprints and DNA
What reasoning process has led to the conclusion that no two people have the same
Why  This Is Important All of fingerprints or DNA? This conclusion has resulted in the use of fingerprints and
our identification procedures—
DNA in courts of law as evidence to convict persons of crimes.
fingerprints, DNA, iris scanning,
etc.—are based on inductive Solution In millions of tests, no two people have been found to have the same fin-
reasoning. gerprints or DNA. By induction, then, we believe that fingerprints and DNA pro-
vide a unique identification and can therefore be used in a court of law as evidence.
Is it possible that sometime in the future two people will be found who do have
exactly the same fingerprints or DNA? ■
Example 4 Divisibility by 4
LC Survey1 Consider the conjecture “If the last two digits of a number form a number which is
divisible by 4, then the number itself is divisible by 4.” We will test several numbers
to see if the conjecture appears to be true or false.
Solution Let’s look at some numbers whose last two digits form a number which is
divisible by 4.

4 CHAPTEr 1 Critical Thinking Skills
Did You Know? Do the Last Two Digits

Form a Number Which is Is the Number
An Experiment Revisited Number Divisible by 4? Divisible by 4?
324 Yes; 24 , 4 = 6 Yes; 324 , 4 = 81
4328 Yes; 28 , 4 = 7 Yes; 4328 , 4 = 1082
10,612 Yes; 12 , 4 = 3 Yes; 10,612 , 4 = 2653
21,104 Yes; 4 , 4 = 1 Yes; 21,104 , 4 = 5276
In each case, we find that if the last two digits of a number are divisible by 4, then
the number itself is divisible by 4. From these examples, we might be tempted to
generalize that the conjecture “If the last two digits of a number are divisible by 4,
then the number itself is divisible by 4” is true.* ■
David Scott on the moon.

Example 5 Pick a Number, Any Number
A pollo 15 astronaut David Scott
used the moon as his labora-
tory to show that a heavy object
Pick any number, multiply the number by 4, add 2 to the product, divide the sum by
2, and subtract 1 from the quotient. Repeat this procedure for several different num-
(a hammer) does indeed fall at bers and then make a conjecture about the relationship between the original number
the same rate as a light object and the final number.
(a feather). Had Galileo dropped
a hammer and feather from the Solution Let’s go through this one together.
Tower of Pisa, the hammer would
have fallen more quickly to the Pick a number: say, 5
ground and he still would have Multiply the number by 4: 4 * 5 = 20
concluded that a heavy object
falls faster than a lighter one. If it
Add 2 to the product: 20 + 2 = 22
is not the object’s mass that is af- Divide the sum by 2: 22 , 2 = 11
fecting the outcome, then what is
Subtract 1 from the quotient: 11 - 1 = 10
it? The answer is air resistance or
friction: Earth has an atmosphere Note that we started with the number 5 and finished with the number 10. If you
that creates friction on falling ob- start with the number 2, you will end with the number 4. Starting with 3 would
jects. The moon does not have an
result in a final number of 6, 4 would result in 8, and so on. On the basis of these
atmosphere; therefore, no friction
is created.
few examples, we may conjecture that when you follow the given procedure, the
number you end with will always be twice the original number. ■
The result reached by inductive reasoning is often correct for the specific cases
studied but not correct for all cases. History has shown that not all conclusions ar-
rived at by inductive reasoning are correct. For example, Aristotle (384–322 b.c.)
reasoned inductively that heavy objects fall at a faster rate than light objects. About
2000 years later, Galileo (1564–1642) dropped two pieces of metal—one 10 times
heavier than the other—from the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy. He found that
both hit the ground at exactly the same moment, so they must have traveled at the
same rate.
When forming a general conclusion using inductive reasoning, you should test
it with several special cases to see whether the conclusion appears correct. If a spe-
cial case is found that satisfies the conditions of the conjecture but produces a dif-
ferent result, such a case is called a counterexample. A counterexample proves
that the conjecture is false because only one exception is needed to show that a
conjecture is not valid. Galileo’s counterexample disproved Aristotle’s conjecture.
If a counterexample cannot be found, the conjecture is neither proven nor
disproven.
Consider the statement “All birds fly.” A penguin is a bird that does not fly.
Therefore, a penguin is a counterexample to the statement “All birds fly.”
* This statement is in fact true, as is discussed in Section 5.1.

