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Chapter 6
THE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS
Section 6.1 Radian Measure π
θ is closer to − , so the radian measure of
π 2
1. Since θ is in quadrant I, 0 < θ < . Since
2 θ is –2 radians.
π ⎛ π ⎞ π
≈ 1.57, 1 is the only integer value in the 7. 60° = 60 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
2 ⎝ 180 ⎠ 3
interval. Thus, the radian measure of θ is 1
radian. ⎛ π ⎞ π
8. 30° = 30 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radian
π ⎝ 180 ⎠ 6
2. Since θ is in quadrant II, < θ < π . Since
2
⎛ π ⎞ π
π 9. 90° = 90 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
≈ 1.57 and π ≈ 3.14, 2 and 3 are the only ⎝ 180 ⎠ 2
2
integers in the interval. Since θ is closer to ⎛ π ⎞ 2π
π 10. 120° = 120 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
, the radian measure of θ is 2 radians. ⎝ 180 ⎠ 3
2
⎛ π ⎞ 5π
π 11. 150° = 150 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
3. Since θ is in quadrant II, < θ < π . Since ⎝ 180 ⎠ 6
2
π ⎛ π ⎞ 3π
≈ 1.57 and π ≈ 3.14, 2 and 3 are the only 12. 270° = 270 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
2 ⎝ 180 ⎠ 2
integers in the interval. Since θ is closer to
π , the radian measure of θ is 3 radians. ⎛ π ⎞ 5π
13. −300° = −300 ⎜ radian ⎟ = − radians
4. Since θ is an angle in quadrant IV drawn in a ⎝ 180 ⎠ 3
π
clockwise direction, − < θ < 0. Also ⎛ π ⎞ 7π
2 14. −315° = −315 ⎜ radian ⎟ = − radians
⎝ 180 ⎠ 4
π
− ≈ −1.57, and –1 is the only integer in the
2 ⎛ π ⎞ 5π
interval. Thus, the radian measure of θ is –1 15. 450° = 450 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
⎝ 180 ⎠ 2
radian.
5. Since θ is an angle in quadrant III drawn in a ⎛ π ⎞ 8π
16. 480° = 480 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
π ⎝ 180 ⎠ 3
clockwise direction, −π < θ < − . Also
2
⎛ π ⎞
π 17. 1800° = 1800° ⎜ radian ⎟ = 10π radians
−π ≈ −3.14 and − ≈ −1.57, so –2 and −3 ⎝ 180° ⎠
2
are the only integers in the interval. θ is ⎛ π ⎞
closer to −π , so the radian measure of θ is 18. 3600° = 3600° ⎜ radian ⎟
⎝ 180° ⎠
–3 radians.
= 20π radians
6. Since θ is an angle in quadrant III drawn in a
π ⎛ π ⎞
clockwise direction, −π < θ < − 19. 0° = 0° ⎜ radian ⎟ = 0 radians
. Also ⎝ 180° ⎠
2
π ⎛ π ⎞
−π ≈ −3.14 and − ≈ −1.57, so –2 and −3 20. 180° = 180° ⎜ radian ⎟ = π radians
2 ⎝ 180° ⎠
are the only integers in the interval.
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 575

576 Chapter 6 The Circular Functions and Their Graphs
⎛ π ⎞ 2π 2π ⎛ 180° ⎞
21. −900° = −900° ⎜ radian ⎟ = ⎜⎝ = 120°
π ⎟⎠
32.
⎝ 180° ⎠ 3 3
= −5π radians
11π 11π ⎛ 180° ⎞
= ⎜⎝ = 330°
⎛ π π ⎟⎠
⎞ 33.
22. −1800° = −1800° ⎜ radian ⎟ 6 6
⎝ 180° ⎠
= −10π radians 15π 15π ⎛ 180° ⎞
= ⎜⎝ = 675°
π ⎟⎠
34.
For exercises 23−28, answers may vary. 4 4
π π π ⎛ 180° ⎞
23. Multiply the degree measure by radian 35. − =− ⎜ ⎟ = −30°
180 6 6⎝ π ⎠
and reduce. Your answer will be in radians.
Leave the answer as a multiple of π , unless 8π 8π ⎛ 180° ⎞
36. − =− ⎜⎝ = −288°
otherwise directed. 5 5 π ⎟⎠
180° 7π 7π ⎛ 180° ⎞
24. Multiply the radian measure by and = ⎜⎝ = 126°
π ⎟⎠
37.
π 10 10
reduce. Your answer will be in degrees.
11π 11π ⎛ 180° ⎞
25. One radian is the measure of an angle, with its = ⎜⎝ = 132°
π ⎟⎠
38.
vertex at the center of a circle, that intercepts 15 15
an arc on the circle equal in length to the
radius of the circle. 4π 4π ⎛ 180° ⎞
39. − =− ⎜⎝ = −48°
15 15 π ⎟⎠
26. The measure of an angle is determined by the
amount of rotation from the initial side to the 7π 7π ⎛ 180° ⎞
40. − =− ⎜⎝ = −63°
π ⎟⎠
terminal side. A measure of one degree is
20 20
equivalent to a rotation of 1/360 of a complete
revolution. Thus, degree measure is based on
17π 17π ⎛ 180° ⎞
= ⎜⎝ = 153°
π ⎟⎠
the rotation of the terminal side of the angle, 41.
while radian measure is based on the length of 20 20
the arc that is intercepted by the angle. (See
11π 11π ⎛ 180° ⎞
exercise 25.) = ⎜⎝ = 66°
π ⎟⎠
42.
30 30
27. A right angle measures 90° and intercepts an
arc that is one-quarter of the circumference of ⎛ 180° ⎞
43. −5π = −5π ⎜ = −900°
a circle, or 2π 4 = π 2. Since the angle ⎝ π ⎟⎠
measures are equal, we have
⎛π ⎞ 180° ⎛ 180° ⎞
90° = x ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ = x. 44. 15π = 15π ⎜ = 2700°
⎝2⎠ π ⎝ π ⎟⎠
28. An angle of radian measure t in standard ⎛ π ⎞

45. 39° = 39 ⎜ radian ⎟ ≈ 0.68 radian
position intercepts an arc of length t on a ⎝ 180 ⎠
circle of radius 1 by definition. (See exercise
25.) ⎛ π ⎞
46. 74° = 74 ⎜ radian ⎟ ≈ 1.3 radians
⎝ 180 ⎠
π π ⎛ 180° ⎞
29. = ⎜ ⎟ = 60°
3 3⎝ π ⎠ ⎛ π ⎞
47. 42.5° = 42.5 ⎜ radian ⎟ ≈ 0.742 radian
⎝ 180 ⎠
8π 8π ⎛ 180° ⎞
30. = ⎜ ⎟ = 480°
3 3 ⎝ π ⎠ ⎛ π ⎞
48. 264.9° = 264.9 ⎜ radian ⎟ ≈ 4.623 radians
⎝ 180 ⎠
7π 7π ⎛ 180° ⎞
31. = ⎜ ⎟ = 315°
4 4 ⎝ π ⎠
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 6.1 Radian Measure 577
(
49. 139°10′ = 139 + 10 ° ) ⎛ 180° ⎞
60. 3.06 radians = 3.06 ⎜ ≈ 175.3250853°
⎝ π ⎟⎠
60
⎛ π ⎞
≈ 139.1666667 ⎜ radian ⎟
⎝ 180 ⎠ = 175° + (0.3250853 ⋅ 60)′
≈ 2.43 radians ≈ 175°20′
(
50. 174°50′ = 174 + 50
60 )° 61. 0.3417 radian = .3417 ⎜
⎛ 180° ⎞
≈ 19.57796786°
⎛ π
⎞ ⎝ π ⎟⎠
≈ 174.8333333 ⎜ radian ⎟
⎝ 180 ⎠ = 19° + (0.57796786 ⋅ 60)′
≈ 3.05 radians = 19°35′
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 180° ⎞
51. 64.29° = 64.29 ⎜ radian ⎟ ≈ 1.122 radians 62. 9.84763 radian = 9.84763 ⎜
⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ π ⎟⎠
≈ 564.2276372°
⎛ π ⎞
52. 85.04° = 85.04 ⎜ radian ⎟ ≈ 1.484 radians = 564° + (0.2276372 ⋅ 60)′
⎝ 180 ⎠
≈ 564°14′
(
53. 56°25′ = 56 + 25
60 )° ⎛ 180° ⎞
⎛ π ⎞ 63. −5.01095 radian = −5.01095 ⎜
≈ 56.41666667 ⎜ radian ⎟ ⎝ π ⎟⎠
⎝ 180 ⎠ ≈ −287.1062864°
≈ 0.9847 radian
= − ⎢⎡ 287° + (0.1062864 ⋅ 60)′ ⎥⎤
(
54. 122°37 ′ = 122 + 37
60 )° ⎣
≈ −287°06′
⎦
⎛ π ⎞
≈ 122.61666667 ⎜ radian ⎟
⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎛ 180° ⎞
64. −3.47189 radians = −3.47189 ⎜
≈ 2.140 radians ⎝ π ⎟⎠
≈ −198.9246439°
⎛ π ⎞
55. −47.6925° = −47.6925 ⎜
⎝ 180
radian ⎟
⎠ = − ⎡⎢198° + (0.9246439 ⋅ 60)′ ⎤⎥
⎣ ⎦
≈ −0.832391 radian ≈ −198°55′
⎛ π ⎞ 65. Begin the calculation with the blank next to
56. −23.0143° = −23.0143 ⎜ radian ⎟
⎝ 180 ⎠ 30º, and then proceed counterclockwise from
≈ −0.401675 radian there.
⎛ π ⎞ π
⎛ 180° ⎞ 30° = 30 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radian
57. 2 radians = 2 ⎜ ≈ 114.591559° ⎝ 180 ⎠ 6
⎝ π ⎟⎠
π π ⎛ 180° ⎞
= 114° + (0.591559 ⋅ 60)′ 4
radians = ⎜
4⎝ π ⎠
⎟ = 45°
≈ 114°35′
⎛ π ⎞ π
60° = 60 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
⎛ 180° ⎞ ⎝ 180 ⎠ 3
58. 5 radians = 5 ⎜ ≈ 286.4788976°
⎝ π ⎟⎠ 2π 2π ⎛ 180° ⎞
radians = ⎜ ⎟ = 120°
= 286° + (0.4788976 ⋅ 60)′ 3 3 ⎝ π ⎠
≈ 286°29′ 3π 3π ⎛ 180° ⎞
radians = ⎜ ⎟ = 135°
⎛ 180° ⎞ 4 4 ⎝ π ⎠
59. 1.74 radians = 1.74 ⎜ ≈ 99.69465635°
⎝ π ⎟⎠ ⎛ π
150° = 150 ⎜
⎞ 5π
radian ⎟ = radians
⎝ 180 ⎠ 6
= 99° + (0.69465635 ⋅ 60)′
(continued on next page)
≈ 99°42′

(continued) 73. r = 3, s = 3
s 3
⎛ π ⎞ s = rθ ⇒ θ = = =1
180° = 180 ⎜ radian ⎟ = π radians r 3
⎝ 180 ⎠
74. s = 6, r = 4
⎛ π ⎞ 7π
210° = 210 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians s 6 3
⎝ 180 ⎠ 6 s = rθ ⇒ θ = = = or 1.5
r 4 2
⎛ π ⎞ 5π
225° = 225 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians 75. s = 20, r = 10
⎝ 180 ⎠ 4
s 20
4π 4π ⎛ 180° ⎞ s = rθ ⇒ θ = = =2
radians = ⎜ ⎟ = 240°
r 10
3 3 ⎝ π ⎠
76. To find the degree measure of a central angle
5π 5π ⎛ 180° ⎞
radians = ⎜ ⎟ = 300°
in a circle if both the raidus and the length of
3 3 ⎝ π ⎠ the intercepted arc are known, first apply the
⎛ π ⎞ 7π formula s = rθ to find the radian measure.
315° = 315 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians 180°
⎝ 180 ⎠ 4 Then multiply the radian measure by π
to
⎛ π ⎞ 11π find the degree measure.
330° = 330 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
⎝ 180 ⎠ 6
2π
77. r = 12.3 cm, θ = radians
⎛ π ⎞ π
2 3
66. π ° = π ⎜ radian ⎟ = radian ⎛ 2π ⎞
⎝ 180 ⎠ 180 s = rθ = 12.3 ⎜ = 8.2π ≈ 25.8 cm
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
π
67. r = 4, θ = 11π
2 78. r = 0.892 cm, θ = radians
⎛π ⎞ 10
s = rθ = 4 ⎜ ⎟ = 2π
⎝2⎠ ⎛ 11π ⎞
s = rθ = 0.892 ⎜
⎝ 10 ⎟⎠
π = 0.9812π cm ≈ 3.08 cm
68. r = 12, θ =
3
⎛π ⎞ 5π
s = r θ = 12 ⎜ ⎟ = 4π 79. r = 1.38 ft, θ = radians
⎝3⎠ 6
⎛ 5π ⎞
s = rθ = 1.38 ⎜
69. r = 16, θ =
5π ⎝ 6 ⎟⎠
4 = 1.15π ft ≈ 3.61 ft (rounded to three
⎛ 5π ⎞ significant digits)
s = r θ = 16 ⎜ = 20π
⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
7π
80. r = 3.24 mi, θ = radians
3π 6
70. s = 6π , θ =
4 ⎛ 7π ⎞
s 6π s = rθ = 3.24 ⎜ = 3.78π mi ≈ 11.9 mi
s = rθ ⇒ r = = 3π = 6π ⋅
4
=8 ⎝ 6 ⎟⎠
θ 4
3π (rounded to three significant digits)
π 81. r = 4.82 m, θ = 60°
71. s = 3π , θ = Converting θ to radians, we have
2
s 3π 2 ⎛ π ⎞ π
s = rθ ⇒ r = = π
= 3π ⋅ =6 θ = 60° = 60 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians.
θ 2
π ⎝ 180 ⎠ 3
Thus, the arc is
7π
72. s = 14π , θ = ⎛ π ⎞ 4.82π
4 s = rθ = 4.82 ⎜ ⎟ = ≈ 5.05 m.
⎝3⎠ 3
s 14π 4
s = rθ ⇒ r = = 7π = 14π ⋅ =8 (rounded to three significant digits)
θ 4
7π

82. r = 71.9 cm, θ = 135° 88. 36° N, 49°N

Converting θ to radians, we have ⎛ π ⎞
θ = 49° − 36° = 13° = 13 ⎜ radian ⎟
⎛ π ⎞ 3π ⎝ 180 ⎠
θ = 135° = 135 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians.
⎝ 180 ⎠ 4 13π
= radian
Thus, the arc is 180
⎛ 3π ⎞ 215.7π ⎛ 13π ⎞
s = rθ = 6400 ⎜ ≈ 1500 km
s = rθ = 71.9 ⎜ ⎟ cm =
⎝ 4 ⎠ 4
cm ≈ 169 cm. ⎝ 180 ⎟⎠
(rounded to three significant digits) 89. 41° N, 12° S
83. r = 15.1 in., θ = 210° 12° S = –12° N
θ = 41° − (−12°) = 53° = 53 ⎜ radian ⎟
⎛ π ⎞ 7π ⎝ 180 ⎠
θ = 210° = 210 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians. 53π
⎝ 180 ⎠ 6 = radian
Thus, the arc is 180
⎛ 53π ⎞
⎛ 7π ⎞ 105.7π s = rθ = 6400 ⎜ ≈ 5900 km
s = rθ = 15.1 ⎜ = ≈ 55.3 in. ⎝ 180 ⎟⎠
⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ 6
(rounded to three significant digits) 90. 45° N, 34° S
34° S = –34° N
84. r = 12.4 ft, θ = 330°
θ = 45° − (−34°) = 79° = 79 ⎜ radian ⎟
⎝ 180 ⎠
⎛ π ⎞ 11π
θ = 330° = 330 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians. 79π
⎝ 180 ⎠ 6 = radians
180
Thus, the arc is
⎛ 79π ⎞
⎛ 11π ⎞ 136.4π s = rθ = 6400 ⎜ ≈ 8800 km
s = rθ = 12.4 ⎜ = ≈ 71.4 ft ⎝ 180 ⎟⎠
⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ 6
(rounded to three significant digits) 91. r = 6400 km, s = 1200 km
1200 3
85. The formula for arc length is s = rθ . s = rθ ⇒ 1200 = 6400θ ⇒ θ = =
6400 16
Substituting 2r for r we obtain
s = (2r )θ = 2 (rθ ) . The length of the arc is
3
Converting radian to degrees, we have
16
doubled.
3 ⎛ 180° ⎞
86. Recall that π radians = 180°. If θ is measured θ= ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 11°. The north-south
16 ⎝ π ⎠
in degrees, then the formula becomes
distance between the two cities is 11°.
θπ π rθ
s = r⋅ ⇒s= Let x = the latitude of Madison.
180 180 x − 33° = 11° ⇒ x = 44° N
For Exercises 87−92, note that since 6400 has two The latitude of Madison is 44° N.
significant digits and the angles are given to the 92. r = 6400 km, s = 1100 km
nearest degree, we can have only two significant 1100 11
digits in the answers. s = rθ ⇒ 1100 = 6400θ ⇒ θ = =
6400 64
87. 9° N, 40° N 11
Converting radian to degrees we have
⎛ π ⎞ 64
θ = 40° − 9° = 31° = 31 ⎜ radian ⎟
⎝ 180 ⎠ 11 180°
31π θ= ⋅ ≈ 10°. The north-south distance
= radian 64 π
180 between the two cities is 10°.
⎛ 31π ⎞ Let x = the latitude of Toronto.
s = rθ = 6400 ⎜ ≈ 3500 km
⎝ 180 ⎟⎠ x − 33° = 10° ⇒ x = 43° N
The latitude of Toronto is 43° N.

93. The arc length on the smaller gear is Since both wheels move together, the larger
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ wheel moves 5.7π cm, which rotates it
s = rθ = 3.7 ⎜ 300 ⋅ ⎟ = 3.7 ⎜ ⎟ through an angle θ , where
⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
18.5π 5.7π = 12.46θ
= cm 5.7π 5.7π ⎛ 180° ⎞
3 θ= radians = ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 82.3°
An arc with this length on the larger gear 12.46 12.46 ⎝ π ⎠
corresponds to an angle measure θ where The larger wheel rotates through 82.3°.
18.5π 18.5π
s = rθ ⇒ = 7.1θ ⇒ =θ ⇒ 97. The arc length s represents the distance
3 21.3 traveled by a point on the rim of a wheel.
18.5π 180 Since the two wheels rotate together, s will be
θ= ⋅ ≈ 156°
21.3 π the same for both wheels.
The larger gear will rotate through For the smaller wheel,
approximately 156º. ⎛ π ⎞ 4π
θ = 80° = 80 ⎜ =
⎝ 180 ⎟⎠
radians and
94. The arc length on the smaller gear is 9
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞
s = rθ = 4.8 ⎜ 315 ⋅ ⎟⎠ = 4.8 ⎜⎝ ⎟ s = rθ = 11.7 ⎜ = 5.2π cm.
⎝ 180 4 ⎠ ⎝ 9 ⎟⎠
= 8.4π in. For the larger wheel,
An arc with this length on the larger gear ⎛ π ⎞ 5π
corresponds to an angle measure θ where θ = 50° = 50 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radian.
⎝ 180 ⎠ 18
8.4π
s = rθ ⇒ 8.4π = 7.1θ ⇒ =θ ⇒ Thus, we can solve
7.1
8.4π 180 ⎛ 5π ⎞
θ= ⋅ ≈ 213° s = rθ ⇒ 5.2π = r ⎜ ⎟ ⇒
7.1 π ⎝ 18 ⎠
The larger gear will rotate through 18
r = 5.2π ⋅ = 18.72
approximately 213º. 5π
The radius of the larger wheel is 18.7 cm.
⎛ π ⎞ π
95. A rotation of θ = 60.0 ⎜ radian ⎟ = (rounded to 3 significant digits)
⎝ 180 ⎠ 3
98. The arc length s represents the distance
radians on the smaller wheel moves through traveled by a point on the rim of a wheel.
an arc length of Since the two wheels rotate together, s will be
⎛ π ⎞ 5.23π the same for both wheels.
s = rθ = 5.23 ⎜ ⎟ = cm. (holding on
⎝3⎠ 3 For the smaller wheel,
to more digits for the intermediate steps) ⎛ π ⎞ 2π
θ = 120° = 120 ⎜ =
⎝ 180 ⎟⎠
Since both wheels move together, the larger radians and
3
5.23π
wheel moves 5.48 cm, which rotates it ⎛ 2π ⎞ 29.2π
s = rθ = 14.6 ⎜ =
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
3 in.
3
through an angle θ , where
For the larger wheel,
5.23π
= 8.16θ ⎛ π ⎞ π
3 θ = 60° = 60 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radian. Thus,
5.23π 5.23π ⎛ 180° ⎞ ⎝ 180 ⎠ 3
θ= radian = ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 38.5°
24.48 24.48 ⎝ π ⎠ 29.2π ⎛π ⎞
we can solve s = rθ ⇒ =r⎜ ⎟⇒
The larger wheel rotates through 38.5°. 3 ⎝3⎠
29.2π 3
96. A rotation of r= ⋅ = 29.2
⎛ π ⎞ 5π 3 π
θ = 150 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians on the The radius of the larger wheel is 29.2 in.
⎝ 180 ⎠ 6
(rounded to 3 significant digits)
smaller wheel moves through an arc length of
⎛ 5π ⎞
s = rθ = 6.84 ⎜ ⎟ = 5.7π cm.
⎝ 6 ⎠

99. (a) The number of inches lifted is the arc Solving for the radius, we have
length in a circle with r = 9.27 in. and s = rθ ⇒ 3, 484,800 in. = (14 in.)θ ⇒
θ = 71°50′ . 3, 484,800
θ= ≈ 248,914.29 radians
⎛ π ⎞
(
71°50′ = 71 + 5060 ⎜ )
⎝ 180° ⎟⎠
14
Each rotation is 2π radians. Thus, we
s = rθ ⇒ θ 248, 914.29
have = ≈ 39, 615.94
⎛ π ⎞
(
s = 9.27 71 + 50 )
60 ⎜
⎝ 180° ⎟⎠
≈ 11.6221 2π 2π
Thus, the number of rotations is 39,616
The weight will rise 11.6 in. (rounded to (rounded to the nearest whole rotation).
three significant digits) (b) Find s for the 16-in. wheel.
(b) When the weight is raised 6 in., we have s = rθ ⇒
s = rθ ⇒ 6 = 9.27θ ⇒ s ≈ (16 in.)(248,914.29) = 3, 982, 628.64 in.
6 6 ⎛ 180° ⎞ ⎛ 1ft ⎞ ⎛ 1mi ⎞
θ= radian = ⎜ ⎟ (3, 982, 628.64 in.) ⎜
9.27 9.27 ⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ 12 in. ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 5280 ft ⎟⎠
≈ 37.0846° = 37° + 0.0846 (60′ ) ≈ 37°5′ ≈ 62.9 mi
The pulley must be rotated through 37°5′ . The car with the 16-in. tires has gone 62.9
mi in one hour, so its speed is 62.9 mph.
100. To find the radius of the pulley, first convert Yes, the driver deserves a ticket.
51.6° to radians.
30 1
⎛ π ⎞ 51.6π 103. Since = rotation, we have
θ = 51.6° = 51.6 ⎜ =
⎝ 180 ⎟⎠
radians 60 2
180
1
Now substitute this value of θ and s = 11.4 θ= (2π ) = π . Thus, s = rθ ⇒ s = 3π in.
cm into the equation s = rθ  and solve for r. 2
⎛ 51.6π ⎞ 40 2
s = rθ ⇒ 11.4 = r ⎜ ⇒ = rotation, we have
⎝ 180 ⎟⎠
104. Since
60 3
180 2 4π
r = 11.4 ⋅
51.6π
≈ 12.6584 θ = (2π ) = . Thus,
3 3
The radius of the pulley is 12.7 cm. (rounded
⎛ 4π ⎞
s = rθ ⇒ s = 3 ⎜ = 4π in.
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
to three significant digits)
101. A rotation of
⎛ π ⎞ 105. Since θ = 4.5 ( 2π ) = 9π , we have
θ = 180 ⎜ radian ⎟ = π radians. The chain
⎝ 180 ⎠ s = rθ ⇒ s = 3 (9π ) = 27π in.
moves a distance equal to half the arc length
of the larger gear. So, for the large gear and 106. Since θ = 6.5 (2π ) = 13π , we have
pedal, s = rθ ⇒ 4.72π . Thus, the chain s = rθ ⇒ s = 3 (13π ) = 39π in.
moves 4.72π in. The small gear rotates
through an angle as follows. 107. Let t = the length of the train.
s 4.72π t is approximately the arc length subtended by
θ = ⇒θ = ≈ 3.42π
r 1.38 3° 20′. First convert θ = 3°20′ to radians.
θ for the wheel and θ for the small gear are
the same, or 3.42π. So, for the wheel, we have
(
θ = 3°20′ = 3 + 20
60 ) ° = 3 13 °
1 ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞ ⎛ π
s = rθ ⇒ r = 13.6 (3.42π ) ≈ 146.12 ( )
= 33 ⎜
⎝ 180
radian ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 180
⎞
radian ⎟
⎠
The bicycle will move 146 in. (rounded to
π
three significant digits) = radian
54
102. (a) In one hour, the car travels 55 mi. The The length of the train is
radius is given in inches, so convert 55 mi
⎛π ⎞
to inches: t = rθ ⇒ t = 3.5 ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 0.20 km long.
⎝ 54 ⎠
s = 55 mi = 55 (5280) ft = 290, 400 ft
(rounded to two significant digits)
= 290, 400 (12) in. = 3,484,800 in.

108. Let r = the distance of the boat. 113. Ꮽ = 6π sq units, r = 6

The height of the mast, 32 ft, is approximately 1 1 2
the arc length subtended by 2° 10′ . First Ꮽ = r 2θ ⇒ 6π = (6) θ ⇒
2 2
convert θ = 2°10′ to radians. 1
6π = (36)θ ⇒ 6π = 18θ ⇒
(
θ = 2°10′ = 2 + 10
60 )
° = 2 16 ° 2
6π π
1 ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 13 ⎞ ⎛ π θ= =
( ) ⎞ radians
= 26 ⎜ radian ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ radian ⎟ 18 3
⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎠
π π 180
13π radians = ⋅ = 60°
= radian 3 3 π
1080 The measure of the central angle is 60º.
We must now find the radius, r.
s 114. Ꮽ = 96π sq units, r = 12
s = rθ ⇒ r = ⇒
θ 1 1
Ꮽ = r 2θ ⇒ 96π = (12) θ ⇒
2
32 1080 2 2
r= 13π
= 32 ⋅ ≈ 846.2146
1080
13π 1
96π = (144)θ ⇒ 96π = 72θ ⇒
The boat is about 850 ft away. (rounded to two 2
96π 4π
significant digits) θ= = radians
72 3
109. r = 6, s = 2π 4π 4π 180
2π π radian = ⋅ = 240°
s = rθ ⇒ 2π = 6θ ⇒ θ = = 3 3 π
6 3 The measure of the central angle is 240º.
1 2
Ꮽ= rθ⇒ 115. Ꮽ = 3 sq units, r = 2
2
1 2 ⎛π ⎞ 1 ⎛π ⎞
Ꮽ = (6) ⎜ ⎟ = (36) ⎜ ⎟ = 6π
1 2 1 2 1
Ꮽ= r θ ⇒ 3 = ( 2 ) θ ⇒ 3 = ( 4 )θ ⇒
2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 ⎝3⎠ 2 2 2
3
110. r = 8, s = 4π 3 = 2θ ⇒ θ = = 1.5 radians
2
4π π
s = rθ ⇒ 4π = 8θ ⇒ θ = = 116. Ꮽ = 8 sq units, r = 4
8 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
Ꮽ= rθ⇒ Ꮽ= r θ ⇒ 8 = ( 4) θ ⇒ 8 = (16)θ ⇒
2 2 2 2
1 2 ⎛π ⎞ 1 ⎛π ⎞ 8 = 8θ ⇒ θ = 1 radian
Ꮽ = (8) ⎜ ⎟ = (64) ⎜ ⎟ = 16π
2 ⎝2⎠ 2 ⎝2⎠ In Exercises 117−124, we will be rounding to the
nearest tenth.
111. r = 12, s = 12π
5π
12π 117. r = 29.2 m, θ = radians 0.517°.
s = rθ ⇒ 12π = 12θ ⇒ θ = =π 6
12
The area of the sector is 1116.1 m2. (1120 m2
1 2
Ꮽ= rθ⇒ rounded to three significant digits)
2
1 2π
Ꮽ = (12) π = 72π
2
118. r = 59.8 km, θ = radians
2 3
112. r = 10, s = 15π Ꮽ=
1 2
rθ⇒
15π 3π 2
s = rθ ⇒ 15π = 10θ ⇒ θ = = 1 2 ⎛ 2π ⎞ 1 ⎛ 2π ⎞
10 2 Ꮽ = (59.8) ⎜ = (3576.04) ⎜
2 ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
1 2
Ꮽ= rθ⇒ ≈ 3744.8203
2
The area of the sector is 3744.8 km2. (3740
1 2 ⎛ 3π ⎞ 1 ⎛ 3π ⎞
Ꮽ = (10) ⎜ ⎟ = (100) ⎜ ⎟ = 75π km2 rounded to three significant digits)
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠

π ⎛ π ⎞ 3π
119. r = 30.0 ft, θ = radians θ = 135 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians.
2 ⎝ 180 ⎠ 4
1 2 3π 3π
Ꮽ= r θ ⇒ (40.0)2 ⎛⎜⎝ ⎞⎟⎠ = (1600) ⎛⎜⎝ ⎞⎟⎠
1 1
2 Ꮽ=
2 4 2 4
1 2 ⎛π ⎞ 1 ⎛π ⎞
Ꮽ = (30.0) ⎜ ⎟ = (900) ⎜ ⎟ = 225π = 600π ≈ 1884.9556
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝2⎠ The area of the sector is 1885.0 mi2. (1880 mi2
≈ 706.8583 rounded to three significant digits)
The area of the sector is 706.9 ft2. (707 ft2
rounded to three significant digits) 124. r = 90.0 km, θ = 270°
1
5π The formula Ꮽ = r 2θ requires that θ be
120. r = 90.0 yd, θ = radians 2
6 measured in radians. Converting 270° to
1 2
Ꮽ= rθ⇒ radians, we have
2 ⎛ π ⎞ 3π
1 2 ⎛ 5π ⎞ 1 ⎛ 2π ⎞ θ = 270 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians.
Ꮽ = (90.0) ⎜ ⎟ = (8100) ⎜ ⎝ 180 ⎠
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
2
2 ⎝ 6 ⎠ 2
3π 3π
= 3375π ≈ 10, 602.8752 (90.0)2 ⎛⎜⎝ ⎞⎟⎠ = (8100) ⎛⎜⎝ ⎞⎟⎠
1 1
Ꮽ=
The area of the sector is 10,602.9 yd2. 2 2 2 2
(10,600 yd2 rounded to three significant digits) = 6075π ≈ 19, 085.1754
The area of the sector is 19,085.2 km2. (19,100
121. r = 12.7 cm, θ = 81°
km2 rounded to three significant digits)
1
The formula Ꮽ = r 2θ requires that θ be
2 125. Ꮽ = 16 in.2 , r = 3.0 in.
measured in radians. Converting 81° to 1 2 1 2 9
radians, we have Ꮽ= r θ ⇒ 16 = (3) θ ⇒ 16 = θ ⇒
2 2 2
⎛ π ⎞ 9π 2 32
θ = 81 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians. Since θ = 16 ⋅ = ≈ 3.6 radians
⎝ 180 ⎠ 20 9 9
9π 9π (rounded to two significant digits)
(12.7)2 ⎛⎜⎝ ⎞⎟⎠ = (161.29) ⎛⎜⎝ ⎞⎟⎠ ≈ 114.0092,
1 1
Ꮽ=
2 20 2 20 π
126. Ꮽ = 64 m 2 , θ = radian
the area of the sector is 114.0 cm . (114 cm2
2
6
rounded to three significant digits) 1 2 1 ⎛π ⎞ π
Ꮽ= r θ ⇒ 64 = r 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ 64 = r 2 ⇒
122. r = 18.3 m, θ = 125° 2 2 ⎝6⎠ 12
1 12 768 768
The formula Ꮽ = r 2θ requires that θ be r 2 = 64 ⋅ ⇒ r 2 = ⇒r= ≈ 16 m
2 π π π
measured in radians. Converting 125° to (rounded to two significant digits)
radians, we have
1 2
⎛ π ⎞ 25π 127. The formula Ꮽ = r θ requires that θ be
θ = 125 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians. Since 2
⎝ 180 ⎠ 36
measured in radians. Converting 40.0° to
25π ⎞ 1 ⎛ 25π ⎞
(18.3)2 ⎛⎜⎝
1
⎟ = (334.89) ⎜⎝
Ꮽ= radians, we have
⎟
2 36 ⎠ 2 36 ⎠ ⎛ π ⎞ 2π
≈ 365.3083, θ = 40.0 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians.
⎝ 180 ⎠ 9
the area of the sector is 365.3m2. (365 m2
1 2 1 2 ⎛ 2π ⎞
rounded to three significant digits) Ꮽ= r θ = (152) ⎜
2 2 ⎝ 9 ⎟⎠
123. r = 40.0 mi, θ = 135° 1 ⎛ 2π ⎞ 23,104π
= ( 23,104) ⎜ =
1
The formula Ꮽ = r 2θ requires that θ be 2 ⎝ 9 ⎟⎠ 9
2 ≈ 8060 yd 2
measured in radians. Converting 135° to
(rounded to three significant digits)
radians, we have

θ Thus, the length of the arc is 17.7 ft.

