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x 2019 Rates, Credits And Other Data
Information Applicable To Individua ls
11 8( 1 )(a) Spo u sal 15% of $12,069 ($ 1,810), less 1 5% o f the spouse's Net Income For Tax Purposes.
Base am o unt increased by $2,230 (to $ 14, 299) if t he spo use is men tal ly or p hysical ly infi rm .
N ot available w hen t he spouse's income is m ore than $1 2, 069 (or $1 4,299).
11 8 (1 )(b ) Eligi bl e D ep endant 1 5% of $12,069 ($ 1,810), less 1 5% of t he el igible d epe ndant 's Net
Income For Tax Purposes. Base amount i ncreased by $2, 230 (to $14, 299) if t he eligi ble
dependant is mental ly o r physica l ly i nfirm. N ot available whe n t he eligible d ep endant 's
i ncome is mo re t han $ 12,0 69 (or $ 14,299).
118(1)(b . 1 ) Canad a Car egi ver For Child Under 18 1 5% of $2,230 ($335) .
11 8(1)(d ) Canad a Car egiv er 1 5% of $7, 140 ($ 1,07 1 ), reduced by 1 5% of t he dependant's i ncome in
excess of $16,766.
11 8( 1 )(e) Canad a Car egi ver - Addit i onal Amount If either th e inco me ad justed inf irm spo usal c redit
base or t he i ncome adjusted i nfi rm el igible dependant credit base is less t han t he spouse or
eligible d ep end an t 's income adjusted c redit base ($7, 140, less the spouse o r dependant's
incom e i n excess of $1 6,766), an additional Canada caregiver c red it is available based o n
1 5% of t he deficiency.
118( 2) Age 1 5% of $ 7, 494 ($ 1, 1 24). The base for t h is c redit is red uce d by the lesser of $ 7,494 and
1 5% of the individ ual 's net income in excess o f $37,790. Not available w hen i ncome is more
t han $87,750 . If the individual cannot use t his c redit, it can be transferred to a spouse or
common- law partner.
118(3) Pen si o n 15% o f up to $2,000 of el igi ble pension i ncom e for a m axi mu m credit o f $300
[(1 5%)($2,000) ]. If t he individ ual cannot use t his credit, it can be transferred to a spo use or
common-law partner.
11 8( 10) Canad a Employm ent Credit 1 5% of up to $1, 222. This produces a m ax i mum c red it o f
$183.
vi ii Preface
Acknowledgments
2019 Content
They March 19, 20 19 budget contai ned a fair ly large nu mber of proposals t hat we re of varying
i mportance. The fol lowi ng lists describes most of t hese c hanges.
Acknowledgments
We would like to t hank t he many students w ho have used this book, the instructors w ho have
adopted it at colleges and un iversities throughout Canada, as we ll as t he assistan ts and tutors
w ho have been involved i n these courses.
In term s of the content o f the book, we would like to give specia l th anks to:
Gary D onell After many years w ith the CRA, Gary is now affi liated with th e Ottawa
o ffice of Welch LLP. Gary has been a significant contri buto r to th is text for nearl y 20
Preface ix
Acknowledgments
A lso of great help in improving the text over the years were the comments and corrections
provid ed by t he fol lowing instructors:
• Joseph Arm ani ou s - McGill U niversity (Montreal)
• Ann Bi gelow - Western University (Lond o n)
• Laura Cumming - D alhousie University (H alifax)
• Larr y Goldsm an - McGi l l University (Montreal)
• Su san Hurley - NAIT (Edmonton)
• Patri c k M assi cotte - St. Lawrence Co llege
• Jay Perry - N iagara College (N iagara-On-The- Lake)
• Vi ctor W aese - BCIT (Bu rn aby)
• Ro n ald W o ng - Capi lano University (Vancouver)
11 8( 1 )(a) Spo u sal 15% of $12,069 ($ 1,810), less 1 5% o f the spouse's Net Income For Tax Purposes.
