M.H.

Eid Fourier Analysis

Fourier Integrals

Theorem 4
If f(x), x in R, is piecewise continuous real valued function and the

integral  | f (x) | dx converges. Then f(x) can be represented by the


Fourier integral: I(x)   [A()cos x  B()sin x]d
0
1  1 
Where A()   f (x)cos x dx and B()   f (x)sin x dx
   
which are called Fourier transforms.

Example 36
 x+1, |x|  2
Write the Fourier integral of the function f(x)  
0, |x|>2
Solution
1 2
A()   (x  1)cos x dx
 2
Integrate by parts: 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝜆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Then 𝑢` = 1, 𝑣 = sin 𝜆𝑥
𝜆

1 𝑥+1 sin 𝜆𝑥 cos 𝜆𝑥 2 2 sin 2𝜆

Then 𝐴 𝜆 = + =
𝜋 𝜆 𝜆2 −2 𝜋𝜆

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M.H. Eid Fourier Analysis
1 2
B()   (x  1)sin x dx
 2
Integrate by parts: 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝜆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Then 𝑢` = 1, 𝑣 = − cos 𝜆𝑥
𝜆

1 − 𝑥+1 cos 𝜆𝑥 sin 𝜆𝑥 2 2 sin 2𝜆−4𝜆 cos 2𝜆

Then 𝐴 𝜆 = + =
𝜋 𝜆 𝜆2 −2 𝜋𝜆 2

Then the Fourier integral is:

1  2sin 2 2sin 2  4 cos 2
I(x)   [ cos x  sin x]d
0  2

Fourier Integrals of Even and Odd Functions

(1)If f(x) is even function. Then its Fourier integral takes the form:
2
I(x)   Fc()cos x d
0

Where Fc()   f (x)cos x dx and it is called the Fourier cosine
0
transform.

(2)If f(x) is odd function. Then its Fourier integral takes the form:
2
I(x)   Fs()sin x d
0

Where Fs()   f (x)sin x dx and it is called the Fourier sine
0
transform.

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M.H. Eid Fourier Analysis
Example 37
1, |x|  4
Write the Fourier integral of the function f(x)= 
0, |x|>4
Solution
The given function is even. Then
4 sin 4 2  sin 4
Fc ( )   cos  xdx  . Then I(x)   cos xd
0   0 

Example 38
1,  2  x  0

Write the Fourier integral of the function f(x)  1, 0<x2
0,
 |x| >2

Solution

The given function is odd. Then

2 1  cos 2
Fs()   sin xdx 
0 
2  1  cos 2
Then I(x)   sin xd
0 

Example 39
 x, |x|  2
Write the Fourier integral of the function f(x)= 
0, |x|  2
Solution
The given function is odd. Then
2
Fs()   x sin x dx
0

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M.H. Eid Fourier Analysis
Integrate by parts: 𝑢 = 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝜆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Then 𝑢` = 1, 𝑣 = − cos 𝜆𝑥
𝜆

−x cos λx sin λx 2 sin 2λ−2λ cos 2λ

Then Fs λ = + =
λ λ2 0 λ2
∞
2 sin 2λ − 2λ cos 2λ
Then I x = sin λx dλ
π 0 λ2

Remark 5
If I(x) is the Fourier integral of a function f(x). Then
(i)I(x) = f(x) if x is point of continuity.
f ( x )  f ( x  )
(ii) I(x) = if x is point of discontinuity.
2

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M.H. Eid Fourier Analysis
Fourier Cosine and Fourier Sine Integrals
If f(x), x in [0, ∞), is piecewise continuous function and its integral

 | f (x) | dx converges. Then f(x) can be represented by one of the
0
following:
2
(i)Fourier cosine Integral: I(x)   Fc()cos xd
0

2
(ii) Fourier sine integral: I(x)   Fs()sin xd
0

Example 40
Write the Fourier cosine integral and Fourier sine integral of the
 x, 0  x  2
function f(x)= 
0, x > 2
Solution
2
Fistly, Fc()   x cos x dx
0
Integrate by parts: 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝜆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Then 𝑢` = 1, 𝑣 = sin 𝜆𝑥
𝜆

x sin λx cos λx 2 2 sin 2λ−0 cos 2λ−1

Then Fc λ = + = +
λ λ2 0 λ λ2

2λ sin 2λ + cos 2λ − 1
=
λ2

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M.H. Eid Fourier Analysis
2  2 sin 2  cos 2  1
Then I(x)   cos x d
0 2
2
Secondly, Fs()   x sin x dx
0
Integrate by parts: 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝜆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Then 𝑢` = 1, 𝑣 = − cos 𝜆𝑥
𝜆

−x cos λx sin λx 2 −2 cos 2λ−0 sin 2λ−0

Then Fs λ = + = +
λ λ2 0 λ λ2

sin 2λ − 2λ cos 2λ
=
λ2
2  sin 2  2 cos 2
Then I(x)   sin x d
0 2

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M.H. Eid Fourier Analysis
Parseval’s Identity and Improper Integrals
If FC(λ) is the Fourier cosine transform and FS(λ) is the Fourier sine
transform of a function f(x), x in (0, ∞). Then
 2  2
2 2 2 2
 [f (x)] dx   [Fc()] d,  [f (x)] dx   [Fs()] d
0 0 0 0

Example 41
From Example 37 and using Parseval's identity and Remark 5, show
 sin t   sin 2t
that:  dt    dt
0 t 2 0 t2