128. If θ1 = and r1 = 2r, then Note: If this measurement is
2
2 ⎛θ ⎞
1 2 1 160
Ꮽ 1 = r1 θ1 = ( 2r ) ⎜ ⎟ approximated to be , then the
2 2 ⎝2⎠ 9
approximated value would be 17.8 ft,
⎛θ ⎞
1
2
( ) ⎝2⎠
⎛1
= 4r 2 ⎜ ⎟ = r 2θ = 2 ⎜ r 2θ ⎟
⎝2
⎞
⎠
rounded to three significant digits.
If the measure of the angle is halved and the 2π

(d) Area of sector with r = 76 ft and θ =
radius is doubled, then the new area is twice 27
the original area. This result holds in general is as follows.
for any values of θ and r. 1
Ꮽ = r 2θ ⇒
129. Ꮽ = 50 in.2 , r = 5 in. 2
2π 1 2π 5776π
First find θ .
1
( )
Ꮽ = 762
2
= (5776)
27 2 27
=
27
1 1 2 25 ≈ 672.0681 ≈ 672 ft 2
Ꮽ = r 2θ ⇒ 50 = (5) θ ⇒ 50 = θ ⇒
2 2 2
θ = 4 radians 132. The area cleaned is the area of the sector
To find the arc length, apply the formula “wiped” by the total area and blade minus the
s = rθ . area “wiped” by the arm only. We must first
s = 5 ⋅ 4 = 20 in. convert 95° to radians.
⎛ π ⎞ 19π
130. Ꮽ = 16 cm 2 , s = 6 cm 95° = (95) ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
⎝ 180 ⎠ 36
Using the formula s = rθ, we have Since 10 – 7 = 3, the arm was 3 in. long. Thus,
6 we have
6 = rθ ⇒ r = . Substituting into
θ 1 2 ⎛ 19π ⎞ 1 ⎛ 19π ⎞
Ꮽ arm only = (3) ⎜ ⎟⎠ = (9) ⎜⎝ ⎟
1 2 2 ⎝ 36 2 36 ⎠
Ꮽ= r θ and solving for θ gives
2 19π
= ≈ 7.4613 in.2
1 8
Ꮽ = r 2θ 1 2 ⎛ 19π ⎞ 1 ⎛ 19π ⎞
2 Ꮽ arm and blade = (10) ⎜ = (100) ⎜
1⎛6⎞
2
1 36 18 2 ⎝ 36 ⎟⎠ 2 ⎝ 36 ⎟⎠
16 = ⎜ ⎟ θ = ⋅ 2 ⋅ θ = ⇒ 475π
2 ⎝θ ⎠ 2 θ θ = ≈ 82.9031 in.2
18 9 9 180° 405° 18
θ= = radians = ⋅ = ≈ 64° Since 82.9031 − 7.4613 = 75.4418, the area of
16 8 8 π 2π
the region cleaned was about 75.4 in.2 .
131. (a) The central angle in degrees measures
360° 133. (a)
= 13 13 °. Converting to radians, we
27
have the following.
⎛ π ⎞
( )
13 13 ° = 13 13 ⎜
⎝ 180
radian ⎟
⎠
⎛ ⎞⎛
40 π ⎞ 2π
= ⎜ ⎟⎜ radian ⎟ = radian The triangle formed by the central angle
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎠ 27 and the chord is isosceles. Therefore, the
bisector of the central angle is also the
(b) Since C = 2π r , and r = 76 ft, we have
perpendicular bisector of the chord.
C = 2π (76) = 152π ≈ 477.5221. The 50 50
sin 21° = ⇒r= ≈ 140 ft
circumference is about 478 ft. r sin 21°
2π
(c) Since r = 76 ft and θ = , we have
27
⎛ 2π ⎞ 152π
s = rθ = 76 ⎜ = ≈ 17.6860.
⎝ 27 ⎟⎠ 27

50 1 2 1 ⎛ 7π ⎞
(b) r = ; θ = 42° Ꮽ= r θ ⇒ 950, 000 = r 2 ⎜ ⎟
sin 21° 2 2 ⎝ 36 ⎠
Converting θ to radians, we have ⎛ 7π ⎞
950, 000 = r 2 ⎜
⎛ π
42 ⎜
⎞ 7π
radians ⎟ = radians. Solving ⎝ 72 ⎟⎠
⎝ 180 ⎠ 30 72 68, 400, 000
r 2 = 950, 000 ⋅ =
for the arc length, we have 7π 7π
s = rθ ⇒ 68, 400, 000
7π 35π r= ≈ 1763.6163
s=
50
⋅ = ≈ 102 ft 7π
sin 21° 30 3sin 21° Thus, the radius is 1800 m. (rounded to two
(c) significant digits)
135. Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the
hypotenuse of the triangle, which is also the
radius of the sector of the circle.
r 2 = 302 + 402 ⇒ r 2 = 900 + 1600 ⇒
The area of the portion of the circle can
r 2 = 2500 ⇒ r = 50
be found by subtracting the area of the
triangle from the area of the sector. From The total area of the lot is the sum of the areas
the figure in part (a), we have of the triangle and the sector.
Converting θ = 60° to radians, we have
50 50
tan 21° = so h = . ⎛ π ⎞ π
h tan 21° 60 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians.
⎝ 180 ⎠ 3
1
Ꮽ sector = r 2θ ⇒ 1 1
2
2
Ꮽ triangle = bh = (30)(40) = 600 yd 2
1 ⎛ 50 ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ 2 2
Ꮽ sector = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 7135 ft
2
1 2 1 2 ⎛π ⎞
2 ⎝ sin 21° ⎠ ⎝ 30 ⎠ Ꮽ sector = r θ = (50) ⎜ ⎟
and 2 2 ⎝3⎠
1 ⎛ ⎞ 1250π
π
1
Ꮽ triangle = bh ⇒ = ( 2500) ⎜ ⎟ = yd 2
2 2 ⎝3⎠ 3
1 ⎛ 50 ⎞ Total area
Ꮽ triangle = (100) ⎜ ≈ 6513 ft 2
2 ⎝ tan 21° ⎟⎠ 1250π
Ꮽ triangle + Ꮽ sector = 600 + ≈ 1908.9969
The area bounded by the arc and the chord 3
is 7135 – 6513 = 622 ft 2 . or 1900 yd 2 , rounded to two significant
134. If the land area is circular, the area of a circle digits.
is Ꮽ = π r 2 , and we have 950, 000 = π r 2 ⇒ 136. Converting θ = 1′ = ( 601 ) ° to radians, we have
950, 000
r2 = 1 ⎛ π ⎞ π
π ⎜⎝ radian ⎟ = radian. Solving
60 180 ⎠ 10,800
950, 000
r= ≈ 549.9040 for the arc length, we have
π
π 11π
Thus, the radius is 550 m. (rounded to two s = rθ ⇒ s = 3963 ⋅ = ≈ 1.1519.
significant digits) 10,800 30
If the land area is a 35 º sector of a circle, find Thus, there are approximately 1.15 statute
the radius by first converting θ = 35° to miles in 1 nautical mile (rounded to two
decimal places.)
⎛ π ⎞ 7π
radians, giving 35 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radian.
⎝ 180 ⎠ 36
1 2
The area of a sector is Ꮽ = r θ , so
2

Section 6.2 The Unit Circle and tan s =

y 1
(c) = ; undefined
Circular Functions x 0
π For Exercises 7−22, use the following copy of
1. An angle of s = radians intersects the unit Figure 13 on page 556 of the text.
2
circle at the point (0,1) .
(a) sin s = y = 1
(b) cos s = x = 0
y 1
(c) tan s = = ; undefined
x 0
2. An angle of s = π radians intersects the unit
circle at the point (−1, 0) .
(a) sin s = y = 0
(b) cos s = x = −1
y 0
(c) tan s = = =0 7π
x −1 7. Since is in quadrant III, the reference
6
3. An angle of s = 2π radians intersects the unit 7π 7π 6π π
circle at the point (1, 0) . angle is −π = − = . In quadrant
6 6 6 6
(a) sin s = y = 0 III, the sine is negative. Thus,
7π π 1 7π
(b) cos s = x = 1 sin = − sin = − . Converting to
6 6 2 6
7π 7
(c) tan s =
y 0
= =0 degrees, we have = (180°) = 210°. The
x 1 6 6
reference angle is 210° − 180° = 30°. Thus,
4. An angle of s = 3π radians intersects the unit 7π 1
circle at the point (−1, 0) . sin = sin 210° = − sin 30° = − .
6 2
(a) sin s = y = 0 5π
8. Since is in quadrant IV, the reference
(b) cos s = x = −1 3
5π 6π 5π π
y 0 angle is 2π − = − = . In
(c) tan s = = =0 3 3 3 3
x −1 quadrant IV, the cosine is positive. Thus,
5. An angle of s = −π radians intersects the unit 5π π 1
cos = cos = .
circle at the point (−1, 0) . 3 3 2
5π
(a) sin s = y = 0 Converting to degrees, we have
3
(b) cos s = x = −1 5π 5
= (180°) = 300°. The reference angle is
3 3
y 0
(c) tan s = = =0 360° − 300° = 60°. Thus,
x −1
5π 1
cos = cos 300° = cos 60° = .
3π 3 2
6. An angle of s = − radians intersects the
2
unit circle at the point (0, 1).
(a) sin s = y = 1
(b) cos s = x = 0

Section 6.2 The Unit Circle and Circular Functions 587
3π 5π
9. Since is in quadrant II, the reference angle 12. Since is in quadrant II, the reference angle
4 6
3π 4π 3π π 5π 6π 5π π
is π − = − = . In quadrant II, the is π − = − = . In quadrant II, the
4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6
tangent is negative. Thus, cotangent is negative. Thus,
3π π 5π π
tan = − tan = −1. cot = − cot = − 3.
4 4 6 6
3π 5π
Converting to degrees, we have Converting to degrees, we have
4 6
3π 3 5π 5
= (180°) = 135°. The reference angle is = (180°) = 150°. The reference angle is
4 4 6 6
180° − 135° = 45°. Thus, 180° − 150° = 30°. Thus,
3π 5π
tan = tan135° = − tan 45° = −1. cot = cot150° = − cot 30° = − 3.
4 6
2π 4π
10. Since is in quadrant II, the reference 13. − is coterminal with
3 3
2π 3π 2π π 4π 4π 6π 2π 2π
angle is π − = − = . In quadrant − + 2π = − + = . Since is
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
II, the secant is negative. Thus, in quadrant II, the reference angle is
2π π 2π 3π 2π π
sec = − sec = −2. π− = − = . In quadrant II, the
3 3 3 3 3 3
2π cosine is negative. Thus,
Converting to degrees, we have
3 ⎛ 4π ⎞ 2π π 1
cos ⎜ − ⎟ = cos = − cos = − .
2π 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 3 2
3 3 2π
180° − 120° = 60°. Thus, Converting to degrees, we have
3
2π 2π 2
sec = sec120° = − sec 60° = −2. = (180°) = 120°. The reference angle is
3 3 3
180° − 120° = 60°. Thus,
11π
11. Since is in quadrant IV, the reference ⎛ 4π ⎞ 2π
6 cos ⎜ − ⎟ = cos = cos120°
11π 12π 11π π ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
angle is 2π − = − = . In 1
6 6 6 6 = − cos 60° = −
quadrant IV, the cosecant is negative. Thus, 2
11π π 17π
csc = − csc = −2. 14. − is coterminal with
6 6 3
11π 17π 17π 18π π π
Converting
6
to degrees, we have − + 6π = − + = . Since is
3 3 3 3 3
11π 11 π
= (180°) = 330°. The reference angle in quadrant I, is the reference angle. In
6 6 3
is 360° − 330° = 30°. Thus, quadrant I, the tangent is positive. Thus,
11π ⎛ 17π ⎞ π π
csc = csc 330° = − csc 30° = −2. tan ⎜ − = tan = 3. Converting
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
6 to
3 3
π 1
degrees, we have = (180°) = 60°. Thus,
3 3
π
tan = tan 60° = 3.
3

7π 5π
15. Since is in quadrant IV, the reference 18. − is coterminal with
4 6
7π 8π 7π π 5π 5π 12π 7π 7π
angle is 2π − = − = . In − + 2π = − + = . Since is in
4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6
quadrant IV, the cosine is positive. Thus, quadrant III, the reference angle is
7π π 2 7π 7π 6π π
cos = cos = . −π = − = . In quadrant III, the sine
4 4 2 6 6 6 6
7π is negative. Thus,
Converting to degrees, we have ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ π 1
4 sin ⎜ − ⎟ = sin ⎜ ⎟ = − sin = − .
7π 7 ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ 6 2
4 4 7π
360° − 315° = 45°. Thus, 6
7π 7π 7
cos = cos 315° = cos 45° =
2
. = (180°) = 210°. The reference angle is
4 2 6 6
210° − 180° = 30°. Thus,
5π
16. Since is in quadrant III, the reference ⎛ 5π ⎞ 7π 1
4 sin ⎜ − ⎟ = sin = sin 210° = − sin 30° = −
⎝ 6 ⎠ 6 2
5π 5π 4π π
angle is −π = − = . In quadrant
4 4 4 4 23π
19. is coterminal with
III, the secant is negative. Thus, 6
5π π 23π 23π 12π 11π 11π
sec = − sec = − 2. − 2π = − = . Since is
4 4 6 6 6 6 6
5π in quadrant IV, the reference angle is
4 11π 12π 11π π
2π − = − = . In quadrant IV,
5π 5
6 6 6 6
4 4 the secant is positive. Thus,
225° − 180° = 45°. Thus, 23π 11π π 2 3
sec = sec = sec = .
5π 6 6 6 3
sec = sec 225° = − sec 45° = − 2.
4 11π
4π 6
17. − is coterminal with 11π 11
3 = (180°) = 330°. The reference angle is
4π 4π 6π 2π 2π 6 6
− + 2π = − + = . Since is 360° − 330° = 30°. Thus,
3 3 3 3 3
in quadrant II, the reference angle is 23π 11π 2 3
sec = sec = sec 330° = sec 30° = .
2π 3π 2π π 6 6 3
π− = − = . In quadrant II, the
3 3 3 3 13π
sine is positive. Thus, 20. is coterminal with
3
⎛ 4π ⎞ 2π π 3 13π 13π 13π 12π π
sin ⎜ − ⎟⎠ = sin = sin = . − 2 (2π ) = − 4π = − = .
⎝ 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
2π π
Converting to degrees, we have Since is in quadrant I, we have
3 3
2π 2 13π π 2 3 π
= (180°) = 120°. The reference angle is csc = csc = . Converting to
3 3 3 3 3 3
180° − 120° = 60°. Thus,
π 1
⎛ 4π ⎞ 2π 3 degrees, we have = (180°) = 60°. Thus,
sin ⎜ − ⎟⎠ = sin = sin120° = sin 60° = 3 3
⎝ 3 3 2 π 2 3
csc = csc 60° = .
3 3

5π 24. sin 0.8203 ≈ 0.7314

21. Since is in quadrant II, the reference angle
6
5π 6π 5π π
is π − = − = . In quadrant II, the
6 6 6 6
tangent is negative. Thus,
5π π 3
tan = − tan = − .
25. cos (−1.1519) ≈ 0.4068
6 6 3
5π
6
5π 5
6 6
180° − 150° = 30°. Thus,
5π 3
tan = tan150° = − tan 30° = − .
6 3 26. cos (−5.2825) ≈ 0.5397
3π
22. Since is in quadrant II, the reference angle
4
3π 4π 3π π
is π − = − = . In quadrant II, the
4 4 4 4
cosine is negative. Thus,
3π π 2 3π 27. tan 4.0203 ≈ 1.2065
cos = − cos = − . Converting to
4 4 2 4
3π 3
degrees, we have = (180°) = 135°.
4 4
The reference angle is 180° − 135° = 45°.
3π 2
Thus, tan = cos135° = − cos 45° = − .
4 2 28. tan 6.4752 ≈ 0.1944
For Exercises 23−34 and 55−60, your calculator must
be set in radian mode. Keystroke sequences may vary
based on the type and/or model of calculator being
used. As in Example 3, we will set the calculator to
show four decimal digits.
29. csc (−9.4946) ≈ 14.3338
23. sin 0.6109 ≈ 0.5736
30. csc1.3875 ≈ 1.0170

31. sec 2.8440 ≈ −1.0460 46. sin (−1)

π π
− ≈ −1.57, so − < −1 < 0. Thus, an
2 2
angle of− 1 radian is in quadrant IV. Because
values of the sine function are negative in
quadrant IV, sin (−1) is negative.
47. sin 5
32. sec ( −8.3429) ≈ −2.1291 3π 3π
≈ 4.71 and 2π ≈ 6.28, so < 5 < 2π .
2 2
Thus, an angle of 5 radians is in quadrant IV.
(The figure for Exercises 35–44 also shows
that 5 radians is in quadrant IV.) Because
values of the sine function are negative in
quadrant IV, sin 5 is negative.
33. cot 6.0301 ≈ −3.8665 48. cos 6
3π 3π
≈ 4.71 and so < 6 < 2π . Thus, an
2 2
angle of 6 radians is in quadrant IV. (The
figure for Exercises 35−44 also shows that 6
radians is in quadrant IV.) Because values of
the cosine function are positive in quadrant
34. cot 3.8426 ≈ 1.1848 IV, cos 6 is positive.
49. tan 6.29
2π ≈ 6.28 and
π 4π π 5π
2π + = + = ≈ 7.85, so
2 2 2 2
5π
2π < 6.29 < . Notice that 2π is
35. cos 0.8 ≈ 0.7 36. cos 0.6 ≈ 0.8 2
37. sin 2 ≈ 0.9 38. sin 4 ≈ –0.75 5π
coterminal with 0 and is coterminal with
2
39. sin 3.8 ≈ −0.6 40. cos 3.2 ≈ −1.0 π
. Thus, an angle of 6.29 radians is in
41. cos θ = −0.65 ⇒ x = −0.65 ⇒ θ ≈ 2.3 radians 2
or θ ≈ 4 radians quadrant I. Because values of the tangent
function are positive in quadrant I, tan 6.29 is
42. sin θ = −0.95 ⇒ y = −0.95 ⇒ θ ≈ 4.4 radians positive.
or θ ≈ 5.0 radians 50. tan (−6.29)
43. sin θ = −0.7 ⇒ y = 0.7 ⇒ θ ≈ 0.8 radian or π 4π π 5π
−2π − =− − =− ≈ −7.85 and
θ ≈ 2.4 radians 2 2 2 2
5π
44. cos θ = 0.3 ⇒ x = 0.3 ⇒ θ ≈ 1.3 radians or −2π ≈ −6.28, so − < −6.29 < −2π . Notice
2
θ ≈ 5.0 radians 5π 3π
that is coterminal with and −2π is
45. cos 2 2 2
π π coterminal with 0. Thus, an angle of −6.29
≈ 1.57 and π ≈ 3.14, so < 2 < π . Thus, is in quadrant IV. Because values of the
2 2
an angle of 2 radians is in quadrant II. (The tangent function are negative in quadrant IV,
figure for Exercises 35−44 also shows that 2 tan (−6.29) is negative.
radians is in quadrant II.) Because values of
the cosine function are negative in quadrant II,
cos 2 is negative.

2 2 55. tan s = 0.2126 ⇒ s ≈ 0.2095

51. sin θ = y = ; cos θ = x =
2 2
2 2
y x
tan θ = = 2 = 1; cot θ = = 2
=1
x 2 y 2
2 2
1 1 2 2 2
sec θ = = = = ⋅ = 2
x 2 2 2 2
2 56. cos s = 0.7826 ⇒ s ≈ 0.6720
1 1 2 2 2
csc θ = = = = ⋅ = 2
y 2 2 2 2
2
8 15
52. sin θ = y = ; cos θ = x = −
17 17
8
y 8 ⎛ 17 ⎞ 8
tan θ = = 1715 = ⎜⎝ − ⎟⎠ = − 57. sin s = 0.9918 ⇒ s ≈ 1.4426
x − 17 17 15 15
x − 17
15
15 ⎛ 17 ⎞ 15
cot θ = = 8 =− ⎜ ⎟=−
y 17 ⎝8⎠ 8
17
1 1 17 1 1 17
sec θ = = 15 = − ; csc θ = = 8 =
x − 17 15 y 17 8
58. cot s = 0.2994 ⇒ s ≈ 1.2799
12 5
53. sin θ = y = − ; cos θ = x =
13 13
y −
12
12 ⎛ 13 ⎞ 12
tan θ = = 513 = − ⎜ ⎟ = −
x 13 ⎝5⎠ 5
13
5
x 5 ⎛ 13 ⎞ 5
cot θ = = 1312 = ⎜ − ⎟ = −
y − 13 13 12 ⎝ ⎠ 12 59. sec s = 1.0806 ⇒ s ≈ 0.3887
1 1 13 1 1 13
sec θ = = 5 = ; csc θ = = 12 = −
x 13 5 y − 13 12
1 3
54. sin θ = y = − ; cos θ = x = −
2 2
y −1 1⎛ 2 ⎞
tan θ = = 2 = − ⎜ − ⎟ 60. csc s = 1.0219 ⇒ s ≈ 1.3634
x − 3 2⎝ 3⎠
2
1 1 3 3
= = ⋅ =
3 3 3 3
x − 2
3
3 ⎛ 2⎞
cot θ = = 1 =− ⎜− ⎟ = 3
y −2 2 ⎝ 1⎠
1 1 2
sec θ = = =− ⎡π ⎤ 1
x − 3 3 61. ⎢ , π ⎥ ; sin s =
2 ⎣2 ⎦ 2
=−
2
⋅
3
=−
2 3 π 1
Recall that sin = and in quadrant II, sin s
3 3 3 6 2
1 1 ⎛ 2⎞ is positive. Therefore,
csc θ = = 1 = 1 ⋅ ⎜ − ⎟ = −2
y −2 ⎝ 1⎠ ⎛ π⎞ 5π 1 5π
sin ⎜ π − ⎟ = sin = , so s = .
⎝ 6⎠ 6 2 6

⎡π ⎤ 1
[0, 2π ) ; sin s = −
3
62. ⎢ , π ⎥ ; cos s = − 67.
⎣2 ⎦ 2 2
π 1 π
3
Recall that cos = and in quadrant II, Recall that sin = , and that sin s is
3 2 3 2
cos s is negative. Therefore, negative in quadrants III and IV. Thus, the
⎛ π⎞ 2π 1 2π angles we are seeking have reference angle
cos ⎜ π − ⎟ = cos = − , so s = .
⎝ 3⎠ 3 2 3 π
and are located in quadrants III and IV. In
3
⎡ 3π ⎤ 4π π
63. ⎢π , ; tan s = 3 quadrant III, s = π + =
2 ⎥⎦
. In quadrant IV,
⎣ 3 3
π π 5π 4π
Recall that tan = 3 and in quadrant III, s = 2π − = . Thus, the angles are
3 3 3 3
tan s is positive. Therefore, 5π
and .
⎛ π⎞ 4π 4π 3
tan ⎜ π + ⎟ = tan = 3, so s = .
⎝ 3⎠ 3 3
[0, 2π ) ; cos s = − 2
1
68.
⎡ 3π ⎤ 1
64. ⎢π , ; sin s = −
⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 2 Recall that cos
1 π
= , and that cos s is
π 1 3 2
Recall that sin = and in quadrant III, sin negative in quadrants II and III. Thus, the
6 2
angles we are seeking have reference angle
s is negative. Therefore,
π
⎛ π⎞ 7π 1 7π and are located in quadrants II and III. In
sin ⎜ π + ⎟ = sin = − , so s = . 3
⎝ 6⎠ 6 2 6
2π π
quadrant II, s = π − =
. In quadrant III,
⎡ 3π ⎤ 3 3
65. ⎢ , 2π ⎥ ; tan s = −1
⎣ 2 ⎦ π 4π 2π
s=π + = . Thus, the angles are
π 3 3 3
Recall that tan = 1 and in quadrant IV, tan s 4π
4 and .
is negative. Therefore, 3
⎛ π⎞ 7π 7π
tan ⎜ 2π − ⎟ = tan = −1, so s =
[0, 2π ) ; cos2 s = 2 ⇒ cos s = ±
. 1 1 2
⎝ 4⎠ 4 4 69. =±
2 2
⎡ 3π ⎤ 3 π 2
66. ⎢ , 2π ⎥ ; cos s = Recall that cos = , and that cos s is
⎣ 2 ⎦ 2 4 2
positive in quadrants I and IV, and negative in
π 3
Recall that cos = and in quadrant IV, quadrants II and III. Thus, the angles we are
6 2 π
cos s is positive. Therefore, seeking have reference angle . In quadrant
4
⎛ π⎞ 11π 3 11π π 3π
cos ⎜ 2π − ⎟ = cos = , so s = . II, s = π − = . In quadrant III,
⎝ 6⎠ 6 2 6 4 4
π 5π
s=π + = . In quadrant IV,
4 4
π 7π π
s = 2π − = . Thus, the angles are ,
4 4 4
3π 5π 7π
, , and .
4 4 4

70. [0, 2π ) ; tan 2 s = 3 ⇒ tan s = ± 3

Since moving
7π
units in the positive
π 6
Recall that tan = 3, and that tan s is 5π
3 direction is that same as moving units in
positive in quadrants I and III, and negative in 6
quadrants II and IV. In quadrant II, 5π
the negative direction, − is another angle.
π 2π 6
s=π − = . In quadrant III,
3 3 11π
Finally, moving units in the positive
π 4π 6
s=π + = . In quadrant IV,
3 3 π
direction is the same as moving units in
π 5π π 6
s = 2π − = . Thus, the angles are , the negative direction. Thus, the angles are
3 3 3
2π 4π 5π 11π 7π 5π π π 5π
, , and . − ,− ,− , − , , and .
3 3 3 6 6 6 6 6 6
[ −π , π ) ; sin 2 s = 2 ⇒ sin s = ±
1 1 2
[ −2π , π ) ; 3 tan 2 s = 1 ⇒ tan 2 s = 3 ⇒
1
71. 72. =±
2 2
tan s = ±
1
=±
3 We will split the interval into [ −π , 0) and
3 3
[0, π ) . First we will find the angles in the
We will split the interval into [ −2π , 0) and
π
interval [ 0, π ) . Recall that sin
2
[0, π ) . First we will find the angles in the 4
=
2
, and
π that sin s is positive in quadrants I and II, and
interval [ 0, π ) . Recall that tan
3
= , and negative in quadrants III and IV. Thus, the
6 3
that tan s is positive in quadrants I and III, and angles we are seeking have reference angle
negative in quadrants II and IV. In quadrant II, π π 3π
. In quadrant II, s = π − = .
π 5π 2 4 4
s=π − =
The interval [ 0, π ) is the same as the interval
. In quadrant III,
6 6
s=π + =
π 7π
. In quadrant IV, [ −π , 0)but with the terminal side of the
6 6 angles moving in the negative direction. So,
π 11π 3π π π 3π
s = 2π − = . the angles are − , − , , and .
6 6 4 4 4 4
To find the angles in the interval [ −2π , 0) ,
For exercises 73 and 74, refer to figures 18 and 19 on
π page 561 in the text.
recall that moving around the unit circle in
6
1
the positive direction yields the same ending 73. (a) OQ = cos 60° =
11π 2
point as moving units in the negative
6 3
11π (b) PQ = sin 60° =
direction. So − is one of the angles. 2
6
5π (c) VR = tan 60° = 3
Moving units in the positive direction is
6 1 1
7π (d) OV = sec 60° = = 1 =2
the same as moving units in the negative cos 60° 2
6
7π
direction, so − is another angle. Now we (e) OU = csc 60° =
1
=
1
=
2
=
2 3
6 sin 60° 3 3 3
must find the negative angles in quadrants III 2
and IV.
1 1 3
(f) US = cot 60° = = =
tan 60° 3 3

74. (a) OQ = cos 38° ≈ 0.7880 π

80. ω = radians per min, t = 5 min
4
(b) PQ = sin 38° ≈ 0.6157
θ π θ 5π
ω= ⇒ = ⇒θ = radians
(c) VR = tan 38° ≈ 0.7813 t 4 5 4
1 3π
(d) OV = sec 38° = ≈ 1.269 81. θ = radians, t = 8 sec
cos 38° 4
3π
1 θ 3π 1 3π
(e) OU = csc 38° = ≈ 1.624 ω= ⇒θ = 4
= ⋅ = radian per
sin 38° t 8 4 8 32
sec
1
(f) US = cot 38° = ≈ 1.280 2π
tan 38° 82. θ = radians, t = 10 sec
5
75. The circumference of the unit circle is 2π . 2π
ω = 1 radian per sec, θ = 2π radians θ 2π 1 π
ω= ⇒ω = 5
= ⋅ = radian per
θ 2π t 10 5 10 25
ω = ⇒1= ⇒ t = 2π sec sec
t t
2π 5π
76. The circumference of the unit circle is 2π . 83. θ = radian, ω = radian per min
v = 1 unit per sec, s = 2π units 9 27
2π
s 2π 5πθ 5π 2π
v = ⇒1= ⇒ t = 2π sec ω= ⇒
= 9 ⇒ = ⇒
t t t 27 t 27 9t
54π 6
π 45π t = 54π ⇒ t = = min
77. r = 20 cm, ω = radian per sec, t = 6 sec 45π 5
12
3π π
θ π θ π 84. θ = radians, ω = radian per min
(a) ω = ⇒ = ⇒θ = radians 8 24
t 12 6 2 3π
θ ππ 3π
ω= ⇒ ⇒ == ⇒ 8
π t t 24
24 8t
(b) s = rθ ⇒ s = 20 ⋅ = 10π cm 72π
2 8π t = 72π ⇒ t = = 9 min
8π
rθ 20 ⋅ π2 10π 5π
(c) v = ⇒v= = = cm per 85. θ = 3.871 radians, t = 21.47 sec
t 6 6 3
θ
sec ω=
t
π ω=
3.871
≈ 0.1803 radian per sec
78. r = 30 cm, ω = radian per sec, t = 4 sec
10 21.47
θ π θ 4π 2π 86. θ = 5.225 radians, t = 2.515sec

(a) ω = ⇒ = ⇒θ = = θ
t 10 4 10 5 ω=
radians t
5.225
2π ω= ≈ 2.078 radians per sec
(b) s = rθ ⇒ s = 30 ⋅ = 12π cm 2.515
5
87. ω = 0.9067 radian per min, t = 11.88 min
rθ 30 ⋅ 25π 12π θ θ
(c) v = ⇒v= = = 3π cm per ω= ⇒ 0.9067 = ⇒
t 4 4 t 11.88
sec θ = (0.9067 )(11.88) ≈ 10.77 radians
2π 88. ω = 4.316 radians per min, t = 4.752 min

79. ω = radians per sec, t = 3 sec
3 θ θ
ω= ⇒ 4.316 = ⇒
θ 2π θ t 4.752
ω= ⇒ = ⇒ θ = 2π radians θ = ( 4.316)(4.752) ≈ 20.51 radians
t 3 3

2π 3π
89. r = 12 m, ω = radians per sec 99. s = km, r = 2 km, t = 4 sec
3 4
⎛ 2π ⎞ 3π
v = rω ⇒ v = 12 ⎜ = 8π m per sec s = rω t ⇒ = 2ω ⋅ 4 ⇒
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ 4
3π 3π 1 3π
= 8ω ⇒ ω = ⋅ = radian per sec
9π 4 4 8 32
90. r = 8 m, ω = radians per sec
5
8π 4
⎛ 9π ⎞ 72π 100. s = m, r = m , t = 12 sec
v = rω ⇒ v = 8 ⎜ =
⎝ 5 ⎟⎠
cm per sec 9 3
5 8π 4
s = rω t ⇒ = ω ⋅ 12 ⇒
91. v = 9 m per sec, r = 5 m 9 3
8π 8π 1 π
v = rω ⇒ 9 = 5ω ⇒ ω =
9
radians per sec = 16ω ⇒ ω = ⋅ = radian per sec
5 9 9 16 18
92. v = 18 ft per sec, r = 3 ft 101. The hour hand of a clock moves through an
v = rω ⇒ 18 = 3ω ⇒ ω = 6 radians per sec angle of 2π radians (one complete revolution)
in 12 hours, so
93. v = 107.7 m per sec, r = 58.74 m θ 2π π
v = rω ⇒ 107.7 = 58.74ω ⇒ ω= = = radian per hr.
t 12 6
107.7
ω= ≈ 1.834 radians per sec 102. The second hand makes one revolution per
58.74
minute. Each revolution is 2π radians, so we
94. r = 24.93 cm, ω = 0.3729 radian per sec have ω = 2π (1) = 2π radians per min . There
v = rω
v = ( 24.93)(0.3729) ≈ 9.296 cm per sec 2π π
are 60 seconds in 1 min, so ω = =
60 30
π radian per sec.
95. r = 6 cm, ω = radians per sec, t = 9 sec
3 103. The minute hand makes one revolution per
⎛π ⎞ hour. Each revolution is 2π radians, so we
s = rω t ⇒ s = 6 ⎜ ⎟ ( 9) = 18π cm
⎝3⎠ have ω = 2π (1) = 2π radians per hr . There
2π π
2π are 60 minutes in 1 hour, so ω = =
96. r = 9 yd, ω = radians per sec, t = 12 sec 60 30
5
radian per min.
⎛ 2π ⎞ 216π
s = rω t ⇒ s = 9 ⎜
⎝ 5 ⎟⎠
(12) = yd 104. The line makes 300 revolutions per minute.
5
Each revolution is 2π radians, so we have
π ω = 2π (300) = 600π radians per min
97. s = 6π cm, r = 2 cm, ω = radian per sec
4
105. The minute hand of a clock moves through an
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ angle of 2π radians in 60 min, and at the tip of
s = rω t ⇒ 6π = 2 ⎜ ⎟ t ⇒ 6π = ⎜ ⎟ t ⇒
⎝4⎠ ⎝2⎠ the minute hand, r = 7 cm, so we have
⎛2⎞
t = 6π ⎜ ⎟ = 12 sec rθ 7 (2π ) 7π
⎝π ⎠ v= ⇒v= = cm per min
t 60 30
12π 3 2π 106. The second hand makes one revolution per
98. s = m, r = m , ω = radians per minute. Each revolution is 2π radians, and at
5 2 5
sec the tip of the second hand, r = 28 mm, so we
have v = rω ⇒ v = 28 ⋅ 2π = 56π mm per
12π 3 ⎛ 2π ⎞
s = rω t ⇒
= ⎜ ⎟t ⇒ min. There are 60 seconds in 1 min, so
5 2⎝ 5 ⎠
56π 14π
12π 3π 12π 5 v= = mm per sec.
= t⇒t= ⋅ = 4 sec 60 15
5 5 5 3π

107. The flywheel making 42 rotations per min (c) v = rω

turns through an angle 42 (2π ) = 84π radians ⎛ π ⎞
v = (93, 000, 000) ⎜ ≈ 67, 000 mph
in 1 minute with r = 2 m. So, ⎝ 4380 ⎟⎠
rθ 2 (84π )
v= ⇒v= = 168π m per min 114. (a) The earth completes one revolution per
t 1 day, so it turns through θ = 2π radians in
108. The point on the tread of the tire is rotating 35 time
times per min. Each rotation is 2π radians. t = 1 day = 24 hr. So, we have:
θ
Thus, we have ω=
ω = 35 (2π ) = 70π radians per min. Since t
2π
v = rω , we have ω= = 2π radians per day
1
v = 18 (70π ) = 1260π cm per min. 2π π
= radian per hr = radian per hr
24 12
109. At 500 rotations per min, the propeller turns
through an angle of θ = 500(2π) = 1000π (b) At the poles, r = 0, so v = rω = 0.
3
radians in 1 min with r = = 1.5 m, we have (c) At the equator, r = 6400 km. So,
2 v = rω ⇒
rθ 1.5 (1000π ) v = 6400 ( 2π ) = 12,800π km per day
v= ⇒v= = 1500π m per min.
t 1 12,800π
= km per hr ≈ 533π km per hr
110. The point on the edge of the gyroscope is 24
rotating 680 times per min. Each rotation is 2π (d) Salem rotates about the axis in a circle of
radians. radius r at an angular velocity ω = 2π
ω = 680 ( 2π ) = 1360π radians per min, so radians per day.
v = rω ⇒
v = 83 (1360π ) = 112,880π cm per min
111. At 215 revolutions per minute, the bicycle tire

is moving 215 (2π) = 430π radians per min.
This is the angular velocity ω . The linear
velocity of the bicycle is
v = rω = 13.0 (430π ) = 5590π in. per min.
Convert this to miles per hour:
5590π in. 60 min 1 ft 1 mi
v= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
min hr 12 in. 5280 ft
≈ 16.6 mph r
sin 45° = ⇒
112. Mars will make one full rotation (of 2π 6400
radians) during the course of one day. Thus, ⎛ 2⎞
r = 6400 sin 45° = 6400 ⎜ ⎟
⎛ 1 hr ⎞ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2π radians ⎜ ≈ 24.62 hr
⎝ 0.2552 radian ⎟⎠ = 3200 2 km
v = rω ⇒
1 2π v = 3200 2 ( 2π )
113. (a) θ = (2π ) = radian
365 365 ≈ 9050π km per day
2π ≈ 28,000 km per day
(b) ω = radian per day 9050π
365 v= km per hr
2π 1 24
= ⋅ radian per hr ≈ 377π km per hr
365 24
π ≈ 1200 km per hr
= radian per hr
4380