Base am o unt increased by $2,230 (to $ 14, 299) if t he spo use is men tal ly or p hysical ly infi rm .
N ot available w hen t he spouse's income is m ore than $1 2, 069 (or $1 4,299).
11 8 (1 )(b ) Eligi bl e D ep endant 1 5% of $12,069 ($ 1,810), less 1 5% of t he el igible d epe ndant 's Net
Income For Tax Purposes. Base amount i ncreased by $2, 230 (to $14, 299) if t he eligi ble
dependant is mental ly o r physica l ly i nfirm. N ot available whe n t he eligible d ep endant 's
i ncome is mo re t han $ 12,0 69 (or $ 14,299).
118(1)(b . 1 ) Canad a Car egi ver For Child Under 18 1 5% of $2,230 ($335) .
11 8(1)(d ) Canad a Car egiv er 1 5% of $7, 140 ($ 1,07 1 ), reduced by 1 5% of t he dependant's i ncome in
excess of $16,766.
11 8( 1 )(e) Canad a Car egi ver - Addit i onal Amount If either th e inco me ad justed inf irm spo usal c redit
base or t he i ncome adjusted i nfi rm el igible dependant credit base is less t han t he spouse or
eligible d ep end an t 's income adjusted c redit base ($7, 140, less the spouse o r dependant's
incom e i n excess of $1 6,766), an additional Canada caregiver c red it is available based o n
1 5% of t he deficiency.
118( 2) Age 1 5% of $ 7, 494 ($ 1, 1 24). The base for t h is c redit is red uce d by the lesser of $ 7,494 and
1 5% of the individ ual 's net income in excess o f $37,790. Not available w hen i ncome is more
t han $87,750 . If the individual cannot use t his c redit, it can be transferred to a spouse or
common- law partner.
118(3) Pen si o n 15% o f up to $2,000 of el igi ble pension i ncom e for a m axi mu m credit o f $300
[(1 5%)($2,000) ]. If t he individ ual cannot use t his credit, it can be transferred to a spo use or
common-law partner.
11 8( 10) Canad a Employm ent Credit 1 5% of up to $1, 222. This produces a m ax i mum c red it o f
$183.
2019 Rates, Credits And Other Data xi
Information Applicable To Individuals
118.041 Home Acc essibility Credit 15% of lesser of $10,000 and the amoun t of qualifying expend i-
tures fo r t he year.
118.05 First Ti me Home Buyer' s Credit 15% of $5,000 ($750) of the cost of an eligible home.
118.06 Volunteer Firefighters Credit 1 5% o f $3,000 ($450) for qual ifyi ng vo l unteers.
118.07 Volunteer Searc h And Rescue Workers Credit 15% of $3,000 ($450) for quali fying
vol unteers.
118.1 Chari table Donations - Regular The general li mit on amou nts fo r this credit is 75% of Net
Income. There is an addit ion to th is general lim it equal to 25% of any taxable capi tal gai ns and
25% of any recapture of CCA resu l ting from a gift of capi tal property. In addition, t he income
i ncl usio n o n capital ga ins arisi ng from a gift of some p ublicly traded shares is red uced from
one-half to ni l. Fo r ind ivid uals, the credit is eq ual to:
[(15%)(A)J + [(3 3%)( 8 )) + [(29%)(C)J where:
A = T he fi rst $200 of eligible gifts.
B = T he lesser of:
• Total gifts, less $200; and
• Taxable Income, less $210,371 .
C = The excess, if any, by w hich t he i ndividual's total gifts exceed t he sum of $200 p lus
the amount determ i ned i n B.
118.2 Medical Expenses The medical expense tax credit is determined by t he fo l lowi ng fo rmu la:
[1 5%] [(B - C) + D ], w here:
B is t he total of an i ndividual 's med ical expenses fo r hi mself, his spouse o r
co m mon- law par tner, and any of his chi ldren who have not reached 18 years o f
age at th e end o f the year.