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
imagination is displayed with a power and amplitude that have
elsewhere never been surpassed in etching or engraving, and only
rarely in other forms of pictorial art. Although scarcely known to the
public at large, they have always formed the delight of those who
feel the appeal of imaginative fantasy, and notably of Coleridge and
of De Quincey, who has recorded his impression in golden words.
They are reputed to represent scenes which burned themselves into
the artist’s consciousness while delirious with fever, and it is certain
that they do possess that terrible, vivid reality, so enormously
amplified as to lose the proportions of ordinary existence, which
characterizes all oppressive dreams and particularly those induced
by narcotics. They represent interiors of vast and fantastic
architecture, complete yet unfinished, composed of an inexplicable
complexity of enormous arches springing from massive piers built,
like the arches they carry, of gigantic blocks left rough-hewn. By a
contrast that could only have been conceived by genius these
monstrous spaces are traversed in every direction by frail
scaffoldings, together with ladders, bridges, and all manner of works
in wood; and are filled, at the same time, with an inexhaustible
succession of ropes, pulleys, and engines, finely described by De
Quincey as “expressive of enormous power put forth or of resistance
overcome.” They are distinguished by one of Piranesi’s greatest
qualities, the power to express immensity as, perhaps, no one else
has ever done, and are flooded with light which seems intense in its
opposition to the brilliant shadows, so that altogether it would be
difficult to understand their title of “Prisons,” were it not for the
presence of engines of torment, and of mighty chains that twine over
and depend from huge beams, or sometimes bind fast the little
bodies of human beings. The unusual and inexplicable nature of
these “Prisons” gives to the beholder’s imagination a mighty stimulus
productive of strange excitement.
Piranesi. The Prisons. Plate V
Size of the original etching, 21¼ × 16¼ inches
Piranesi. The Prisons. Plate VI
Size of the original etching, 21¼ × 15¾ inches
The “English Opium-Eater” in likening his visions to these pictures,—
and what higher praise of their imaginative force could there be?—
speaks of their “power of endless growth and self-reproduction.” One
of their distinguishing peculiarities is this repetition of parts, as of
things which grow out of themselves unceasingly, reproducing their
parts until the brain reels at the idea of their endlessness. This
characteristic, together with that curious opposition between their air
of open immensity and their suggestion of prison-horror, gives them
that particular appearance of absolute reality in the midst of
impossibility, which is a distinctive feature of dreams. In this way they
arouse a sense of infinitude in the mind of the beholder; now,
although size is in itself of no importance, it is nevertheless true that,
when combined with other qualities of value, “greatness of
dimension is a powerful cause of the sublime.” This greatness, both
in conception and in material execution, they possess, together with
that opposition of light to obscurity which “seems in general to be
necessary to make anything very terrible.” Indeed, that these
etchings reveal a more imaginative vigor arouse a kind of awe in any
one who gives them more than a passing glance, while the horror
which they suggest is never physical so as to nauseate or “press too
nearly” and cause pain, but imparts, on the contrary, a sense of
danger and of terror that causes a delightful excitement, certainly
fulfilling the definition of the sublime as given by Burke.
Although it does not follow that Piranesi is a greater etcher than
Rembrandt, it may still be true that these etchings reveal a more
imaginative vigor than is shown in those of the great Dutchman.
They do not possess that subtle imagination which envelops
everything that Rembrandt ever touched in an air of exquisite
mystery, and gives to his least sketch an inexhaustible fund of
suggestion, nor can they be compared to his etchings as
consummate works of art; yet they do have a titanic, irresistible force
of sheer imagination, which neither Rembrandt nor any other etcher,
however superior in other ways, possessed to the same extent. Their
preëminence in this one point is certainly admissible, and as it has
been shown, presumably, that they are imaginative, original, and
sublime, is it too much to say that, at least in the expression of
certain intellectual qualities, Piranesi in these plates carried the art of
etching to the highest point yet attained, so that no one who does not
know these plates can know quite all that etching is capable of
expressing?
“The Prisons” are also the most notable example of that principle of
opposition, or contrast, of which Piranesi made so masterful a use in
whatever he did. The application of this law in the handling, and at
times in the abuse, of blacks and whites, is, of course, apparent to
even the most casual observer in all that came from his hand. In the
present series, however, this law may be seen carried to its utmost
limit. From every stupendous vault there hangs a long, thin rope,
while up gigantic pillars of rough masonry climb frail ladders of wood,
and great voids between immense piers are spanned by light
bridges, also of wood, bearing the slightest and most open of iron
railings. In his plates of Roman ruins, Piranesi introduces the human
figure dressed in the lovely costume of the eighteenth century, in
order to contrast grace with force, and to oppose the living and the
fugitive to the inanimate and the enduring; but here his use of the
human figure rises to the truly dramatic. In the midst of these vast
and awful halls with their air of stillness and of power, of “resistance
overcome,” he places men who seem the smallest and the frailest
among creatures. Grouped by twos or threes, whether depicted in
violent motion or standing with significant gesture, they are always
enigmatic in their attitudes, so that their presence and obvious
emotion amid this immense and silent grandeur arouse a sense of
tragic action, a feeling of mysterious wonder and curiosity that gives
to all lovers of intellectual excitement a pleasure as keen as unusual.
