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Chapter 7

Mood Disorders and Suicide

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Chapter 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide
Multiple-Choice Questions
7.1-1. What do all mood disorders have in common?

a. The presence of a negative mood state.
b. They are at least 6 months in duration.
c. The presence of irrational thoughts.
d. They are characterized by emotional extremes.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-1
Page Ref: 215
Topic: Mood Disorders and Suicide
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. They are characterized by emotional extremes.
7.1-2. What are the two key moods involved in mood disorders?
a. Anger and depression
b. Sadness and anxiety
c. Mania and depression
d. Anger and mania
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-2
Page Ref: 215
Topic: Mood Disorders: An Overview
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. Mania and depression
7.1-3. Which of the following is true of unipolar major depression?

a. It does not begin until adolescence.
b. It is equally common in men and women.
c. It occurs five times as often in elderly people as in middle-aged adults.
d. It is the most prevalent mood disorder.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-3
Page Ref: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. It is the most prevalent mood disorder.
7.1-4. In order to meet the criteria for a major depressive episode, a person MUST
have
a. a depressed mood most of the day for at least 2 weeks.
b. significant weight loss.
c. significant distress or impairment.
d. insomnia.

Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-4
Page Ref: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. significant distress or impairment.
7.1-5. "Normal" depression becomes a mood disorder when

a. there is no identifiable cause for it.
b. the degree of impairment is judged severe enough to warrant a diagnosis.
c. it lasts for more than a month.
d. it ceases to be justified and adaptive.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-5
Page Ref: 218
Topic: What Are Mood Disorders?
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. the degree of impairment is judged severe enough to warrant a diagnosis.
7.1-6. Two months after her husband's death, Connie was still not herself. She often
forgot to feed the dog, was late for work on a regular basis, and had not yet thrown
out his clothes. Which of the following diagnoses would apply to Connie?
a. Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
b. Dysthymia
c. Postpartum depression
d. Connie does not have a disorder.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-6
Page Ref: 217
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorders/Depressions That Are Not Mood Disorders
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. Connie does not have a disorder.
7.1-7. "Postpartum blues" are

a. a serious disorder.
b. common, usually brief, and not a disorder.
c. a subtype of Major Depressive Disorder.
d. serious, brief, and a type of unipolar depression.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-7
Page Ref: 218
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. common, usually brief, and not a disorder.
7.1-8. In which of the following disorders must symptoms be present for at least 2

years in order for a diagnosis to be made?
a. Dysthymia
b. Bipolar I disorder
c. Major depressive disorder
d. Bipolar II disorder
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-8
Page Ref: 218
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorder/Dysthymic Disorder
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. Dysthymia
7.1-9. How does dysthymia compare to major depressive disorder?

a. Symptoms are much more severe than in major depressive disorder.
b. Symptoms change from day to day, with lots of days with normal functioning
in between dysthymic episodes.
c. There are many more symptoms required to meet dysthymia than to meet major
depressive disorder.
d. Symptoms are mild to moderate but last for much longer than in major
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-9
Page Ref: 219
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorder/Dysthymic Disorder
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. Symptoms are mild to moderate but last for much longer than in major
7.1-10. What is the most important characteristic used to distinguish dysthymia

from major depression?
a. The length of time the person has had the symptoms.
b. How severe the symptoms are.
c. Whether there are occasional brief periods of normal moods during the
disorder.
d. The types of symptoms the person has.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-10
Page Ref: 219
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorders/Major Depressive Disorder
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. Whether there are occasional brief periods of normal moods during the
disorder.
7.1-11. Sean describes himself as having hardly ever being happy. He occasionally
feels okay, but it never lasts more than a day or so. He has trouble sleeping, doesn't
eat much, and feels like nothing will ever change in his life. He says this has been

going on for as long as he can remember. The best diagnosis for Sean is
a. cyclothymia.
b. dysthymia.
c. major depressive disorder.
d. bipolar II.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-11
Page Ref: 219
Topic: Unipolar Mood Disorders/Dysthymic Disorder
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. dysthymia.
7.1-12. Which of the following is a symptom of major depressive disorder?