C is t he lesser of 3% of the i nd ividual's Net Income For Tax Pur poses and $2,352
(20 19 f igure) .
D is the total of al l amounts each of wh ic h is, i n respect of a dependan t of the i nd i-
vid ua l (other t han a c hi ld of t he i nd ividual who has not atta ined t he age of 18 years
before t he end of t he t axation year), an amount determi ned by t he for m ula:
E - F, w here:
E is the total of the depend ant's medical expenses
F is t he lesser of 3% o f the dependa nt' s Net Income Fo r Tax Purposes an d $2 ,35 2
(2019 fi gu re).
118.3 Disability-All Ages 1 5% of 58,416 ($1,262) . If not used by the d isabled individual, i t can be
transferred to a p erson cla imi ng th at i ndividual as a dependant.
118.3 Disability Supplement - Under 18 And Qual ifies For The Disability Tax Credit 1 5% of
$4,909 ($736), reduced by the total o f amou nts paid fo r attendan t care or supervision i n
excess of $2,875 t hat are d educted as c hi ld ca re costs, d educted as a d isability sup port
amo unt, o r clai med as a m ed ical expense i n calcu lati ng the m ed ical expense tax credi t.
xii 2019 Rates, Credits And Other Data
Information Applicable To Individuals
118.7 Employm ent Insurance 1 5% of amounts paid by employees up to the maximum Employ-
ment In surance premium of $860 (1 .62 % of $53, 100). This p rodu ces a max imum tax credit of
$129 [(1 5%)($860)].
118. 7 Canada Pen si o n Plan 15% of amounts paid by employees up to the m aximum Canada
Pension Plan contribution of $2,749 [5 .1 o/o of ($57, 400 less $3,500)] . Thi s produces a
maximum tax credit of $412 [(15%)($2,749)]. For self-e mployed indivi duals, the pay ment is
$5,498 ($ 2,749 times 2).
122.51 Refundable M edical Expense Supplem ent The individual cl aiming this amount must be
over 1 7 and have earned income of at least $3,645 . The amount is eq ual t o th e lesser o f
$1,248 and 25/1 5 of the med ical expense tax credit. Th e refund able amount is th en reduced
by 5o/o of fami ly Net Income in excess of $27,639 . Not avail ab le w hen fa mi ly income is more
than $52,599.
122.9 Refund able Teach e r And Early Childhood Educato r Sc hool Supply Tax Credit A
maximum of 1 5% of up to $1,000 ($ 1 50) of eligible expenditures that are mad e by eligible
educato rs.
127(3) Political Donati on s Three-quarters of the first $400, o ne-half of the next $350, one-third o f
th e next $525, to a maximum credit of $650 on donations of $1,275 .
127.4 Labou r Spo nsored Venture Capital Corporation s (LSVCC) Credit The fed eral credit is
equal to 15 percent of acquisitions of provincially registered LSVCCs.
Cha pter 4 OAS Clawback Limits The tax (clawback) on O ld Age Security (OAS) benefits is based o n the
lesser of 100% of OAS benefits received , and 1 5% of the amount by which "threshold in com e"
(Ne t Incom e For Tax Purposes, calculated w it hou t t he OAS clawback) exceeds $77,580.
Cha pte r 4 El Clawback Limits The tax (clawback) on Employm ent Insurance (El ) benefits under t he
Employment Insurance Act is based o n t he lesser of 30% of the El benefits rece ived, and 30% of
the amount by wh ic h "threshold income" exceeds $66,375 (1 .25 times the maximum insur-
able earnings of $53, 100). For this purpose, "threshold incom e" is Net Income For Tax
Purposes, calculated w ithout t he OAS o r El clawbacks.
Chapter 10 RRSP Deduction Room For 2019, the additi on to RR SP deduction room is eq ual to:
• the lesser of $26,500 and 18% of 2018 Earned Income,
• reduced by the 2018 Pension Adjustment and any 2018 Past Service Pension Adjustment,
• and inc reased by any 2018 Pension Adjustment Reversal.