Particularly in one vision of a monstrous wheel of wood revolving in
space, no one knows how, above a fragment of rocky architecture,
while three human beings engaged in animated converse are
obviously unconscious of the gigantic revolutions, the limits of
fantasy are reached, and the mind turns instinctively to those images
of the spheres rolling eternally in infinite space which are found in
Milton and all mystic poets.
Piranesi. The Prisons. Plate IX
Size of the original etching, 21½ × 16 inches
Piranesi. The Prisons. Plate VII
Size of the original etching, 21⅝ × 16⅛ inches
These plates are also interesting as a striking and curious proof of
Piranesi’s conscious mastery of his art. They are filled with such a
fury of imagination, and are etched with such dash and boldness of
execution that it seems as though they must be, if not, as was once
said, the sane work of a madman, at least burned directly on the
plate by the force of a fever-stricken mind. But not so; they are,
however fevered their original inspiration may have been, the result
of careful elaboration, and are but one more proof of the saying of
that other and still greater etcher, Whistler, that a work of art is
complete, and only complete, when all traces have disappeared of
the means by which it was created. There exists in the British
Museum a unique, and until recently unknown, series of first states
of “The Prisons.” Now, although these first states have the main
outline and, as it were, the germ of the published states, these latter
are so elaborated and, on the whole, improved, as to make it at first
incredible that they could ever have grown out of, or had any relation
to, the earlier states. The idea of vast masses of masonry is there,
thrown on the paper with a simplicity of decorative effect and a
directness of touch which have been lessened in the later work; but,
on the other hand, all those scaffolds, engines of torment, and
groups of men above described, are lacking, so that the power of
contrast and the sense of terror, productive of the sublime, are
entirely wanting, and are, therefore, shown to be the result of
conscious art used by Piranesi in elaboration of an original
inspiration.
Piranesi possessed a style so intensely individual that every print he
produced is recognizable as his by any person who has ever looked
at two or three of his plates with moderate attention, yet this style
never degenerated into manner; that is to say, into an imitation not of
nature, but of the peculiarities of other men or of one’s own earlier
work. It became a manner or process in the hands of his son,
Francesco, but with Giovanni Battista it always remained style, which
is the expression of an original intellect observing nature before
consciously varying the relations of elements drawn by it from
nature, to the end of producing a work of art. This style, whose faults
lie in excessive contrasts of black and white, in inadequate handling
of skies, and, at times, in a certain general hardness of aspect, is
marked by great boldness, breadth, and power, both in conception
and in actual execution, but it is never marred by crudity or
roughness. It is a remarkable fact that the immense force, which first
of all impresses one in Piranesi’s work, does not exclude, but is, on
the contrary, often combined or contrasted with extreme elegance
and fineness of touch. To cite but one instance: in that wonderful
print which forms the title-page of “The Prisons,”—the figure of the
chained man, who imparts such a sense of terror to the whole scene,
is handled with a grace and delicacy worthy of Moreau or any of
those French contemporaries who filled the land with their exquisite
creations for the endless delight of later generations. It is this
contrast, together with his dramatic introduction and grouping of the
human figure, which gives to Piranesi’s style a character that has
been aptly qualified as scenic. An etching by Piranesi produces very
much the same curious effect that a person experiences on entering
a theater after the curtain has risen, so that he receives from the
stage a sudden, sharp impression, not of a passing moment of the
play, but of one distinct, dramatic picture. His etchings are never
theatrical in the sense of something factitious and exaggerated
beyond likeness to nature, but are always truly dramatic.
Piranesi. The Prisons. Plate VIII
Size of the original etching, 21½ × 15¾ inches
Piranesi. The Prisons. Plate XI
Size of the original etching, 16 × 21½ inches
It will have been noticed that plates by Piranesi have been referred
to both as etchings and engravings; this is because he used both
etching and engraving in the same plate, a proceeding which, if
decried by theoretical writers, has none the less been habitually
employed by many of the greatest masters of both means of
expression. Despite his faults and his Latin exuberance, Piranesi is
technically one of the great etchers, in whose hands, particularly in
certain plates in “The Prisons,” the etching-needle attained a breadth
of vigorous execution that no one has surpassed. In judging an artist,
the obvious precept, to consider what he was aiming to do, is
unfortunately too often neglected. To expect of Piranesi either the
incomparable delicacy of Whistler, or the unsurpassed crispness of
Meryon would be futile, but he does possess certain forceful qualities
which are not theirs. When he used the burin, he could handle it with
the greatest precision and skill. In such a plate as the one known as
The French Academy, the building is engraved with a skill not at all
unworthy of the engravers who were at that time doing such
wonderful work in France, while the plate, as a whole, gains a
delightful quality,—that neither pure etching nor pure engraving could
have given,—from the contrast which the sharp and delicately
engraved lines make with the figures that are etched with a
consummate freedom and dash worthy of Callot, who, one cannot
but think, must have influenced Piranesi.
In his valuable monograph on Piranesi, Mr. Arthur Samuel makes the
statement that “architectural etching has culminated with him”; and it
is certain that in this field his work surpasses, both in architectural
correctness and in artistic merit, any that has been done either
before or since his day.
Piranesi. The Prisons. Plate XIII

