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(Download PDF) Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity 15th Edition Kottak Test Bank Full Chapter
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Chapter 7
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Primatology helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of
hominids and untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture. Of particular relevance
to these types of questions are two kinds of primates:
A. those with whom we share the least number of homologies, and those with whom we share the
most analogies.
B. those that are in the tribe hominini, and those in the family hominidae.
C. those whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own (terrestrial monkeys and apes), and
those most closely related to us, the great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas).
D. catarrhines and platyrrhines.
E. Gigantopithecus and Pierolapithecus.
3. What is the term for a trait that organisms have jointly inherited from a common ancestor?
A. analogy
B. homology
C. phenotype
D. allele
E. meiosis
4. Common ancestry isn't the only reason for similarities between species. Similar traits can also
arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways. This
process is known as
A. gene flow.
B. genetic evolution.
C. molecular convergence.
D. homology.
E. convergent evolution.
5. What is a taxonomy?
A. humans
B. gibbons
C. lemurs
D. siamangs
E. orangutans
A. all the human species that ever existed (including extinct ones), excluding chimps and gorillas.
B. what scientists used to refer to as hominoids 20 years ago.
C. all bipedal primates that are represented in living species today.
D. all of the great apes.
E. all primates that share a genetic relationship with humans.
A. gibbon
B. lemur
C. Homo sapiens
D. orangutan
E. siamang
9. Which of the following is NOT one of the general primate tendencies discussed in the textbook?
A. stereoscopic vision
B. enhanced sense of touch
C. grasping hands and feet
D. decreased sociality
E. increased brain complexity
13. Ancient anthropoids began to have fewer offspring that required longer and more attentive care.
What did this select for?
A. pair bonding, which resembles the nuclear family, among 90 percent of present-day
anthropoids
B. a greater capacity for brachiation
C. a greater reliance on nuts and tubers
D. increased reliance on life in trees, which protected the young from predators
E. increased social complexity
A. a shift from a moist muzzle and tactile hairs to fingers as the primary organs of touch
B. the evolution of a complicated visual system
C. an increase of cranial capacity relative to body size
D. an increase in hearing capacity at the expense of smell
E. a decrease in litter size
15. Which of the following was NOT one of the trends that distinguished anthropoids from other
primates?
17. Which of the following primates is arboreal, active during the day, and has a prehensile tail?
A. prosimian
B. a New World monkey
C. an Old World monkey
D. a gibbon
E. extinct
A. terrestrial is to arboreal.
B. Old World monkeys are to New World monkeys.
C. New World monkeys are to Old World monkeys.
D. brachiators are to nonbrachiators.
E. prosimians are to anthropoids.
A. interspecies conflict
B. deforestation
C. capture for laboratory testing
D. capture for pets
E. poachers
22. Behavioral ecology studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior. What is one of the
discipline's main assumptions?
A. gorilla
B. Homo sapiens
C. baboon
D. gibbon
E. chimpanzee
25. What are the eras of ancient, middle, and recent life, respectively?
26. Which of the following suggests that primates became primates by adapting to life in the trees?
28. Which of the following statements about the Oligocene epoch is NOT true?
A. Oligocene
B. Miocene
C. Pliocene
D. Pleistocene
E. Holocene
A. It was the most abundant and successful of the anthropoids during the early Miocene.
B. It is probably the last common ancestor shared by Old World monkeys and apes.
C. It was a carnivore.
D. It had marked sexual dimorphism.
E. It lacked the capacity for brachiation.
31. In primate evolution, in which of the following epochs did prosimians dominate?
A. Afropithecus
B. Pierolapithecus
C. Gigantopithecus
D. Sivapithecus
E. Dryopithecus
33. Based on scientific theories of evolution, humans are not descended from gorillas or chimps.
Rather,
True False
35. Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily, Hominoidea.
True False
36. When scientists use the word hominid today, they mean pretty much the same thing as when they
used this word 20 twenty years ago.
True False
37. Homologies are similarities between two species that have been jointly inherited from a common
ancestor.
True False
38. Analogies are similarities that are shared by organisms that belong to the same genus.
True False
True False
True False
41. Because primates are highly social animals, they provide less care to offspring over a shorter
period of time.
True False
True False
True False
44. Most New World monkeys have a tendency to use orthograde posture.
True False
45. Old World monkeys include both arboreal and terrestrial species.
True False
46. Like apes and hominids, Old World monkeys have stereoscopic and full color vision.
True False
True False
48. Because they are predominantly terrestrial, gorillas exhibit only minor sexual dimorphism.
True False
True False
True False
51. According to the arboreal theory, primates became primates by adapting to life in the savanna.
True False
52. It was during the Oligocene that anthropoids became the most numerous of the primates.
True False
53. Discuss two cases of confirmed or possible convergent evolution between different primate
species, indicating similarities and differences in natural selective forces and means of
adaptation.