Cha pte r 11 Lifetime Capital Gains Deduction For 2019, the deduct io n l imit for dispositions of shares of
qualif ied sm all bu siness corp orat io ns is $866,9 12. Th ere is an additional amou nt for fa r m o r
fi sh ing properties of $1 33, 088, providi ng a total of $1,000,000 for suc h properties.
Provincial Tax Rates And Provincial Credits For Individuals Provinc ial taxes are based o n
Taxable In come, w ith most provinces ad opting multiple rates. Th e number o f brackets ra nge
from t hree to five. Provinc ial tax c redits are ge nerally based on the minimum provi ncial rate
applied to a credi t base that is sim ilar to t hat used for fed eral cred its. In addition to regu lar
rates, two provi nces use surtaxes.
201 7 A ll 1% 3% 5%
2018 1% 3% 5%
2018 II to IV 2% 4% 6%
2019 I, II 2% 4% 6%
* Th e rate on refu nds to cor poratio ns is lim ited to the base rate, without the add itional 2%.
xiv 20 19 Rates, Credits And Other Data
Information Applicable To Corporations
123.4(2) Gener al Rat e Reduction is equal to 13% of Full Rate Tax able Income. Th is is Taxabl e Income,
reduced by; income eligible for the small bu siness d edu ctio n, i ncome eligible for the M&P
deduction and the corporation's "aggregate investment income" for the year.
• Tax Otherwise Payab le for th e year, less any fore ign tax c red it t aken on no n- business
i ncome under ITA 126(1 ).
129(4) Refundable Portion Of Part I Tax Payable is defi ned as t he least of t hree items:
1. the amount determ i ned by the for mu la
A - B, w here
A is 30-2/ 3% of t he corporation's aggregate investment income for t he year, and
B is th e amount, i f any, by w hi c h t he foreign non-business incom e tax credit exceeds 8%
of its fore ign investment income for t he year.
2. 30-2/ 3% of t he amount, if any, by which the corporatio n's taxable income for t he
year exceeds t he total of:
• the amount eligible for t he sm al l bu si ness deduction;
• 100 + 38-2/3 of the tax cred it for foreign non-business i ncome; and
• 4 tim es t he tax credit fo r fore ign business income .
3. t he corp orat ion's tax fo r t he year payable under Part I.
129(4) Aggregat e Investment Income is the sum of:
• net taxab le capital gains for the yea r, reduced by any net capita l loss carry overs
deducted during the year; and
• i ncome fro m property inclu ding i nterest, rents, and roya lt ies, bu t excluding divi-
dends t hat are d ed uctibl e i n computing Taxable Income. Si nee foreign dividends
are genera lly not d educti ble, they wou ld be incl uded in aggregate investment
i ncome .
xvi 2019 Rates, Credits And Other Data
Tax Related Web Sites
129(4 ) ELIGIBLE 2019 Refundabl e Divi dend Tax On Hand (RD TO H) is defined as fo llows:
Beginning Balance The t ransitional January 1, 201 9 Eligible RDTOH balance
w hic h is th e lesser of:
• Th e January 1, 2019 single RDTO H balance; and
• 38-1/ 3 percent o f the Jan uary 1, 2019 GRI P balance
Additions
• Part IV taxes paid on eligible dividends from non-connected taxa ble Canadian
corp orations. Th ese are co m mo nly referred to as p ortiol io d iv id ends.
• Part IV taxes p aid on eligi ble dividends fro m connected corpo ratio ns to t he extent
t hat such d ividend s included a ref und fro m t he paying corporatio n's El igi ble
RDTO H.
Deduction D educt ed fro m t his total wo uld be any divi dend refund cla imed from
the Eligible RDTOH accou nt in t he previo us taxation yea r. For 2019, this ded uction is
refl ect ed in the t ransit ional RDTOH ba lance and wil l not be ded ucted again .