Size of the original etching, 16 × 21¾ inches
Piranesi. The Prisons. Plate XIV
Size of the original etching, 16⅜ × 21½ inches
Part III
THE INFLUENCE OF PIRANESI ON DECORATION
IN THE XVIII CENTURY
There is still another side of Piranesi’s originality, public ignorance of
which may be said to be complete—namely, his relation to
architecture, and the very great debt owed him by that art. That he
was an architect who signed himself as such on many plates during
his entire life is a fact ignored even by many of those architects who
are most indebted to him; but this fact is negligible, together with the
work which he actually executed as an architect. The benefits which
he conferred were rendered in other ways.
His first, and perhaps greatest, service consisted in the collection of
materials. The classic motives which he gathered and etched form
an inexhaustible store of ornament on which generation after
generation of architects has drawn, and will continue to draw. The
enormous quantity and variety of classic fragments of the best
quality that Piranesi brought together is in itself astounding, but a
fact of still greater importance is that it was he who, more than any
one else, gave these motives currency. In his day no one, except
Winckelmann—now known chiefly by his influence on Goethe, and
by his tragic death—did as much as Piranesi to foster appreciation
and spread knowledge of classic antiquity; while his plates, both by
their greater currency and higher artistic merit, did wider and more
enduring good than could ever be accomplished by the work of a
critic and connoisseur, even of Winckelmann’s talent and prestige.
His boundless enthusiasm and his real learning aroused more
people than we shall ever know, at the same time that his labors, so
indefatigable as to be incredible, spread abroad in prodigal profusion
the reproductions of the remains of classic buildings, statues, and
ornament. The greater part of these relics would have continued, but
for him, to be known to only a few collectors and frequenters of
museums; and it is certain that more classic motives have come into
use, directly or indirectly, from the works of Piranesi than from any
other one source, with the possible exception of modern
photography.
In this connection it is impossible to insist too much on his exquisite
taste, which, although it had its lapses, as in his designs for
chimney-pieces, was on the whole of the highest. This fact seems
quite incredible if the time and place of his life be considered. The
intellectual degradation of all Italy at this period has already been
alluded to, and, art being always a reflection and expression of
contemporary life, it follows that the artistic degradation of Piranesi’s
Italian contemporaries was complete. It is difficult to conceive the
rococo horrors of eighteenth-century Italy. In France the most
contorted productions of the Louis XV style, or the most far-fetched
symbolic lucubrations under Louis XVI, never reached such depths
of bad taste; for the French, in their most unfortunate moments, can
never divest themselves entirely of an innate taste and a sense of
measure which give some redeeming grace to their worst follies. The
lack of tact, of a sense of limitations, which often characterizes
Spanish and Italian art, and at times makes possible splendid flights
never attempted by the French, also permits them, when misguided,
to sink to abysmal depths. It would be hard to find much good in the
heavy contortions of the rococo work of eighteenth-century Italy,
which, starting from Bernini, exaggerated all his faults and kept none
of even his perverted genius. Amid this riot of bad taste, Piranesi,
with his love of classic simplicity, his sense of the noble, and his
feeling for balance and distance, stands out an inexplicable
phenomenon.
In certain plates, Piranesi, while using elements taken from antiquity,
created a style of ornamental composition which inspired or was
copied in work praised for its originality, and passing under the name
of other styles. No one dreams of speaking of a Piranesi style, yet
there is many a piece of decoration that calls itself Louis XVI, or
Adam, or anything else, which comes directly from the work of this
much-pilfered Italian. He stands in relation to a great deal of
architectural decoration much as do, in science, those profound and
creative minds who discover a great principle, but neglect its detailed
application, only to have it taken up by lesser inventors of a practical
trend, who put it to actual uses, the tangible value of which excites
so great an admiration that no thought is taken of the man who
discovered the very principle at the base of it all. In such plates as
those dedicated to Robert Adam and Pope Clement XIII there can be
found, fully developed, the style we call currently Louis XVI, although
the greater part of it was produced under Louis XV
contemporaneously with the work which goes by that name. The
style in question is there, with its exquisite detail copied from the
antique; we can see its inspiration taken from the classic which it
wished to reproduce, together with its fortunate inability to do so, and
its consequently successful creation of something entirely original
but yet filled with classic spirit. That interruption of ornament, that
alternation of the decorated and the plain, that sense of balance and
of contrast, distinctive of the Louis XVI style—all are here. To think
that these qualities came to Piranesi through French influence would
be ridiculous, for the style under discussion obviously took for its
model classic art, to which it was an attempted return; and as
Piranesi was all his life in direct contact with the source of this
inspiration, he could scarcely have been formed by a derivation of
that which he knew directly.
If this be true, it may be asked why Piranesi’s work did not create in
Italy at least sporadic attempts at a style analogous to that of Louis
XVI. The reason for this lies in the already mentioned condition of
the Italy of that day, for a work of art is absolutely conditioned by, and
a result of, the environment in which it occurs. Here and there a work
of art may, by some phenomenon, occur in opposition, or without
apparent relation, to its surroundings; but in such circumstances it
will have no successors, just as an unusually hardy orange-tree may
thrive far to the north, but will not bear fruit and propagate itself. A
great critic has said: “There is a reigning direction, which is that of
the century; those talents who try to grow in an opposite direction
find the issue closed; the pressure of public spirit and of surrounding
manners compresses or turns them aside by imposing on them a
fixed flowering.” The torpor and bad taste engendered in Italy by
political and intellectual oppression precluded the work of Piranesi
from bearing any fruit in his own country.
Statue of Piranesi, by Angelini, assisted by Piranesi’s son,
and erected in the Church of Santa Maria in Aventino
(Rome). It faces the great candelabra which Piranesi had
designed to illuminate his statue. This plate was engraved by
Piranesi’s son, Francesco, in 1790.
Size of the original engraving, 19⅞ × 12¾ inches
Piranesi. Antique Marble Vase
From “Vasi. Candelabri. Cippi. Sarcofagi. Tripodi. Lucerne ed Ornamenti
Antichi Disegn. ed inc. dal Cav. Gio. Batta. Piranesi.” (1778) Vol. II, plate No.
73. Piranesi’s dedication of this plate reads: “Al Suo Carissimo Amico Il. Sig.
Riccardo Hayward Scuttore Inglese.”
Size of the original etching, 24 × 16⅜ inches
To think, on the other hand, that Piranesi exerted an influence on