a. Checking and rechecking things
b. Considerable appetite and weight gain
c. Running thoughts
d. Impulsive spending
Difficulty: 3
Question ID: 7.1-12
Page Ref: 220
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. Considerable appetite and weight gain
7.1-13. George, a 22-year-old mechanic, always seems to have a cloud over his head.
For the past three years, he has had problems sleeping and he seems to always
overeat. While he may sometimes seem to be relatively content for short periods of
time, this happens very rarely and it never lasts for more than a week. If George
were to seek help for his negative mood state, which of the following diagnoses
would he most likely receive?
a. Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
b. Chronic adjustment disorder with depressed mood
c. Dysthymia
d. Major depressive disorder
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-13
Page Ref: 219
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. Major depressive disorder
7.1-14. Brittany came to a therapist complaining that she just doesn't enjoy life
lately. She says that for the past couple of months, she finds she just doesn't feel like
doing the things that she used to love to do. She has also lost a lot of weight and
sleeps much more than usual but still feels tired all the time. She says she just can't
concentrate on anything. However, she denies feeling sad. Brittany's most likely

diagnosis is
a. dysthymic disorder.
b. bipolar II disorder.
c. major depressive disorder.
d. She has no disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-14
Page Ref: 219
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. major depressive disorder.
7.1-15. Depression
a. can occur even in infants and very young children.
b. is extremely rare in childhood.
c. cannot occur in childhood.
d. can occur in childhood in females but not in males.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-15
Page Ref: 221
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. can occur even in infants and very young children.
7.1-16. Depression during adolescence

a. is much rarer than during childhood.
b. has little effect on adult functioning.
c. can affect a person into young adulthood.
d. is decreasing in prevalence.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-16
Page Ref: 221
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. can affect a person into young adulthood.
7.1-17. Herbert awakens early in the morning and feels more depressed in the
morning than the evening. He has lost all interest in activities and derives no
pleasure from things that used to please him. If he is suffering from major
depression, Herbert's symptoms suggest the subtype called
a. mood-congruent.
b. melancholic.
c. dysthymic.
d. postpartum.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-17

Page Ref: 222
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. melancholic.
7.1-18. A person who shows psychotic depression that involves mood-incongruent or

mood-congruent thinking
a. is diagnosed as having "double depression."
b. usually responds rapidly to anti-depressant medications.
c. rarely shows the symptoms of melancholia.
d. has a poorer prognosis than others with major depression.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-18
Page Ref: 222
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. has a poorer prognosis than others with major depression.
7.1-19. Sam has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. He tells you that he
is certain the world will end next Tuesday because everyone in it is so wicked. He
refuses to consider that he might be wrong. Sam has
a. mood congruent delusions.
b. mood incongruent delusions.
c. atypical features.
d. melancholic features.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-19
Page Ref: 222
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. mood congruent delusions.
7.1-20. What is meant by the phrase "double depression"?

a. Symptoms are consistent with two different subtypes of major depression.
b. The individual has been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and a mood
disorder.
c. Symptoms of both typical and atypical depression are exhibited.
d. An individual with dysthymia later develops major depressive disorder as well.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-20
Page Ref: 223
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. An individual with dysthymia later develops major depressive disorder as
well.

7.1-21. Kerry suffers from depression. He is experiencing delusions that his brain is
deteriorating and that he is aging quickly. These delusions
a. are uncommon in depression and suggest a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
b. are typical of depressive delusions because they are mood-congruent.
c. suggest that he is suffering from a bipolar rather than a unipolar disorder.
d. are most likely to persist after the depression remits.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-21
Page Ref: 222
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. are typical of depressive delusions because they are mood-congruent.
7.1-22. Margaret has been suffering with dysthymia for several years and has
sought treatment on several occasions. About one month ago she developed more
severe symptoms of depression, which have been maintained almost daily. The
condition she is experiencing is best described as
a. double depression.
b. chronic melancholia.
c. adjustment disorder with bipolar features.
d. recurring melancholic depression.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-22
Page Ref: 223
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. double depression.
7.1-23. Deena has major depressive disorder. Most days she feels very sad, but when
her sister came and told Deena she was going to be an aunt, Deena felt happy for a
little while. She has been gaining weight and sleeping much of the day. Deena most
likely has
a. melancholic features.
b. double depression.
c. atypical features.
d. psychotic features.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-23
Page Ref: 222
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. atypical features.
7.1-24. A recurrent depressive episode

a. is preceded by one or more previous episodes.
b. suggests that chronic major depression has developed.