1 86( 1 ) Part IV Tax is assessed at a rate of 38- 1/ 3% of po rtfo lio dividends, plu s divi dends received
fro m a connected company that gave r ise to a divide nd refund for t he connected com pany as a
resu l t of th e payment.
CPA FIRMS
BDO www.bdo.ca/ en-ca/ servi ces/ tax/ do mestic-tax-servi ces/ overview/
Deloitte. www2.delo itte.com/ ca/ en/ pages/ tax/topics/ tax. html
Ernst & Young www.ey.com/ CA/en/ Services/ Tax
KPMG www. kpm g.com/ ca/en/ services/ tax
PricewaterhouseCoopers www.pwc.com/ ca/ en/ tax/ publ icati ons. j htm I
OTHER
CPA Canada www.CPAcanada .ca
Canadian Tax Foundation www.ctf.ca
Profile Tax Suite www.profile. i ntu it.ca
Table Of Contents (Volume 1) xvii
18 Part nerships
Other Income, Other Deductions
9
And Other Issues
19 Trusts And Estate Planning
Retirement Savings And Other
10
Special Income Arrangements 20 International Issues In Taxation
21 CST/ HST
Detailed contents of Volume I,
Chapters 1 to 10 follows. Located at t he back of the print
Glossary
and online Study Guide.
xviii Table Of Contents (Volume 1)
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2
Introduction To Procedures And Administration
Federal Taxation In Canada
Introduction 49
The Canadian Tax System . . . . . . . . . 1 Administration Of The Department 49
Taxable Entities In Canada . . . . 2
Federal Taxation And The Provinces 4 Returns And Payments - Individuals 50
Requirement To File - ITA 150 . . . 50
Tax Policy Concepts . . ... 5 Due Date For Individual Returns 51
Taxation And Economic Policy 5 Withholdings For Income Tax - ITA 153 52
Taxation And Income Levels 6 Instalment Payments For Individuals - ITA 156 53
Tax Incidence . . . . . . . 8 Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Tax Expenditures . . . . . . 8 Penalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Qualitative Characteristics Of Tax Systems 9 Due Date For Balance Owing, Livi ng Individuals 58
Income Tax Reference Materials 11 Deceased Taxpayers - Balance
The Income Tax Act . . . . . 12 Due Dates And Final Returns 58
Personal Tax Credits - ITA 118(1) 145 Capital Cost Allowance System . . . . . . 197
Individuals With A Spouse O r General Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Common-Law Partner . . . . . 145 Tax And Accounting Procedures Compared 197
Individuals Supporting A Dependent Person. 146
Additions To Capital Cost . 200
Canada Caregiver Amount For Child 148
Determination Of Amounts 200
Single Persons (Basic Personal Tax Credit) 148
Available For Use Rules 202
Canada Caregiver Tax Credit . . 148
Segregation Into Classes 202
Other Tax Credits For Individuals 151
Capital Cost Allowances 204
Age Tax Credit . . . . . . . . 151
General Overview 204
Pension Income Tax Credit . . . 152
Rates For Commonly Used CCA Classes 204
Canada Em ployment Tax Credit . . . . . . 153
Half-Year Rules (a.k.a. First Year Rules) 208
Adoption Expenses Tax Credit . . 153
Accelerated Investment Incentive (Accl l) 209
Digital News Subscriptions Credit. . 154
Zero Emission Vehicles . . . . . . 213
Home Accessibility Tax Credit . . . 154
Short Fiscal Periods . . . . . . . . 214
First Time Home Buyer's Tax Cred it . 156
Class 14.1 And The Repeal Of CEC Regime 215
Volunteer Firefighters And Volunteer
Search And Rescue Workers Tax Cred its . 156 Tax Planning Considerations For CCA 218
Charitable Donations Tax Credit 157 Dispositions Of D epreciable Assets 219
Medical Expense Tax Credit. 159 Overview Of Procedures . . . . . 219