French art of his day is not so fanciful as might at first be supposed.
If it be true, as just stated, that it is impossible for the work of an
artist to produce any result when his environment is hostile, it is
equally true that an artist, or a body of artists, can exert an enormous
influence when their surroundings favor and the ground is ready to
receive the seed they sow. France was ripe for such seed as
Piranesi cast abroad vainly in Italy, and in the former country an
incalculable influence in the creation of the Louis XVI style was
exerted by those men who accompanied Mme. de Pompadour’s
brother, Abel Poisson, Marquis de Marigny, on his travels in Italy.
Three years previously this great patron of art had caused her
brother to be appointed to the succession of the “Surintendance des
Beaux-Arts,” and after three years of apprenticeship, in order to
make himself worthy of this important and exalted position, she sent
him, in the company of a numerous suite, to Italy in December, 1749,
to complete his education by remaining there until September, 1751.
In his following were Soufflot, the architect, and Charles Nicholas
Cochin fils, the celebrated engraver. On his return from Italy, M. de
Marigny directed all the works of art undertaken by the government
throughout France, while Soufflot built the church of Ste. Geneviève,
now known as the Panthéon, and was one of the most conspicuous
and influential men in the world of art in his day. Cochin, aside from
being a great engraver, was intellectually one of the most interesting
artists of the day, and, as M. de Marigny’s right-hand man, wielded
an influence almost incomprehensible to us of to-day. The latter part
of his life, he really ruled in M. de Marigny’s stead, and his absolute
dictatorship in all matters of art in France can only be compared to
that of Le Brun under Louis XIV.
That his Italian travels were the decisive influence of Cochin’s career
is clearly shown in his own work, and is expressly stated by Diderot,
who says of him that, “judge everywhere else, he was a scholar at
Rome.” Soufflot was only seven years older than Piranesi, and