c. typically lasts 2-3 weeks.
d. is characteristic of all forms of bipolar disorder.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-24
Page Ref: 223
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. is preceded by one or more previous episodes.
7.1-25. The average duration of an untreated episode of depression is

a. 6-9 months.
b. 1 year.
c. 2 years.
d. unknown as individuals not seeking treatment haven't been studied.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-25
Page Ref: 221
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. 6-9 months.
7.1-26. Which of the following is a true statement about the recurrence of depressive
symptoms?
a. If a recurrence is not experienced within 1 year after an initial depressive
episode, recurrence is highly unlikely.
b. Most individuals diagnosed with major depression will exhibit a recurrence.
c. Those with depression with psychotic features are less likely to experience a
recurrence.
d. Clients are usually asymptomatic between depressive episodes.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-26
Page Ref: 221
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. Most individuals diagnosed with major depression will exhibit a recurrence.
7.1-27. A rapid return of symptoms immediately after drug treatment is terminated

is a common example of ________; a return to depressive symptoms after a period
of spontaneous remission of symptoms is called a ________.
a. melancholia; recurrence
b. recurrence; relapse
c. relapse; recurrence
d. mood-congruent depression; mood-incongruent depression
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-27
Page Ref: 221

Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. relapse; recurrence
7.1-28. Seasonal affective disorder is best described as a ________ depressive

disorder.
a. mood-congruent
b. minor
c. psychotic
d. recurrent
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-28
Page Ref: 223
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. recurrent
7.1-29. Over the past two years, Kelly has experienced depressive episodes three
different times. Two of the three episodes occurred in the winter and the third
occurred last spring. It is now winter and Kelly's depressive symptoms once again
are consistent with major depressive disorder. Which of the following diagnoses
should she be given?
a. Dysthymic disorder
b. Chronic major depressive disorder
c. Recurrent major depressive disorder
d. Recurrent major depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-29
Page Ref: 223
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. Recurrent major depressive disorder
7.1-30. Which of the following statements is supported by research on the role of

genetic influences in unipolar disorder?
a. The more severe the depressive disorder, the greater the genetic contribution.
b. Twin studies do not consistently find evidence of an inherited susceptibility to
depression.
c. Genes play a more significant causal role in bipolar disorders than they do in
unipolar disorders.
d. Bipolar and unipolar disorders are equally heritable.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-30
Page Ref: 224
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Biological Causal Factors
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: a. The more severe the depressive disorder, the greater the genetic contribution.
7.1-31. The finding that people with one type of serotonin transporter gene and
childhood maltreatment had higher rates of depression than either those without the
gene or those with the gene without the maltreatment suggests that
a. childhood maltreatment causes depression.
b. only one type of gene causes depression.
c. either or a gene or certain environmental factors need to be present to cause
depression.
d. both a gene and certain environmental factors need to be present to cause
depression.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-31
Page Ref: 224
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. both a gene and certain environmental factors need to be present to cause
depression.
7.1-32. Which of the following is a research finding that is inconsistent with the
monoamine hypothesis of depression?
a. Drugs that increase serotonergic activity are effective in treating depression.
b. Increases in noradrenergic activity have been seen in the brains of depressed
patients.
c. Heightened sensitivity to drugs that increase GABA activity is commonly seen
in individuals with bipolar disorder.
d. Tricyclic antidepressants work by blocking monoamine reuptake.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-32
Page Ref: 225
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. Increases in noradrenergic activity have been seen in the brains of depressed
patients.
7.1-33. Drugs that alter the availability of norepinephrine and serotonin are not
clinically effective in the treatment of depression for several weeks. Which of the
following does this finding suggest?
a. These neurotransmitters are not involved in depression.
b. It is overactivity of these neurotransmitters that underlies depression, not
underactivity.
c. That the effectiveness of antidepressants is a placebo effect, as opposed to a
result of a biochemical manipulation.
d. Changes in neurotransmitter function, as opposed to neurotransmitter level,
cause depression.
Difficulty: 2