Disability Tax Credit 162 Capital Gains . . . . . . . . . 221
Education Related Tax Credits 164 Recapture O f Capita l Cost Allowance 221
Employment Insu rance (El) And Terminal Losses . . . . . . 222
Canada Pension Plan (CPP) Tax Credits 167 Dispositions Of Class 54 Assets
Transfers - Spouse Or Common-Law Partner 168 (Zero Emission Vehicles) 223
Political Contribut ions Tax Credits 169 Dispositions Of Class 14.1 - Differences 224
Labour Sponsored Venture Summary O f Disposition Tax Consequences 227
Capital Corporations Credit. 169
CCA Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Refundable Credits . . . . . 170
GST/HST Credit - ITA 122.5 171 CCA D etermination - Special Situations 229
Refundable Medical Expense Supplement 171 Separate Class Election 229
Canada Workers Benefit . . . . . . . 172 Change In Use For Automobiles . . . 230
Refundable Teacher And Early Childhood Other Special Situations . . . . . . 231
Educator School Supply Tax Credit . 173
CEC To Class 14.1 - Transitional Rules 231
Cli mate Action Incentive Payme nts . . . 173
Approach . . . . . . . 231
Canada Training Credit. . . . . . . . 174
Basic CEC Procedures . . . . . . 232
Social Benefits Repayment (OAS And El) 175 Conversion Of CEC Balances . . . 233
Dispositions Of Pre-2017 CEC Assets 234
Comprehensive Example . . . . 1 77
Economic Impact Of These Changes 238
Key Terms Used In This Chapter 179
Key Terms Used In This Chapter 239
References . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 79
References . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Problems For Self Study (Online) 181
Appendix - CCA Rates For Selected Assets 240
Assignment Problems . . . . . . 181
Problems For Self Study (Online) 242
Tax Software Assignment Problems 191
Assignment Problems . . . . . . 242
Table Of Contents (Volume 1) xxi
CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7
Income Or Loss From A Business Income From Property
CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9
Capital Gains And Capital Losses Other Income, Other Deductions,
And Other Issues
Economic Background 351
General Rules . . . . 352 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Capital Gains In The Income Tax Act 352 Other Income - Subdivision d Inclusions 402
Capital Gains Defined . 352 Pension Benefits . 402
Dispositions . . . . . 353 Retiring Allowances . . . . . . . . . 403
Proceeds Of Disposition 354 Death Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Adjusted Cost Base . . 354 Income Inclusions - Deferred Income Plans . 404
Detailed Application Of The Rules 357 Scholarships And Prizes - ITA 56(1)(n) . . . 404
Identical Properties . . . . 357 Research Grants . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Partial Dispositions . . . . 358 Social Assistance And Workers' Compensation 405
Warranties On Capital Assets 358 Other Deductions - Subdivision e . . . . . 405
Capital Gains Reserves 359 CPP Contributions On Self-Employed Earnings 405
Bad Debts On Sales O f Capital Property 361 Moving Expenses . . . . . 405
Specia l Ru le For Sales Of Real Property 362 Child Care Expenses . . . . . . . 408
Provisions For Special Assets 364 Disability Supports Deduction . . . 412
Pri ncipal Residence . . 364 Related Inclusions And Deductions 414
Personal Use Property . 366 Introduction . . . . . . . 414
Listed Personal Property 367 Employment Insurance Benefits 414
(;;i ins Anrl I ossf's On Forf'ign C:urrf'nry 3fi8 Pension Income Splitting . . 41 '.i