Full Download pdf of A Survey of Mathematics with Applications 10th Edition (eBook PDF) all chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Full Download pdf of A Survey of Mathematics with Applications 10th Edition (eBook PDF) all chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Full Download pdf of A Survey of Mathematics with Applications 10th Edition (eBook PDF) all chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Survey of Mathematics with

Applications 10th Edition (eBook PDF)

(eBook PDF) A Survey of Mathematics with Applications

(Original PDF) Finite Mathematics and Calculus with

Discrete Mathematics with Applications 4th Edition

(eBook PDF) Discrete Mathematics with Applications 5th

(eBook PDF) Calculus with Applications 10th Edition

(eBook PDF) Contemporary Business Mathematics with

(eBook PDF) Contemporary Business Mathematics with

(eBook PDF) Contemporary Business Mathematics with

1 Critical Thinking Skills 1

1.1 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning 2

2.1 Set Concepts 40

3.1 Statements and Logical Connectives 91

4 Systems of Numeration 163

4.1 Additive, Multiplicative, and Ciphered Systems of

5 Number Theory and the Real Number System 203

5.1 Number Theory 204

A01_ANGE2107_10_SE_FM_ppi-xviii.indd 5 16/09/15 6:23 PM

5.4 The Irrational Numbers 240

6 Algebra, Graphs, and Functions 284

6.1 Order of Operations and Solving Equations 285

7 The Metric System 393

8.1 Points, Lines, Planes, and Angles 436

A01_ANGE2107_10_SE_FM_ppi-xviii.indd 6 16/09/15 6:23 PM

9 Mathematical Systems 520

9.1 Groups 521

10 Consumer Mathematics 562

10.1 Percent 563

11.1 Empirical and Theoretical Probabilities 633

12.1 Sampling Techniques and Misuses of Statistics 725

A01_ANGE2107_10_SE_FM_ppi-xviii.indd 7 16/09/15 6:23 PM

13 Graph Theory 801

13.1 Graphs, Paths, and Circuits 802

14 Voting and Apportionment 853

14.1 Voting Methods 854

A01_ANGE2107_10_SE_FM_ppi-xviii.indd 8 30/09/15 4:05 pm

A01_ANGE2107_10_SE_FM_ppi-xviii.indd 9 16/09/15 6:23 PM

561590_MILL_MICRO_FM_ppi-xxvi.indd 2 24/11/14 5:26 PM

W e present A Survey of Mathematics with Applications, Tenth Edition, with the

New to This Edition

● New! Interactive Concept videos with assignable homework questions

● New! Flashcards that work on mobile devices

● New! Study Skills module

● Group Projects moved from the text to the MyMathLab course

Chapter 2 “Sets,” includes many new applications of sets pertaining to a greater

A01_ANGE2107_10_SE_FM_ppi-xviii.indd 11 16/09/15 6:23 PM

Chapter 4 “Systems of Numeration,” contains many new examples and exercises

Chapter 6 In “Algebra, Graphs, and Functions,” we combined the order of opera-

Chapter 8 “Geometry,” includes many updated examples and exercises, and we

Chapter 9 “Mathematical Systems,” has many new examples and exercises. We

Chapter 10 “Consumer Mathematics,” contains updated interest rates involving a

Chapter 11 In “Probability,” we combined the topics of empirical probability

Chapter 12 In “Statistics,” we combined the topics of sampling techniques and

Chapter 13 “Graph Theory,” involves many new applications of graphs on a vari-

Chapter 14 “Voting and Apportionment,” includes many updated examples and

Continuing and Revised Features

A01_ANGE2107_10_SE_FM_ppi-xviii.indd 12 16/09/15 6:23 PM

■ Problem Solving Beginning in Chapter 1, students are introduced to problem

 Planning a trip uses critical thinking skills to