Section 6.3 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions 597
115. (a) Since s = 56 cm of belt go around in Expressing the velocity v = 30 mph in ft per
t = 18 sec, the linear velocity is sec, we have
s 56 28 30
v= ⇒v= = ≈ 3.1 cm per sec v = 30 mph = mi per sec
t 18 9 3600
(b) Since the 56-cm belt goes around in 18 =
(30) 5280 ft per sec = 44 ft per sec
sec, we have 3600
s 400π
v = rω ⇒
56
= (12.96) ω ⇒ v = ⇒ 44 = ⇒ 44t = 400π ⇒
18 t t
28 400π 100π
= (12.96) ω ⇒ t= = ≈ 29 sec
9 44 11
28
ω= 9
≈ 0.24 radian per sec 119. In one minute, the propeller makes 5000
12.96 revolutions. Each revolution is 2π radians, so
we have 5000(2π) = 10,000π radians per min.
116. The larger pulley rotates 25 times in 36 sec or There are 60 sec in a minute, so
25 10, 000π 500π
times per sec. Thus, its angular velocity is ω= = ≈ 523.6 radians per sec
36 60 3
25 25π
ω = ( 2π ) = radians per sec. The 120. r = 5 ft; ω = 25 radians per sec
36 18
linear velocity of the belt is v = rω ⇒ v = 5 ( 25) = 125 ft per sec
⎛ 25π ⎞ 125π
v = rω ⇒ v = 15 ⎜ =
⎝ 18 ⎟⎠
cm per sec
6 Section 6.3 Graphs of the Sine and
To find the angular velocity of the smaller Cosine Functions
125π
pulley, use v = cm per sec and 1. y = sin x
6 The graph is a sinusoidal curve with amplitude
r = 8 cm. 1 and period 2π . Since sin 0 = 0, the point
125π (0, 0) is on the graph. This matches with graph
v = rω ⇒ = 8ω ⇒
6 G.
125π ⎛ 1 ⎞ 125π
ω= ⎜ ⎟= radians per sec 2. y = cos x
6 ⎝8⎠ 48 The graph is a sinusoidal curve with amplitude
1 and period 2π . Since cos 0 = 1, the point
117. ω = (152)(2π ) = 304π radians per min
(0, 1) is on the graph. This matches with graph
304π
= radians per sec A.
60
76π 3. y = −sin x
= radians per sec The graph is a sinusoidal curve with amplitude
15
1 and period 2π . Bcause a = −1, the graph is
⎛ 76π ⎞
v = rω ⇒ 59.4 = r ⎜ ⇒ a reflection of y = sin x in the x-axis. This
⎝ 15 ⎟⎠ matches with graph E.
⎛ 15 ⎞
r = 59.4 ⎜ ≈ 3.73 cm
⎝ 76π ⎟⎠
4. y = −cos x
The graph is a sinusoidal curve with amplitude
118. Let s = the length of the track on the arc. 1 and period 2π . Because a = −1, the graph is
First, converting 40° to radians, we have a reflection of y = cos x in the x-axis. This
matches with graph D.
⎛ π ⎞ 2π
40° = 40 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radian. 5. y = sin 2x
⎝ 180 ⎠ 9
The length of track, s, is the arc length when
1 and period π . Since sin ( 2 ⋅ 0) = sin 0 = 0 ,
2π
θ= and r = 1800 ft. the point (0, 0) is on the graph. This matches
9
with graph B.
⎛ 2π ⎞
s = rθ ⇒ s = 1800 ⎜ = 400π ft
⎝ 9 ⎟⎠

6. y = cos 2x This table gives five values for graphing one

The graph is a sinusoidal curve with amplitude period of the function. Repeat this cycle for
1 and period π . Since cos (2 ⋅ 0) = cos 0 = 1 , the interval [ −2π , 0] .
the point (0, 1) is on the graph. This matches
with graph H.
7. y = 2 sin x
2 and period 2π . Since 2 sin 0 = 2 ⋅ 0 = 0 and
2 sin π = 2 ⋅ 1 = 2 , the points (0, 0) and (π , 2) ,
are on the graph. This matches with graph F.
8. y = 2 cos x 14. y = 3 sin x
The graph is a sinusoidal curve with amplitude Amplitude: 3 = 3
2 and period 2π . Since 2 cos 0 = 2 ⋅ 1 = 2 , the
point (0, 2) is on the graph. This matches with π 3π
x 0 π 2π
graph C. 2 2
9. y = sin 3x sin x 0 1 0 −1 0
The graph is a sinusoidal curve with amplitude 3 sin x 0 3 0 –3 0
2π
1 and period . Since sin (3 ⋅ 0) = sin 0 = 0 , This table gives five
3 values for graphing
the point (0, 0) is on the graph. This matches one period of y = 3
with graph D. sin x. Repeat this
10. y = cos 3x cycle for the interval
The graph is a sinusoidal curve with amplitude [ −2π , 0].
2π
1 and period . Since cos (3 ⋅ 0) = cos 0 = 1 , 2
3 15. y = sin x
the point (0, 1) is on the graph. This matches 3
with graph B. 2 2
Amplitude: =
11. y = 3 cos x 3 3
π 3π
3 and period 2π . Since 3cos 0 = 3 ⋅ 1 = 3 , the x 0 π 2π
point (0, 3) is on the graph. This matches with 2 2
graph C. sin x 0 1 0 −1 0
12. y = 3 sin x 2 2 2
sin x 0 ≈ 0.7 0 − ≈ −0.7 0
The graph is a sinusoidal curve with amplitude 3 3 3
3 and period 2π . Since 3sin 0 = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0 and
This table gives five
π
3sin = 3 ⋅ 1 = 3 , the points (0, 0) and values for graphing
2 one period of
⎛π ⎞ 2
⎜⎝ , 3 ⎟⎠ are on the graph. This matches with y = sin x. Repeat
2 3
graph A. this cycle for the
13. y = 2 cos x interval [ −2π , 0] .
Amplitude: 2 = 2
π 3π
x 0 π 2π
2 2
cos x 1 0 −1 0 1
2 cos x 2 0 –2 0 2

3 19. y = –2 sin x
16. y = cos x Amplitude: − 2 = 2
4
3
=
3 π 3π
Amplitude: x 0 π 2π
4 4 2 2
π 3π sin x 0 1 0 −1 0
x 0 π 2π
2 2 – 2 sin x 0 –2 0 2 0
cos x 1 0 −1 0 1 This table gives five
3 3 3 3 values for graphing
cos x 0 − 0
4 4 4 4 one period of
y = −2sin x. Repeat
This table gives five
this cycle for the
values for graphing one
interval [ −2π , 0] .
3
period of y = cos x.
4 20. y = –3 cos x
Repeat this cycle for the Amplitude: − 3 = 3
π 3π
17. y = –cos x x 0 π 2π
2 2
Amplitude: − 1 = 1 cos x 1 0 −1 0 1
π 3π – 3 cos x –3 0 3 0 –3
x 0 π 2π
2 2 This table gives five
cos x 1 0 −1 0 1 values for graphing
− cos x –1 0 1 0 –1 one period of
y = −3cos x. Repeat
This table gives five this cycle for the
values for graphing one
period of y = − cos x.
Repeat this cycle for 21. y = sin (−x)
the interval [ −2π , 0] . Amplitude: 1
π 3π
x 0 π 2π
18. y = –sin x 2 2
Amplitude: – 1 = 1 π 3π
−x 0 − −π − −2π
2 2
π 3π
x 0 π 2π sin(− x)
2 2 0 –1 0 1 0
sin x 0 1 0 −1 0 This table gives five
values for graphing
− sin x 0 –1 0 1 0 one period of
This table gives five y = sin (− x). Repeat
values for graphing one this cycle for the
period of y = − sin x. interval [ −2π , 0] .
Repeat this cycle for
the interval [ −2π , 0] . 22. The graph of y = sin (−x) is the same as the
graph of y = −sin x because the sine function is
an odd function.

1 3
23. y = sin x 25. y = cos x
2 4
2π 2π 4 8π
Period: 1
= 4π and amplitude: 1 = 1 Period: 3
= 2π ⋅ = and amplitude:
2 4
3 3
Divide the interval [ 0, 4π ] into four equal 1 =1
parts to get x-values that will yield minimum ⎡ 8π ⎤
and maximum points and x-intercepts. Then Divide the interval ⎢0, ⎥ into four equal
⎣ 3 ⎦
make a table. Repeat this cycle for the interval
[ −4π , 0].
parts to get the x-values that will yield
minimum and maximum points and x-
x 0 π 2π 3π 4π intercepts. Then make a table. Repeat this
π 3π ⎡ 8π ⎤
1 cycle for the interval ⎢ − ,0 .
2
x 0
2
π
2
2π ⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
1 2π 4π 8π
sin x 0 1 0 –1 0 x 0 2π
2 3 3 3
3 π 3π
x 0 π 2π
4 2 2
3
cos x 1 0 –1 0 1
4
2
24. y = sin x
3
2π 3
Period: 2
= 2π ⋅ = 3π and amplitude:
3
2
Exercise 25 Exercise 26
1 =1
1
Divide the interval [ 0, 3π ] into four equal 26. y = cos x
3
parts to get the x-values that will yield 2π
minimum and maximum points and x- Period: 1 = 2π ⋅ 3 = 6π and amplitude:
intercepts. Then make a table. Repeat this 3
cycle for the interval [ −3π , 0] . 1 =1
3π 3π 9π Divide the interval [ 0, 6π ] into four equal

x 0 3π parts to get the x-values that will yield
4 2 4
2 π 3π
x 0 π 2π intercepts. Then make a table. Repeat this
3 2 2 cycle for the interval [ −6π , 0] .
2
sin x 0 1 0 –1 0 3π 9π
3 x 0 3π 6π
2 2
1 π 3π
x 0 π 2π
3 2 2
1
cos x 1 0 −1 0 1
3

27. y = sin 3 x 1
29. y = 2 sin x
2π 4
Period: and amplitude: 1 = 1
3 2π 4
Period: 1 = 2π ⋅ = 8π and amplitude:
⎡ 2π ⎤ 4
1
Divide the interval ⎢0, into four equal
⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ | 2 |= 2
parts to get the x-values that will yield Divide the interval [ 0,8π ] into four equal
intercepts. Then make a table.
⎡ 2π ⎤
Repeat this cycle for the interval ⎢ − ,0 . intercepts. Then make a table. Repeat this
⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ cycle for the interval [ −8π , 0] .
π π π 2π x 0 2π 4π 6π 8π
x 0
6 3 2 3
1 π 3π
π 3π x 0 π 2π
3x 0 π 2π 4 2 2
2 2
1
sin 3x 0 1 0 –1 0 sin x 0 1 0 –1 0
4
1
2 sin x 0 2 0 –2 0
4
28. y = cos 2x
2π
Period: = π and amplitude: 1 = 1
2
30. y = 3 sin 2x
Divide the interval [ 0, π ] into four equal parts 2π
to get the x-values that will yield minimum Period: = π and amplitude: | 3 | = 3
2
Divide the interval [ 0, π ] into four equal parts
and maximum points and x-intercepts. Then
[ −π , 0]. to get the x-values that will yield minimum
π π 3π make a table. Repeat this cycle for the interval
π
[ −π , 0].
x 0
4 2 4
π 3π π π 3π
2x 0 π 2π x 0 π
2 2 4 2 4
cos 2x 1 0 –1 0 1 π 3π
2x 0 π 2π
2 2
sin 2x 0 1 0 –1 0
3sin 2x 0 3 0 –3 0

31. y = –2 cos 3x 33. y = cos π x

2π 2π
Period: and amplitude: | −2 | = 2 Period: = 2 and amplitude: 1 = 1
3 π
⎡ 2π ⎤ Divide the interval [0, 2] into four equal parts
⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ to get the x-values that will yield minimum
parts to get the x-values that will yield and maximum points and x-intercepts. Then
minimum and maximum points and x- make a table. Repeat this cycle for the interval
intercepts. Then make a table. Repeat this [−2, 0].
⎡ 2π ⎤ 1 3
cycle for the interval ⎢ − ,0 . x 0 1 2
⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ 2 2
π π π 2π π 3π
x 0 πx 0 π 2π
6 3 2 3 2 2
cos π x 1 0 –1 0 1
3π
π
3x 0 π 2 2π
2
cos 3x 1 0 −1 0 1
−2 cos 3x –2 0 2 0 –2
34. y = − sin π x
2π
Period: = 2 and amplitude: − 1 = 1
π
Divide the interval [0, 2] into four equal parts
to get the x-values that will yield minimum
32. y = –5 cos 2x and maximum points and x-intercepts. Then
2π
Period: = π and amplitude: – 5 = 5 make a table. Repeat this cycle for the interval
2 [−2, 0].
Divide the interval [ 0, π ] into four equal parts 1 3
x 0 1 2
to get the x-values that will yield minimum 2 2
π 3π
make a table. Repeat this cycle for the interval πx 0 π 2π
[ −π , 0]. 2 2
sin π x 0 1 0 −1 0
π π 3π
x 0 π − sin π x 0 −1 0 1 0
4 2 4
π 3π
2x 0 π 2π
2 2
cos 2x 1 0 –1 0 1
–5 cos 2x –5 0 5 0 –5

35. y = −2 sin 2π x 1 π
37. y = cos x
2π 2 2
Period: = 1 and amplitude: − 2 = 2
2π 2π 2
Period: π = 2π ⋅ = 4 and amplitude:
Divide the interval [0, 1] into four equal parts 2
π
1 1
and maximum points and x-intercepts. Then =
make a table. Repeat this cycle for the interval 2 2
[−1, 0]. Divide the interval [0, 4] into four equal parts
1 1 3
x 0 1 and maximum points and x-intercepts. Then
4 2 4 make a table. Repeat this cycle for the interval
π 3π [−4, 0].
2π x 0 π 2π
2 2 x 0 1 2 3 4
sin 2π x 0 1 0 −1 0 π π 3π
x 0 π 2π
−2 sin π x 0 −2 0 2 0 2 2 2
π
cos x 1 0 –1 0 1
2
1 π 1 1 1
cos x 0 − 0
2 2 2 2 2
36. y = 3cos 2π x
2π
Period: = 1 and amplitude: 3 = 3
2π
to get the x-values that will yield minimum Exercise 37 Exercise 38
make a table. Repeat this cycle for the interval 2 π
38. y = − sin x
[−1, 0]. 3 4
1 1 3 2π 4
x 0 1 Period: π = 2π ⋅ = 8 and amplitude:
4 2 4 4
π
π 3π 2 2
2π x 0 π 2π − =
2 2 3 3
cos 2π x 1 0 −1 0 1 Divide the interval [0, 8] into four equal parts
3cos 2π x 3 0 −3 0 3 to get the x-values that will yield minimum
[−8, 0].
x 0 2 4 6 8
π π 3π
x 0 π 2π
4 2 2
π
sin x 0 1 0 −1 0
4
2 π 2 2
− sin x 0 − 0 0
3 4 3 3

39. y = π sin π x 1 1
41. The amplitude is ⎡⎣ 2 − (−2)⎤⎦ = ( 4) = 2 , so
2π 2 2
Period: = 2 and amplitude: π = π
π a = 2. One complete cycle of the graph is
Divide the interval [0, 2] into four equal parts achieved in π units, so the period
to get the x-values that will yield minimum 2π 2π
π= ⇒b= = 2 . Comparing the given
and maximum points and x-intercepts. Then b π
make a table. Repeat this cycle for the interval graph with the general sine and cosine curves,
[−2, 0]. we see that this graph is a cosine curve.
1 3 Substituting a = 2 and b = 2, the function is
x 0 1 2 y = 2 cos 2 x . Verify by confirming minimum
2 2
and maximum points and x-intercepts from the
π 3π
πx 0 π 2π graph:
2 2 (0, 2) ⇒ 2 = 2 cos(2 ⋅ 0) = 2 cos 0 = 2 ⋅ 1 = 2
sin π x 0 1 0 −1 0 ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞ π
⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟⎠ ⇒ 0 = 2 cos ⎜⎝ 2 ⋅ ⎟⎠ = 2 cos = 2 ⋅ 0 = 0
π sin π x 0 π 0 −π 0 4 4 2
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⎜⎝ , −2 ⎟⎠ ⇒ −2 = 2 cos ⎜⎝ 2 ⋅ ⎟⎠ = 2 cos π
2 2
= 2(−1) = −2
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟ ⇒ 0 = 2 cos ⎜ 2 ⋅ ⎟
4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
3π
= 2 cos = 2⋅0 = 0
2
(π , 2) ⇒ 2 = 2 cos (2π ) = 2(1) = 2
40. y = −π cos π x 1 1
42. The amplitude is ⎡ 2 − (−2)⎤⎦ = ( 4) = 2 , so
2π 2⎣ 2
Period: = 2 and amplitude: − π = π
π a = 2. One complete cycle of the graph is
Divide the interval [0, 2] into four equal parts achieved in π units, so the period
to get the x-values that will yield minimum 2π 2π
π= ⇒b= = 2 . Comparing the given
and maximum points and x-intercepts. Then b π
make a table. Repeat this cycle for the interval graph with the general sine and cosine curves,
[−2, 0]. we see that this graph is the reflection of the
1 3 sine curve in the x-axis. Thus, a = −2.
x 0 1 2 Substituting a = −2 and b = 2, the function is
2 2
y = −2 sin 2 x . Verify by confirming
π 3π
πx 0 π 2π minimum and maximum points and
2 2 x-intercepts from the graph:
cos π x 1 0 −1 0 1 (0, 0) ⇒ 0 = −2 sin(2 ⋅ 0) = −2 sin 0 = −2 ⋅ 0 = 0
−π cos π x −π 0 π 0 −π ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞ π
⎜⎝ , −2 ⎟⎠ ⇒ −2 = −2 sin ⎜⎝ 2 ⋅ ⎟⎠ = −2 sin
4 4 2
= −2(1) = −2
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟⎠ ⇒ 0 = −2 sin ⎜⎝ 2 ⋅ ⎟⎠ = −2 sin π
2 2
= −2(0) = 0
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜⎝ , 2 ⎟ ⇒ 2 = −2 sin ⎜ 2 ⋅ ⎟
4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
3π
= −2 sin = −2(−1) = 2
2
(π , 0) ⇒ 2 = −2 sin (2π ) = −2(0) = 0

1 1 Comparing the given graph with the general sine

43. The amplitude is ⎡⎣3 − ( −3)⎤⎦ = (6) = 3 , so and cosine curves, we see that this graph is a
2 2
a = 3. One-half of a cycle of the graph is sine curve. Substituting a = 3 and b = 4, the
achieved in 2π units, so the period is function is y = 3sin 4 x . Verify by confirming
2π 2π 1 minimum and maximum points and x–intercepts
2 ⋅ 2π = 4π and 4π = ⇒b= = . from the graph:
b 4π 2
Comparing the given graph with the general (0, 0) ⇒ 0 = 3sin(4 ⋅ 0) = 3sin 0 = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
sine and cosine curves, we see that this graph ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞ π
is the reflection of the cosine curve in the x- ⎜⎝ ,3 ⎟⎠ ⇒ 3 = 3sin ⎜⎝ 4 ⋅ ⎟⎠ = 3sin
8 8 2
axis. Thus, a = −3. Substituting a = −3 and = 3(1) = 3
b = 12 , the function is y = −3cos 12 x . Verify ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
by confirming minimum and maximum points ⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟⎠ ⇒ 0 = 3sin ⎜⎝ 4 ⋅ ⎟⎠ = 3sin π
4 4
and x–intercepts from the graph: = 3(0) = 0
( )
(0, −3) ⇒ −3 = −3cos 12 ⋅ 0 = −3cos 0 ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
, −3 ⎟ ⇒ −3 = 3sin ⎜ 4 ⋅
= −3 ⋅ 1 = −3 ⎜⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎟
8 8 ⎠
π 3π
(π , 0) ⇒ 0 = −3cos ⎛⎜⎝ ⋅ π ⎞⎟⎠ = −3cos
1
= 3sin = 3(−1) = −3
2 2 2
= −3(0) = 0 ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟⎠ ⇒ 0 = 3sin ⎜⎝ 4 ⋅ ⎟⎠ = 3sin 2π = 3(0) = 0
(2π , 3) ⇒ 3 = −3 cos ⎛⎜⎝ ⋅ 2π ⎞⎟⎠ = −3cos π
1 2 2
2
1 1
= −3(−1) = 3 46. The amplitude is ⎡3 − ( −3)⎤⎦ = (6) = 3 , so
2⎣ 2
1 1
44. The amplitude is ⎡3 − ( −3)⎤⎦ = (6) = 3 , so a = 3. One complete cycle of the graph is
2⎣ 2 π
a = 3. One-half of a cycle of the graph is achieved in units, so the period
achieved in 2π units, so the period is 2
2π 2π 1 π 2π 2
2 ⋅ 2π = 4π and 4π = ⇒b= = . = ⇒ b = 2π ⋅ = 4 . Comparing the
b 4π 2 2 b π
Comparing the given graph with the general given graph with the general sine and cosine
curves, we see that this graph is the reflection
sine and cosine curves, we see that this graph
of the cosine curve in the x-axis. Thus, a = −3.
is a cosine curve Substituting a = 3 and
Substituting a = −3 and b = 4, the function is
b = 12 , the function is y = 3cos 12 x . Verify by y = −3cos 4 x . Verify by confirming
confirming minimum and maximum points minimum and maximum points and
and x–intercepts from the graph: x–intercepts from the graph:
(0, 3) ⇒ 3 = 3cos ( 12 ⋅ 0) = 3cos 0 = 3 ⋅ 1 = 3 (0, −3) ⇒ −3 = −3cos (4 ⋅ 0) = −3cos 0
π = −3 ⋅ 1 = −3
(π , 0) ⇒ 0 = 3cos ⎛⎜⎝
1 ⎞
⋅ π ⎟ = 3cos ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞ π
⎠
2 2 ⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟⎠ ⇒ 0 = −3cos ⎜⎝ 4 ⋅ ⎟⎠ = −3cos
= 3(0) = 0 8 8 2
= −3(0) = 0
(2π , −3) ⇒ −3 = 3cos ⎛⎜⎝ ⋅ 2π ⎞⎟⎠ = 3cos π
1
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
2 ⎜⎝ ,3 ⎟⎠ ⇒ 3 = −3cos ⎜⎝ 4 ⋅ ⎟⎠ = −3cos π
= 3(−1) = −3 4 4
= −3(−1) = 3
1 1
45. The amplitude is ⎡3 − ( −3)⎤⎦ = (6) = 3 , so ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π
2⎣ 2 ⎜⎝
8 ⎠
, 0 ⎟ ⇒ 0 = −3cos ⎜ 4 ⋅
⎝ 8 ⎠
⎟ = −3cos
2
a = 3. One complete cycle of the graph is = −3(0) = 0
π
achieved in units, so the period ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
2 ⎜⎝ , −3⎟⎠ ⇒ −3 = −3cos ⎜⎝ 4 ⋅ ⎟⎠ = −3cos 2π
2 2
π 2π 2 = −3(1) = −3
= ⇒ b = 2π ⋅ = 4 .
2 b π

47. (a) The highest temperature is 80°; the lowest 1

is 50°. (b) Since the period is , one cycle is
60
(b) The amplitude is 1
completed in sec. Therefore, in 1 sec,
1 1
(80 − 50) = (30) = 15. 60
60 cycles are completed.
2 2
(c) The period is about 35,000 yr. (c) t = 0, E = 5 cos120π (0) = 5 cos 0 = 5 (1) = 5
(d) The trend of the temperature now is t = 0.03,
downward. E = 5 cos120π (0.03) = 5cos 3.6π ≈ 1.545
48. (a) The systolic pressure is 120 mm. The t = 0.06,
diastolic pressure is 80 mm. E = 5 cos120π (0.06) = 5 cos 7.2π ≈ −4.045
(b) The amplitude is t = 0.09,
1 1 E = 5 cos120π (0.09)
(120 − 80) = (40) = 20. = 5 cos10.8π ≈ −4.045
2 2
t = 0.12,
(c) Since the period is 0.8 sec, there are E = 5 cos120π (0.12) = 5 cos14.4π ≈ 1.545
1
= 1.25 beats per sec and the pulse
0.8 (d)
rate is 60 (1.25) = 75 beats per min.
49. The graph repeats each day, so the period is 24

hours.
50. The amplitude is approximately
1 1
(2.6 − 0.2) = (2.4) = 1.2 .
2 2
51. On January 20, low tide was at approximately 56. E = 3.8 cos 40π t
6 P.M., with height approximately 0.2 ft. 2π 1
(a) Amplitude: 3.8 and period: =
52. On January 20 at Kahului, low tide was at 40π 20
approximately 6 P.M. + 1:19, or 7:19 P.M., with
1
height approximately 0.2 − 0.2 = 0 ft. (b) Frequency = = number of cycles
period
53. On January 22, high tide was at approximately
per second = 20
2 + 3:18 = 3:18 A.M., with height
approximately 2.6 − 0.2 = 2.4 feet. (c) t = 0.02,
54. (a) The latest time that the animals begin E = 3.8cos 40π (0.02)
their evening activity is 8:00 P.M., the = 3.8cos 0.8π ≈ −3.074
earliest time is 4:00 P.M. So, 4:00 ≤ y ≤ t = 0.04,
8:00. Since there is a difference of 4 hr in E = 3.8cos 40π (0.04)
these times, the amplitude is = 3.8cos1.6π ≈ 1.174
1
(4) = 2 hr. t = 0.08,
2 E = 3.8cos 40π (0.08)
(b) The length of this period is 1 yr. = 3.8cos 3.2π ≈ −3.074
t = 0.12,
55. E = 5 cos 120πr E = 3.8cos 40π (0.12)
(a) Amplitude: 5 = 5 and period: = 3.8cos 4.8π ≈ −3.074
2π 1 t = 0.14,
= sec E = 3.8cos 40π (0.14)
120π 60
= 3.8cos 5.6π ≈ 1.174

(d) 3
x= + n, n = 0, 1, 2, ...
4
4n + 3
x= , n = 0, 1, 2, ...
4
3 7 11
x = , , , ...
4 4 4
1
This is yr later, which corresponds to
2
57. (a) The graph has a general upward trend
October.
along with small annual oscillations.
(c) Answers will vary.
58. (a) The graph of C has a general upward
trend similar to L (in Exercise 53) except
that both the carbon dioxide levels and
the seasonal oscillations are larger for C
than L.
(b) The seasonal variations are caused by the

term 3.5sin 2π x. The maximums will
π
occur when 2π x = + 2nπ , where n is
2 (b) Answers will vary.
an integer. Since x cannot be negative, n
(c) To solve this problem, horizontally
cannot be negative.
translate the graph of C a distance of
This is equivalent to
1970 units to the right. The new C
π
2π x = + 2nπ , n = 0, 1, 2, ... function can be written as
2
C ( x ) = 0.04 ( x − 1970)
2
1
2 x = + 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, ... + 0.6 ( x − 1970) + 330
2
1
x = + n, n = 0, 1, 2, ... + 7.5sin ⎡⎣ 2π ( x − 1970)⎤⎦
4 where x is the actual year
4n + 1
x= , n = 0, 1, 2, ... This function would now be valid for
4 1970 ≤ x ≤ 2010.
1 5 9
x = , , , ...
⎡ 2π
( x − 91)⎤⎥
4 4 4
59. T ( x ) = 37 + 21sin ⎢
1
Since x is in years, x = corresponds to ⎣ 365 ⎦
4 (a) March 15 (day 74)
April when the seasonal carbon dioxide
⎡ 2π
levels are maximum. T (74) = 37 + 21sin ⎢ (74 − 91)⎤⎥ ≈ 31°
The minimums will occur when ⎣ 365 ⎦
3π (b) April 5 (day 95)
2π x = + 2nπ , where n is an integer.
2 ⎡ 2π
Since x cannot be negative, n cannot be T (95) = 37 + 21sin ⎢ (95 − 91)⎤⎥ ≈ 38°
⎣ 365 ⎦
negative. This is equivalent to
3π (c) Day 200
2π x = + 2nπ , n = 0, 1, 2, ...
⎡ 2π
(200 − 91)⎤⎥
2
3 T ( 200) = 37 + 21sin ⎢
2 x = + 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, ... ⎣ 365 ⎦
2 ≈ 57.0° ≈ 57°

(d) June 25 is day 176. 61. –1 ≤ y ≤ 1

(31 + 28 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 25 = 176) Amplitude: 1
4π
⎡ 2π
T (176) = 37 + 21sin ⎢ (176 − 91)⎤⎥ Period: 8 squares = 8 (30°) = 240° or
3
⎣ 365 ⎦
≈ 57.9° ≈ 58° 62. –1 ≤ y ≤ 1
Amplitude: 1
(e) October 1 is day 274.
31 + 28 + 31 + 30 + 31 2π
Period: 4 squares = 4 (30°) = 120° or
+ 30 + 31 + 31 + 30 + 1 = 274 3
⎡ 2π
(274 − 91)⎤⎥
63.
T ( 274) = 37 + 21sin ⎢
⎣ 365 ⎦
≈ 36.8° ≈ 37°
(f) December 31 is day 365.
⎡ 2π
T (365) = 37 + 21sin ⎢ (365 − 91)⎤⎥
⎣ 365 ⎦
≈ 16.0° ≈ 16°
No, we can’t say that sin bx = b sin x . If b is
⎡ 2π (82.5 − N ) ⎤ 2π
60. ∆S = 0.034 (1367 ) sin ⎢ ⎥ not zero, then the period of y = sin bx is ,
⎣ 365.25 ⎦ b
(a) N = 80, and the amplitude is 1. The period of
y = b sin x is 2π , and the amplitude is b .
⎡ 2π (82.5 − 80) ⎤
∆S = 0.034 (1367) sin ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 365.25 ⎦ 64.
≈ 1.998 watts per m 2
(b) N = 1268,
⎡ 2π (82.5 − 1268) ⎤
∆S = 0.034 (1367) sin ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 365.25 ⎦
≈ −46.461 watts per m 2
No, we can’t say that cos bx = b cos x . If b is
(c) Since the greatest value the sine function
2π
can be is 1, the maximum of not zero, then the period of y = cos bx is ,
⎡ 2π (82.5 − N ) ⎤
b
∆S = 0.034 (1367 ) sin ⎢ ⎥ is and the amplitude is 1. The period of
⎣ 365.25 ⎦ y = b cos x is 2π , and the amplitude is b .
0.034 (1367) = 46.478 watts per m 2 .
65. X ≈ −0.4161468, Y ≈ 0.90929743. X is cos 2,
⎡ 2π (82.5 − N ) ⎤ and Y is sin 2.
(d) ∆S = 0.034 (1367 ) sin ⎢ ⎥=0
⎣ 365.25 ⎦
⎡ 2π (82.5 − N ) ⎤
when sin ⎢ ⎥ = 0. This can
⎣ 365.25 ⎦
2π (82.5 − N )
occur when = 0 or
365.25 66. X = 2, Y ≈ 0.90929743; sin 2 ≈ 0.90929743
N = 82.5. Other answers are possible.
Since N represents a day number, which
should be a natural number, we might
interpret day 82.5 as noon on the 82nd day.

Section 6.4 Translations of the Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions 609
67. X = 2, Y ≈ −0.4161468; cos 2 ≈ −0.4161468 7. y = 1 + cos x is the graph of y = cos x,

translated vertically 1 unit up. This matches
choice I.
8. y = −1 + cos x is the graph of y = cos x ,
translated vertically 1 unit down. This matches
choice C.
⎛ π⎞
9. y = cos ⎜ x − ⎟ is the graph of y = cos x,
⎝ 4⎠
π
shifted to the right unit. This matches
4
choice C.
68. Answers will vary. The x-coordinate is cos θ
and the y-coordinate is sin θ . ⎛ π⎞
10. y = sin ⎜ x − ⎟ is the graph of y = sin x,
⎝ 4⎠
Section 6.4 Translations of the Graphs of π
shifted to the right unit. This matches
the Sine and Cosine 4
choice B.
Functions
11. y = 1 + sin x is the graph of y = sin x,
⎛ π⎞
1. y = sin ⎜ x − ⎟ is the graph of y = sin x, translated vertically 1 unit up. This matches
⎝ 4⎠ choice A.
π
shifted to the right unit. This matches 12. y = −1 + cos x is the graph of y = cos x,
4
choice D.
choice D.
⎛ π⎞ ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 13. The graph of y = sin x + 1 is the graph of
2. y = sin ⎜ x + ⎟ = sin ⎢ x − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ is the
⎝ 4⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
y = sin x translated vertically 1 unit up, while
π the graph of y = sin( x + 1) is the graph of
graph of y = sin x , shifted to the left unit.
4 y = sin x shifted horizontally 1 unit left.
This matches choice G.
14. y = sin x + 1
⎛ π⎞
3. y = cos ⎜ x − ⎟ is the graph of y = cos x,
⎝ 4⎠ 15. y = 3sin (2 x − 4) = 3sin ⎡⎣ 2 ( x − 2)⎤⎦
π
shifted to the right unit. This matches 2π
4 The amplitude = 3 = 3 , period = =π,
2
choice H.
and phase shift = 2. This matches choice B.
⎛ π⎞ ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛
4. y = cos ⎜ x + ⎟ = cos ⎢ x − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ is the 4 ⎞⎤
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ 16. y = 2 sin (3x − 4) = 2 sin ⎢3 ⎜ x − ⎟
⎣
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎥⎦
π 2π
graph of y = cos x , shifted to the left unit.
4 The amplitude = 2 = 2 , period = , and
3
This matches choice A.
4
phase shift = . This matches choice D.
5. y = 1 + sin x is the graph of y = sin x, 3
translated vertically 1 unit up. This matches
choice B.
6. y = −1 + sin x is the graph of y = sin x,
choice E.

⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤ ⎛π ⎞
17. y = −4sin (3 x − 2) = −4sin ⎢3 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ 23. The maximum is at ⎜ ,1⎟ , so this is a cosine
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ ⎝3 ⎠
π
2π curve that has been shifted units to the right.
The amplitude = −4 = 4 , period = , and 3
2
3
(
Thus, the equation is y = cos x − π3 . Verify by )
phase shift = . This matches choice C. confirming minimum and maximum points and
3
x–intercepts from the graph:
⎡ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎤ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π π ⎞
18. y = −2sin (4 x − 3) = −2 sin ⎢ 4 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ ⎜⎝ ,1⎟⎠ ⇒ 1 = cos ⎜⎝ − ⎟⎠ = cos 0 = 1
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ 3 3 3
2π π ⎛ 4π ⎞ ⎛ 4π π ⎞
The amplitude = −2 = 2, period = = , ⎜⎝ , −1⎟ ⇒ −1 = cos ⎜ − ⎟ = cos π = −1
3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3⎠
4 2
⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 7π π ⎞
3 ⎜⎝ ,1⎟ ⇒ 1 = cos ⎜ − ⎟ = cos 2π = 1
and phase shift = . This matches choice A.
4 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3⎠
⎛ 10π ⎞ ⎛ 10π π ⎞
π ⎜⎝ , −1⎟ ⇒ −1 = cos ⎜ − ⎟ = cos 3π = −1
19. If the graph of y = cos x is translated 2
units 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3⎠
horizontally to the right, it will coincide with ⎛ 13π ⎞ ⎛ 13π π ⎞
⎜⎝ ,1⎟ ⇒ 1 = cos ⎜ − ⎟ = cos 4π = 1
the graph of y = sin x. 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3⎠
π
20. If the graph of y = sin x is translated units 2π 5π
2 24. The x-intercepts are at 3
and 3
. So this is a
horizontally to the left, it will coincide with π
the graph of y = cos x. cosine curve that has been shifted 6
units to
21. This is a sine curve that has been shifted one the right. Thus, the equation is y = cos x − π6 . ( )
unit down, so the equation is y = −1 + sin x. Verify by confirming minimum and maximum
Verify by confirming minimum and maximum points and x–intercepts from the graph:
points and x–intercepts from the graph:
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π π ⎞
(0, −1) ⇒ −1 = −1 + sin 0 = −1 + 0 = −1 ⎜⎝ ,1⎟⎠ ⇒ 1 = cos ⎜⎝ − ⎟⎠ = cos 0 = 1
6 6 6
⎛π ⎞ π ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π π ⎞ π
⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟⎠ ⇒ 0 = −1 + sin = −1 + 1 = 0 ⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟ ⇒ 0 = cos ⎜ − ⎟ = cos = 0
2 2 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 6⎠ 2
( π , − 1 ) ⇒ −1 = − 1 + sin π = −1 + 0 = −1 ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 7π π ⎞
⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π ⎜⎝ , −1⎟ ⇒ −1 = cos ⎜ − ⎟ = cos π = −1
⎜⎝ , −2 ⎟ ⇒ −2 = −1 + sin = −1 + (−1) = −2 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 6⎠
2 ⎠ 2 ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 5π π ⎞ 3π
(2π , −1) ⇒ −1 = 1 + sin (2π ) = −1 + 0 = −1 ⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟ ⇒ 0 = cos ⎜ − ⎟ = cos =0
3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 6⎠ 2
⎛ 13π ⎞ ⎛ 13π π ⎞
22. This is a cosine curve that has been shifted two
⎜⎝ ,1⎟ ⇒ 1 = cos ⎜ − ⎟ = cos 2π = 1
units up, so the equation is y = 2 + cos x. 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 6⎠
Verify by confirming minimum and maximum
points and x–intercepts from the graph: 25. y = 2 sin ( x + π )
(0, 3) ⇒ 3 = 2 + cos 0 = 2 + 1 = 3 amplitude: 2 = 2; period:
2π
= 2π ; There
⎛π ⎞ π 1
⎜⎝ , 2 ⎟⎠ ⇒ 2 = 2 + cos = 2 + 0 = 2 is no vertical translation. The phase shift is π
2 2
(π ,1) ⇒ 1 = 2 + cos π = 2 + (−1) = 1 units to the left.
⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π ⎛ π⎞ ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
⎜⎝ , 2 ⎟ ⇒ 2 = 2 + cos = 2+0= 2 26. y = 3sin ⎜ x + ⎟ = 3sin ⎢ x − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥
2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
⎣
(2π , 3) ⇒ 3 = 2 + cos (2π ) = 2 + 1 = 3 2π
amplitude: 3 = 3; period: = 2π
1
There is no vertical translation. The phase
π
shift is units to the left.
2

1 ⎛1 π⎞ 1 ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎤
27. y = − cos ⎜ x + ⎟ = − cos ⎢ ⎡⎣ x − ( −π )⎤⎦ ⎥
1 1
32. y = −1 + cos (2 x − 3π ) = cos ⎢ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ −1
4 ⎝2 2⎠ 4 ⎣2 ⎦ 2 2 ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
amplitude: −
1 1
= ; period: 1 1 2π
amplitude: = ; period: =π
4 4 2 2 2
2π 2 The vertical translation is 1 unit down. The
= 2π ⋅ = 4π
1
1 3π
2 phase shift is units to the right.
There is no vertical translation. The phase shift 2
is π units to the left.
⎛ π⎞
33. y = cos ⎜ x − ⎟
1 ⎛1 ⎞ 1 ⎡1 ⎤ ⎝ 2⎠
28. y = − sin ⎜ x + π ⎟ = − sin ⎢ ⎡⎣ x − (−2π )⎤⎦ ⎥
2 ⎝2 ⎠ 2 ⎣2 ⎦ Step 1: Find the interval whose length is
1 1 2π
amplitude: − = ; .
b
..
2 2
2π
π π π
2 0≤ x− ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 + ≤ x ≤ 2π + ⇒
period: 1
= 2π ⋅ = 4π 2 2 2
2
1 π 5π
There is no vertical translation. The phase shift ≤x≤
2 2
is 2π units to the left. Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts
⎡π ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ π 3π
29. y = 3cos ⎢ to get the following x-values: , π , , 2π ,
⎜⎝ x − ⎟⎠ ⎥ 2 2
⎣2 2 ⎦
5π
2π 2
amplitude: 3 = 3 ; period: π
= 2π ⋅ =4 2
2
π Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the
There is no vertical translation. The phase five x-values
1 π 3π 5π
shift is
2
unit to the right. x π 2π
2 2 2
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ π π 3π
30. y = − cos ⎢π ⎜⎝ x − ⎟⎠ ⎥ x− 0 π 2π
⎣ 3 ⎦ 2 2 2
2π ⎛ π⎞
amplitude: −1 = 1 ; period: = 2; There is cos ⎜ x − ⎟ 1 0 −1 0 1
π ⎝ 2⎠
1 Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
no vertical translation. The phase shift is
3 table and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
unit to the right. By graphing an additional period to the right,
we obtain the following graph.
⎛ π⎞ ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
31. y = 2 − sin ⎜ 3x − ⎟ = − sin ⎢3 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ + 2
⎝ 5⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 15 ⎠ ⎦
2π
amplitude: − 1 = 1 ; period:
3
The vertical translation is 2 units up. The
π
phase shift is unit to the right
15 The amplitude is 1. The period is 2π . There is
π
2
unit to the right.

⎛ π⎞ Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts

34. y = sin ⎜ x − ⎟ π π
⎝ 4⎠ to get the following x-values: − , ,
2π 4 4
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is . 3π 5π 7π
b , ,
π π π 4 4 4
0≤ x− ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 + ≤ x ≤ 2π +
⇒ Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the
4 4 4 five x-values
π 9π
≤x≤ π π 3π 5π 7π
4 4 x −
Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts 4 4 4 4 4
π 3π 5π π π 3π
to get the following x-values:
4
,
4 4
, , x+ 0 π 2π
4 2 2
7π 9π
, ⎛ π⎞
4 4 sin ⎜ x + ⎟ 0 1 0 −1 0
Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the ⎝ 4⎠
five x-values Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
table and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
π 3π 5π 7π 9π
x By graphing an additional period to the right,
4 4 4 4 4 we obtain the following graph.
π π 3π
x− 0 π 2π
4 2 2
⎛ π⎞
sin ⎜ x − ⎟ 0 1 0 −1 0
⎝ 4⎠
Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
By graphing an additional period to the right, The amplitude is 1. The period is 2π . There is
we obtain the following graph. π
4
unit to the left.
⎛ π⎞
36. y = cos ⎜ x + ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
2π
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is .
b
The amplitude is 1. The period is 2π . There is π π π
0≤ x+ ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 − ≤ x ≤ 2π − ⇒
π 3 3 3
4 π 5π
− ≤x≤
unit to the right. 3 3
Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts
⎛ π⎞ π π 2π
35. y = sin ⎜ x + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ to get the following x-values: − , , ,
3 6 3
2π 7π 5π
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is . ,
b 6 3
π π π
0≤ x+ ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 − ≤ x ≤ 2π − ⇒
4 4 4 (continued on next page)
π 7π
− ≤x≤
4 4

(continued) π 5π 4π 11π 7π
Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the x
3 6 3 6 3
five x-values.
π π 3π
π π 2π 7π 5π x− 0 π 2π
x − 3 2 2
3 6 3 6 3
⎛ π⎞
π π 3π cos ⎜ x − ⎟ 1 0 −1 0 1
x+ 0 π 2π ⎝ 3⎠
3 2 2
π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⎛ 2 cos ⎜ x − ⎟ 2 0 −2 0 2
cos ⎜ x + ⎟ 1 0 −1 0 1 ⎝ 3⎠
⎝ 3⎠
Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
table and join them with a sinusoidal curve. table and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
By graphing an additional period to the right, By graphing an additional period to the right,
we obtain the following graph. we obtain the following graph.
The amplitude is 2. The period is 2π . There is

π
π no vertical translation. The phase shift is
no vertical translation. The phase shift is 3
3
units to the right.
units to the right
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
37. y = 2 cos ⎜ x − ⎟ 38. y = 3sin ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2π 2π
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is . Step 1: Find the interval whose length is .
b b
π π π 3π
0≤ x− ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 + ≤ x ≤ 2π + ⇒ 0≤ x− ≤ 2π ⇒
3 3 3 2
π 7π 3π 3π 3π 7π
≤x≤ 0+ ≤ x ≤ 2π + ⇒ ≤x≤
3 3 2 2 2 2
Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts
π 5π 4π 3π 5π
to get the following x-values , , , to get the following x-values: , 2π , ,
3 6 3 2 2
11π 7π 7π
, 3π ,
6 3 2
Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the
five x-values.
five x-values.
3π 5π 7π
x 2π 3π
2 2 2
3π π 3π
x− 0 π 2π
2 2 2
⎛ 3π ⎞
sin ⎜ x − ⎟ 0 1 0 −1 0
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞
3sin ⎜ x − ⎟ 0 3 0 −3 0
⎝ 2 ⎠

(continued)
By graphing an additional period to the right,
3 2π
The amplitude is . The period is = π.
2 2
There is no vertical translation. The phase
π
shift is unit to the left.
4
1 ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
3π 40. y = − cos ⎢ 4 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥
no vertical translation. The phase shift is 2 ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
2
units to the right. 2π
b
3 ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ ⎛ π⎞ π π
39. y = sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ 0 ≤ 4 ⎜ x + ⎟ ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x + ≤ ⇒
2 ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
2π π
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is . − ≤x≤0
b 2
⎛ π⎞ π Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts
0 ≤ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x + ≤ π ⇒ π 3π
⎝ 4⎠ 4 to get the following x-values: − , − ,
π 3π 2 8
− ≤x≤ π π
4 4 − , −
,0
Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts 4 8
π π Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the
to get the following x-values: − , 0, , five x-values
4 4
π 3π π 3π π π
, x − − − − 0
2 4 2 8 4 8
⎛ π⎞ π 3π
five x-values 4⎜x + ⎟ 0 π 2π
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
π π π 3π
x − 0
4 4 2 4 ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
cos ⎢ 4 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ 1 0 −1 0 1
⎛ π⎞ π 3π ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
2⎜x + ⎟ 0 π 2π
⎝ 4⎠ 2 2 1 ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 1 1 1
− cos ⎢ 4 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ − 0 0 −
2 ⎣ ⎝ ⎠
2 ⎦ 2 2 2
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ 0 1 0 −1 0
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
3 ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 3 3 By graphing an additional period to the right,
sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ 0 0 − 0
2 ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ 2 2 we obtain the following graph.

(continued) ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
42. y = 3cos (4 x + π ) = 3cos ⎢ 4 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥
1 1 ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
The amplitude is − = . The period is
2 2 2π
2π π b
= . There is no vertical translation. The
4 2 ⎛ π⎞ π π
π 0 ≤ 4 ⎜ x + ⎟ ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x + ≤ ⇒
phase shift is unit to the left. ⎝ 4 ⎠ 4 2
2 π π π π π
0− ≤ x ≤ − ⇒ − ≤ x ≤
4 2 4 4 4
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
41. y = −4sin (2 x − π ) = −4sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
π π
2π to get the following x-values: − , − , 0 ,
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is . 4 8
b π π
,
⎛ π⎞ π 2π 8 4
0 ≤ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x − ≤ ⇒
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2 Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the
π π 3π five x-values.
0≤ x− ≤π ⇒ ≤ x≤
2 2 2 π π π π
Step 2:Divide the period into four equal parts x − − 0
4 8 8 4
π 3π
to get the following x-values: , ,π , ⎛ π⎞ π 3π
2 4 4⎜x + ⎟ 0 π 2π
5π 3π ⎝ 4⎠ 2 2
,
4 2 ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the cos ⎢ 4 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ 1 0 −1 0 1
five x-values. ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
π 3π 5π 3π ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
x π 3cos ⎢ 4 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ 3 0 −3 0 3
2 4 4 2 ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
⎛ π⎞ π 3π Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
2⎜x − ⎟ 0 π 2π
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 table and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ 0 1 0 −1 0
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
−4 sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ 0 −4 0 4 0
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
Steps 4 and 5:Plot the points found in the table
and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
2π
The amplitude is 3. The period is , which
4
π
is . There is no vertical translation. The
2
The amplitude is – 4 , which is 4. The π
phase shift is unit to the left.
2π 4
period is , which is π . There is no
2
π
vertical translation. The phase shift is
2
units to the right

1 ⎛1 π⎞ 1 ⎡1 ⎛ π ⎞⎤ Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts

43. y = cos ⎜ x − ⎟ = cos ⎢ ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ π π 7π
2 ⎝2 4⎠ 2 ⎣ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ to get the following x-values: − , , ,
6 2 6
2π
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is . 11π 15π
b ,
6 6
1⎛ π⎞ π
0≤ ⎜⎝ x − ⎟⎠ ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x − ≤ 4π ⇒ Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the
2 2 2 five x-values.
π 8π π π 9π
≤x≤ + ⇒ ≤x≤ π π 7π 11π 15π
2 2 2 2 2 x −
6 2 6 6 6
π 3π 5π 3⎛ π⎞ π 3π
to get the following x-values: , , , ⎜ x + ⎟⎠ 0 π 2π
2 2 2 4⎝ 6 2 2
7π 9π
, ⎡3 ⎛ π ⎞⎤
2 2 sin ⎢ ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ 0 1 0 −1 0
Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the ⎣4 ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦
five x-values. 1 ⎡3 ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 1 1
− sin ⎢ ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ 0 − 0 0
π 3π 5π 7π 9π 4 ⎣4 ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦ 4 4
x
2 2 2 2 2 Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
1⎛ π⎞ π 3π table and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
⎜ x − ⎟⎠ 0 π 2π
2⎝ 2 2 2
⎡1 ⎛ π ⎞⎤
cos ⎢ ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ 1 0 −1 0 1
⎣2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
1 ⎡1 ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 1 1 1
cos ⎢ ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ 0 − 0
2 ⎣2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ 2 2 2
1 1
Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the The amplitude is − , which is . The
table and join them with a sinusoidal curve. 4 4
2π 8π
period is 3 , which is . There is no
4
3
π
vertical translation. The phase shift if units
6
to the left.
45. y = −3 + 2sin x
1 2π Step 1: The period is 2π .
The amplitude is . The period is 1 ,
2 2 Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts
which is 4π . There is no vertical translation. π 3π
to get the following x-values: 0, , π , ,
π 2 2
The phase shift is units to the right.
2 π , 2π
Evaluate the function for each of the five x-
1 ⎛3 π⎞ 1 ⎡3 ⎛ π ⎞⎤ values:
44. y = − sin ⎜ x + ⎟ = − sin ⎢ ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥
4 ⎝ 4 8 ⎠ 4 ⎣4 ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦ π 3π
x 0 π 2π
2π 2 2
b sin x 0 1 0 −1 0
3⎛ π⎞ π 8π
0 ≤ ⎜ x + ⎟ ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x + ≤ ⇒ 2 sin x 0 2 0 −2 0
4⎝ 6⎠ 6 3
π 16π π π 15π −3 + 2 sin x −3 −1 −3 −5 −3
− ≤x≤ − ⇒− ≤x≤
6 6 6 6 6 (continued on next page)

(continued) π π 3π 2π
x 0
Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the 10 5 10 5
table and join them with a sinusoidal curve. π 3π
By graphing an additional period to the left, 5x 0 π 2π
2 2
cos 5 x 1 0 −1 0 1
−2 cos 5 x −2 0 2 0 −2
−1 − 2 cos 5 x −3 −1 1 −1 −3
The amplitude is 2. The vertical translation is table and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
3 units down. There is no phase shift. By graphing an additional period to the left,
46. y = 2 − 3cos x
Step 1: The period is 2π .
π 3π
to get the following x-values: 0, ,π , ,
2 2
2π
Evaluate the function for each of the five
x-values:
2π
π 3π The period is . The amplitude is – 2 ,
x 0 π 2π 5
2 2 which is 2. The vertical translation is 1 unit
cos x 1 0 −1 0 1 down. There is no phase shift.
−3 cos x −3 0 3 0 −3 2 3
48. y = 1 − sin x
2 − 3 cos x −1 2 5 2 −1 3 4
Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the 2π
table and join them with a sinusoidal curve. b
By graphing an additional period to the left, 3 4 8π
we obtain the following graph. 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x < ⋅ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤
4 3 3
2π 4π
to get the following x-values: 0, , ,
3 3
8π
2π ,
3
The amplitude is – 3 = 3 . The vertical
translation is 2 units up. There is no phase five x-values.
shift.
2π 4π 8π
47. y = −1 − 2 cos 5 x x 0 2π
3 3 3
2π 3 π 3π
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is . x 0 π 2π
b 4 2 2
2π
0 ≤ 5 x ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ 3
5 sin x 0 1 0 −1 0
Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts 4
π π 3π 2 3 2 2
to get the following x-values: 0, , , , − sin x 0 − 0 0
10 5 10 3 4 3 3
2π 2 3 1 5
5 1− sin x 1 1 1
3 4 3 3
five x-values. (continued on next page)

(continued) The amplitude is – 2 , which is 2. The

Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the 2π
period is , which is 4π . The vertical
table and join them with a sinusoidal curve. 1
2
By graphing an additional period to the left,
translation is 1 unit up. There is no phase shift.
1
50. y = −3 + 3 sin x
2
2π
b
1
0≤ x ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ 4π
2
The amplitude is − , which is . The to get the following x-values: 0, π , 2π , 3π ,
3 3
4π
2π 8π
period is 3 , which is . The vertical Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the
4
3 five x-values.
translation is 1 unit up. There is no phase shift. x 0 π 2π 3π 4π
49. y = 1 – 2 cos
1 1 π 3π
x x 0 π 2π
2 2 2 2
2π
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is . 1
b sin x 0 1 0 −1 0
2
1
0≤ x ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ 4π 1
2 3sin x 0 3 0 −3 0
Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts 2
to get the following x-values: 0, π , 2π , 3π , 1
4π −3 + 3 sin x −3 0 −3 −6 −3
2
five x-values. Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
x 0 π 2π 3π 4π By graphing an additional period to the left,
1 π 3π we obtain the following graph.
x 0 π 2π
2 2 2
1
cos x 1 0 −1 0 1
2
1
−2 cos x −2 0 2 0 −2
2
1
1 − 2 cos x −1 1 3 1 −1 The amplitude is 3 , which is 3. The period
2
2π
Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the is 1
, which is 4π . The vertical translation
table and join them with a sinusoidal curve. 2
By graphing an additional period to the left, is 3 units down. There is no phase shift.

1 Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the

51. y = −2 + sin 3x five x-values.
2
2π x 0 π 2π 3π 4π
b 1 π 3π
x 0 π 2π
2π 2 2 2
0 ≤ 3x ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤
3 1
Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts cos x 1 0 −1 0 1
2
π π π
to get the following x-values: 0, , , , 2 1 2 2 2
6 3 2 cos x 0 − 0
2π 3 2 3 3 3
3 2 1 5 1 5
1+ cos x 1 1
Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the 3 2 3 3 3
five x-values. Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
π π π 2π table and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
x 0 By graphing an additional period to the left,
6 3 2 3
π 3π
3x 0 π 2π
2 2
sin 3x 0 1 0 −1 0
1 1 1
sin 3 x 0 0 − 0
2 2 2
1 3 5
−2 + sin 3 x −2 − −2 − −2
2 2 2 2 2
The amplitude is = . The period is 4π .
Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the 3 3
table and join them with a sinusoidal curve. The vertical translation is 1 unit up. There is
By graphing an additional period to the left, no phase shift.
⎛ π⎞
53. y = −3 + 2 sin ⎜ x + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
2π
b
π π π
0≤ x+ ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 − ≤ x ≤ 2π − ⇒
2 2 2
π 3π
1 1 2π − ≤x≤
The amplitude is = . The period is . 2 2
2 2 3 Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts
The vertical translation is 2 units down. There π π
is no phase shift. to get the following x-values: − , 0, ,π ,
2 2
2 1 3π
52. y = 1 + cos x 2
3 2
2π
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is . (continued on next page)
b
1
0≤ x ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ 4π
2
to get the following x-values: 0, π , 2π , 3π ,
4π

(continued) 3π 5π
x π 2π 3π
Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the 2 2
five x-values −3cos ( x − π ) −3 0 3 0 −3
π π 3π
x − 0 π 4 − 3cos ( x − π ) 1 4 7 4 1
2 2 2
π π 3π
x+ 0 π 2π table and join then with a sinusoidal curve.
2 2 2
⎛ π⎞
sin ⎜ x + ⎟ 0 1 0 −1 0
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π⎞
2 sin ⎜ x + ⎟ 0 2 0 −2 0
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π⎞ The amplitude is − 3 , which is 3. The period

−3 + 2 sin ⎜ x + ⎟ −3 −1 −3 −5 −3
⎝ 2⎠
is 2π . The vertical translation is 4 units up.
Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the The phase shift is π units to the right.
1 ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
55. y = + sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥
2 ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
2π
b
⎛ π⎞ π 2π
0 ≤ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x + ≤ ⇒
⎝ 4⎠ 4 2
π π 3π
0≤ x+ ≤π ⇒− ≤ x≤
4 4 4
The amplitude is 2 , which is 2. The period
is 2π . The vertical translation is 3 units down. π π
π to get the following x-values: − , 0 , ,
The phase shift is units to the left. 4 4
2 π 3π
,
54. y = 4 − 3cos ( x − π ) 2 4
2π five x-values.
b
π π π 3π
0 ≤ x − π ≤ 2π ⇒ π ≤ x ≤ 3π x − 0
Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts 4 4 2 4
3π ⎛ π⎞ π 3π
to get the following x-values: π , , 2π , 2⎜x + ⎟ 0 π 2π
2 ⎝ 4⎠ 2 2
5π
, 3π ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
2 sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ 0 1 0 −1 0
Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
five x-values.
1 ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 1 3 1 1 1
3π 5π + sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ −
x π 2π 3π 2 ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
π 3π
x−π 0 π 2π table and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
2 2
cos ( x − π ) 1 0 −1 0 1 (continued on next page)

(continued) The amplitude is 1 , which is 1. The period

2π 5
is . The vertical translation is units
3 2
π
down. The phase shift is units to the right.
6
57. (a) Let January correspond to x = 1, February
to x = 2, …, and December of the second
The amplitude is 1 , which is 1. The period year to x = 24. Yes, the data appear to
2π outline the graph of a translated sine
is , which is π . The vertical translation is graph.
2
1 π
unit up. The phase shift is units to the
2 4
left.
5 ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
56. y = − + cos ⎢3 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥
2 ⎣ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦
2π
b
⎛ π⎞ π 2π
0 ≤ 3 ⎜ x − ⎟ ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x − ≤ ⇒
⎝ 6⎠ 6 3
π 4π π π 5π
≤x≤ + ⇒ ≤x≤
6 6 6 6 6
π π π
to get the following x-values: , , ,
6 3 2
2π 5π (b) The sine graph is vertically centered
,
3 6 around the line y = 53.5. This line
Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the represents the average yearly temperature
five x-values. in Seattle of 53.5°F. (This is also the
π π π 2π 5π actual average yearly temperature.)
x
6 3 2 3 6
⎛ π⎞ π 3π
3⎜x − ⎟ 0 π 2π
⎝ 6⎠ 2 2
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
cos ⎢3 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ 1 0 −1 0 1
⎣ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦
5 ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 3 5 7 5 3
− + cos ⎢3 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ − − − − −
2 ⎣ ⎝ ⎠
6 ⎦ 2 2 2 2 2

(c) The amplitude of the sine graph is 12.5 58. (a) Using the maximum and minimu average
since the highest average monthly monthly temperature, we find the average
temperature is 66, the lowest average 54 + 93
monthly temperature is 41, and yearly temperature as = 73.5°F.
2
1 1
(66 − 41) = (25) = 12.5. The period is (b) Let January correspond to x = 1, February
2 2 to x = 2, …, and December of the second
12 since the temperature cycles every year to x = 24.
2π π
twelve months. Let b = = . One
12 6
way to determine the phase shift is to use
the following technique. The minimum
temperature occurs in January, x = 1 and
the hottest temperature occurs in August,
1
x = 8. Then, (1 + 8) = 4.5 gives a good
2
approximation for the phase shift.
(d) Let f(x) = a sin b(x – d) + c. Since the
amplitude is 12.5, let a = 12.5. The period
π
is equal to 1 yr or 12 mo, so b = . The
6
average of the maximum and minimum
temperatures is
1 1
(66 + 41) = (107) = 53.5 . Thus,
2 2 (c) The amplitude a is
⎡π ⎤
f ( x ) = 12.5sin ⎢ ( x − 4.5)⎥ + 53.5
1 1
(93 − 54) = (39) = 19.5.
⎣ 6 ⎦ 2 2
π
(e) Plotting the data with The period is 12, so b = .
6
⎡π ⎤
f ( x ) = 12.5sin ⎢ ( x − 4.5)⎥ + 53.5 on 1 1
⎣ 6 ⎦ c= (93 + 54) = (147) = 73.5. The
2 2
the same coordinate axes gives a good fit.
maximum temperature occurs in July,
x = 7. Since we are using a cosine model,
we can estimate the phase shift, d = 7.
f ( x ) = a cos b ( x − d ) + c
⎡π ⎤
= 19.5cos ⎢ ( x − 7 )⎥ + 73.5
⎣6 ⎦
(f) (d) Plotting the data with
⎡π ⎤
f ( x ) = 19.5cos ⎢ ( x − 7 )⎥ + 73.5 on the
⎣6 ⎦
same coordinate axes give a good fit.
From the sine regression we have

y ≈ 12.41sin (0.53x − 2.26) + 52.42

Chapter 6 Quiz 623
(e) 7π
5. (a) Since is in quadrant IV, the
4
reference angle is
7π 8π 7π π
2π − = − = . In quadrant
4 4 4 4
IV, the cosine is positive. Thus,
7π π 2
cos = cos = .
4 4 2
7π
4
From the sine regression we have 7π 7
= (180°) = 315°. The reference
y = 19.68sin (0.53x − 2.20) + 72.90 4 4
angle is 180° − 315° = 45°. Thus,
59.
7π 2
cos = cos 315° = cos 45° = .
4 2
5π
(b) − is coterminal with
6
5π 5π 12π 7π
− + 2π = − + = . Since
6 6 6 6
7π
is in quadrant III, the reference angle
60. 6
7π 7π 6π π
is −π = − = . In quadrant
6 6 6 6
III, the sine is negative. Thus,
⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ π 1
sin ⎜ − = sin ⎜ = − sin = − .
⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ 6 2
7π
6
7π 7
Chapter 6 Quiz = (180°) = 210°. The reference
6 6
(Section 6.1−6.4)
angle is 210° − 180° = 30°. Thus,
⎛ π ⎞ 5π ⎛ 5π ⎞ 7π
1. 225° = 225 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians sin ⎜ − = sin = sin 210°
⎝ 180 ⎠ 4 ⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ 6
1
7π 7π ⎛ 180° ⎞ = − sin 30° = −
2. − =− ⎜ ⎟ = −210° 2
6 6 ⎝ π ⎠
(c) 3π is coterminal with 3π − 2π = π . So
3. r = 300, s = 450 tan 3π = tan π = 0
s = rθ ⇒ 450 = 300θ ⇒ θ =
450
= 1.5 Converting 3π to degrees, we have
300 ⎛ 180 ⎞
3π ⎜ = 540° . The reference angle is
4. From exercise 3, θ = 1.5 ⎝ π ⎟⎠
1 540º − 360º = 180º. Thus
Ꮽ = r 2θ ⇒ tan 3π = tan 540° = tan180° = 0 .
2
1
Ꮽ = (300) (1.5) = 67, 500 in 2
2
2

⎡π ⎤ 3
6. ⎢ , π ⎥ ; sin s =
⎣2 ⎦ 2
π 3
Recall that sin = and in quadrant II,
3 2
sin s is positive. Therefore,
⎛ π⎞ 2π 3
sin ⎜ π − ⎟ = sin = , and thus,
⎝ 3⎠ 3 2 ⎛ π⎞
9. y = −2 cos ⎜ x + ⎟
2π ⎝ 4⎠
s= .
3 2π
7. y = −4 sin x b
2π π π π
Amplitude: − 4 = 4; period: = 2π 0≤ x+ ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 − ≤ x ≤ 2π − ⇒
1 4 4 4
π 7π
π 3π − ≤x≤
x 0 π 2π 4 4
sin x 0 1 0 −1 0 π π
to get the following x-values: − , ,
−4 sin x 0 −4 0 4 0 4 4
This table gives five values for graphing one 3π 5π 7π
, ,
period of y = −4 sin x. Repeat this cycle for the 4 4 4
interval [ −2π , 0] . Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the
five x-values.
π π 3π 5π 7π
x −
4 4 4 4 4
π π 3π
x+ 0 π 2π
4 2 2
⎛ π⎞
cos ⎜ x + ⎟ 1 0 −1 0 1
⎝ 4⎠
1
8. y = − cos 2 x
2 ⎛ π⎞
−2 cos ⎜ x + ⎟ −2 0 2 0 −2
2π 1 1 ⎝ 4⎠
Period: = π and amplitude: – =
2 2 2 Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
Divide the interval [ 0, π ] into four equal parts table and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
to get the x-values that will yield minimum and By graphing an additional period to the right,
maximum points and x-intercepts. Make a we obtain the following graph.
table. Repeat this cycle for the interval [ −π , 0] .
π π 3π
x 0 π
4 2 4
π 3π
2x 0 π 2π
2 2
cos 2x 1 0 –1 0 1 The amplitude is 2. The period is 2π .
1 1 1 1
− cos 2 x − 0 0 −
2 2 2 2

Chapter 6 Quiz 625
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ (0, 0) ⇒ 0 = 2 sin 0 = 2 ⋅ 0 = 0
10. y = 2 + sin ( 2 x − π ) = 2 + sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎛π ⎞ π
⎜⎝ , 2 ⎟⎠ ⇒ 2 = 2 sin = 2 ⋅ 1 = 2
2π 2 2
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is
b
. ( )π , 0 ⇒ 0 = 2 sin π = 2⋅0 = 0
⎛ 3π ⎞ π
⎛ π⎞
0 ≤ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x − ≤
π 2π
⇒ ⎜⎝ , −2 ⎟ ⇒ −2 = 2 sin = 2 ⋅ ( −1) = −2
⎝ ⎠ 2 ⎠ 2
2 2 2
π π 3π (2π , 0) ⇒ 0 = 2 sin 2π = 2 ⋅ 0 = 0
0≤ x− ≤π ⇒ ≤ x≤
2 2 2
1 1
Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts 12. The amplitude is ⎡⎣1 − (−1)⎤⎦ = (2) = 1 , so
2 2
π 3π
to get the following x-values: , ,π , a = 1. One complete cycle of the graph is
2 4 achieved in π units, so the period
5π 3π 2π 2π
, π= ⇒b= = 2 . Comparing the given
4 2 b π
Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the graph with the general sine and cosine curves,
five x-values we see that this graph is a cosine curve.
π 3π 5π 3π Substituting a = 1 and b = 2, the function is
x π y = cos 2 x . Verify by confirming minimum
2 4 4 2
and maximum points and x-intercepts from the
⎛ π⎞ π 3π
2⎜x − ⎟ 0 π 2π graph:
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 (0,1) ⇒ 1 = cos(2 ⋅ 0) = cos 0 = 1
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞ π
sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ 0 1 0 −1 0 ⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟⎠ ⇒ 0 = cos ⎜⎝ 2 ⋅ ⎟⎠ = cos = 0
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ 4 4 2
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ ⎜⎝ , −1⎟⎠ ⇒ −1 = cos ⎜⎝ 2 ⋅ ⎟⎠ = cos π = −1
2 + sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ 2 3 2 1 2 2 2
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π
⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟ ⇒ 0 = cos ⎜ 2 ⋅ ⎟ = cos =0
Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 2
table and join them with a sinusoidal curve. (π ,1) ⇒ 1 = cos (2π ) = 1
1 1
13. The amplitude is ⎡⎣1 − (−1)⎤⎦ = (2) = 1 , so
2 2
a = 1. One complete cycle of the graph is
achieved in 2π units, so the period
2π 2π
2π = ⇒b= = 1 . Comparing the given
b 2π
The amplitude is 1 , which is 1. The period is graph with the general sine and cosine curves,
we see that this graph is a sine curve reflected
2π
, which is π . in the x-axis. So a = −1. Substituting a = −1
2 and b = 1, the function is y = − sin x . Verify
11. The graph is a sinusoidal curve with amplitude by confirming minimum and maximum points
1 1 and x-intercepts from the graph:
⎡ 2 − (−2)⎤⎦ = ( 4) = 2 . One complete cycle (0, 0) ⇒ 0 = − sin 0 = 0
2⎣ 2
of the graph is achieved in 2π units, so the ⎛π ⎞ π
2π 2π ⎜⎝ , −1⎟⎠ ⇒ −1 = − sin = −1
2 2
period 2π = ⇒b= =1.
b 2π (π , 0) ⇒ 0 = − sin π = 0
Comparing the given graph with the general
⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π
sine and cosine curves, we see that this graph ⎜⎝ ,1⎟ ⇒ 1 = − sin =1
is a sine curve. The equation is y = 2 sin x . 2 ⎠ 2
Verify by confirming minimum and maximum (2π , 0) ⇒ 0 = − sin 2π = 0
points and x–intercepts from the graph:

Exercises 14 and 15 refer to the function 7. y = tan 4 x

⎡π ⎤ Step 1: Find the period and locate the vertical
f ( x ) = 12 sin ⎢ ( x − 3.9)⎥ + 72
⎣6 ⎦ π
asymptotes. The period of tangent is , so
b
14. April is represented by x = 4.
π
⎡π ⎤ the period for this function is . Tangent has
f (4) = 12 sin ⎢ (4 − 3.9)⎥ + 72 ≈ 73°F 4
⎣6 ⎦ π π
asymptotes of the form bx = − and bx = .
15. From the equation, we have a = 12 and c = 72. 2 2
Thus, the average monthly temperature is Therefore, the asymptotes for y = tan 4 x are
72ºF. The lowest monthly average temperature π π π π
is 72 − 12 = 60ºF. The highest monthly 4x = − ⇒x=− and 4 x = ⇒x= .
average temperature is 72 + 12 = 84ºF. 2 8 2 8
Step 2: Sketch the two vertical asymptotes
found in Step 1.
Section 6.5 Graphs of the Tangent and Step 3: Divide the interval into four equal
Cotangent Functions π π π π
parts: − , − , 0, ,
1. y = – tan x 8 16 16 8
The graph is the reflection of the graph of Step 4: Finding the first-quarter point,
y = tan x about the x-axis. This matches with midpoint, and third-quarter point, we have
graph C. ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
⎜⎝ − , − 1⎟⎠ , (0, 0) , ⎜⎝ , 1⎟⎠
2. y = – cot x 16 16
The graph is the reflection of the graph of Step 5: Join the points with a smooth curve.
y = cot x about the x-axis. This matches with
graph A.
⎛ π⎞
3. y = tan ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
π
The graph is the graph of y = tan x shifted
4
units to the right. This matches with graph B.
1
8. y = tan x
⎛ π⎞ 2
4. y = cot ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ Step 1: Find the period and locate the vertical
π
π asymptotes. The period of tangent is , so
The graph is the graph of y = cot x shifted b
4
the period for this function is 2π . Tangent has
units to the right. This matches with graph D.
π π
⎛ π⎞ 2 2
5. y = cot ⎜ x + ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ 1
Therefore, the asymptotes for y = tan x are
π 2
The graph is the graph of y = cot x shifted
4 1 π 1 π
x = − ⇒ x = −π and x = ⇒ x = π
units to the left. This matches with graph F. 2 2 2 2
⎛ π⎞
6. y = tan ⎜ x + ⎟ found in Step 1.
⎝ 4⎠ Step 3: Divide the interval into four equal
π π π
The graph is the graph of y = tan x shifted parts: −π , − , 0,,π
4 2 2
units to the left. This matches with graph E. Step 4: Finding the first-quarter point,
midpoint, and third-quarter point, we have
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
⎜⎝ − , −1⎟⎠ , (0,0) , ⎜⎝ ,1⎟⎠
2 2

Section 6.5 Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions 627
(continued) Step 3: Divide the interval into four equal

π π 3π
Step 5: Join the points with a smooth curve. parts: 0, , , ,π
4 2 4
Step 4: Finding the first-quarter point,
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜⎝ , 2 ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ , − 2⎟
4 2 4 ⎠
Step 5: Join the points with a smooth curve.
The graph is “stretched” because a = 2 and
9. y = 2 tan x 2 > 1.
Step 1: Find the period and locate the vertical
π
b
the period for this function is π . Tangent has
π π
2 2
Therefore, the asymptotes for y = 2 tan x are
π π
x=− and x = .
2 2 1
11. y = 2 tan x
Step 2: Sketch the two vertical asymptotes 4
found in Step 1. Step 1: Find the period and locate the vertical
Step 3: Divide the interval into four equal π
π π π π asymptotes. The period of tangent is , so
parts: − ,− , 0, , b
2 4 4 2 the period for this function is 4π . Tangent has
Step 4: Finding the first-quarter point, π π
midpoint, and third-quarter point, we have asymptotes of the form bx = − and bx = .
2 2
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
⎜⎝ − , −2 ⎟⎠ , (0,0) , ⎜⎝ , 2 ⎟⎠ Therefore, the asymptotes for y = 2 tan
1
x
4 4 4
Step 5: Join the points with a smooth curve. are
The graph is “stretched” because a = 2 and 1 π 1 π
2 > 1. x = − ⇒ x = −2π and x = ⇒ x = 2π
4 2 4 2
found in Step 1.
Step 3: Divide the interval into four equal
parts: −2π , −π , 0, π , 2π
midpoint, and third-quarter point, we have:
(−π , − 2) , (0, 0) , (π , 2)
10. y = 2 cot x
π
asymptotes. The period of cotangent is , so
b
the period for this function is π . Cotangent
has asymptotes of the form bx = 0 and bx = π .
The asymptotes for y = 2 cot x are x = 0 and
x = π.
found in Step 1.