Deemed Dispositions - Change In Use 371 Spousal And Child Support . 416
Business To Personal Use 372 Annuity Payments Received . 418
Personal To Business Use 372 Registered Savings Plans 420
Example - Change In Use 373 Tax Free Savings Accounts (TFSAs) . . 421
Special Ru les For Principal Residences 375 Registered Education Savings Plans (RESPs) 422
Specia l Ru les For Automobi les 377 Registered Disability Savi ngs Plans (RDSPs) 428
Deemed Dispositions Non-Arm's Length Transfers Of Property 428
Departures From Canada 377 Inadeq uate Considerations . . . 429
Deferral Provisions On Small Business Inter Vivos Transfers To A Spouse. 432
Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Non-Arm's Length Transfers
Of Depreciable Assets. . . . . 434
Deferral Provisions Replacement Property 380 Transfer Of Farm/Fishing Property To A Child 436
The Problem . . . . . . . . . . 380
Voluntary And Involuntary Dispositio ns . 381 Death Of A Tax payer . . . . . . 43 7
Timing Considerations . . . . . . . . 381 Income Attribution . . . . . . . 439
Application Of ITA 44(1) To Capital Gains 382 Basic Rules - ITA 74.1 (1) And (2) . . . 439
Appl ication Of ITA 13(4) To Recapture 382 Avoidi ng Income Attribution 441
Combined Application - ITA 13(4) And 44(1) 384 Income Attribution - Other Related Parties 444
Capital Gains And Tax Planning 387 Tax Planning And Income Attribution . 445
Key Terms Used In This Chapter 387 Key Terms Used In This Chapter 446
Problems For Self Study (Online) 389 Problems For Self Study (Online) 448
References . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
MEHILÄINEN W. 1836.
Heinäkuulta.
Tuiretuisen Poika.
Poika tuhma Tuiretuisen,
Lapsi kehjo Keiretuisen,
Läksi viemähän vetoja,
Maarahoja maksamahan.
Rekehensä reutoaksen, 5
Kohennaksen korjahansa,
Ajoa karittelevi,
Matkojansa mittelevi,
Noilla Pohjan kankaihilla,
Lapin synkillä saloilla. 10
W. 3, 4 ynnä v. 9, 10; 33, 34; 57, 58 antavat tilan arvella, kun olisi
aikoinansa Pohjolan takoaki Wäinölään veroja maksettu, sillä sieltä,
kulkema oli Tuiretuisen poika, eli ken liekän ollut, koska hänestä
muillaki nimillä runossa mainitaan. Sisarensa (v. 59—62) näyttää jo
kotvan syntymä- paikoiltaan poissa olleen, sillä ilman veli hänen kyllä
olisi sievästi tuntea tainnut. Waan veljen verovientimatkallansa
arvelemma kauppaasi pitäneen, koska lieneeki senlaista tavarata
ollut, mitä v. 75—79 nimetetään. v. 58, 62, 93, 119 ja samanlaiset
muissaki runoissa saattavat ajattelemaan, maassa ennen Suomen
kansan tuloa ei kaskiviljelön olleen tavallisen, sillä ilman toki ei
olisikan mainittavana asiana pidetty, jos Wäinölän seuduilla raattuja
ahosia tavattiin, v. 113 ja seuraavista nähdään, minä suurena
kauhistuksena senlaisia asioita sillonki pidettiin, joista v. 115,116
nimitetään.
Tupakkiruno.
Niin kehnompia mielestämme ovat v. 5, 18, 45, 56, 83, 109, koska
niissä sanat: tähen, pehut, kukat, kumossa, omilla, pahasti alkavat,
kuten kussaki, toisen, kolmannen eli neljännen runojatkon
lyhytalkusesti. Wärsyissä 25, 43, 47 myös tavataan samanlaisesti:
pojat, ajat, vaan mitäpä toisinaan äänelläänki, jotta kuuluvat
pitkäalkusesti: poiat, aiat. Wärsyssä 50 sana näkeillä, niinkän ei
haittaa suuresti, sillä runojatko siinä tulee kolmilyhyeksi tavuista nä
ke il, jonkalaisia kolmilyhyita jatkoja vanhain välistä näyttää
suanneen. Wähä toisella tavalla kehnorakennollisia ovat v. 26, 37,
44. Minkätähden, sen annamma itse lukian arvata.