54. Phylogenetically, who are our closest relatives? What evidence is used to support this
relationship?
55. Describe the features that Old World monkeys, apes, and humans have in common that confirm
they share more recent common ancestry with each other than they do with New World monkeys
and prosimians.
56. Primates are among the most endangered of Earth's creatures, and anthropologists who study
them have played key roles in efforts to save them. What threats do primates face? In terms of
expanding anthropological knowledge, why is it important to conserve our nearest relatives?
57. What are the general trends in hominoid evolution during the Miocene? What derived hominoid
traits appeared during this time?
58. Review this chapter and answer the following questions: What are the parts of the skeleton that
seem to be more commonly found as fossils? What are the anatomical clues that these fossils
provide to help scientists address questions about hominin origins?
Chapter 7 Key
1. Primatology helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of
hominids and untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture. Of particular
relevance to these types of questions are two kinds of primates:
A. those with whom we share the least number of homologies, and those with whom we share
the most analogies.
B. those that are in the tribe hominini, and those in the family hominidae.
C. those whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own (terrestrial monkeys and apes),
and those most closely related to us, the great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas).
D. catarrhines and platyrrhines.
E. Gigantopithecus and Pierolapithecus.
Kottak - Chapter 07 #1
3. What is the term for a trait that organisms have jointly inherited from a common ancestor?
A. analogy
B. homology
C. phenotype
D. allele
E. meiosis
Kottak - Chapter 07 #3
4. Common ancestry isn't the only reason for similarities between species. Similar traits can also
arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways. This
process is known as
A. gene flow.
B. genetic evolution.
C. molecular convergence.
D. homology.
E. convergent evolution.
Kottak - Chapter 07 #4
5. What is a taxonomy?
A. humans
B. gibbons
C. lemurs
D. siamangs
E. orangutans
Kottak - Chapter 07 #6
A. all the human species that ever existed (including extinct ones), excluding chimps and
gorillas.
B. what scientists used to refer to as hominoids 20 years ago.
C. all bipedal primates that are represented in living species today.
D. all of the great apes.
E. all primates that share a genetic relationship with humans.
Kottak - Chapter 07 #7
8. Which of the following is NOT a hominoid?
A. gibbon
B. lemur
C. Homo sapiens
D. orangutan
E. siamang
Kottak - Chapter 07 #8
9. Which of the following is NOT one of the general primate tendencies discussed in the
textbook?
10. Which of the following primate traits are believed to have been selected for life in trees?
A. stereoscopic vision
B. enhanced sense of touch
C. grasping hands and feet
D. decreased sociality
E. increased brain complexity
Kottak - Chapter 07 #11
12. Which of the following is shared by all anthropoids?
13. Ancient anthropoids began to have fewer offspring that required longer and more attentive
care. What did this select for?
A. pair bonding, which resembles the nuclear family, among 90 percent of present-day
anthropoids
B. a greater capacity for brachiation
C. a greater reliance on nuts and tubers
D. increased reliance on life in trees, which protected the young from predators
E. increased social complexity
Kottak - Chapter 07 #13
A. a shift from a moist muzzle and tactile hairs to fingers as the primary organs of touch
B. the evolution of a complicated visual system
C. an increase of cranial capacity relative to body size
D. an increase in hearing capacity at the expense of smell
E. a decrease in litter size
Kottak - Chapter 07 #14
15. Which of the following was NOT one of the trends that distinguished anthropoids from other
primates?
17. Which of the following primates is arboreal, active during the day, and has a prehensile tail?
A. prosimian
B. a New World monkey
C. an Old World monkey
D. a gibbon
E. extinct
Kottak - Chapter 07 #17
A. terrestrial is to arboreal.
B. Old World monkeys are to New World monkeys.
C. New World monkeys are to Old World monkeys.
D. brachiators are to nonbrachiators.
E. prosimians are to anthropoids.
Kottak - Chapter 07 #18
A. interspecies conflict
B. deforestation
C. capture for laboratory testing
D. capture for pets
E. poachers
Kottak - Chapter 07 #21
22. Behavioral ecology studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior. What is one of the
discipline's main assumptions?
A. gorilla
B. Homo sapiens
C. baboon
D. gibbon
E. chimpanzee
Kottak - Chapter 07 #24
25. What are the eras of ancient, middle, and recent life, respectively?
26. Which of the following suggests that primates became primates by adapting to life in the
trees?