1 Step 4: Finding the first-quarter point,

12. y = cot x midpoint, and third-quarter point, we have
2
Step 1: Find the period and locate the vertical ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
⎜⎝ ,1⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ ,0 ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ , −1⎟⎠
π 12 6 4
asymptotes. The period of cotangent is , so
b Step 5: Join the points with a smooth curve.
the period for this function is π . Cotangent
1
The asymptotes for y = cot x are x = 0 and
2
x = π.
found in Step 1.
π π 3π 1
parts: 0, , , ,π 14. y = − cot x
4 2 4 2
Step 4: Finding the first-quarter point, Step 1: Find the period and locate the vertical
midpoint, and third-quarter point, we have π
⎛ π 1 ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π 1⎞ asymptotes. The period of cotangent is , so
⎜⎝ , ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ ,0 ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ ,− ⎟ b
4 2 2 4 2⎠ the period for this function is 2π . Cotangent
Step 5: Join the points with a smooth curve. has asymptotes of the form bx = 0 and
1 1
The graph is “compressed” because a = bx = π . The asymptotes for y = − cot x are
2 2
1 1 1
and < 1. x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 and x = π ⇒ x = 2π
2 2 2
found in Step 1.
π 3π
parts: 0, , π , , 2π
2 2
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜⎝ , − 1⎟⎠ , (π , 0) , ⎜⎝ , 1⎟
2 2 ⎠
13. y = cot 3 x Step 5: Join the points with a smooth curve.
Step 1: Find the period and locate the vertical The graph is the reflection of the graph of
π 1
asymptotes. The period of cotangent is , so y = cot x about the x-axis.
b 2
π
the period for this function is . Cotangent
3
The asymptotes for y = cot 3 x are
π
3x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 and 3 x = π ⇒ x =
3
found in Step 1.
π π π π
parts: 0, , , ,
12 6 4 3


15. y = −2 tan x midpoint, and third-quarter point, we have
4
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
⎜⎝ − , −3 ⎟⎠ , (0,0) , ⎜⎝ , 3 ⎟⎠
π 2 2
b Step 5: Join the points with a smooth curve.
π π
2 2
1
Therefore, the asymptotes for y = −2 tan x
4
are
1 π 1 π
x = − ⇒ x = −2π and x = ⇒ x = 2π
4 2 4 2
Step 2: Sketch the two vertical asymptotes 1
found in Step 1. 17. y = cot 4 x
2
parts: −2π , − π , 0, π , 2π
π
Step 4: Finding the first-quarter point, asymptotes. The period of cotangent is , so
midpoint, and third-quarter point, we have b
π
(−π , 2) , (0, 0) , (π , −2) the period for this function is . Cotangent
4
1
The asymptotes for y = cot 4 x are
2
π
4 x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 and 4x = π ⇒ x =
4
found in Step 1.
π π 3π π
1 parts: 0, , , ,
16. y = 3 tan x 16 8 16 4
Step 1: Find the period and locate the vertical midpoint, and third-quarter point, we have
π ⎛ π 1 ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π 1⎞
asymptotes. The period of tangent is , so ,− ⎟
b ⎜⎝ , ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ ,0 ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝
16 2 8 16 2⎠
π π
2 2
1
Therefore, the asymptotes for y = 3 tan x
2
are
1 π 1 π
x = − ⇒ x = −π and x = ⇒ x = π .
2 2 2 2
found in Step 1.
π π
parts: −π , − , 0, ,π
2 2

1 ⎛ π⎞ π ⎛ π⎞ π
18. y = − cot 2 x 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ = − , 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ = , and
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2
⎛ π ⎞ 3π
π 2⎜x − ⎟ =
asymptotes. The period of cotangent is , so ⎝ 2⎠ 2
b
Solve each of these equations:
π
the period for this function is. Cotangent ⎛ π⎞ π π π π
2 2⎜x − ⎟ = − ⇒ x − = − ⇒ x =
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 4 4
has asymptotes of the form bx = 0 and
1 ⎛ π⎞ π π π 3π
bx = π . The asymptotes for y = − cot 2 x 2⎜x − ⎟ = ⇒ x − = ⇒ x =
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 4 4
π ⎛ π ⎞ 3π π 3π 5π
are 2 x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 and 2x = π ⇒ x = 2⎜x − ⎟ = ⇒ x− = ⇒x=
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 4 4
⎛ π 3π ⎞
Divide the interval ⎜ ,
⎝ 4 4 ⎟⎠
found in Step 1. into four equal
π π 3π π parts to obtain the following key x-values:
parts: 0, , , , 3π π
8 4 8 2 first-quarter value: ; middle value: ;
Step 4: Finding the first-quarter point, 8 2
midpoint, and third-quarter point, we have 5π
third-quarter value:
⎛π 1 ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π 1 ⎞ 8
⎜⎝ , − ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ ,0 ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ , ⎟
8 2 4 8 2⎠ Evaluating the given function at these three
key x-values gives the points
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
⎜⎝ , −1⎟ , ⎜ ,0 ⎟ , ⎜
⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎟⎠
,1
8
Connect these points with a smooth curve and
continue to graph to approach the asymptote
π 3π
x= and x = to complete one period of
4 4
the graph. Sketch the identical curve between
3π 5π
the asymptotes x = and x = to
4 4
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
19. y = tan (2 x − π ) = tan ⎢ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ complete a second period of the graph.
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
π π
Period: =
b 2
Vertical translation: none
π
Phase shift (horizontal translation): units
2
to the right
Because the function is to be graphed over a
two-period interval, locate three adjacent
vertical asymptotes. Asymptotes of the graph
π π 3π
y = tan x occur at − , , and , so use
2 2 2
the following equations to locate asymptotes:

⎛x ⎞ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎛ π⎞ ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
20. y = tan ⎜ + π ⎟ = tan ⎢ ( x + 2π )⎥ 21. y = cot ⎜ 3 x + ⎟ = cot ⎢3 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥
⎝2 ⎠ ⎣2 ⎦ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 12 ⎠⎦
π π π π
Period: = 1
= 2π Period: =
b 2 b 3
Vertical translation: none Vertical translation: none
Phase shift (horizontal translation): 2π units π
Phase shift (horizontal translation): unit to
to the left 12
Because the function is to be graphed over a the left
two-period interval, locate three adjacent Because the function is to be graphed over a
vertical asymptotes. Asymptotes of the graph two-period interval, locate three adjacent
π 3π 5π vertical asymptotes. Asymptotes of the graph
y = tan x occur at , , and , so use
2 2 2 y = cot x occur at multiples of π , so use the
the following equations to locate asymptotes. following equations to locate asymptotes:
1 π 1 3π ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
( x + 2π ) = , ( x + 2π ) = , and 3 ⎜ x + ⎟ = 0, 3 ⎜ x + ⎟ = π , and
2 2 2 2 ⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠
1 5π
( x + 2π ) = ⎛ π ⎞
3 ⎜ x + ⎟ = 2π
2 2 ⎝ 12 ⎠
1 π
( x + 2π ) = ⇒ x + 2π = π ⇒ x = −π ⎛ π ⎞ π π
2 2 3⎜x + ⎟ = 0 ⇒ x + =0⇒ x=−
⎝ 12 ⎠ 12 12
1 3π
( x + 2π ) = ⇒ x + 2π = 3π ⇒ x = π ⎛ π ⎞ π π
2 2 3⎜x + ⎟ = π ⇒ x + = ⇒
1 5π ⎝ 12 ⎠ 12 3
( x + 2π ) = ⇒ x + 2π = 5π ⇒ x = 3π π π π
2 2 x= − =
Divide the interval (π ,3π ) into four equal 3 12 4
⎛ π ⎞ π 2π
parts to obtain the following key x-values: 3 ⎜ x + ⎟ = 2π ⇒ x + = ⇒
⎝ 12 ⎠ 12 3
3π
first-quarter value: ; middle value: 2π ; 2π π 7π
2 x= − ⇒x=
3 12 12
5π
third-quarter value: ⎛ π 7π ⎞
2 Divide the interval ⎜ ,
⎝ 4 12 ⎟⎠
into four equal
Evaluating the given function at these three
key x-values gives the points. parts to obtain the following key x-values:
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ π 5π
⎜⎝ , −1⎟ , (2π ,0) , ⎜ first-quarter value: ; middle value: ;
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
,1
2 ⎠ 3 12
Connect these points with a smooth curve and π
continue to graph to approach the asymptote 2
x = π and x = 3π to complete one period of Evaluating the given function at these three
the graph. Sketch the identical curve between key x-values gives the points.
the asymptotes x = −π and x = π to ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
⎜⎝ ,1⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ , −1⎟
complete a second period of the graph. 3 12 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
π 7π
4 12
π π
the asymptotes x = − and x =
to
12 4
complete a second period of the graph.

(continued) Evaluating the given function at these three

⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
⎜⎝ ,1⎟ , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ , −1⎟
8 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠
π 3π
4 4
3π 5π
the asymptotes x = and x = to
4 4
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ 3π ⎞⎤
22. y = cot ⎜ 2 x − ⎟ = cot ⎢ 2 ⎜⎝ x − ⎟⎠ ⎥ complete a second period of the graph.
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣ 4 ⎦
π π
Period: =
b 2
3π
4
to the right
y = cot x occur at multiples of π , so use the 23. y = 1 + tan x
following equations to locate asymptotes. This is the graph of y = tan x translated
vertically 1 unit up.
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
2⎜x −
⎝ ⎟ = −π , 2 ⎜⎝ x − ⎟ = 0, and
4 ⎠ 4 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞
2⎜x −
⎝ ⎟=π
4 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π π
2⎜x −
⎝ ⎟ = −π ⇒ x − =− ⇒
4 ⎠ 4 2
π 3π π 24. y = 1 − tan x
x=− + ⇒x=
2 4 4 This is the graph of y = tan x, reflected over
⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π 3π the x-axis and then translated vertically 1 unit
2⎜x − ⎟⎠ = 0 ⇒ x − =0⇒ x=
⎝ 4 4 4 up.
⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π π
2⎜x −
⎝ ⎟⎠ = π ⇒ x − = ⇒
4 4 2
π 3π 5π
x= + =
2 4 4
⎛ π 3π ⎞
Divide the interval ⎜ ,
⎝ 4 4 ⎟⎠
into four equal
parts to obtain the following key x-values:

3π π
first-quarter value: ; middle value: ;
8 2
5π
8

25. y = 1 – cot x 1 1 ⎡ ⎛ 3π ⎞⎤
This is the graph of y = cot x reflected about 29. y = −1 + cot ( 2 x − 3π ) = −1 + cot ⎢ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟⎠ ⎥
2 2 ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎦
the x-axis and then translated vertically 1 unit
up. π π
Period: = .
b 2
Vertical translation: 1 unit down
3π
2
to the right
26. y = –2 – cot x y = cot x occur at multiples of π , use the
This is the graph of y = cot x reflected about following equations to locate asymptotes:
the x-axis and then translated vertically 2 units
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
down. 2⎜x −
⎝ ⎟ = −2π , 2 ⎜⎝ x − ⎟ = −π , and
2 ⎠ 2 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞
2⎜x − ⎟=0
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π
2⎜x −
⎝ ⎟ = −2π ⇒ x − = −π ⇒
2 ⎠ 2
3π π
x = −π + =
27. y = –1 + 2 tan x 2 2
This is the graph of y = 2 tan x translated
⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π π
vertically 1 unit down. 2⎜x −
⎝ ⎟⎠ = −π ⇒ x − =− ⇒
2 2 2
π 3π 2π
x=− + ⇒x= =π
2 2 2
⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π 3π
2⎜x − ⎟=0⇒ x− =0⇒ x=
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 2
⎛π ⎞
Divide the interval ⎜ , π ⎟ into four equal
⎝2 ⎠
1 parts to obtain the following key x-values:
28. y = 3 + tan x
2 5π 3π
1 8 4
This is the graph of y = tan x translated
2 7π
vertically 3 units up. 8
key x-values gives the points.
⎛ 5π 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 7π 3⎞
⎜⎝ ,− ⎟, ⎜ , −1⎟ , ⎜ ,− ⎟
8 2⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 8 2⎠
π
x= and x = π to complete one period of
2
3π
the asymptotes x = π and x = to
2

(continued) Connect these points with a smooth curve and

3π π
x=− and x = − to complete one
8 8
period of the graph. Sketch the identical curve
π π
between the asymptotes x = − and x =
8 8
to complete a second period of the graph.
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
30. y = −2 + 3 tan (4 x + π ) = −2 + 3 tan ⎢ 4 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
π π
Period: =
b 4
Vertical translation: 2 units down
π
Phase shift (horizontal translation): unit to
4
the left ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
31. y = 1 − 2 cot ⎢ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥
Because the function is to be graphed over a ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
two-period interval, locate three adjacent π π
vertical asymptotes. Asymptotes of the graph Period: =
b 2
π π 3π
y = tan x occur at − , , and , use Vertical translation: 1 unit up
2 2 2 π
the following equations to locate asymptotes: Phase shift (horizontal translation): unit to
2
⎛ π⎞ π ⎛ π⎞ π
4 ⎜ x + ⎟ = − , 4 ⎜ x + ⎟ = , and the left
⎝ 4⎠ 2 ⎝ 4⎠ 2 Because the function is to be graphed over a
⎛ π ⎞ 3π two-period interval, locate three adjacent
4⎜x + ⎟ = vertical asymptotes. Asymptotes of the graph
⎝ 4⎠ 2
y = cot x occur at multiples of π , so use the
Solve each of these equations.:
following equations to locate asymptotes.
⎛ π⎞ π π π 3π
4⎜x + ⎟ = − ⇒ x + = − ⇒ x = − ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⎝ 4⎠ 2 4 8 8 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ = 0, 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ = π , and
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π⎞ π π π π
4⎜x + ⎟ = ⇒ x + = ⇒ x = − ⎛ π⎞
⎝ 4⎠ 2 4 8 8 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ = 2π
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π ⎞ 3π π 3π π
4⎜x + ⎟ = ⇒ x+ = ⇒ x= Solve each of these equations:
⎝ 4⎠ 2 4 8 8
⎛ π⎞ π π π
2⎜x + ⎟ = 0 ⇒ x + = 0 ⇒ x = 0 − = −
⎛ 3π π⎞ ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 2
Divide the interval ⎜ − , − ⎟ into four
⎝ 8 8⎠
⎛ π⎞ π π
equal parts to obtain the following key x- 2⎜x + ⎟ = π ⇒ x + = ⇒
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
5π π π
values: first-quarter value: − ; middle x= − ⇒x=0
16 2 2
π 3π
π⎞ π
value: − ; third-quarter value: − ⎛
4 16 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ = 2π ⇒ x + = π ⇒
⎝ 2⎠ 2
π π
key x-values gives the points. x=π − =
2 2
⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜⎝ − , −5 ⎟ , ⎜ − , −2 ⎟ , ⎜ −
⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎟⎠
,1
16 (continued on next page)

(continued) Solve each of these equations:

3⎛ 4π ⎞ π 4π 2π 2π
⎛ π⎞ ⎜⎝ x − ⎟⎠ = − ⇒ x − =− ⇒ x=
Divide the interval ⎜ 0, ⎟ into four equal 4 3 2 3 3 3
⎝ 2⎠
3⎛ 4π ⎞ π 4π 2π
⎜x − ⎟= ⇒ x− = ⇒ x = 2π
π π 4⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 3 3
8 4 3⎛ 4π ⎞ 3π 4π 10π
⎜⎝ x − ⎟⎠ = ⇒ x− = 2π ⇒ x =
3π 4 3 2 3 3
8 ⎛ 2π ⎞
Evaluating the given function at these three Divide the interval ⎜ , 2π ⎟ into four equal
⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜⎝ , −1⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ ,1⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ , 3⎟ 4π
8 4 8 ⎠ first-quarter value: π middle value: ;
3
5π
continue to graph to approach the asymptote third-quarter value: . Evaluating the given
π 3
x = 0 and x = to complete one period of function at these three key x-values gives the
2
⎛ 8 ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞ ⎛ 5π 4⎞
the graph. Sketch the identical curve between points ⎜ π , − ⎟ , ⎜ , −2 ⎟ , ⎜ ,− ⎟
π ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3⎠
the asymptotes x = − and x = 0 to Connect these points with a smooth curve and
2
complete a second period of the graph. continue to graph to approach the asymptote
2π
x= and x = 2π to complete one period
3
of the graph.
Sketch the identical curve between the
10π
asymptotes x = 2π and x = to complete
3
a second period of the graph.
2 ⎛3 ⎞
32. y = −2 + tan ⎜ x − π ⎟
3 ⎝ 4 ⎠
2 ⎡3 ⎛ 4π ⎞⎤
= −2 + tan ⎢ ⎜ x − ⎟⎠ ⎥
3 ⎣4 ⎝ 3 ⎦
π π 4 4π
Period is = 3
= π=
b 4
3 3
π π
Vertical translation: 2 units down 33. Since the asymptotes are at − , , and
4π 2 2
Phase shift (horizontal translation): units to 3π
3 , this is a tangent function of the form
the right 2
Because the function is to be graphed over a y = a tan x. The graph passes through the point
two-period interval, locate three adjacent vertical ⎛π ⎞
asymptotes. Asymptotes of the graph ⎜⎝ , −2 ⎟⎠ . Substituting these values into the
4
π π 3π
y = tan x occur at − , , and , so use generic equation gives
2 2 2 π
the following equations to locate asymptotes: y = a tan x ⇒ −2 = a tan ⇒ −2 = a ⋅ 1 ⇒
4
3⎛ 4π ⎞ π 3⎛ 4π ⎞ π −2 = a
⎜⎝ x − ⎟⎠ = − , ⎜⎝ x − ⎟ = , and
4 3 2 4 3 ⎠ 2 Thus, the equation of the graph is y = −2 tan x.
3⎛ 4π ⎞ 3π
⎜x − ⎟=
4⎝ 3 ⎠ 2

34. Since the asymptotes occur at multiples of π , 38. The asymptotes occur at 0 and π , so this is a
this is a cotangent function of the form cotangent function with period π . The graph
y = a cot x. The graph passes through the point is vertically translated 2 units down compared
⎛π ⎞ to the the graph of y = cot x, so the equation is
⎜⎝ , −2 ⎟⎠ . Substituting these values into the of the form y = a cot x − 2. Since the graph
4
generic equation gives ⎛π ⎞
passes through ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , substitute these
π ⎝4 ⎠
y = a cot x ⇒ −2 = a cot ⇒ −2 = a ⋅ 1 ⇒ −2 = a values into y = a cot x − 2 to find a.
4
Thus, the equation of the graph is y = −2 cot x. π π
0 = a cot − 2 ⇒ 2 = a cot ⇒ 2 = a ⋅1 ⇒
4 4
2π π a=2
35. Since the asymptotes occur at 0, , and
3 3 Thus, an equation of the graph is
this is a cotangent function of the form y = −2 + 2 cot x.
π
y = a cot bx. The period of the function is , π
3 39. True; is the smallest positive value where
2
π π
so we have =
⇒ b = 3 . The graph passes π
3 b π sin
cos = 0. Since tan 2 , π is the
π
=
⎛π ⎞ 2 2 2 π
through the point ⎜ ,1⎟ . Substituting these cos
⎝ 12 ⎠ 2
values into the generic equation gives smallest positive value where the tangent
⎛ π ⎞ π
y = a cot bx ⇒ 1 = a cot ⎜ 3 ⋅ ⎟ ⇒ function is undefined. Thus, k = is the
⎝ 12 ⎠ 2
π smallest positive value for which x = k is an
1 = a cot ⇒ 1 = a ⋅1 ⇒ 1 = a
4 asymptote for the tangent function.
Thus, the equation of the graph is y = cot 3x.
π
cos
π π π 2 = 0 = 0. The smallest
36. Since the asymptotes occur at − , , and 40. False; cot =
6 6 2 1 π
sin
π 2
2
, this is a tangent function of the form such number is π .
y = a tan bx. The period of the function is sin(− x) − sin x
π π π π π 41. False; tan ( − x ) = = = − tan x
− = , so we have = ⇒ b = 3. cos(− x) cos x
2 6 3 b 3 (since sin x is odd and cos x is even) for all x
⎛π ⎞ in the domain. Moreover, if tan (− x ) = tan x,
The graph passes through the point ⎜ ,1⎟ .
⎝ 12 ⎠
then the graph would be symmetric about the
Substituting these values into the generic y-axis, which it is not.
equation gives
⎛ π ⎞ 42. True, cot(− x) = − cot x for all x in the domain
y = a tan bx ⇒ 1 = a tan ⎜ 3 ⋅ ⎟ ⇒ of cot x.
⎝ 12 ⎠
π 43. The function tan x has a period of π , so it
1 = a tan ⇒ 1 = a ⋅1 ⇒ 1 = a
4 repeats four times over the interval
Thus, the equation of the graph is y = tan 3x. (−2π , 2π ] . Since its range is (−∞, ∞ ) ,
37. Since the asymptotes occur at −π and π , this tan x = c has four solutions for every value
is a tangent function with period 2π instead of c.
of π . Therefore, the coefficient of x is 12 . The
graph is vertically translated 1 unit up
compared to the graph of y = tan 12 x, so an
equation for this graph is y = 1 + tan 12 x.

44. The domain of the tangent function, y = tan x,

⎧ π ⎫
is ⎨ x x ≠ + nπ , where n is any integer ⎬ ,
⎩ 2 ⎭
and the range is (−∞, ∞ ) . For the function
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
f ( x ) = −4 tan ( 2 x + π ) = −4 tan ⎢ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ , 49. π
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
π π 5π
π 50. π = x − ⇒ x=π + =
the period is . Therefore, the domain is 4 4 4
2
⎧ π π ⎫ 51. The vertical asymptotes in general occur at
⎨ x x ≠ + n, where n is any integer ⎬ . 5π
⎩ 4 2 ⎭ x= + nπ , where n is an integer.
4
This can also be written as
⎧ π ⎫ ⎛ π⎞
⎨ x x ≠ (2n + 1) , where n is any integer ⎬ . 52. The function y = −2 − cot ⎜ x − ⎟ is graphed
⎩ 2 ⎭ ⎝ 4⎠
The range remains (−∞, ∞ ) . in the window [ −π , 2π ] with scale
π
(with
2
sin(− x) − sin x
45. tan ( − x ) =
respect to x). Using the zero feature of the
= = − tan x ,
cos(− x) cos x graphing calculator, we see that the smallest
positive x-intercept is approximately
⎧ π ⎫
⎨ x x ≠ (2n + 1) , where n is any integer ⎬ . 0.3217505544.
⎩ 4 ⎭
cos (− x ) cos x
46. cot ( − x ) = = = − cot x ,
sin ( − x ) − sin x
{x x ≠ nπ , where n is any integer . }
47. d = 4 tan 2π t
(a) d = 4 tan 2π (0) = 4 tan 0 ≈ 4 (0) = 0 m
(b) d = 4 tan 2π (0.4) = 4 tan 0.8π

≈ 4 ( –0.7265) ≈ –2.9 m
53. 0.3217505544 + π ≈ 3.463343208
(c) d = 4 tan 2π (0.8) = 4 tan1.6π
≈ 4 ( –3.0777 ) ≈ –12.3 m
(d) d = 4 tan 2π (1.2) = 4 tan 2.4π

≈ 4 (3.0777 ) ≈ 12.3 m
{ }
π
(e) t = 0.25 leads to tan , which is 54. x | x = 0.3217505544 + nπ ,
2 where n is an integer
undefined.
48. Answers will vary.

Section 6.6 Graphs of the Secant and 1

6. y = −2 sec x
Cosecant Functions 2
Step 1: Graph the corresponding reciprocal
1. y = – csc x
1
The graph is the reflection of the graph of function y = −2 cos x. The period is
y = csc x about the x-axis. This matches with 2
graph B. 2π 2
1
= 2π ⋅ = 4π and its amplitude is
2. y = – sec x 2
1
The graph is the reflection of the graph of −2 = 2. One period is in the interval
y = sec x about the x-axis. This matches with
0 ≤ x ≤ 4π . Dividing the interval into four
graph C.
equal parts gives us the following key points:
⎛ π⎞ (0, − 2) , (π , 0) , (2π , 2) , (3π , 0) , (4π , − 2)
3. y = sec ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ Step 2: The vertical asymptotes of
π 1
y = −2 sec x are at the x-intercepts of
The graph is the graph of y = sec x shifted
2 2
units to the right. This matches with graph D. 1
y = −2 cos x, which are x = π and x = 3π .
2
⎛ π⎞
4. y = csc ⎜ x + ⎟ Continuing this pattern to the left, we also
⎝ 2⎠ have a vertical asymptote of x = −π .
π Step 3: Sketch the graph.
The graph is the graph of y = csc x shifted
2
units to the left. This matches with graph A.
1
5. y = 3sec x
4
1
function y = 3cos x. The period is
4
2π 4
= 2π ⋅ = 8π and its amplitude is 3 = 3. 1 ⎛ π⎞
1
1 7. y = − csc ⎜ x + ⎟
4 2 ⎝ 2⎠
One period is in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 8π . Step 1: Graph the corresponding reciprocal
Dividing the interval into four equal parts
1 ⎛ π⎞
gives us the following key points: (0, 1), function y = − sin ⎜ x + ⎟ . The period is
⎝ 2⎠
(2π , 0) , (4π , − 1) , (6π , 0) , (8π , 1) 2
1 1
1 2π and its amplitude is − = . One period
Step 2: The vertical asymptotes of y = sec x 2 2
4
π 3π
1
are at the x-intercepts of y = cos x, which is in the interval − ≤ x ≤ .
4 2 2
are x = 2π and x = 6π . Continuing this
⎛ π ⎞
pattern to the left, we also have a vertical gives us the following key points: ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ ,
asymptote of x = −2π . ⎝ 2 ⎠
Step 3: Sketch the graph. ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜⎝ 0, − ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ π , ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ , 0⎟
2 2 2 2 ⎠

Section 6.6 Graphs of the Secant and Cosecant Functions 639
(continued) ⎛ π⎞
9. y = csc ⎜ x − ⎟
Step 2: The vertical asymptotes of ⎝ 4⎠
1 ⎛ π⎞ Step 1: Graph the corresponding reciprocal
y = − csc ⎜ x + ⎟ are at the x-intercepts of
2 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎛ π⎞
function y = sin ⎜ x − ⎟ The period is 2π
1 ⎛ π⎞ π ⎝ 4⎠
y = − sin ⎜ x + ⎟ , which are x = − ,
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 and its amplitude is 1 = 1. One period is in
π 3π π 9π
x= , and x = . the interval ≤x≤ . Dividing the
2 2 4 4
Step 3: Sketch the graph. interval into four equal parts gives us the
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
following key points: ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
,1 ,
⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 9π ⎞
⎜⎝ , 0⎟ , ⎜ , −1⎟ , ⎜
⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
,0
4 ⎠ ⎝ 4
Step 2: The vertical asymptotes of
⎛ π⎞
y = csc ⎜ x − ⎟ are at the x-intercepts of
⎝ 4⎠
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ π 5π
8. y =
1
csc ⎜ x − ⎟ y = sin ⎜ x − ⎟ , which are x = , x = ,
2 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 4 4
Step 1: Graph the corresponding reciprocal 9π
and x = .
1 ⎛ π⎞ 4
function y = sin ⎜ x − ⎟ . The period is 2π Step 3: Sketch the graph.
2 ⎝ 2⎠
1 1
and its amplitude is = . One period is in
2 2
π 5π
the interval ≤x≤ . Dividing the
2 2
interval into four equal parts us the following
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
key points: ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ π , ⎟ , ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
,0 ,
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜⎝ 2π , − ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ , 0⎟ 10. y = sec ⎜ x + ⎟
2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
Step 2: The vertical asymptotes of Step 1: Graph the corresponding reciprocal
1 ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
y = csc ⎜ x − ⎟ are at the x-intercepts of function y = cos ⎜ x +
⎝ ⎟ . The period is 2π
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 4 ⎠
1 ⎛ π⎞ π and its amplitude is 1 = 1. One period is in
y= sin ⎜ x − ⎟ , which are x = ,
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 3π 5π
the interval − ≤x≤ .
3π 5π 4 4
x= , and x = .
2 2 Dividing the interval into four equal parts
Step 3: Sketch the graph. ⎛ 3π ⎞
gives us the following key points: ⎜ −
⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
,1 ,
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
⎜⎝ − , 0 ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ , −1⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ , 0⎟ , ⎜ ,1⎟
4 4 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠

(continued)
⎛ 3π ⎞
y = sec ⎜ x + ⎟ are at the x-intercepts of
⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ π
y = cos ⎜ x + ⎟⎠ , which are x = − and
⎝ 4 4
3π
x= . Continuing this pattern to the right,
4
⎛ π⎞
7π 12. y = csc ⎜ x + ⎟
we also have a vertical asymptote of x = . ⎝ 3⎠
4
Step 3: Sketch the graph.
⎛ π⎞
function y = sin ⎜ x + ⎟ . The period is 2π
⎝ 3⎠
and its amplitude is 1 . One period is in the
π 5π
interval − ≤ x ≤ . Dividing the interval
3 3
into four equal parts gives us the following
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞
key points: ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ ,1⎟ , ⎜
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
,0 ,
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
⎜⎝ , −1⎟ , ⎜
⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
11. y = sec ⎜ x + ⎟ ,0
⎝ 4⎠ 6
Step 1: Graph the corresponding reciprocal Step 2: The vertical asymptotes of
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
function y = cos ⎜ x + ⎟ . The period is 2π y = csc ⎜ x + ⎟ are at the x-intercepts of
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
and its amplitude is 1 = 1. One period is in ⎛ π⎞ π
y = sin ⎜ x + ⎟ , which are x = − ,
⎝ 3⎠ 3
π 7π
the interval − ≤x≤ . Dividing the 2π 5π
4 4 x= , and x = .
interval into four equal parts gives us the 3 3
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
following key points: ⎜ − ,1⎟ , ⎜ , 0 ⎟ ,
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞
⎜⎝ , −1⎟ , ⎜
⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
,0 , ,1
4
⎛ π⎞
y = sec ⎜ x + ⎟ are at the x-intercepts of
⎝ 4⎠
⎛ π⎞ π
y = cos ⎜ x + ⎟ , which are x = and
⎝ 4 ⎠ 4
5π
x= . Continuing this pattern to the right,
4
9π
we also have a vertical asymptote of x = .
4

⎛1 π⎞ ⎡1 ⎛ π ⎞⎤ ⎛ 4π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 10π ⎞
13. y = csc ⎜ x − ⎟ = csc ⎢ ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ ⎜⎝ , −1⎟ , ⎜
⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3
,0 , ,1⎟
⎝2 4⎠ ⎣ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ 3 ⎠
Step 1: Graph the corresponding reciprocal Step 2: The vertical asymptotes of
⎡1 ⎛ π ⎞⎤ ⎡1 ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤
function y = sin ⎢ ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ . The period is y = sec ⎢ ⎜ x + ⎟ are at the x-intercepts
⎣2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎥⎦
2π 2 ⎡1 ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤ π
= 2π ⋅ = 4π and its amplitude is 1 = 1. of y = cos ⎢ ⎜ x + ⎟⎠ ⎥ , which are x =
1
1 ⎣ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎦ 3
2
π 9π 7π
One period is in the interval ≤x≤ . and x = . Continuing this pattern to the
2 2 3
Dividing the interval into four equal parts right, we also have a vertical asymptote of
⎛π ⎞ 13π
gives us the following key points: ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , x= .
⎝2 ⎠ 3
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 9π ⎞
⎜⎝ ,1⎟ , ⎜ , 0⎟ , ⎜ , −1⎟ , ⎜
⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
,0
2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2
⎡1 ⎛ π ⎞⎤
y = csc ⎢ ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ are at the x-intercepts of
⎣ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
⎡1 ⎛ π ⎞⎤ π
y = sin ⎢ ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ , which are x = ,
⎣ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ 2
5π 9π
x= , and x = .
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
2 2 15. y = 2 + 3sec ( 2 x − π ) = 2 + 3sec ⎢ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥
Step 3: Sketch the graph. ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
function y = 2 + 3cos ⎢ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ . The
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
period is π and its amplitude is 3 = 3. One
π 3π
period is in the interval ≤x≤ . Dividing
2 2
the interval into four equal parts gives us the
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎛1 π⎞ ⎡1 ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤ following key points: ⎜ ,5 ⎟ , ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
,2 ,
14. y = sec ⎜ x + ⎟ = sec ⎢ ⎜ x + ⎟
⎝2 3⎠ ⎣ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎥⎦
5π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
Step 1: Graph the corresponding reciprocal (π , −1) , ⎛⎜⎝ , 2⎟ , ⎜ , 5⎟
4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎡1 ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤
function y = cos ⎢ ⎜ x + ⎟ . Step 2: The vertical asymptotes of
⎣ 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
2π 2 y = 2 + 3sec ⎢ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ are at the x-
The period is = 2π ⋅ = 4π and its ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
1
1
2 ⎛ π⎞
intercepts of y = 3cos 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ , which are
amplitude is
1 1
= . One period is in the ⎝ 2⎠
2 2 3π 5π
2π 10π x= and x = . Continuing this pattern
interval − ≤x≤ . Dividing the 4 4
3 3 to the left, we also have a vertical asymptote
interval into four equal parts gives us the π
of x = .
⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ 4
following key points: ⎜ −
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
,1 , ,0 ,