Solution
4 sin 4
Since Fc()   cos xdx  . Then, from Remark 5, at x = 0
0 
2  sin 4
which is point of continuity, we get I(0) = f(0) = 1 =  d
0 
 sin 4  t dt
Then  d  . Putting λ = , dλ = .
0  2 4 4

 sin t 
Then, we get  dt 
0 t 2
4 2  sin 24
Using Parseval's identity,  1dx  4   d
0  0 2
2t  
Putting t = 4λ, we get  sin dt  .
2 2
0 t

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M.H. Eid Fourier Analysis
Example 42
Write the Fourier sine and Fourier cosine integrals of the function
 t sin t   cos t

f(x) = e , x in [0, ) and show that: 
2x dt  
2  24
dt
24 2
0 t e 0 t
Solution
∞
Since Fs (λ) = e−2x sin λx dx
0
Integrate by parts: 𝑢 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝜆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Then 𝑢` = −2𝑒 −2𝑥 , 𝑣 = − cos 𝜆𝑥
𝜆
−e −2x cos λx 2
Then Fs λ = − e−2x cos λx dx
λ λ

Again, integrate by parts: 𝑢 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝜆𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
Then 𝑢` = −2𝑒 −2𝑥 , 𝑣 = sin 𝜆𝑥
𝜆
e −2x sin λx 2
Then e−2x cos λx dx = + e−2x sin λx dx
λ λ

e−2x sin λx 2
= + Fs λ
λ λ
−e −2x cos λx 2 e −2x sin λx 2
Then Fs λ = − [ + Fs λ ]
λ λ λ λ
∞
4 −e −2x cos λx 2e −2x sin λx
Then Fs λ [1 + 2 ] = −
λ λ λ2 0
0 0 1 0 1
= − − − − − =
𝜆 𝜆2 𝜆 𝜆2 𝜆
λ
Then Fs λ =
4+λ 2

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M.H. Eid Fourier Analysis
2 
Then I(x)   sin x d
 0 2  4
At x = 1, point of continuity, we get
2 
I(1) = f(1) = e2   sin  d
 0 2  4
 t sin t 
Putting t = λ, we get  dt 
0 t 4
2 2e2

1 2 1
Similarly Fc()  . Then I(x)   cos xd
2  4  0 2  4

At x = 1, point of continuity, we get

2 1
I(1) = f(1) = e2   cos d
 0 2  4
 cos t 
Putting t = λ, we get  dt 
0 t 4
2 2e2

Example 43
1  2, |x|  1
Write the Fourier integral of the function f(x) =  x
0, |x | 1
 sin t  t cos t t 3
and show that f(x) =  cos dt 
0 t3 2 16

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M.H. Eid Fourier Analysis

-1 0 1 x
Fig.25

Solution
This function is even, see figure 25. Then
1
2 sin    cos 
Fc()   (1  x )cos xdx 2
0 3
4  sin    cos 
Then I(x)   cos xd
0 3
At x = 1/2, point of continuity, I(1/2) = f(1/2) = 3/4.
 sin    cos    3 3
Then  cos d  . 
0 3 2 4 4 16
 sin t  t cos t t 3
Putting λ = t, we get  cos d 
0 t3 2 16

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M.H. Eid Fourier Analysis
Example 44
2x, |x|  1
Write the Fourier integral of the function f(x) = 
0, |x | 1
y

-1 0 1 x

-2
Fig.26

Solution
1
This function is odd, see figure 26. Then Fs()   2x sin x dx
0
Integrate by parts: 𝑢 = 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝜆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Then 𝑢` = 2, 𝑣 = − cos 𝜆𝑥
𝜆
−2x cos λx 2 sin λx 1 −2 cos λ−0 2 sin λ−0
Then Fs λ = + = +
λ λ2 0 λ λ2
2 sin λ − 2λ cos λ
=
λ2
4  sin    cos 
Then I(x)   sin xd
0 2

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M.H. Eid Fourier Analysis
Example 45
Write the Fourier cosine integral and the Fourier sine integral of the
2x, 0  x  1
function f(x) = 
0, x  1
Solution
The given function is neither even nor odd, see figure 27.
y

0 1 x
Fig.27

Firstly, the function becomes even. Then

1  sin   cos   1
Fc()   2xcos xdx 2
0 2
4   sin   cos   1
Then I(x)   cos xd
0 2
Secondly, the function becomes odd. Then
1 sin    cos 
Fs()   2x sin xdx 2
0 2
4  sin    cos 
Then I(x)   sin xd
0 2

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M.H. Eid Fourier Analysis
Example 46
Write the Fourier cosine integral of the function:
 x  2, 0  x  2
f(x) = 
0, x2
Solution
The given function is neither even nor odd, see figure 28.

0 2 x

-2
Fig.28

The function becomes even. Then

2 cos 2  1
Fc()   (x  2)cos xdx 
0 2
2  cos 2  1
Then I(x)   cos xd
0 2

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M.H. Eid Fourier Analysis
Example 47
Write the Fourier cosine integral of the function:
2,  1  x  0

f(x) = 4, 0  x  1
0, |x | 1

Solution
The given function is neither even nor odd, see figure 29. Then

-1 0 1 x

Fig.29

1 0 1 sin
A()  [  2cos xdx   4cos xdx]  6
 1 0 
1 0 1 1  cos 
B()  [  2sin xdx   4sin xdx]  2
 1 0 
1  6sin  2(1  cos )
Then I(x)   [ cos x  sin x]d
0  
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