A. Oligocene
B. Miocene
C. Pliocene
D. Pleistocene
E. Holocene
Kottak - Chapter 07 #29
A. It was the most abundant and successful of the anthropoids during the early Miocene.
B. It is probably the last common ancestor shared by Old World monkeys and apes.
C. It was a carnivore.
D. It had marked sexual dimorphism.
E. It lacked the capacity for brachiation.
Kottak - Chapter 07 #30
31. In primate evolution, in which of the following epochs did prosimians dominate?
A. Afropithecus
B. Pierolapithecus
C. Gigantopithecus
D. Sivapithecus
E. Dryopithecus
Kottak - Chapter 07 #32
33. Based on scientific theories of evolution, humans are not descended from gorillas or chimps.
Rather,
34. Primatology is relevant only to applied anthropologists concerned about deforestation and
poaching.
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #34
35. Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily, Hominoidea.
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #35
36. When scientists use the word hominid today, they mean pretty much the same thing as when
they used this word 20 twenty years ago.
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #36
37. Homologies are similarities between two species that have been jointly inherited from a
common ancestor.
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #37
38. Analogies are similarities that are shared by organisms that belong to the same genus.
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #38
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #39
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #40
41. Because primates are highly social animals, they provide less care to offspring over a shorter
period of time.
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #41
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #42
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #43
44. Most New World monkeys have a tendency to use orthograde posture.
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #44
45. Old World monkeys include both arboreal and terrestrial species.
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #45
46. Like apes and hominids, Old World monkeys have stereoscopic and full color vision.
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #46
47. Sexual dimorphism tends to be more pronounced in terrestrial primate species.
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #47
48. Because they are predominantly terrestrial, gorillas exhibit only minor sexual dimorphism.
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #48
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #49
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #50
51. According to the arboreal theory, primates became primates by adapting to life in the
savanna.
FALSE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #51
52. It was during the Oligocene that anthropoids became the most numerous of the primates.
TRUE
Kottak - Chapter 07 #52
53. Discuss two cases of confirmed or possible convergent evolution between different primate
species, indicating similarities and differences in natural selective forces and means of
adaptation.
55. Describe the features that Old World monkeys, apes, and humans have in common that
confirm they share more recent common ancestry with each other than they do with New
World monkeys and prosimians.
56. Primates are among the most endangered of Earth's creatures, and anthropologists who study
them have played key roles in efforts to save them. What threats do primates face? In terms of
expanding anthropological knowledge, why is it important to conserve our nearest relatives?
57. What are the general trends in hominoid evolution during the Miocene? What derived
hominoid traits appeared during this time?
Category # of Questions
Kottak - Chapter 07 58
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best give ’em the good-bye, p’raps. However, ’tain’t no use talking.
They’re all armed to the teeth; and even now, with their reduced
numbers, they are eight to one, to say nothing of them great
bloodhounds, which, I notice, the chief has left behind him—just to
worrit us, I’ll be bound.”
“As to escaping,” I said, “it’s impossible. Even if we tried to break
away when we’re out for exercise, the pirates would shoot us down
before we could get clear of the terrace, and—”
I was interrupted by the sentries taking up their position at the
doorway; and it was dangerous to converse on such a topic, for fear
that some of them knew a smattering of English.
I racked my brains to think of any plan of escape. So did my
fellow-prisoners. Nothing seemed feasible. Our prospects were dark
indeed, unless help came from over the seas; and even in that
eventuality it might be the sounding of our death-knell, for we felt
convinced that the pirates, if worked up to a frenzy, would not stick at
trifles.
We invented a sort of gibberish language, in which we could
converse without fear of being understood; but even this we used
with extreme caution, for fear of accidents. The words were formed
in a very simple manner, although it required some practice to speak
them rapidly; and of course, the quicker the enunciation, the less
chance of the gibberish being intelligible to others.
One morning, when we were feeling particularly despondent, and
had hardly been able to get through our not very appetising
breakfast, we felt a sudden and very alarming oscillation of the
ground on which we were seated, and this was followed by a deep
rumble like the sound of thunder or distant artillery.
“An earthquake, surely!” exclaimed Mr. Triggs in a tone which
sounded almost terror-stricken.
“Or is it the guns of a fleet?” I cried wildly; “friends come at last to
release us.”
“Don’t be alarmed or put about,” said Ned, who had remained
perfectly calm; “’tis only an earthquake, and a slight one at that. I’ve
felt heaps of ’em off the coast of Chili, and don’t care a snap of the
fingers for ’em. They are as common in them regions as wet days
are in England.”
Mr. Triggs looked relieved.
“Well, ’tis my first experience of ’em,” he said, “and I can tell you I
don’t want to have another.”
Scarcely had the words escaped his lips when a far more violent
oscillation shook the solid earth, followed by the same uncanny
subterranean rumble. Then a loud crash, like the sound of falling
rocks, smote upon our ears, followed by terrified screams and shouts
from human voices.
CHAPTER XX.
THE ESCAPE FROM THE CAVE.