(continued) 3π 11π
One period is in the interval ≤x≤ .
Step 3: Sketch the graph. 4 4
gives us the following key points:
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π 1 ⎞
⎜⎝ ,1⎟ , ⎜ , ⎟,
4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 2⎠
⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 9π 3 ⎞ ⎛ 11π ⎞
⎜⎝ ,1⎟ , ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ ,1⎟
4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
1 ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎛ π⎞ y = 1 − csc ⎜ x − ⎟ are at the x-intercepts
16. y = 1 − 2 csc ⎜ x + ⎟ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎝ 2⎠
1 ⎛ 3π ⎞ 3π
Step 1: Graph the corresponding reciprocal of y = − sin ⎜ x − ⎟ , which are x = ,
2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 4
⎛ π⎞
function y = 1 − 2 sin ⎜ x + ⎟ . The period is 7π 11π
⎝ 2⎠ x= , and x = .
4 4
2π and its amplitude is −2 = 2. One period
π 3π
is in the interval − ≤x≤ . Dividing the
2 2
interval into four equal parts gives us the
⎛ π ⎞
following key points: ⎜ − ,1⎟ , (0, −1) ,
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜⎝ ,1⎟⎠ , (π , 3) , ⎜⎝ ,1⎟
2 2 ⎠
⎛ π⎞
y = 1 − 2 csc ⎜ x + ⎟ are at the x-intercepts of 1 ⎛1 ⎞ 1 ⎡1 ⎤
⎝ 2⎠ 18. y = 2 + sec ⎜ x − π ⎟ = 2 + sec ⎢ ( x − 2π )⎥
4 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 ⎣2 ⎦
⎛ π⎞ π
y = −2 sin ⎜ x + ⎟ , which are x = − , Step 1: Graph the corresponding reciprocal
⎝ 2⎠ 2 1 ⎡1 ⎤
π 3π function y = 2 + cos ⎢ ( x − 2π )⎥ . The period
x= , and x = . 4 ⎣2 ⎦
2 2 2π 2
Step 3: Sketch the graph. is 1 = 2π ⋅ = 4π and its amplitude is
2
1
1 1
= . One period is in the interval
4 4
2π ≤ x ≤ 6π . Dividing the interval into four
equal parts gives us the following key points:
⎛ 9⎞ ⎛ 7⎞ ⎛ 9⎞
⎜⎝ 2π , ⎟⎠ , (3π , 2) , ⎜⎝ 4π , ⎟⎠ , (5π , 2) , ⎜⎝ 6π , ⎟⎠
4 4 4
3π ⎞ 1 ⎡1 ⎤
17. y = 1 −
1 ⎛
csc ⎜ x − y = 2 + sec ⎢ ( x − 2π )⎥ are at the x-
⎝ ⎟ ⎣2 ⎦
2 4 ⎠ 4
1 ⎡1 ⎤
intercepts of y = cos ⎢ ( x − 2π )⎥ , which
1 ⎛ 3π ⎞ 4 ⎣2 ⎦
function y = 1 − sin ⎜ x − ⎟ . The period is
2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ are x = 3π and x = 5π . Continuing this
1 pattern to the left, we also have a vertical
2π and its amplitude is . asymptote of x = −π .
2

(continued) 1 1
27. True; sec(− x) = = = sec( x)
Step 3: Sketch the graph. cos(− x) cos( x)
(since cos x is even) for all x in the domain.
Moreover, if sec ( − x ) = sec x, then the graph
would be symmetric about the y-axis, which it
is.
1 1
28. True; csc (− x ) = = = − csc x
(since sin x is odd) for all x in the domain.
Moreover, if csc (− x ) = − csc x , then the
For exercises 19−24, other answers are possible.
graph would be symmetric about the origin,
19. Since the graph crosses the y-axis at (0, 1), this which it is.
is a secant graph with a = 1. The period is
29. None; |cos x| ≤ 1 for all x, so
π π π π
− − = − = . Thus, 1
4 4 2 2 ≥ 1 and sec x ≥ 1. Since |sec x| ≥ 1,
cos x
2π
b= π
⇒ b = 4 . The equation of the graph is sec x has no values in the interval (−1, 1) .
2
y = sec 4x. 30. The domain of the cosecant function, y = csc x
20. Since the graph crosses the y-axis at (0, 1), this {
is x x ≠ nπ , where n is any integer , and }
is a secant graph with a = 1. The period is the range is (– ∞, – 1] ∪ [1, ∞ ) . For the
π π 2π function
− − = −π = π . Thus, b = ⇒ b = 2.
2 2 π ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
g ( x) = −2 csc (4 x + π ) = −2 csc ⎢ 4 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ ,
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
The equation of the graph is y = sec 2x.
21. This is the graph of y = csc x translated two π
units down. Thus, the equation of the graph is the period is . Therefore, the domain is
2
y = −2 + csc x.
⎧ nπ ⎫
22. This is the graph of y = csc x translated one ⎨x x ≠ , where n is any integer ⎬ . The
⎩ 4 ⎭
unit up. Thus, the equation of the graph is
y = 1 + csc x. range becomes (−∞, – 2] ∪ [2, ∞ ) since
a = –2.
23. This is the graph of y = sec x, reflected across
the x-axis and translated one unit down. Thus, 1 1
31. sec(− x) = = = sec( x) ,
the equation of the graph is y = −1 − sec x. cos(− x) cos( x)
24. This is the graph of y = csc x, reflected across ⎧ π ⎫
the x-axis, stretched horizontally to have ⎨ x x ≠ (2n + 1) , where n is any integer ⎬ .
period 4π , then translated up one unit. Thus, ⎩ 2 ⎭
the equation of the graph is y = 1 − csc 12 x. 1 1

32. csc (− x ) = = = − csc x ,
{x }
sin x 1
25. True; since tan x = and sec x = , x ≠ nπ , where n is any integer
cos x cos x
the tangent and secant functions will be
33. a = 4 sec 2π t
undefined at the same values.
26. False; secant values are undefined when (a) t=0
π a = 4 sec 0 = 4 1 = 4 (1) = 4 m
x = (2n + 1), while cosecant values are
2
(b) t = 0.86
undefined when x = nπ .
a = 4 sec ⎡⎣ 2π (0.86)⎤⎦ ≈ 4 1.5688
= 4 (1.5688) ≈ 6.3 m

(c) t = 1.24
a = 4 sec ⎡⎣ 2π (1.24)⎤⎦ ≈ 4 15.9260
= 4 (15.9260) ≈ 63.7 m
34. Answers will vary. No, these portions are not

actually parabolas.
35. Graph the functions.
Summary Exercises on Graphing

Circular Functions
1. y = 2 sin π x
2π
Period: = 2 and amplitude: | 2 |= 2
π
Notice that to get the x-values that will yield minimum
Y1 ( π6 ) + Y2 ( π6 ) ≈ 0.5 + 0.8660254 = 1.3660254 and maximum points and x-intercepts. Then
= Y3 ( π6 ) = ( Y1 +Y2 ) ( π6 )
make a table.
1 3
x 0 1 2
2 2
π 3π
πx 0 π 2π
2 2
sin π x 0 1 0 −1 0
2 sin π x 0 2 0 −2 0
36. Graph the functions.
⎛3 ⎞
2. y = 4 cos ⎜ x ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
2π 2 4π
Period: 3
= 2π ⋅ = and amplitude:
2
3 3
| 4 |= 4
⎡ 4π ⎤
⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
Notice that minimum and maximum points and
( π6 ) + Y2 ( π6 ) ≈ 0.8660254 + 1.1547005
x-intercepts. Then make a table.
Y1
= 2.0207259 (continued on next page)
( )
= Y3 π6 = (Y1 +Y2 ) ( π6 )

Summary Exercises on Graphing Circular Functions 645
(continued) 1 1
The amplitude is = . The period is 8. The
π 2π 4π 2 2
x 0 π vertical translation is 2 units down. There is
3 3 3
no phase shift.
3 π 3π
x 0 π 2π π
2 2 2 4. y = 3sec x
2
3
cos x 1 0 −1 0 1 Step 1: Graph the corresponding reciprocal
2 π
function y = 3cos x The period is
3 2
4 cos x 4 0 −4 0 4
2 2π 2
π
= 2π ⋅ = 4 and its amplitude is 3 = 3.
2
π
One period is in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 .
gives us the following key points: (0, 3),
(1, 0), (2, −3), (3, 0), (4, 3)
π
y = 3sec x are at the x-intercepts of
2
1 π
3. y = −2 + cos x π
2 4 y = 3cos x which are x = 1 and x = 3.
2
2π
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is . Continuing this pattern to the left, we also
b have a vertical asymptote of x = −1.
π
0≤ x ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ 8 Step 3: Sketch the graph.
4
to get the following x-values: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
five x-values.
x 0 2 4 6 8
π π 3π
x 0 π 2π
4 2 2
π 5. y = −4 csc
1
cos x 1 0 −1 0 1 x
4 2
1 π 1 1 1
cos x 0 − 0 1
2 4 2 2 2 function y = −4 sin x The period is
2
1 π 3 5 3 2π 2
−2 + cos x − −2 − −2 − = 2π ⋅ = 4π and its amplitude is
2 4 2 2 2 1
1
2
−4 = 4.
By graphing an additional period to the left, One period is in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 4π .
we obtain the following graph. Dividing the interval into four equal parts
gives us the following key points: (0, 0),
(π , −4) , (2π , 0) , (3π , 4) , (4π , 0)

(continued)
1
y = −4 csc x are at the x-intercepts of
2
1
y = −4 sin x, which are x = 0, x = 2π , and
2
x = 4π .
x
7. y = −5sin
3
2π 3
Period: 1
= 2π ⋅ = 6π and amplitude:
3
1
| −5 | = 5
Divide the interval [ 0, 6π ] into four equal
⎛π ⎞ ⎡π ⎤ parts to get the x-values that will yield
6. y = 3 tan ⎜ x + π ⎟ = 3 tan ⎢ ( x + 2)⎥ minimum and maximum points and x-
⎝2 ⎠ ⎣ 2 ⎦ intercepts. Then make a table. Repeat this
Step 1: Find the period and locate the vertical cycle for the interval [ −6π , 0] .
π
3π 9π
b x 0 3π 6π
π 2 2 2
the period for this function is π
=π ⋅ =2.
π x π 3π
2 0 π 2π
Tangent has asymptotes of the form 3 2 2
π π x
bx = − and bx = . The asymptotes for sin 0 1 0 –1 0
2 2 3
π
y = 3 tan ( x + 2) are
−5sin
x
0 −5 0 5 0
2
3
π π
( x + 2) = − ⇒ x + 2 = −1 ⇒ x = −3 and
2 2
π π
( x + 2) = ⇒ x + 2 = 1 ⇒ x = −1
2 2
Continuing this pattern we see that x = 1 is
also a vertical asymptote.
Step 2: Sketch the vertical asymptotes, x = −1
and x = 1.
⎛x π ⎞ ⎡1 ⎤
Step 3: Divide the interval into four equal 8. y = 10 cos ⎜ + ⎟ = 10 cos ⎢ ( x + 2π )⎥
1 1 ⎝4 2⎠ ⎣ 4 ⎦
parts: −1, − , 0, ,1
2 2 2π
Step 4: Finding the first-quarter point, b
midpoint, and third-quarter point, we have 1
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ 0≤ ( x + 2π ) ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x + 2π ≤ 8π ⇒
⎜⎝ − , − 3 ⎟⎠ , (0, 0) , ⎜⎝ , 3 ⎟⎠ 4
−2π ≤ x ≤ 6π
2 2
Step 5: Join the points with a smooth curve. Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts
to get the following x-values: −2π , 0, 2π ,
4π , 6π
five x-values.

Summary Exercises on Graphing Circular Functions 647
(continued) 2π π π 2π
x − − 0
x −2π 0 2π 4π 6π 5 5 5 5
1 π 3π ⎡5 ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤
( x + 2π ) 0 π 2π −4 sin ⎢ ⎜ x +
⎝ ⎟
5 ⎠ ⎥⎦
0 −4 0 4 0
4 2 2 ⎣ 2
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡5 ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤
cos ⎢ ( x + 2π )⎥ 1 0 −1 0 1 3 − 4 sin ⎢ ⎜ x + −1
⎟
5 ⎠ ⎥⎦
3 3 7 3
⎣4 ⎦ ⎣2 ⎝
⎡1 ⎤
10 cos ⎢ ( x + 2π )⎥ 10 0 −10 0 10 Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
⎣ 4 ⎦ table and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
By graphing an additional period to the right,
By graphing an additional period to the left,
The amplitude is − 4 , which is 4. The period

The amplitude is 10. The period is 8π . There 2π 4π
is 5
, which is . The vertical translation
is no vertical translation. The phase shift is 5
2
2π units to the left.
2π
is 3 units up. The phase shift is units to
⎛5 ⎞ ⎡5 ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤ 5
9. y = 3 − 4 sin ⎜ x + π ⎟ = 3 − 4 sin ⎢ ⎜ x + ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎣ 2 ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎥⎦ the left.
2π 10. y = 2 − sec ⎡⎣π ( x − 3)⎤⎦
b Step 1: Graph the corresponding reciprocal
5⎛ 2π ⎞ function y = 2 − cos ⎡⎣π ( x − 3)⎤⎦ . The period is
0 ≤ ⎜x + ⎟ ≤ 2π ⇒
2⎝ 5 ⎠
2π 4π 2π 2π 2 and its amplitude is −1 = 1. One period is in
0≤ x+ ≤ ⇒− ≤x≤
5 5 5 5 3 7
the interval ≤ x ≤ . Dividing the interval
Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts 2 2
2π π into four equal parts gives us the following
to get the following x-values: − , − , 0,
⎛3 ⎞ ⎛5 ⎞
key points: ⎜ , 2 ⎟ , ( 2, 3) , ⎜ , 2 ⎟ , (3, 1) ,
5 5
π 2π ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
,
5 5 ⎛7 ⎞
Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the ⎜⎝ , 2 ⎟⎠
2
five x-values
2π π π 2π y = 2 − sec ⎡⎣π ( x − 3)⎤⎦ are at the x-intercepts
x − − 0
5 5 5 5
3
5⎛ 2π ⎞ π 3π of y = − cos ⎡⎣π ( x − 3)⎤⎦ , which are x = ,
⎜x + ⎟ 0 π 2π 2
2⎝ 5 ⎠ 2 2 5 7
x= , and x = . Continuing this pattern to
⎡5 ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤ 2 2
sin ⎢ ⎜ x + ⎟ −1
5 ⎠ ⎥⎦
0 1 0 0 the left, we also have a vertical asymptote of
⎣2 ⎝
1 1
x = and x = − .
2 2
(continued) 3. s (0) = −3 in.; P = 0.8 sec

Step 3: Sketch the graph. 2π
(a) Given s (t ) = a cos ω t , the period is
ω
and the amplitude is a .
2π 4 2π
P = 0.8 sec ⇒ 0.8= ⇒ = ⇒
ω 5 ω
10π
4ω = 10π ⇒ ω = = 2.5π
4
s (0) = −3 = a cos ⎡⎣ω (0)⎤⎦ ⇒
Section 6.7 Harmonic Motion −3 = a cos 0 ⇒ −3 = a (1) ⇒ a = −3

Thus, s (t ) = −3cos 2.5π t.
1. s (0) = 2 in.; P = 0.5 sec
(b) Since
2π
(a) Given s (t ) = a cos ω t , the period is 5π
ω s (1) = −3cos ⎡⎣ 2.5π (1)⎤⎦ = −3cos
2
and the amplitude is a . = −3 (0) = 0
2π 1 2π the weight is moving upward.
P = 0.5 sec ⇒ 0.5 = ⇒ = ⇒
ω 2 ω
ω = 4π 4. s (0) = −4 in.; P = 1.2 sec
s (0) = 2 = a cos ⎡⎣ω (0)⎤⎦ ⇒ 2π
2 = a cos 0 ⇒ 2 = a (1) ⇒ a = 2 (a) Given s (t ) = a cos ω t , the period is
ω
Thus, s (t ) = 2 cos 4π t. and the amplitude is a .
2π 6 2π
(b) Since P = 1.2 sec ⇒ 1.2 = ⇒ = ⇒
ω 5 ω
s (1) = 2 cos ⎡⎣ 4π (1)⎤⎦ = 2 cos 4π = 2 (1) = 2, 10π 5π
6ω = 10π ⇒ ω = =
the weight is neither moving upward nor 6 3
s (0) = −4 = a cos ⎡⎣ω (0)⎤⎦ ⇒
downward. At t = 1, the motion of the
weight is changing from up to down.
−4 = a cos 0 ⇒ −4 = a (1) ⇒ a = −4
2. s (0) = 5 in.; P = 1.5 sec
5π
Thus, s (t ) = −4 cos t.
2π
(a) Given s (t ) = a cos ω t , the period is
3
ω (b) Since
and the amplitude is a .
⎡ 5π ⎤ 5π
2π 3 2π s (1) = −4 cos ⎢ (1)⎥ = −4 cos
P = 1.5 sec ⇒ 1.5 = ⇒ = ⇒ ⎣ 3 ⎦ 3
ω 2 ω ⎛1⎞
4π = −4 ⎜ ⎟ = −2
3ω = 4π ⇒ ω = ⎝2⎠
3
the weight is moving downward.
s (0) = 5 = a cos ⎡⎣ω (0)⎤⎦ ⇒ 5 = a cos 0 ⇒
5 = a (1) ⇒ a = 5
ω
5. Since frequency is , we have
2π
4π
Thus, s (t ) = 5 cos ω
⇒ ω = 55π . Since s (0) = 0.21,
t.
3 27.5 =
2π
(b) Since 0.21 = a cos ⎡⎣ω (0)⎤⎦ ⇒ 0.21 = a cos 0 ⇒
⎡ 4π ⎤ 4π
s (1) = 5 cos ⎢ (1)⎥ = 5 cos 0.21 = a (1) ⇒ a = 0.21. Thus,
⎣ 3 ⎦ 3
⎛ 1⎞ 5 s (t ) = 0.21cos 55π t.
= 5 ⎜ − ⎟ = − = −2.5
⎝ 2⎠ 2 (continued on next page)
the weight is moving upward.

Section 6.7 Harmonic Motion 649
(continued) ω
2π
ω
220 = ⇒ ω = 440π . Since s (0) = 0.06,
2π
0.06 = a cos ⎡⎣ω (0)⎤⎦ ⇒ 0.06 = a cos 0 ⇒
0.06 = a (1) ⇒ a = 0.06. Thus,
s (t ) = 0.06 cos 440π t.
ω
2π
ω
110 = ⇒ ω = 220π . Since s (0) = 0.11,
2π
0.11 = a cos ⎡⎣ω (0)⎤⎦ ⇒ 0.11 = a cos 0 ⇒
0.11 = a (1) ⇒ a = 0.11
Thus, s (t ) = 0.11cos 220π t. 9. (a) Since the object is pulled down 4 units,
s (0) = −4. Thus, we have
s (0) = −4 = a cos ⎡⎣ω (0)⎤⎦ ⇒
−4 = a cos 0 ⇒ −4 = a (1) ⇒ a = −4
Since the time it takes to complete one
oscillation is 3 sec, P = 3 sec.
2π 2π
P = 3 sec ⇒ 3 = ⇒3= ⇒
ω ω
2π
3ω = 2π ⇒ ω =
3
2π
Therefore, s (t ) = −4 cos t.
ω 3
2π ⎡ 2π
ω (b) s (1) = −4 cos ⎢ (1.25)⎤⎥
55 = ⇒ ω = 110π . Since s (0) = 0.14, ⎣ 3 ⎦
2π ⎡ 2π ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎤ 5π
0.14 = a cos ⎡⎣ω (0)⎤⎦ ⇒ 0.14 = a cos 0 ⇒ = −4 cos ⎢ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎥ = −4 cos
⎣ 3 4 ⎦ 6
0.14 = a (1) ⇒ a = 0.14. Thus, ⎛ 3⎞
= −4 ⎜ − ⎟ = 2 3 ≈ 3.46 units
s (t ) = 0.14 cos110π t. ⎝ 2 ⎠
(rounded to three significant digits)
(c) The frequency is the reciprocal of the
1
period, or oscillation per second.
3

10. (a) Since the object is pulled down 6 units, (b) In order for s (t ) = −4 cos 8π t to reach its
s (0) = −6. Thus, we have maximum, y = cos 8π t needs to be at a
s (0) = −6 = a cos ⎡⎣ω (0)⎤⎦ ⇒ minimum. This occurs after
−6 = a cos 0 ⇒ −6 = a (1) ⇒ a = −6 8π t = π ⇒ t =
π 1
= sec.
Since the time it takes to complete one 8π 8
oscillation is 4 sec, P = 4 sec. (c) Since s (t ) = −4 cos 8π t and
2π 2π
P = 4 sec ⇒ 4 = ⇒4= ⇒ s (t ) = a cos ω t , ω = 8π . Therefore,
ω ω
2π π ω 8π
4ω = 2π ⇒ ω = = frequency = = = 4 cycles per sec.
4 2 2π 2π
π The period is the reciprocal of the
Therefore, s (t ) = −6 cos t.
2 1
frequency, or sec.
4
⎡π ⎤
(b) s (1.25) = −6 cos ⎢ (1.25)⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ 13. P = 2π
L 1
; L = ft
⎡ π ⎛ 5 ⎞⎤ 32 2
= −6 cos ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ The period is
5π L
1
1
= −6 cos ≈ 2.30 units P = 2π ⇒ P = 2π 2 = 2π
8 32 32 64
(rounded to three significant digits) 1 π
= 2π ⋅ = sec
(c) The frequency is the reciprocal of the 8 4
1 The frequency is the reciprocal of the period,
period, or oscillation per second. 4
4 or oscillations per second.
π
11. (a) a = 2, ω = 2
s (t ) = a sin ω t ⇒ s (t ) = 2sin 2t 14. P = 2π
L
⇒ 1 = 2π
L
⇒
amplitude = a = 2 = 2 ; period 32 32
1 L 1 L 1 L
2π 2π ω 1 = ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒
=
ω
=
2
= π ; frequency = =
2π π
2π 32 (2π ) 32 4π 32
2 2
32 8
rotation per second = L ⇒ L = 2 ft
4π 2 π
(b) a = 2, ω = 4
s (t ) = a sin ω t ⇒ s (t ) = 2sin 4t 15. s (t ) = a sin
k
t ; k = 4; P = 1 sec
m
amplitude = a = 2 = 2 ; period
2π
2π2π π A period of 1 sec is produced when =1
= =
= ; frequency k
ω 4 2
ω 4 2 m
= = = rotation per second Since k = 4, we can solve
2π 2π π
2π 2π 4
12. s (t ) = −4 cos 8π t =1⇒ = 1 ⇒ 2π = ⇒
k 4 m
(a) The maximum of s (t ) = −4 cos 8π t is m m
4 4 1
−4 = 4 in. 4π = ⇒ 4π 2 m = 4 ⇒ m =
2
= 2
m 4π 2
π

Section 6.7 Harmonic Motion 651
16. k = 2, m = 1 ω 10 5
(b) frequency = = = cycles per
1 2π 2π π
(a) Since the spring is stretched ft,
2 2π 2π π
sec; period = = = sec
1 ω 10 5
amplitude = a = . From Exercise 14 we
s (t ) = − 4 cos10t = 4 ⇒ cos10t = −1 ⇒
2
(c)
k π
have, s (t ) = a sin t. Thus, 10t = π ⇒ t =
m 10
2 The weight first reaches its maximum
s (t ) = a sin t = a sin 2t. Since
1 π
height after sec.
s (t ) = a sin ω t , we have ω = 2. 10
This yields the following. (d) s (1.466) = −4 cos (10 ⋅ 1.466)

2π 2π = −4 cos (14.66) ≈ 2
period = = = 2 π and
ω 2 After 1.466 sec, the weight is about 2 in.
above the equilibrium position.
ω 2
frequency = = oscillatioin per 19. a = –3
2π 2π
second (a) We will use a model of the form
s (t ) = a cos ω t with a = –3.
1
(b) s (t ) = a sin ω t ⇒ s (t ) = sin 2 t s (0) = −3cos ⎡⎣ω (0)⎤⎦
2
= −3cos 0 = −3 (1) = −3
17. s (t ) = −5 cos 4π t , a = −5 = 5, ω = 4π
Using a cosine function rather than a sine
(a) maximum height = amplitude function will avoid the need for a phase
= a = −5 = 5 in. 6
shift. Since the frequency = cycles per
π
(b) frequency sec, by definition,
ω 4π ω 6
= = = 2 cycles per sec; period = ⇒ ωπ = 12π ⇒ ω = 12.
2π 2π 2π π
2π 1 Therefore, a model for the position of the
= = sec
ω 2 weight at time t seconds is
s (t ) = −3cos12t.
(c) s (t ) = −5 cos 4π t = 5 ⇒ cos 4π t = −1 ⇒
1 (b) The period is the reciprocal of the
4π t = π ⇒ t =
4 π
frequency, or sec.
The weight first reaches its maximum 6
1
height after sec. 20. a = –2
4
2π 1
(a) period: = ⇒ 6π = ω
(d) Since ω 3
s (1.3) = −5 cos ⎡⎣ 4π (1.3)⎤⎦ s (t ) = a cos ω t ⇒ s (t ) = −2 cos 6π t
= −5 cos 5.2π ≈ 4,
ω 6π
after 1.3 sec, the weight is about 4 in. (b) frequency = = = 3 cycles per sec
above the equilibrium position. 2π 2π
18. s (t ) = −4 cos10t , a = − 4, ω = 10
(a) maximum height = amplitude
= a = −4 = 4 in.

For exercises 21−22, we have π

(c) Since − ≈ −1.57 and − π ≈ −3.14, we
2
π
have − > −2 > −π . Thus, the terminal
2
side is in quadrant III.
5π
(d) Since 2π ≈ 6.28 and ≈ 7.85. we have
2
5π
2π < 7 < . Thus, the terminal side is
2
in quadrant I.
3. To find a coterminal angle, add or subtract
21. Since e −t ≠ 0, we have multiples of 2π . Three of the many possible
e − t sin t = 0 ⇒ sin t = 0 ⇒ t = 0, π . answers are 1 + 2π , 1 + 4π , and 1 + 6π .
The x-intercepts of Y1 are the same as these 4. To find a coterminal angle, add or subtract
of sin x. multiples of 2π . Since n represents any
integer, the expression π6 + 2nπ generates all
22. Since Y1 = Y2 ⇒ e− t sin t = e− t ⇒
π
π coterminal angles with an angle of 6
radian.
sin t = 1 ⇒ t = , the intersection occurs
2
⎛ π ⎞ π
when sin t is at a maximum, that is, when 5. 45° = 45 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radian
⎝ 180 ⎠ 4
π
t= . Thus, the point of intersection is
2 ⎛ π ⎞ 2π
6. 120° = 120 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
⎛ π −π / 2 ⎞ −t −t ⎝ 180 ⎠ 3
⎜⎝ , e ⎟⎠ . Y1 = Y3 ⇒ e sin t = − e ⇒
2
3π ⎛ π ⎞ 35π
sin t = −1 ⇒ x = 7. 175° = 175 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
, so the intersection ⎝ 180 ⎠ 36
2
occurs when sin t is at a minimum but the
⎛ π ⎞ 11π
minimum value of sin t does not occur in 8. 330° = 330 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
⎝ 180 ⎠ 6
π
[0, π ]. Because sin = 1,
2 ⎛ π ⎞ 40π
9. 800° = 800 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
−π 2 π −π 2 ⎝ 180 ⎠ 9
e sin =e .
2
⎛ π ⎞ 17π
10. 1020° = 1020 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
Chapter 6 Review Exercises ⎝ 180 ⎠ 3
1. A central angle of a circle that intercepts an 5π 5π ⎛ 180° ⎞
arc of length 2 times the radius of the circle 11. = ⎜ ⎟ = 225°
4 4 ⎝ π ⎠
has a measure of 2 radians.
π 9π 9π ⎛ 180° ⎞
2. (a) Since ≈ 1.57 and π ≈ 3.14, we have 12. = ⎜ ⎟ = 162°
2 10 10 ⎝ π ⎠
π
< 3 < π . Thus, the terminal side is in 8π 8π ⎛ 180° ⎞
2 13. = ⎜ ⎟ = 480°
3 3 ⎝ π ⎠
quadrant II.
3π 6π 6π ⎛ 180° ⎞
(b) Since π ≈ 3.14 and ≈ 4.71, we have 14. = ⎜ ⎟ = 216°
2 5 5 ⎝ π ⎠
3π
π <4< . Thus, the terminal side is in 11π 11π ⎛ 180° ⎞
2 15. − =− ⎜ ⎟ = −110°
quadrant III. 18 18 ⎝ π ⎠

Chapter 6 Review Exercises 653
21π 21π ⎛ 180° ⎞ 24. r = 38.0 m, θ = 21°40′

16. − =− ⎜⎝ = −756°
5 5 π ⎟⎠ First convert θ = 21°40′ to radians:
π ⎞
17. Since
15 1
= rotation, we have
(
θ = 21°40′ = 21 + 40
60 ) ⎜⎝⎛ 180 ⎟⎠
60 4 65 ⎛ π ⎞ 13π
1 π = ⎜ ⎟=
θ = (2π ) = . Thus, 3 ⎝ 180 ⎠ 108
4 2
1
⎛π ⎞ Ꮽ = r 2θ
s = rθ ⇒ s = 2 ⎜ ⎟ = π in. 2
⎝2⎠ 1 2 ⎛ 13π ⎞
Ꮽ = (38.0) ⎜ ≈ 273 m 2
2 ⎝ 108 ⎟⎠
20 1
18. Since = rotation, we have
60 3 25. The cities are at 28ºN and 12ºS.
1 2π 12ºS = −12ºN, so
θ = ( 2π ) = . Thus,
3 3 ⎛ π ⎞ 2π
θ = 28° − (−12°) = 40° = 40 ⎜ =
⎛ 2π ⎞ 4π ⎝ 180 ⎟⎠ 9
s = rθ ⇒ s = 2 ⎜ =
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
in.
3 radians
⎛ 2π ⎞
19. Since θ = 3 (2π ) = 6π , we have s = rθ = 6400 ⎜ ≈ 4500 km (rounded to
⎝ 9 ⎟⎠
s = rθ ⇒ s = 2 (6π ) = 12π in. two significant digits)
20. r = 11.4 cm, θ = 0.769 26. The cities are at 72ºE and 35ºW.
s = rθ ⇒ s = 11.4 (0.769) ≈ 8.77 cm 35ºW = −35ºE
⎛ π ⎞ 107π
θ = 72° − (−35°) = 107° = 107 ⎜ =
21. r = 15.2 cm, θ =
3π ⎝ 180 ⎟⎠ 180
4 radians
⎛ 3π ⎞
s = rθ ⇒ s = 15.2 ⎜ ⎟⎠ = 11.4π ≈ 35.8 cm ⎛ 107π ⎞
⎝ 4 s = rθ = 6400 ⎜ ≈ 12, 000 km (rounded
⎝ 180 ⎟⎠
7π to two significant digits)
22. r = 28.69, θ =
4 27. r = 2, s = 1.5
1
Ꮽ = r 2θ ⇒ s = rθ ⇒ 1.5 = 2θ ⇒ θ =
1.5 3
= radian
2 2 4
1 2 ⎛ 7π ⎞
Ꮽ = ( 28.69) ⎜ ≈ 2263 in.2 1 2
2 ⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ Ꮽ= rθ⇒
2
1 2 ⎛3⎞ 1 ⎛3⎞ 3
23. s = 7.683, r = 8.973 cm Ꮽ = ( 2) ⎜ ⎟ = ( 4) ⎜ ⎟ = = 1.5 sq units
2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 2 ⎝4⎠ 2
s = rθ ⇒ 7.683 = 8.973θ ⇒
7.683 28. s = 4, r = 8
θ= ≈ 0.8562 radian
8.973 4 1
⎛ 180° ⎞ s = rθ ⇒ 4 = 8θ ⇒ θ = = radian
0.8592 radian = 0.8592 ⎜ ≈ 49.06° 8 2
⎝ π ⎟⎠ 1 2
Ꮽ= rθ⇒
2
1 2 ⎛1⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞
Ꮽ = (8) ⎜ ⎟ = (64) ⎜ ⎟ = 16 sq units
2 ⎝2⎠ 2 ⎝2⎠

π ⎛ 7π ⎞
29. tan 32. tan ⎜ −
3 ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
π 7π
Converting
3
to degrees, we have − is coterminal with
3
π 1 π 7π 7π 7π 12π 5π
= (180°) = 60° ⇒ tan = tan 60D = 3 − + 2 (2π ) = − + 4π = − + = .
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2π 5π
30. cos Since is in quadrant IV, the reference
3 3
2π 5π 6π 5π π
Since is in quadrant II, the reference angle is 2π − = − = . In
3 3 3 3 3
2π 3π 2π π quadrant IV, the tangent is negative. Thus,
angle is π − = − = . In quadrant ⎛ 7π ⎞ 5π π
3 3 3 3 tan ⎜ − = tan = − tan = − 3.
II, the cosine is negative. Thus, ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ 3 3
2π π 1 2π 5π
cos = − cos = − . Converting to Converting to degrees, we have
3 3 2 3 3
2π 2 5π 5
degrees, we have = (180°) = 120°. The = (180°) = 300°. The reference angle is
3 3 3 3
reference angle is 180° − 120° = 60°. Thus, 360° − 300° = 60°. Thus,
2π 1 ⎛ 7π ⎞ 5π
cos = cos120° = − cos 60° = − . tan ⎜ − = tan = tan 300°
3 2 ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ 3
= − tan 60° = − 3
⎛ 5π ⎞
31. sin ⎜ −
⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ ⎛ 11π ⎞
33. csc ⎜ −
5π 5π 7π ⎝ 6 ⎟⎠
− is coterminal with − + 2π = .
6 6 6 11π
7π − is coterminal with
Since is in quadrant III, the reference 6
6 11π 11π 12π π π
7π π − + 2π = − + = . Since is
angle is − π = . In quadrant III, the sine 6 6 6 6 6
6 6 in quadrant I, we have
is negative. Thus, ⎛ 11π ⎞ π π
csc ⎜ − = csc = 2. Converting
⎝ 6 ⎟⎠
to
⎛ 5π ⎞ 7π π 1 6 6
sin ⎜ − = sin = − sin = −
⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ 6 6 2 π 1
5π degrees, we have = (180°) = 30°. Thus,
Converting to degrees, we have 6 6
6 ⎛ 11π ⎞ π
7π ⎛ 180° ⎞ csc ⎜ − ⎟ = csc = csc 30° = 2.
⎝ 6 ⎠ 6
⎜ ⎟ = 210° . The reference angle is
6 ⎝ π ⎠
210º − 180º = 30º. Thus, 34. cot ( −13π )
⎛ 5π ⎞ 7π −13π is coterminal with
sin ⎜ − = sin = sin 210°
⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ 6 −13π + 7 (2π ) = −13π + 14π = π .
= − sin 30° = −
1 Since π is a quadrantal angle, we have
2 cot ( −13π ) = cot π , which is undefined.
35. sin1.0472 ≈ 0.8660

36. tan1.2275 ≈ 2.7976 43. sin s = 0.4924 ⇒ s ≈ 0.5148
37. cos(−0.2443) ≈ 0.9703 44. csc s = 1.2361 ⇒ s ≈ 0.9424
38. cot 3.0543 ≈ −11.4266 45. cot s = 0.5022 ⇒ s ≈ 1.1054
39. sec 7.3159 ≈ 1.9513 46. sec s = 4.5600 ⇒ s ≈ 1.3497
40. csc 4.8386 ≈ −1.0080

⎡ π⎤ 2
47. ⎢0, ⎥ , cos s =
⎣ 2⎦ 2
2
Because cos s = , the reference angle for s
2
π π 2
must be since cos = . For s to be in
4 4 2
41. cos s = 0.9250 ⇒ s ≈ 0.3898
⎡ π⎤
the interval ⎢0, ⎥ , s must be the reference
⎣ 2⎦
π
angle. Therefore, s = .
4
⎡π ⎤
48. ⎢ , π ⎥ , tan s = − 3
42. tan s = 4.0112 ⇒ s ≈ 1.3265 ⎣2 ⎦
Because tan s = − 3, the reference angle for
π π
s must be since tan = 3. For s to be in
3 3
⎡π ⎤
the interval ⎢ , π ⎥ , we must subtract the
⎣2 ⎦
reference angle from π. Therefore,
π 2π
s=π − = .
3 3

⎡ 3π ⎤ 2 3 5π
49. ⎢π , , sec s = − 56. Since t = 30 sec and θ = , radians we
⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 3 6
5π
θ 5π 1 π
Because sec s = −
2 3
, the reference angle have ω = ⇒ω = 6 = ⋅ = radian
3 t 30 6 30 36
per sec.
π π 2 3
for s must be since sec = . For s to 57. In the diagram, a = 1.4 in. and b = 0.2 in.
6 6 3
⎡ 3π ⎤ a 2 + b2
be in the interval ⎢π , , we must add the Since r = , we have
⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 2b
reference angle to π. Therefore, 1.42 + 0.22 1.96 + 0.04 2.00
r= = = =5
π 7π 2 (0.2) 0.4 0.4
s=π + = .
6 6 Thus, the radius is 5 inches.
⎡ 3π ⎤ 1 1
50. ⎢ , 2π ⎥ , sin s = − 58. F (t ) = (1 − cos t )
⎣ 2 ⎦ 2 2
1 1 1 1
Because sin s = − , the reference angle for (a) F (0) = (1 − cos 0) = (1 − 1) = (0) = 0;
2 2 2 2
π π 1 The face of the moon is not visible.
must be since sin = . For s to be in the
6 6 2
⎛π ⎞ 1 ⎛ π⎞ 1
⎡ 3π ⎤ (b) F ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜1 − cos ⎟ = (1 − 0)
interval ⎢ , 2π ⎥ , we must subtract the ⎝2⎠ 2⎝ 2⎠ 2
⎣ 2 ⎦ 1 1
reference angle from 2π . Therefore, = (1) = ;
2 2
π 11π Half the face of the moon is visible.
s = 2π − = .
6 6
1 1
(c) F (π ) = (1 − cos π ) = ⎡⎣1 − (−1)⎤⎦
5π 8π 2 2
51. θ = ,ω = radians per sec 1
12 9 = ( 2) = 1;
5π 2
θ8π 8π 5π
ω= ⇒= 12 ⇒ = ⇒ The face of the moon is completely
t 9 t 9 12t visible.
45π 15
96π t = 45π ⇒ t = = sec
96π 32 ⎛ 3π ⎞ 1 ⎛ 3π ⎞ 1
(d) F ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜1 − cos
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2⎝ ⎟ = (1 − 0)
52. t = 12 sec, ω = 9 radians per sec 2 ⎠ 2
1 1
ω=
θ
⇒9=
θ
⇒ θ = 108 radians = (1) = ;
t 12 2 2
Half the face of the moon is visible.
2π
53. t = 8 sec, θ = radians 59. B; The amplitude is 4 = 4 and period is
5
2π 2π
θ 2π ⎛ 1 ⎞ π = π.
ω= ⇒ω = 5
= ⎜ ⎟= radians per 2
t 8 5 ⎝ 8 ⎠ 20
sec 60. D; The amplitude is −3 = 3, but the period is
54. r = 11.46 cm, ω = 4.283 radians per sec, 2π
1
= 4π . All other statements are true.
t = 5.813 sec
s = rθ = rω t = (11.46)( 4.283)(5.813)
2
≈ 285.3 cm 61. y = 2 sin x

Amplitude: 2
55. The flywheel is rotating 90 times per sec or Period: 2π
90 ( 2π ) = 180π radians per sec. Since Vertical translation: none
r = 7 cm, we have Phase shift: none
v = rω ⇒ v = 7 (180π ) = 1260π cm per sec

62. y = tan 3x ⎛ 3π ⎞
Amplitude: not applicable 68. y = − sin ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
π
Period: Amplitude: −1 = 1
3
Vertical translation: none Period: 2π
Phase shift: none Vertical translation: none
3π
1 Phase shift: units to the right
63. y = − cos 3x 4
2
1 1 1 ⎛ π⎞ 1 ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
Amplitude: − = 69. y = csc ⎜ 2 x − ⎟ = csc ⎢ 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥
2 2 2 ⎝ 4⎠ 2 ⎣ ⎝ 8 ⎠⎦
2π Amplitude: not applicable
Period: 2π
3 Period: =π
Vertical translation: none 2
Phase shift: none Vertical translation: none
π
64. y = 2 sin 5x Phase shift: unit to the right
Amplitude: 2 = 2 8
2π 70. y = 2 sec (π x − 2π ) = 2sec ⎡⎣π ( x − 2)⎤⎦

Period:
5 Amplitude: not applicable
Vertical translation: none 2π
Phase shift: none Period: =2
π
1 Vertical translation: none
65. y = 1 + 2sin x Phase shift: 2 units to the right
4
Amplitude: 2 = 2 1 ⎛ π⎞ 1 ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
71. y = tan ⎜ 3 x − ⎟ = tan ⎢3 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥
2π 3 ⎝ 3⎠ 3 ⎣ ⎝ 9 ⎠⎦
Period: 1
= 8π
4
Amplitude: not applicable
Vertical translation: up 1 unit π
Period:
Phase shift: none 3
1 2
66. y = 3 − cos x π
4 3 Phase shift: unit to the right
9
1 1
Amplitude: − =
4 4 ⎛ x 3π ⎞ ⎡1 ⎛ 3π ⎞⎤
72. y = cot ⎜ + ⎟ = cot ⎢ ⎜ x + ⎟⎠ ⎥
2π ⎝2 4 ⎠ ⎣2 ⎝ 2 ⎦
Period: 2 = 3π
Amplitude: not applicable
3
π
Vertical translation: up 3 units Period: 1
= 2π
Phase shift: none 2
⎛ π⎞ ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
67. y = 3cos ⎜ x + ⎟ = 3cos ⎢ x − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ 3π
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ Phase shift: unit to the left
2
Amplitude: 3 = 3
73. The tangent function has a period of π and
Period: 2π x-intercepts at integral multiples of π .
π 74. The sine function has a period of 2π and
Phase shift: units to the left passes through the origin.
2
75. The cosine function has a period of 2π and
π
has the value 0 when x = .
2

76. The cosecant function has a period of 2π and Continuing this pattern to the left, we als0
is not defined at integral multiples of π . π
have a vertical asymptote at x = −
77. The cotangent function has a period of π and 2
decreases on the interval (0, π ) . Step 3: Sketch the graph.
78. The secant function has a period of 2π and

π
vertical asymptotes at odd multiple of , that
2
π
is, at x = (2n + 1) , where n is an integer.
2
79. y = 3sin x
Period: 2π and amplitude: 3 = 3 81. y = − tan x
Divide the interval [ 0, 2π ] into four equal

This is a reflection of the graph of y = tan x
over the x-axis. The period is π and vertical
parts to get x-values that will yield minimum π π
and maximum points and x-intercepts. Then asymptotes are x = − and x = .
2 2
make a table.
π 3π
x 0 π 2π
2 2
sin x 0 1 0 −1 0
3 sin x 0 3 0 −3 0
This table gives five values for graphing one
period of y = 3sin x.
82. y = −2 cos x
This is a reflection of the graph of y = cos x
over the x-axis. The amplitude is −2 = 2 , the
period is 2π . Points on the graph are (0, −2),
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟⎠ , (π , 2) , ⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟ , and (2π , −2) .
⎠
2 2
1
80. y = sec x
2
1
function y = cos x . The period is 2π and
2
1 1
its amplitude is = . One period is in the
2 2
interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π . Dividing the interval into 83. y = 2 + cot x
⎛ 1⎞ This is the graph of y = cot x translated up 2
four equal parts gives the key points ⎜ 0, ⎟ ,
⎝ 2⎠ units. The period is π and the vertical
⎛π ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ asymptotes are x = 0 and x = π .
⎜⎝ , ⎜⎝ π , − ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝
0⎟ ,
⎠
, 0 ⎟ , ⎜ 2π , ⎟
⎠ ⎝
2 2 2 2⎠
1
Step 2: The vertical asymptotes of y = sec x
2
1
are at the x-intercepts of y = cos x , namely
2
π 3π
x= and x = .
2 2

84. y = −1 + csc x 86. y = tan 3 x

This is the graph of y = csc x translated down Step 1: Find the period and locate the vertical
1 unit. The period is 2π and the vertical π
asymptotes are x = 0, x = π , and x = 2π . asymptotes. The period of tangent is , so
b
Step 1: Graph the corresponding reciprocal π
function y = −1 + sin x. The period is 2π , and the period for this function is . Tangent has
3
its amplitude is 1 = 1 . One period is in the
π π
interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π . Dividing the interval into asymptotes of the form bx = − and bx = .
2 2
four equal parts gives the key points (0, −1),
The asymptotes for y = tan 3 x are
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟⎠ , (π , − 1) , ⎜⎝ , − 2 ⎟ , ( 2π , − 1)
⎠
π π
3x = − ⇒ x = − and 3x = ⇒ x =
π π
2 2
2 6 2 6
Step 2: The vertical asymptotes of Step 2: Sketch the two vertical asymptotes
y = −1 + csc x are at the x-intercepts of found in Step 1.
y = sin x, x = 0, x = π , and x = 2π . Step 3: Divide the interval into four equal
Step 3: Sketch the graph. π π π π
parts: − , − , 0, ,
6 12 12 6
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
⎜⎝ − , 1⎟⎠ , (0, 0) , ⎜⎝ , 1⎟⎠
12 12
85. y = sin 2 x
2π
Period: = π and amplitude: |1|= 1
2
Divide the interval [ 0, π ] into four equal parts
and maximum points and x-intercepts. Then 87. y = 3 cos 2x
make a table. 2π
Period: = π and amplitude: | 3 |= 3
π π 3π 2
x 0 π Divide the interval [ 0, π ] into four equal parts
4 2 4
π 3π
2x 0 π 2π and maximum points and x-intercepts. Then
2 2 make a table.
sin 2 x 0 1 0 –1 0
π π 3π
x 0 π
4 2 4
π 3π
2x 0 π 2π
2 2
cos 2 x 1 0 −1 0 1
3cos 2 x 3 0 −3 0 3

88. y =
1
cot 3 x
π 3π 5π 7π 9π
x
2 4 4 4 4 4
π π 3π
π x− 0 π 2π
asymptotes. The period of cotangent is , so 4 2 2
b
π ⎛ π⎞
the period for this function is . Cotangent cos ⎜ x − ⎟ 1 0 −1 0 1
3 ⎝ 4⎠
has asymptotes of the form bx = 0 and bx = π . Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
1 table and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
The asymptotes for y = cot 3 x are x = 0
2
π
and x = .
3
found in Step 1.
π π π π
parts: 0, , , ,
12 6 4 3
midpoint, and third-quarter point, we have: π
⎛ π 1⎞ ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π 1⎞ 4
⎜⎝ , ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ , − ⎟⎠ unit to the right.
12 2 6 4 2
Step 5: Join the points with a smooth curve. ⎛ π⎞
90. y = tan ⎜ x − ⎟
1 ⎝ 2⎠
The graph is “shrunk” because a = and
2 Period: π
1 Vertical translation: none
< 1. π
2 Phase shift (horizontal translation): units
2
to the right
one-period interval, locate two adjacent
vertical asymptotes.
Because asymptotes of the graph y = tan x
π π
occur at − , and , use the following
2 2
equations to locate asymptotes:
⎛ π⎞ π π
89. y = cos ⎜ x − ⎟ x − = − ⇒ x = 0 and
⎝ 4⎠ 2 2
2π π π
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is . x− = ⇒ x=π
b 2 2
π π π Divide the interval (0, π ) into four equal parts
0≤ x− ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 + ≤ x ≤ 2π + ⇒
4 4 4 to obtain the following key x-values:
π 9π π π
≤x≤ first-quarter value: ; middle value: ;
4 4 4 2
Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts 3π
π 3π third-quarter value: . Evaluating the given
to get the following x-values: , π , , 2π , 4
4 2 function at these three key x-values gives the
9π ⎛π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
points ⎜ , −1⎟ , ⎜ ,0 ⎟ , ⎜
⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
4 ,1
⎝4
five x-values. (continued on next page)

(continued)
x = 0 and x = π to complete one period of the
graph.
⎛ π⎞ ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
92. y = sin ⎜ 3x + ⎟ = sin ⎢3 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥
⎝ 2⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦
2π
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is :
b
⎛ π⎞ π 2π
⎛ π⎞ ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 0 ≤ 3 ⎜ x + ⎟ ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x + ≤ ⇒
91. y = sec ⎜ 2 x + ⎟ = sec ⎢ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ ⎝ 6⎠ 6 3
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦
π π
Step 1: Graph the corresponding reciprocal − ≤x≤
6 2
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ Step 2: Divide the period into foru equal parts
function y = cos ⎢ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ .
⎣ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦ π π π
to get the following x-values: − , 0, , ,
6 6 3
π
.
2
five x-values.
π π π π
x − 0
6 6 3 2
2π ⎛ π⎞ π 3π
The period is = π , and its amplitude is 3⎜x + ⎟ 0 π 2π
2 ⎝ 6⎠ 2 2
1 = 1 . One period is in the interval
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
π 13π sin ⎢3 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ 0 1 0 −1 0
≤x≤ . ⎣ ⎝ 6 ⎠⎦
12 12
Dividing the interval into four equal parts Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
gives the key points ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , ⎜ , − 1⎟ ,
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 13π ⎞
⎜⎝ , 0⎟ , ⎜ , 1⎟ , and ⎜
⎝ 12 ⎟⎠
,0 .
12 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎛ π⎞
y = sec 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ are at the x-intercepts of
⎝ 6⎠
2π
⎛ π⎞ π The amplitude is 1. The period is . There
y = cos 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ , which are x = , 3
⎝ 6⎠ 12
π
7π 13π is no vertical translation. The phase shift is
x= , and x = . 6
12 12 unit to the left.

93. y = 1 + 2 cos 3x π π 3π
2π x 0 π
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is . 4 2 4
b
−3sin 2 x 0 −3 0 3 0
2π
0 ≤ 3x ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ −1 − 3sin 2 x −1 −4 −1 2 −1
3
Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
to get the following x-values: table and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
π π π 2π By graphing an additional period to the left,
0, , , , we obtain the following graph.
6 3 2 3
five x-values.
π π π 2π
x 0
6 3 2 3
π 3π
3x 0 π 2π
2 2
cos 3x 1 0 −1 0 1 The amplitude is − 3 , which is 3. The period
2 cos 3 x 2 0 −2 0 2 2π
is = π . The vertical translation is 1 unit
1 + 2 cos 3x 3 1 −1 1 3 2
down. There is no phase shift.
table and join them with a sinusoidal curve. 95. y = 2 sin π x
2π
Period: = 2 and amplitude: 2 = 2
π
make a table.
1 3
2π x 0 1 2
The period is . The amplitude is 2 , 2 2
3
π 3π
which is 2. The vertical translation is 1 unit πx 0 π 2π
up. There is no phase shift. 2 2
94. y = −1 − 3sin 2 x sin π x 0 1 0 −1 0
2π 2 sin π x 0 2 0 −2 0
b Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
0 ≤ 2 x ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ π table and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
π π 3π
to get the following x-values: 0, , , ,
4 2 4
π
five x-values.
π π 3π
x 0 π
4 2 4
π 3π
2x 0 π 2π
2 2
sin 2 x 0 1 0 −1 0

1 1 (b) When h2 = 55 and h1 = 5,

96. y = − cos (π x − π ) = − cos ⎡⎣π ( x − 1)⎤⎦
2 2 d = (55 − 5) cot θ = 50 cot θ .
2π The period is π, but the graph wanted is d
b π
0 ≤ π ( x − 1) ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 2 ⇒ for 0 < θ < . The asymptote is the line
2
1≤ x ≤ 3 θ = 0 . Also, when
Step 2: Divide the period into four equal parts π π
3 5 θ = , d = 50 cot = 50 (1) = 50.
to get the x-values 1, , 2, , 3. 4 4
2 2
five x-values.
3 5
x 1 2 3
2 2
π 3π
π ( x − 1) 0 π 2π
2 2
cos ⎡⎣π ( x − 1)⎤⎦ 1 0 −1 0 1 102. (a) Since 27 − 14.7 = 12.3 and
1 1 1 1 14.7 − 2.4 = 12.3, the time between high
− cos ⎡⎣π ( x − 1)⎤⎦ − 0 0 − tides is 12.3 hr.
2 2 2 2
Steps 4 and 5: Plot the point found in the bale (b) Since 2.6 − 1.4 = 1.2, the difference in
and join them with a sinusoidal curve. water levels between high tide and low
tide is 1.2 ft.
(c) Since
f ( x ) = 0.6 cos ⎡⎣0.511( x − 2.4)⎤⎦ + 2, we
have
f (10) = 0.6 cos ⎡⎣0.511(10 − 2.4)⎤⎦ + 2
= 0.6 cos (3.8836) + 2 ≈ 1.56 ft
97. This is the graph of y = sin x reflected across xπ
the x-axis and translated 1 unit up. The 103. t = 60 − 30 cos
6
equation is y = −sin x + 1.
(a) For January, x = 0. Thus,
98. This is the graph of y = cos x with period π 0 ⋅π
1 t = 60 − 30 cos = 60 − 30 cos 0
and compressed vertically by a factor of . 6
2 = 60 − 30 (1) = 60 − 30 = 30°
1
The equation is y = cos 2 x. (b) For April, x = 3. Thus,
2
3π π
99. This is the graph of y = tan x with period 2π t = 60 − 30 cos = 60 − 30 cos
6 2
and stretched vertically by a factor of 2. The = 60 − 30 (0) = 60 − 0 = 60°
1
equation is y = 2 tan x.
2 (c) For May, x = 4. Thus,
4π 2π
100. This is the graph of y = csc x stretched t = 60 − 30 cos = 60 − 30 cos
vertically by a factor of 2 and translated one 6 3
⎛ 1⎞
unit down. The equation is y = 2 csc x − 1. = 60 − 30 ⎜ − ⎟ = 60 + 15 = 75°
⎝ 2⎠
101. (a) The shorter leg of the right triangle has
length h2 − h1 . Thus, we have
⇒ d = (h2 − h1 ) cot θ
d
cot θ =
h2 − h1

(d) For June, x = 5. Thus, The average of the maximum and

5π ⎛ 3⎞ minimum temperatures is
t = 60 − 30 cos = 60 − 30 ⎜ − ⎟ 1 1
6 ⎝ 2 ⎠ (73 + 22) = (95) = 47.5
2 2
= 60 + 15 3 ≈ 86° Let the vertical translation be c = 50.
(e) For August, x = 7. Thus, The function
⎛ 3⎞ ⎡π ⎤
7π
t = 60 − 30 cos = 60 − 30 ⎜ − f ( x ) = 25.5sin ⎢ ( x − 4)⎥ + 47.5 gives
⎟ ⎣6 ⎦
6 ⎝ 2 ⎠
a close fit.
= 60 + 15 3 ≈ 86°
(c) See part b.
(f) For October, x = 9. Thus,
9π 3π (d) Plotting the data with
t = 60 − 30 cos = 60 − 30 cos ⎡π ⎤
6 2 f ( x ) = 25.5sin ⎢ ( x − 4)⎥ + 47.5 on the
= 60 − 30 (0) = 60 − 0 = 60° ⎣ 6 ⎦
same coordinate axes gives an excellent
104. (a) Let January correspond to x = 1, February fit.
to x = 2, …, and December of the second
year to x = 24.
(e)
(b) The amplitude of the sine graph is 25.5
since the highest average monthly
temperature is 73, the lowest average
monthly temperature is 22, and
1 1
(73 − 22) = (51) = 25.5. The period is
2 2
12 since the temperature cycles every
2π π
twelve months. Let b = = . One
12 6
way to determine the phase shift is to use
the following technique. The minimum
temperature occurs in January. Thus, From the sine regression we have
when x = 1, y = 24.96 sin (0.52 x − 2.15) + 48.90 or
⎛ π⎞ y = 24.96 sin ⎣⎡0.52 ( x − 4.13)⎦⎤ + 48.90
b(x – d) must equal ⎜ − ⎟ + 2π n, where
⎝ 2⎠
n is an integer, since the sine function is 105. P(x) = 7 (1 − cos 2π x )( x + 10) + 100e0.2 x
minimum at these values. Solving for d,
we have (a) January 1, base year x = 0
π π π P (0) = 7 (1 − cos 0)(10) + 100e0
(1 − d ) = − ⇒ 1 − d = ⎛⎜⎝ − ⎞⎟⎠ ⇒
6
6 2 π 2 = 7 (1 − 1)(10) + 100 (1)
1 − d = −3 ⇒ − d = − 4 ⇒ d = 4 = 7 (0)(10) + 100 = 0 + 100 = 100
This can be used as a first approximation.
Let f(x) = a sin b(x – d) + c. Since the (b) July 1, base year x = 0.5
amplitude is 26, let a = 26. The period is P (.5) = 7 (1 − cos π )(0.5 + 10) + 100e0.2(0.5)
π = 7 ⎡⎣1 − ( −1)⎤⎦ (10.5) + 100e0.1
equal to 1 yr or 12 mo, so b = .
6 = 7 (2)(10.5) + 100e0.1
= 147 + 100e0.1 ≈ 258

Chapter 6 Test 665
(c) January 1, following year x = 1 Chapter 6 Test

P (1) = 7 (1 − cos 2π )(1 + 10) + 100e0.2
⎛ π ⎞ 2π
= 7 (1 − 1)(1 + 10) + 100e0.2 1. 120° = 120 ⎜ radian ⎟ = radians
⎝ 180 ⎠ 3
= 7 (0)(11) + 100e.2 = 0 + 100e0.2
= 100e0.2 ≈ 122 ⎛ π ⎞ π
2. −45° = −45 ⎜ radian ⎟ = − radian
⎝ 180 ⎠ 4
(d) July 1, following year x = 1.5
P (1.5) = 7 (1 − cos 3π )(1.5 + 10) + 100e0.2(1.5) ⎛ π ⎞ π
3. 5° = 5 ⎜ radian ⎟ = ≈ 0.09 radian
= 7 ⎡⎣1 − ( −1)⎤⎦ (11.5) + 100e0.3 ⎝ 180 ⎠ 36
= 7 (2)(11.5) + 100e0.3
3π 3π ⎛ 180° ⎞
= 161 + +100e0.3 ≈ 296 4. = ⎜ ⎟ = 135°
4 4 ⎝ π ⎠
106. (a) From the graph, one period is about 20
years. 7π 7π ⎛ 180° ⎞
5. − =− ⎜ ⎟ = −210°
6 6 ⎝ π ⎠
(b) The population of hares fluctuates
between a maximum of about 150,000
⎛ 180° ⎞
6. 4 = 4 ⎜ ≈ 229.18°
⎝ π ⎟⎠
and a minimum of about 5000.
107. s (t ) = 4 sin π t
7. r = 150 cm, s = 200 cm
a = 4, ω = π
200 4
2π 2π (a) s = rθ ⇒ 200 = 150θ ⇒ θ = =
amplitude = a = 4 ; period = = =2 150 3
ω π
ω π 1 1 2
frequency = = = (b) Ꮽ = rθ
2π 2π 2 2
1 2 ⎛4⎞ 1 ⎛4⎞
108. s (t ) = 3 cos 2t Ꮽ = (150) ⎜ ⎟ = ( 22, 500) ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝3⎠ 2 ⎝3⎠
a = 3, ω = 2
= 15, 000 cm 2
amplitude = a = 3
1
2π 2π 8. r = in., s = 1 in.
period = ==π 2
ω 2
1
ω 2 1 s = rθ ⇒ 1 = θ ⇒ θ = 2 radians
frequency = = = 2
2π 2π π
For Exercises 9−14, refer to Figure 13 on page 556 of
109. The frequency is the number of cycles in one the text.
unit of time.
3π
s (1.5) = 4 sin1.5π = 4 sin = 4 ( −1) = − 4
2
s (2) = 4 sin 2π = 4 (0) = 0
13π 5π
s (3.25) = 4 sin 3.25π = 4 sin = 4 sin
4 4
⎛ 2⎞
= 4 ⎜− ⎟ = −2 2
⎝ 2 ⎠
110. The period is the time to complete one cycle.

The amplitude is the maximum distance (on
either side) from the equilibrium point.

3π 2π
9. sin Since is in quadrant II, the reference
4 3
3π 2π π
Since is in quadrant II, the reference angles is π − = . In quadrant II, the
4 3 3
3π 4π 3π π secant is negative. Thus,
angle is π − = − = . In quadrant
4 4 4 4 8π 2π π
sec = sec = − sec = −2.
II, the sine is positive. Thus, 3 3 3
3π π 2 3π 2π
sin = sin = . Converting to Converting to degrees, we have
4 4 2 4 3
3π 3 2π 2π 180°
degrees, we have = (180°) = 135°. The = ⋅ = 120° . The reference angle
4 4 3 3 π
reference angle is 180° − 135° = 45°. Thus, is 180º − 120º = 60º. Thus,
3π 8π 2π
sin = sin135° = sin 45° =
2
. sec = sec = sec120° = − sec 60° = −2.
4 2 3 3
13. tan π = tan180° = 0
⎛ 7π ⎞
10. cos ⎜ −
⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ 3π
14. cos = cos 270° = 0
7π 2
− is coterminal with
6 7π
7π 7π 12π 5π 5π 15. s =
− + 2π = − + = . Since is 6
6 6 6 6 6 7π
in quadrant II, the reference angle is Since is in quadrant III, the reference
6
5π 6π 5π π 7π π
π− = − = . In quadrant II, the angle is − π = . In quadrant III, the sine
6 6 6 6 6 6
cosine is negative. Thus, and cosine are negative.
⎛ 7π ⎞ 5π π 3 7π π 1
cos ⎜ − = cos = − cos = − = − sin = −
⎝ 6 ⎟⎠
. sin
6 6 2 6 6 2
5π 7π π 3
Converting to degrees, we have cos = − cos = −
6 6 6 2
5π 5 7π π 3
= (180°) = 150°. tan = tan =
6 6 6 6 3
The reference angle is 180° − 150° = 30°. 7π 1 1
csc = = = −2
⎛ 7π ⎞ 5π 6 sin 76π − 12
Thus, cos ⎜ − = cos = cos150°
⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ 6 7π 1 1 2 2 3
sec = = =− =−
3 6 cos 76π − 3 3 3
= − cos 30° = − 2
2
7π 1 1 3 3 3
cot = 7π
= = = = 3
3π 6 tan 6 3 3 3
11. tan = tan 270° is undefined. 3
2
16. (a) sin s = 0.8258 ⇒ s ≈ 0.9716
8π
12. sec
3
8π 8π 2π
is coterminal with − 2π = .
3 3 3

Chapter 6 Test 667
π 1 π π (e) y = csc x (e) y = cot x

(b) Since cos = and 0 ≤ ≤ ,
3 2 3 2
20. (a) This is a cosine curve with period 4π , so
π
s= . 2π 2π 1
3 4π = ⇒b= = . The graph has
b 4π 2
π been shifted 1 unit up, so an equation is
17. (a) The speed of ray OP is ω = radian
12 y = 1 + cos 12 x.
θ
per sec. Since ω = , then in 8 sec, (b) This is a cotangent curve that has been
t
reflected across the y-axis. Since the
θ π θ 8π 2π
ω= ⇒ = ⇒θ = = ⎛π 1⎞
t 12 8 12 3 graph passes through ⎜ , − ⎟ , the
⎝4 2⎠
radians
graph has been compressed vertically by
(b) From part (a), P generates an angle of 1
2π a factor of . Thus, an equation of the
2
radians in 8 sec. The distance
3 1
traveled by P along the circle is graph is y = − cot x.
2
⎛ 2π ⎞
s = rθ ⇒ s = 60 ⎜ = 40π cm
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ 21. (a) The domain of the cosine function is
(−∞, ∞ ) .
s 40π
(c) v = ⇒ = 5π cm per sec. (b) The range of the sine function is [−1, 1].
t 8
(c) The least positive value for which the
18. (a)
π
tangent function is undefined is .
2
(d) The range of the secant function is
(−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞ ) .
⎛ π⎞ ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
22. y = 3 − 6sin ⎜ 2 x + ⎟ = 3 − 6 sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥
⎝ 2⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
Suppose the person takes a seat at point A. ⎡ ⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤⎤
π = 3 − 6sin ⎢ 2 ⎢ x − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ ⎥
When the person travels radians, the ⎣ ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦⎦
2
person is 50 ft above the ground. When the 2π
(a) The period is =π .
π 2
person travels more radians, we can let
6
(b) The amplitude is 6.
x be the additional vertical distance
traveled: (c) The range is [−3, 9].
π x π ⎛1⎞ (d) The y-intercept occurs when x = 0.
sin = ⇒ x = 50 sin = 50 ⎜ ⎟ = 25
6 50 6 ⎝2⎠ π⎞ π⎞
⎛ ⎛
Thus, the person traveled an additional 25 –6 sin ⎜ 2 ⋅ 0 + ⎟ + 3 = –6 sin ⎜ 0 + ⎟ + 3
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
ft above the ground, for a total of 75 ft
⎛π ⎞
above the ground. = −6 sin ⎜ ⎟ + 3
⎝2⎠
2π
(b) The Ferris wheel goes radians per 30 = −6 (1) + 3 = −3
3
2π π π
sec or = radian per second. (e) The phase shift is unit to the left
90 45 4
19. (a) y = sec x (b) y = sin x ⎛ π⎞
⎜⎝ that is, − ⎟⎠
4
(c) y = cos x (d) y = tan x

⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 25. y = −1 + 2 sin ( x + π )
23. y = sin ( 2 x + π ) = sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ 2π
⎡ ⎛ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎞⎤ b
= sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ ⎥ 0 ≤ x + π ≤ 2π ⇒ −π ≤ x ≤ π
⎣ ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎠⎦
2π π
Step 1: Find the interval whose length is . to get the following x-values: −π , − , 0,
b 2
⎛ π⎞ π 2π π
0 ≤ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ x + ≤ ⇒ ,π
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2 2
π π π
0≤ x+ ≤π ⇒− ≤x≤ Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the
2 2 2 five x-values
Step 2:Divide the period into four equal parts
π π π
π π x − − 0 π
to get the following x-values: − ,− , 0, 2 2 2
2 4
π π π 3π
x+π 0 π 2π
, 2 2
4 2
Step 3: Evaluate the function for each of the sin ( x + π ) 0 1 0 −1 0
five x-values
2 sin ( x + π ) 0 2 0 −2 0
π π π π
x − − 0
2 4 4 2 −1 + 2sin ( x + π ) −1 1 −1 −3 −1
π π π 3π Steps 4 and 5: Plot the points found in the
x+ 0 π
2 4 2 4 table and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
⎛ π⎞ π 3π Repeat this cycle for the interval [ −π , 0] .
2⎜x + ⎟ 0 π 2π
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
sin ⎢ 2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⎥ 0 1 0 −1 0
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
Steps 4 and 5:Plot the points found in the table
and join them with a sinusoidal curve.
The amplitude is 2 , which is 2. The period

is 2π . The vertical translation is 1 unit down.
The phase shift is π units to the left.
⎛ π⎞
26. y = tan ⎜ x − ⎟
The period is π . s There is no vertical ⎝ 2⎠
π Period: π
translation. The phase shift is units to the Vertical translation: none
2
right. π
2
24. y = 2 + cos x to the right
This is the graph of y = cos x translated Because the function is to be graphed over a
vertically 2 units up. two-period interval, locate three adjacent
vertical asymptotes.

Chapter 6 Test 669
(continued) Solve each of these equations:

Because asymptotes of the graph y = tan x π π π π
x− = −π ⇒ x = − ; x− =0⇒ x= ;
2 2 2 2
π π
occur at − , and , use the following π 3π
2 2 x− =π ⇒ x=
equations to locate asymptotes: 2 2
π π ⎛ π π⎞
x− =− ⇒ x = 0 and Divide the interval ⎜ − , ⎟ into four equal
2 2 ⎝ 2 2⎠
π π parts to obtain the following key x-values.
x− ⇒ x = π.
= π
2 2 first-quarter value: − middle value: 0 ;
Divide the interval (0, π ) into four equal parts 4
π
to obtain the key x-values: first-quarter value: third-quarter value:
π π 4
; middle value: ; third-quarter value: Evaluating the given function at these three
4 2
3π ⎛ π ⎞
key x-values gives the points: ⎜ − , −3 ⎟ ,
⎝ 4 ⎠
4
Evaluating the given function at these three ⎛π ⎞
(0, −2) ,
⎜⎝ , −1⎟⎠
⎛π ⎞ 4
key x-values gives the points: ⎜ , − 1⎟ ,
⎝4 ⎠ Connect these points with a smooth curve and
⎛π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
⎜⎝ , 0 ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ , 1⎟ . Connect these points with π π
2 4 ⎠ x=− and x = to complete one period of
2 2
a smooth curve and continue to graph to
approach the asymptote x = 0 and x = π to
π 3π
complete one period of the graph. Repeat this the asymptotes x = and x = to
cycle for the interval [ −π , 0] . 2 2
⎛ π⎞
27. y = −2 − cot ⎜ x − ⎟ 28. y = − csc 2 x
⎝ 2⎠
π π 2π
Period: =π = function y = − sin 2 x The period is =π
b 1 2
Vertical translation: 2 units down
and its amplitude is −1 = 1. One period is in
π
Phase shift (horizontal translation): units the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π . Dividing the interval
2
into four equal parts gives us the key points:
to the right
π π 3π
Because the function is to be graphed over a (0, 0) , ⎛⎜⎝ , −1⎞⎟⎠ , ⎛⎜⎝ , 0 ⎞⎟⎠ , ⎛⎜⎝ ,1⎞⎟⎠ , (π , 0)
two-period interval, locate three adjacent 2 2 4
vertical asymptotes. Because asymptotes of Step 2: The vertical asymptotes of
the graph y = cot x occur at multiples of π , y = − csc 2 x are at the x-intercepts of
use the following equations to locate π
π π y = − sin 2 x, which are x = 0, x = , and
asymptotes: x − = −π , x − = 0, and 2
2 2 x = π.
π (continued on next page)
x− =π .
2

(continued) (d) A minimum of 51 occurring at

x = 13 = 12 + 1 implies 51°F in January.
Continuing this pattern to the right, we also
3π
have a vertical asymptotes of x = and
2
x = 2π .
A maximum of 84 occurring at x = 7 and

x = 19 = 12 + 7 implies 84°F in July.
⎡π ⎤
29. (a) f ( x ) = 16.5sin ⎢ ( x − 4)⎥ + 67.5 (e) Approximately 67.5° would be an
⎣ 6 ⎦ average yearly temperature. This is the
vertical translation.
30. s (t ) = −4 cos 8π t , a = −4 = 4, ω = 8π
(a) maximum height = amplitude
= a = −4 = 4 in.
(b) s (t ) = −4 cos 8π t = 4 ⇒ cos 8π t = −1 ⇒

1
8π t = π ⇒ t =
8
The weight first reaches its maximum
1
height after sec.
(b) Amplitude: 16.5 8
2π 6 ω 8π
Period: π = 2π ⋅ = 12; (c) frequency = = = 4 cycles per sec;
6
π 2π 2π
Phase shift: 4 units to the right 2π 2π 1
Vertical translation: 67.5 units up period = = = sec
ω 8π 4
(c) For the month of December, x = 12.
⎡π ⎤
f (12) = 16.5sin ⎢ (12 − 4)⎥ + 67.5
⎣6 ⎦
⎛ 4π ⎞
= 16.5sin ⎜ + 67.5
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
⎛ 3⎞
= 16.5 ⎜ − ⎟ + 67.5 ≈ 53°
⎝ 2 ⎠

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school where one of his anthems was performed in 1761—'an
elegant anthem,' according to the 'Pennsylvania Gazette.' In 1762 he
received the degree of M.A. from Princeton and perhaps wrote the
music for an entertainment entitled 'The Military Glory of Great
Britain' which was performed at the commencement. Subsequently
he was ordained a minister in the Presbyterian church and preached
the gospel in Nova Scotia, Maine, and elsewhere until his death in
1794.
We have already adverted to Lyon's 'Urania, or a choice Collection of

Psalm-Tunes, Anthems and Hymns from the most approved Authors,
with some entirely new.' This collection exercised an important
influence on subsequent early American psalmodists.[23] The six
tunes marked as new were composed by Lyon. These, together with
settings of the 17th and 19th psalms, a setting of one of Watts' lyric
poems, 'Friendship,' and a 'Marriage Hymn,' are all the known works
of Lyon still extant. 'Their study,' says Mr. Sonneck, 'will induce no
critic to call Lyon a composer of real merit or even a musician fully
conversant with musical grammar. His music, viewed from an
æsthetic standpoint, is in no way remarkable. He certainly gave his
best in the Hymn to Friendship, the minor movement of which
contains a few unexpected rays of beauty. This movement, and the
fact that Lyon energetically occupied himself with music, when music
was in its infancy in colonial America, prove that he possessed some
inborn musical talent. For nobody will compose in a musical
wilderness, no matter how valueless the compositions may be, if not
forced to do so by latent creative powers. Had Lyon been educated
in England, Germany, or Italy his talents would have developed to
greater advantage, and his name might figure in musical dictionaries,
these mausoleums of celebrity, none of which to-day mentions him.
But his importance lies not in the sphere of æsthetics; it lies rather in
the sphere of retrospective history. Not the absolute, but the relative
merits of his music attract our attention. He was a pioneer and
thereupon rests his lasting glory.'
In 1746 was born in Boston a man who bore the undistinguished

name of William Billings. Billings was a tanner by profession and a
musician by instinct. It is unfortunate that this pioneer American
composer should have become the butt of so much ridicule; yet one
must admit that he invited ridicule. There was something ludicrous
even in his personal appearance.
'He was somewhat deformed,' says Ritter, 'blind of one eye, one leg
shorter than the other, one arm somewhat withered, and he was
given to the habit of continually taking snuff. He carried this precious
article in his coat pocket made of leather, and every few minutes
would take a pinch, holding the snuff between the thumb and
clinched hand. To this feature we must add his stentorian voice,
made, no doubt, rough as a saw by the effects of the quantity of
snuff that was continually rasping his throat.'[24] His zeal continually
outran his discretion. Even in church his voice drowned those of his
neighbors. He was of the temperament that cannot approve without
giving three cheers. The very titles of his works provoke a smile. For
instance:
'The New England Psalm Singer: or American Chorister

Containing a number of Psalm-tunes, Anthems and Canons.
In four or five parts. (Never Before Published.)
Composed by William Billings, a native of Boston, in

New England.
Matt. 12. 16. "Out of the Mouths of Babes and Sucklings hast
thou Perfected Praise."
James 5. 13. "Is any Merry? Let him sing Psalms."
"O, praise the Lord with one consent

And in this grand design
Let Britain and the Colonies
Unanimously join."
Boston: New England, Printed by Edes and Gill.'
Nevertheless Hillings was an original genius with an unaffected,

fervent and sincere love of his art. His very naïveté is refreshing in
an age which artistic artificiality had rendered almost sterile. Of
musical knowledge he possessed very little. What knowledge he had
he picked up himself from such limited sources as were at his
disposal. In the preface to his 'New England Psalm-Singer' he
confesses ingenuously: 'For my own part, as I don't think myself
confined to any Rules for Composition laid down by any that went
before me, neither should I think (were I to pretend to lay down rules)
that any who comes after me were anyways obligated to adhere to
them any further than they should think proper: so in fact I think it is
proper for every composer to be his own learner. Therefore, upon
this consideration, for me to dictate or to prescribe Rules of the
Nature for others, would not only be very unnecessary but also a
very great Vanity.' Later he frankly confessed the immaturity that
dictated those statements. He set himself more humbly to the study
of rules for composition and developed an enthusiasm for
counterpoint, of which he speaks in the following terms: 'It has more
than twenty times the power of the old slow tunes; each foot
straining for mastery and victory, the audience entertained and
delighted, their minds surpassingly fluctuated, sometimes declaring
for one part and sometimes for another. Now the solemn bass
demands their attention—next the manly tenor—now, the lofty
counter—now, the volatile treble. Now here—now there, now here
again. O, ecstatic! Rush on, you sons of Harmony!' Even the
tremendous earnestness of the man does not save this from being
funny. It is poor Billings' fate to be funny under nearly all
circumstances.
The 'New England Psalm-Singer' appeared in 1770. It may be

recalled that Beethoven was born in the same year. Eight years later
Billings published 'The Singing Master's Assistant,' a revision of his
first work, which attained wide popularity in New England and was
known as 'Billings' Best.' Following came 'Music in Miniature,' 1779;
'The Psalm-Singer's Amusement,' 1781; 'The Suffolk Harmony,'
1786; and 'The Continental Harmony,' 1794. Besides these Billings
published singly a number of anthems and other compositions. All of
his works show a most primitive conception of the art of composition
and a very hazy knowledge of the rules of harmony and
counterpoint. But they contain melodic and rhythmic force and
originality. Billings could not write a good fugue, but he could write a
good tune. Many of his compositions became very popular in New
England. Although he had invited Britain and the Colonies to join
'unanimously' when he published his first collection, he was one of
the most fiery of patriots when the Revolution broke out. Nothing
could surpass the fierce ardor of his zeal. He expressed in dynamic
terms his love of country and contempt for his enemies, and he
called down all the wrath of an omnipotent deity on his unworthy
head if he should ever prove untrue to Boston—meaning America.
What were written originally as psalm-tunes he had no difficulty in
turning into ringing patriotic songs. Many of them were sung by the
New England soldiers throughout the war, and the tune known as
'Chester' was a favorite with the Continental fifers.
Billings is said to have introduced the use of the 'pitch-pipe' into New
England choirs—where it was badly needed—and he is supposed to
have been the first in New England to use the violoncello in church.
According to Ritter, 'he is credited with the merit of having originated
concerts or musical exhibitions in New England'; but concerts or
musical exhibitions were originated there before he was born.
Billings' merit is that he was the first musician of really independent
and original talent that America produced. He was handicapped by
lack of technical knowledge and lack of a suitable milieu. He wrote
some good tunes which passed into the musical life of the people.
He is a noteworthy figure, but his importance is not overwhelming.
Among Billings' contemporaries may be mentioned Oliver Holden,

Andrew Law, Jacob Kimball, Jr., Samuel Holyoke, Samuel Read, and
Lowell Mason. None of these possessed much more musical
knowledge than Billings and all of them, with one exception,
possessed much less talent. Holden is known chiefly for his
'Coronation' hymn, which is still popular. He published 'The American
Harmony' in 1792. Law was the author of a collection of anthems
and hymns, besides some compilations on musical theory. His taste
was better than the average of his time, but his information and
creative capacity were limited. One of his hymns, 'Archdale,'
acquired wide popularity. There is nothing particular to say about
Kimball, Holyoke or Read. They were of about the same stamp as
Holden and Law—mediocre writers of uninspired and conventional
psalm-tunes.
Lowell Mason stands out above the rest as a musician in the truer
sense of the word. The earnest valor with which he combated the
condition prevalent in the New England churches, flooded with
'fugue tunes' in imitation of the imported variety but devoid of any
musical value, must be recognized. He was a pioneer in the work of
substituting for this worthless stuff tunes at once simple and noble, in
accordance with the principles of harmony, and symmetrical in form.
Mason was born in 1792, at Medfield, Mass., and died in 1872 at
Orange, N. J. He went to Savannah, Ga., and divided his time
between banking and musical study under F. L. Abell. In 1822 he
returned to Boston and published the 'Boston Handel-Haydn
Society's Collection of Church Music,' containing a number of his
own compositions. The most familiar of his tunes are probably
'Corinth' ('I love to steal a while away'), 'Cowper' ('There is a fountain
filled with blood'), 'Bethany' ('Nearer, my God, to Thee'), 'The
Missionary Hymn' ('From Greenland's Icy Mountains'), and 'Mount
Vernon' ('Sister thou wert mild and lovely'). After 1827 Dr. Mason (the
degree of Mus.D. was conferred on him by New York University) took
charge of the music in no less than three churches, but subsequently
confined his labors to Dr. Lyman Beecher's Bowdoin Street Church,
whither pilgrimages were soon made from all over the country 'to
hear the wonderful singing.' His training of boys' voices particularly
was a marvel to his generation. Mason's educational work is indeed
of uncommon importance and will be touched upon in a later
chapter. With Professors Park and Phelps he edited the 'Sabbath
Hymn Book' (1858) and in 1830 he issued the 'Juvenile Lyrics,' said
to be the earliest collection of songs for secular schools published in
America.
Except for the rugged originality of the ludicrous Billings, the opening
of the nineteenth century had still disclosed nothing of American
composition that might be considered other than commonplace. But
at least the pioneer work had been done with commendable
earnestness and under very real handicaps. The actual
achievements of pioneers are never very great, but the value of their
work is incalculable. To the pioneers of American composition we
can at least tender our respect for the undoubted sincerity of their
efforts.
W. D. D.
FOOTNOTES:
[10] Op. cit., p. 54.
[11] Hood: 'History of Music in New England.' See also Ritter: 'Music in America'
and Elson: 'History of American Music.'
[12] William Tansur was a contemporary English Church composer. His collection,
'The Royal Melody Complete,' here alluded to, appeared in 1754.
[13] Aaron Williams was an English music engraver, publisher and composer. 'The
New Universal Psalmodist' appeared in 1763.
[14] The French fleet, of course.
[15] For the following information concerning concerts in New York, Philadelphia
and the South we are indebted wholly to O. G. Sonneck's scholarly and
trustworthy work, 'Early Concert Life in America,' Leipzig, 1907.
[16] Op. cit., Chap. VIII.
[17] Handel.
[18] This was Christian Bach, known as 'the London Bach.' As far as we can
discover Americans left the great J. S. Bach severely alone.
[19] Mr. Sonneck has pointed out that the name of Mozart appeared infrequently
on concert programs before the year 1800, even in Vienna.
[20] The name was spelled thus for several years. Later it became Cecilia, as it is
at present. Recruited from among the social leaders of Charleston, the Society
naturally became an exclusive organization in which social considerations
eventually predominated.
[21] In those days proof-reading was a fine art. The announcement to which we
refer speaks of 'music by the celebrated Italian, Père Golaise.'
[22] Mr. O. G. Sonneck, whose excellent monograph on Francis Hopkinson is our
authority.
[23] For a detailed discussion of 'Urania,' together with some very interesting
reflections on early American sacred music, see Mr. Sonneck's monograph on
James Lyon: 'Francis Hopkinson and James Lyon: Two Studies in Early American
Music,' Washington, 1905.
[24] Op. cit., Chap. III.

CHAPTER III
EARLY CONCERT LIFE
Sources of information—Boston Concerts of the eighteenth

century; New England outside of Boston—Concerts in New York
—Concerts in Philadelphia; open-air concerts—Concert life of the
South; Charleston, Baltimore, etc.; conclusion.
In our last chapter we spoke to some extent of concert life in

America during the eighteenth century, and it may be well to
complete the record here as far as the information at our disposal
will allow. The importance of concerts as reflecting the musical
culture of a people can very easily be overestimated. At best, they
represent the taste of merely a small portion of the community; at
worst they serve simply as occasions for social display and for the
indulgence of various forms of snobbery. It is very difficult at a
distance to judge a true from a false artistic life. For aught we know
to the contrary, the concerts of the American colonists represented
chiefly their ideas of what was socially correct. On the other hand,
we are equally justified in assuming that these concerts reflected
accurately the musical taste of the people. The truth is that we must
accept the record of early concert life in America purely for its
historic interest. Such deductions as we may draw from it must
always be presumptive. On the surface, as we have already said, it
speaks well for the state of musical culture in America of the
eighteenth century. It would be futile—perhaps disappointing—to pry
further into its possible significance.
A certain characteristic indifference to the importance of historical
remains has lost to us irretrievably much documentary evidence that
would be of great value in compiling a complete history of music in
America. Of our earliest newspapers, such as the 'Boston News
Letter,' the 'New York Gazette,' the 'American Weekly Mercury,' and
the 'South Carolina Gazette,' no complete files seem to have been
preserved, and there is an irritating poverty of other documents that
would supplement the information contained therein or fill out such
lacunæ as the lost numbers may have left. For our information on
early concerts in America we are almost totally dependent on old
newspaper files. Even if these files were complete it would not follow
by any means that the information obtainable from them would be
exhaustive, for it is not probable that the newspapers mentioned all
the concerts given. A few diaries and similar documents have been
discovered which throw a little added light on the subject, but there
still remain many dark corners.[25]
I
We cannot say when or where the first public concert was given in
America. The first of which we have any record was advertised in the
Boston 'Weekly News Letter' of December 16-23, 1731. It was 'a
Concert of Music on sundry Instruments at Mr. Pelham's great
Room, being the house of the late Doctor Noyes near the Sun
Tavern.' Further than that we know nothing about it. We find notices
of other concerts at intervals for several years, but nothing is said
about the music played or the people who took part in them. In 1744
a concert was given at the historic Faneuil Hall, which had been built
two years earlier and which was apparently the favorite place for
such functions until about the year 1755, when it was supplanted by
the newly erected Concert Hall in Queen Street.[26]
Most of the concerts at Faneuil Hall were given for the benefit of the
poor and were held, it would appear, only by express permission of
the selectmen. In 1755 we first notice concerts given for the benefit
of private individuals and presumably without the permission of the
selectmen. One was given for John Rice, organist of Trinity Church,
and several for Thomas Dipper, organist of King's Chapel. We know
nothing about these concerts except that they consisted of 'select
pieces by the best masters.' It is possible that there existed from
about the year 1744 a musical organization of which a Mr. Stephen
Deblois was treasurer and which gave frequent concerts. The
minutes of the Boston selectmen meetings, as reprinted in the
'Boston Town Records,' contain an entry under date of Nov. 21,
1744, to the effect that 'Mr. William Sheafe and a number of
gentlemen desire the Use of Faneuil Hall for a Concert of Musick ...
the Benefit arising by the Tickets to be for the Use of the Poor of the
Town....' On Dec. 12, it was reported that 'the Selectmen received of
Mr. Stephen Deblois two hundred and five pounds five shillings old
Tenor being collected by a Concert of Musick in Faneuil Hall for the
Use of the Poor of the Town'—obviously the same concert for which
permission was granted to 'Mr. William Sheafe and a number of
gentlemen.' In September, 1754, Stephen Deblois purchased
Concert Hall for two thousand pounds, with the result that concerts
immediately shifted there from Faneuil Hall. Thomas Dipper, for
whom so many benefits were given, apparently had a hand in the
organization, if there was one. We find an announcement in January,
1761, that 'Mr. Dipper's Public Concert will begin on Tuesday the
20th instant.' This suggests that there may have been also a series
of private concerts for subscribers, as the term 'public' concert was
very unusual in Colonial times. We read in the Boston 'News Letter'
of April 29, 1762: 'The members of the Concert, usually performed at
Concert Hall, are hereby notified that the same is deferred to the end
of the Summer months. And it is desired that in the meantime each
member would settle his respective arrearage with Stephen Deblois,
with whom the several accounts are lodged for that purpose.' We
are, in fact, confronted with suggestions of a musical organization
which held a series of concerts for members and another for non-
members. Whether such an organization existed or not, it is at least
certain that Boston enjoyed the luxury of subscription concerts as
early as 1761.
The 'Massachusetts Gazette' of October 2, 1766, advertised a series
of concerts to begin on October 7, and 'to be continued every
Tuesday evening for eight months.' The concerts were to be held at
Concert Hall and intending subscribers were referred to Stephen
Deblois. Beginning with the year 1770, several series were given by
William Turner, Thomas Hartley, and David Propert, the latter
promising in his announcement selections 'out of Mr. Handel's
oratorios' besides 'select pieces upon the harpsichord with
accompaniment compos'd by the most celebrated masters of Italy
and London.' W. S. Morgan also gave some concerts immediately
before the war. It had not yet become customary to announce the
programs in detail and we are consequently in the dark as to the
nature of most of them. Some of the concerts apparently were
merely operas in concert form. An announcement of June 20, 1770,
speaks of a vocal entertainment of three acts. 'The songs (which are
numerous) are taken from a new celebrated opera, call'd "Lionel and
Clarissa."' In the diary of John Rowe there is the following entry
under date of March 23, 1770: 'In the evening I went to the Concert
Hall to hear Mr. Joan read the Beggar's Opera and sing the songs....'
We find, however, a very fine program announced for May 17, 1771,
by Josiah Flagg—the same of whom we have already spoken as a
prominent compiler of psalm-tunes. Flagg was for many years a
most conspicuous figure in the musical life of Boston. Besides
publishing two good collections of psalm-tunes, he founded and
trained a militia band and was active in promoting concerts of
remarkably high quality. As he was the first to publish programs we
cannot well compare his musical taste with that of his
contemporaries, but it is doubtful if the average concert of the time
rose to the level of the following:
Act I. Overture Ptolemy Handel

Song 'From the East breaks the morn'
Concerto 1st Stanley
Symphony 3d Bach
Act II. Overture 1st Schwindl
Duetto 'Turn fair Clora'
Organ Concerto
Periodical Symphony Stamitz
Act III. Overture 1st Abel
Duetto 'When Phœbus the tops of the hills'
Solo Violin
A new Hunting Song, set to music by Mr. Morgan
Periodical Symphony Pasquale Ricci
The other concerts given by Flagg were of about the same standard.
He seems to have disappeared from Boston about the year 1773.
His most important successor in the promotion of music in Boston
was William Selby, an Englishman, who came over as organist of
King's Chapel, Boston, in 1772, or perhaps earlier. Selby threw
himself into the musical life of his adopted country with an
enthusiasm for the cause which seems always to have been
exclusively confined to foreigners. He played and taught the
harpsichord and organ, composed prolifically, promoted concerts of
fine quality, and was the leading spirit in the Musical Society which
did much for music in Boston between 1785 and 1790. His devotion
to choral music was especially noteworthy and he promoted some
choral concerts of an artistic quality far beyond anything yet heard in
America. We find announced for April 23, 1782, a concert under his
direction, to consist of 'Musica Spiritualis, or Sacred Music, being a
collection of Airs, Duetts, and Choruses, selected from the oritories
[?] of Mr. Stanly, Mr. Smith and the late celebrated Mr. Handel;
together with a favorite Dirge, set to music by Thomas Augustus
Arne, Doctor in Music. Also, a Concert on the Organ, by Mr. Selby.'
In the 'Massachusetts Gazette' of January 2, 1786, there is
announced a remarkable concert to be given by the Musical Society
on January 10. Besides prayers, psalms, and the Doxology, 'as set
to musick by Mr. Selby,' the program consisted of the overture to
Handel's 'Occasional Oratorio'; the recitative 'Comfort ye my people,'
from the 'Messiah,' and the aria, 'Every valley shall be exalted,' from
the same work; the fourth Concerto of Amizon, musica da capella,
op. 7; 'Let the bright Cherubims,' from 'Samson,' and 'The trumpet
shall sound,' from the 'Messiah'; the second organ concerto of
Handel; 'a Solo, Piano, on the organ,' by Mr. Selby; and 'a favourite
overture by Mr. Bach,' performed by 'the musical band.' A similar
program was repeated on January 16, 1787, at a 'Spiritual Concert
for the benefit of those who have known better Days.' The 'Hallelujah
Chorus' from the 'Messiah' was included in the latter program, as
was also Piccini's overture to La buona figliuola, a solo from the
oratorio 'Jonah,' composed by Felsted, and a 'favourite overture' of
Carlo Ditters,[27] played by 'the musical band.'
The Musical Society gave many concerts up to the year 1790—

mostly in subscription series and always, it would seem, under the
leadership of Selby. Apparently there were other musical societies in
Boston as early as the year 1787, for the 'Massachusetts Centinel'
on September 22 of that year announced a 'concert of Sacred
Musick to assist in rebuilding the Meeting House in Hollis Street,
agreeably to the generous intentions of the Musical Societies in this
town.' The name of William Billings appears twice on the program of
this concert. We have already mentioned the concert in honor of
Washington's visit to Boston at which Felsted's oratorio, 'Jonah,' was
given in its entirety—the first time that a complete oratorio had been
given in Boston.[28]
The last mention of Selby's name in connection with a concert was in

1793 when the following program was given for his benefit and that
of Jacobus Pick:
The Overture of Henry IVth[29]

A French Song by Mr. Mallet
A Clarinet Concerto by M. Foucard
A French Song by Madame Douvillier
A Violin Concerto, by Mr. Boullay
An Italian Duetto, by Messrs. Pick and Mallet
A Flute Concerto by Mr. Stone
La Chasse, composed by Hoffmeister
A Piano Forte Sonata, by Mr. Selby
A French Trio, by Madame Douvillier, Messrs. Pick and Mallet
A Duetto on the Harmonica, by Messrs. Pick & Petit
A Symphony, composed by Pichell
This program is important as marking a sharp transition in the style
of Boston concerts. Due partly to the influx of theatrical companies,
following the lifting of the ban on dramatic productions, and partly to
the sudden increase in the number of French musicians, concerts in
Boston after the year 1790 entirely lost their old dignified and solid
demeanor and acquired a strange new lightness, a transatlantic
frivolity, a cosmopolitan air, a flavor of complete worldliness. The 'late
celebrated Mr. Handel' disappears entirely from the concert
programs of a city to which he had for long been the musical
mainstay, and in his stead enter Pleyel, Grétry, Gluck, and 'the
celebrated Haydn.'
Until the beginning of the nineteenth century the leading figures in

the concert life of Boston were Messrs. Pick and Mallet, Mrs.
Pownall, and Dr. Berkenhead. The most important of these was
Mallet, a French gentleman, who is supposed to have come to
America with Lafayette and to have served in the army of the
Revolution. In addition to his concert activities he taught music,
played the organ for the 'Rev. Mr. Kirkland's congregation,' and was
one of the first music publishers in Boston. After the year 1793 we
find his name infrequently on concert programs, and after that year,
too, we notice a decided decline in both the number and the quality
of Boston concerts.
That the concert-life of New England was not altogether confined to

Boston we gather from the old records and newspaper files of
Cambridge, Salem, Newport, Providence, Newburyport, Hartford,
New Haven, and other towns. On the whole, the concerts given in
those towns followed closely the taste of Boston. As far as we can
discover, they were not very frequent; but, when it is considered that
as late as the beginning of the nineteenth century none of the towns
named possessed as many as two thousand inhabitants and some
of them contained less than half that number, it would be
unreasonable to expect that they could have supported serious
concerts to any great extent. Indeed, it is surprising that they should
have lent their patronage to symphonies of Haydn, Pleyel, and
Stamitz; overtures, concertos, quartets, and other numbers
constituting what in the eighteenth century were 'heavy' programs;
and we are not prepared to say how much patronage would be
forthcoming for concerts of the same relative 'heaviness' in American
towns of the same size to-day.
II
Turning to New York, we find that concert life began there about the
same time as it did in Boston. In fact, wherever the first concert in
America may have been held—a disputed point which is not of vital
importance—the impulse to give such musical entertainments seems
to have affected the whole country almost, if not quite,
simultaneously. That there were concerts held in New York as early
as 1733 appears from the publication in the New York 'Gazette' for
December 24-31 of that year of a fearfully bad poem 'written at a
Concert of Music where there was a great Number of Ladies.' In
spite of the indiscriminate taste of the 'Gazette' it is unfortunate that
we have preserved a very few numbers between 1725, when it first
appeared, and 1733, when Zenger's New York 'Weekly Journal' was
started. Possibly it said something in intelligible prose about such
concerts as may have been given before the latter date. We first get
on solid ground in 1736 with the announcement for January 21 of 'a
Consort of Musick, Vocal and Instrumental for the Benefit of Mr.
Pachelbell, the Harpsichord Part performed by himself. The Songs,
Violins and German Flutes by private Hands.' For nearly twenty
years following there is trace of only two concerts, concerning which
no particulars have been vouchsafed us. Then we read in the New
York 'Mercury' of January, 1754, that Mr. Charles Love gave 'a
Concert of vocal and instrumental Musick. To which will be added
several select pieces on the hautboy by Mr. Love. After the concert
will be a Ball.' In the following year William Tuckey advertised in the
'Weekly Post Boy' a 'Concert of Vocal and Instrumental Musick' of
which he was good enough to indicate partially the program. Among
other things he promised 'the celebrated dialogue between Damon
and Chloe, compos'd by Mr. Arne. A two part Song, in Praise of a
Soldier, by the late famous Mr. Henry Purcell. An "Ode on Masonry"
[30] never perform'd in this country, nor ever in England but once in
publick. And a Solo on the German flute by Mr. Cobham.' Mr.
Tuckey's sympathies were pronouncedly English, but his taste was
good. A concert given in 1756 featured a new organ built by a New
Yorker named Gilfert Ash and two songs composed by Mr. Handel,
one of them being 'in praise of musick, particularly of an organ.'
There is no further mention of concerts in the newspapers until 1760
and, except there was a conspiracy of silence on the part of the
press, the concert life of New York up to that year must have been
extremely meagre.
It would appear, however, that subscription series started in 1760, for

we find a notice in the New York 'Gazette' of January 14 that 'the
Subscription Concert will be opened on Thursday next, the 15th
instant,' and that 'those gentlemen that intend to subscribe to the
said concert, are desired to send their names to Messrs. Dienval and
Hulett who will wait on them with tickets, for the season.' In 1762
Messrs. Leonard and Dienval announced 'a publick and weekly
Concert of Musick,' probably a continuation of the subscription series
inaugurated in 1762, though there is no announcement for 1763.
Apparently there were subscription concerts every year until 1767,
presumably under the same auspices. Then there is a hiatus until
1773, when subscription concerts were revived.
John Jones, in the meantime, had given summer concerts at his

Ranelagh Gardens from 1765 until the enterprise failed in 1768.
Also, Edward Bardin started a tri-weekly concert of music at his
'King's Arms Garden in the Broadway' in 1766. We do not know how
long he continued his musical entertainments; we only know that he
went out of business in 1769. Undeterred by the failure of Jones and
Bardin, Samuel Francis opened Vaux Hall Gardens in 1769. He
announced a concert of music, vocal and instrumental, to be given
twice a week, but it would appear that he met with no greater
success than his predecessors.
Besides summer concerts at the various gardens and the
subscription concerts already alluded to, there were between 1760
and 1775 a number of benefit concerts, as well as a few
performances by military bands and theatrical companies. The fine
program given at Mr. Stotherd's benefit on February 9, 1770, has
been quoted in the preceding chapter. About the same year French
and Italian virtuosi began to settle in New York and their presence
soon made itself felt.
The only musician in New York at this period who stands out
prominently is William Tuckey and, though he gave some benefit
concerts, he was concerned mainly with the development of church
music. However, it is worthy of note that he was the first to introduce
the 'Messiah' to America, the occasion being a concert of sacred
music in 1770, devoted largely to excerpts from that oratorio,
including 'the overture and sixteen other pieces, viz. air, recitatives
and choruses.' During the war there were a number of concerts in
New York given by officers of the British army and navy. William
Brown, who also appears in the concert life of Philadelphia and the
South, gave a subscription series in New York in 1783 and again in
1785. Subsequently there seems to have been a lull in the musical
affairs of the city until 1788, when subscription concerts were revived
under the direction of Alexander Reinagle, 'member of the Society of
Musicians in London,' and Henri Capron, a pupil of Gaviniés. They
were continued by Mr. and Mrs. Van Hagen, 'lately from Amsterdam.'
Pleyel, Stamitz, Dittersdorf, Martini, and Haydn shared the chief
honors on the programs of that period, and we find a duet of Mozart
on a program offered by Reinagle and Capron in 1789.
Beginning about the year 1797 the concert season in New York
shifted from the winter to the summer, and regular subscription
concerts consequently declined. Their place was taken by concerts
which the enterprising proprietors of public gardens offered as
special attractions to their patrons. It would seem at first blush that
the musical taste of the people at large was exceptionally good when
concerts of high grade really proved attractive, but the public
gardens of that period usually did not cater to the masses. After the
failure of Samuel Francis's Vaux Hall Gardens, enterprises of the
kind seem to have lost favor. In 1793 we find Mrs. Armory running a
Vaux Hall in Great George Street and announcing a concert of 'the
most favourite overtures and pieces from the compositions of Fisher
and Handel ... the orchestra being placed in the middle of a large
tree.' Joseph Delacroix in the following year gave a very fine concert
under the leadership of James Hewitt at his 'Salloon,' the Ice House
Garden, No. 112 Broadway. Three years later he announced
concerts of vocal and instrumental music to be given with an
orchestra of fifteen of the best musicians three times a week at his
newly decorated Vaux Hall Gardens. In 1798 he raised the number
of his concerts to four a week, but in the following year,
unfortunately, he had to abandon the enterprise. The concerts given
by Delacroix were invariably of the highest grade, according to later
eighteenth-century standards.
During the summers of 1798 and 1799 there were given nightly
concerts of 'vocal and instrumental' music at B. Ishewood's
Ranelagh Garden near the Battery. The programs were made up
almost entirely of popular songs. Joseph Corre, who opened
Columbia Garden, opposite the Battery, in 1798, and Mount Vernon
Garden on Leonard Street in 1800, hit upon the idea of attracting
both æsthete and philistine by a judicious mixture of serious and
popular programs. His serious concerts were similar to those given
by Joseph Delacroix; his popular programs contained the same sort
of stuff as was offered at Ranelagh Gardens.
Besides these summer garden concerts and the winter subscription

series already mentioned there were many single benefit concerts
after the war. The first of these, apparently, was given by William
Brown in 1786, and in the same year Alexander Reinagle gave a
Gargantuan affair that included three Haydn overtures, five excerpts
from the 'Messiah' and 'Samson,' a concerto for violin, a sonata for
pianoforte, a duet for violin and 'cello, and ten miscellaneous vocal
numbers. Between that year and the end of the century benefit
concerts were given by Henri Capron, the Van Hagens, John
Christopher Moller, Jane Hewitt, George Edward Saliment, Mrs.
Pownall, Mrs. Hodgkinson, Mme. De Sèze, and others. As a rule
these concerts followed the prevailing fashion in the make-up of their
programs. Haydn, Pleyel, Stamitz, Sacchini, Martini, Wranitzky,
Kozeluch, and Clementi furnished the pièces de résistance for
programs otherwise consisting of songs, concerts, sonatas and
lesser instrumental forms by unidentified composers. The presence
of a French operatic troupe in 1790 gave a theatrical tinge to a few
concerts in which they participated.
Outside of New York City there was practically no concert life, either
in New York or New Jersey. Occasionally some musician on his way
between New York and Philadelphia or the South would give a
concert in Princeton, Newark, Trenton, or New Brunswick. One
concert in the last-named town featured 'speaking and elegant
dancing between the parts.' Albany, presumably, had the benefit of a
few concerts, perhaps by visiting musicians from New York. Mr.
Sonneck has discovered the announcement of a creditable concert
given there in 1797 by J. H. Schmidt, 'formerly organist of the
cathedral of Schiedam in Holland,' also formerly of Charleston and
Baltimore. On the whole, however, New York and New Jersey,
except for New York City, were musically very backward compared
with New England.
III
Nothing, perhaps, could better illustrate the contradictory complexity
of environmental influences than the state of musical culture in
eighteenth-century Philadelphia. Compared with the Quaker attitude
toward music, that of the Puritans was almost indecently liberal. Yet
Philadelphia was beyond doubt musically the most cultured city in
eighteenth-century America. The cause is not apparent, but we have
ample evidence of the fact. As in the case of other American cities, it
is impossible to say when public concerts started in Philadelphia.
The first mention of concerts there, so far discovered, is in Gottlieb
Mittelberger's Reise nach Pennsylvanien im Jahre 1750. But these,

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28. An angle of radian measure t in standard ⎛ π ⎞

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82. r = 71.9 cm, θ = 135° 88. 36° N, 49°N

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108. Let r = the distance of the boat. 113. Ꮽ = 6π sq units, r = 6

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θ Thus, the length of the arc is 17.7 ft.

If the measure of the angle is halved and the 2π

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Section 6.2 The Unit Circle and tan s =

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5π 24. sin 0.8203 ≈ 0.7314

29. csc (−9.4946) ≈ 14.3338

23. sin 0.6109 ≈ 0.5736

30. csc1.3875 ≈ 1.0170

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31. sec 2.8440 ≈ −1.0460 46. sin (−1)

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2 2 55. tan s = 0.2126 ⇒ s ≈ 0.2095

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70. [0, 2π ) ; tan 2 s = 3 ⇒ tan s = ± 3

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74. (a) OQ = cos 38° ≈ 0.7880 π

θ π θ 4π 2π 86. θ = 5.225 radians, t = 2.515sec

2π 88. ω = 4.316 radians per min, t = 4.752 min

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107. The flywheel making 42 rotations per min (c) v = rω

111. At 215 revolutions per minute, the bicycle tire

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6. y = cos 2x This table gives five values for graphing one

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cycle for the interval [ −3π , 0] . 1 =1

3π 3π 9π Divide the interval [ 0, 6π ] into four equal

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