Question ID: 7.1-33
Page Ref: 225
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. Changes in neurotransmitter function, as opposed to neurotransmitter level,
cause depression.
7.1-34. Individuals who do not show a decrease in cortisol levels in response to an

injection of dexamethasone
a. have a severe form of depression.
b. are likely to be suffering from both major depression and a personality
disorder.
c. will not respond well to pharmacological treatment.
d. have an HPA axis that is not functioning normally.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-34
Page Ref: 225-226
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. have an HPA axis that is not functioning normally.
7.1-35. Which of the following is most likely to be seen in children who are at risk
for depression?
a. Decreased left hemisphere activity
b. Decreased right hemisphere activity
c. Increased serotonin levels
d. Increased GABA levels
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-35
Page Ref: 227
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. Decreased left hemisphere activity
7.1-36. Which of the following is a brain area that has been found to exhibit
abnormalities in depressed patients?
a. Amygdala
b. Basal ganglia
c. Posterior cingulate cortex
d. Medulla oblangata
Difficulty: 3
Question ID: 7.1-36
Page Ref: 227
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. Amygdala

7.1-37. Many people who are depressed
a. show very little REM sleep, instead they spend large amounts of time in the
deeper stages (3 and 4) of sleep.
b. do not enter REM sleep until much later in the night than normal and have
smaller amounts of REM sleep throughout the night than normal.
c. enter REM sleep earlier than normal and have larger amounts of REM sleep
early in the night.
d. enter REM sleep at a normal time, but have very slow and mild rapid eye
movements and have less overall time in REM sleep than normal.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-37
Page Ref: 228
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. enter REM sleep earlier than normal and have larger amounts of REM sleep
early in the night.
7.1-38. The fact that bright light may be an effective treatment for seasonal affective
disorder suggests that
a. this is a not a real form of depression as any response to light is merely a
placebo effect.
b. this form of depression is produced by a malfunctioning biological clock that
needs resetting.
c. changes in circadian rhythms underlie most forms of depression.
d. seasonal affective disorder is a unique entity that should not be categorized
with other forms of unipolar depression.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-38
Page Ref: 229
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. this form of depression is produced by a malfunctioning biological clock that
needs resetting.
7.1-39. Independent life events are those that

a. only affect one area of a client's functioning.
b. are out of the client's control.
c. are linked causally to the behavior or personality of the client.
d. affect the client and not those around him or her.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-39
Page Ref: 229
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Psychological Causal Factors
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. are out of the client's control.

7.1-40. John's erratic behavior finally ruined his marriage. What kind of life event
would this be described as?
a. Acute
b. Chronic
c. Dependent
d. Independent
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-40
Page Ref: 229
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. Dependent
7.1-41. Which of the following is true?

a. Most first time episodes of depression are preceded by a very stressful life
event.
b. Both first time and recurrent episodes of depression are usually preceded by a
very stressful life event.
c. Even mildly stressful events are associated with the onset of episodes of
depression.
d. Mildly stressful events are only associated with the onset of first time
depression, not with recurrent episodes.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-41
Page Ref: 230
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. Most first time episodes of depression are preceded by a very stressful life
event.
7.1-42. A review of several studies found that ________ increased the likelihood of
developing a more severe depression.
a. experiencing a stressful life event
b. being in an intimate relationship
c. working outside of the home
d. having religious faith
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-42
Page Ref: 230
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. experiencing a stressful life event
7.1-43. Which of the following is an example of a COGNITIVE diathesis for

depression?

a. Neuroticism
b. Optimism
c. Attributing negative events to internal causes
d. Attributing negative events to external causes
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-43
Page Ref: 231
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. Attributing negative events to internal causes
7.1-44. Which of the following reactions to poor test performance suggests a

cognitive diathesis for depression?
a. I'll do better next time.
b. I'll never understand this.
c. Why didn't I study more?
d. That test was way too hard.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-44
Page Ref: 231
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. I'll never understand this.
7.1-45. Joanne tends to blow up at people and then feel guilty. She worries a lot. She
complains that she just doesn't really find anything exciting and life is boring.
Joanne
a. shows evidence of neuroticism and low positive affectivity, and has a high risk
of developing depression.
b. shows evidence of neuroticism and has a moderate risk of developing
depression.
c. shows evidence of introversion, and has a mild risk of developing depression.
d. shows no evidence of any kind that would increase her risk for developing
depression.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-45
Page Ref: 231
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. shows evidence of neuroticism and low positive affectivity, and has a high
risk of developing depression.
7.1-46. Parental loss only results in a vulnerability to depression when

a. the loss is due to death.
b. poor parental care is a consequence of the loss.
c. the loss is not explained adequately to the child.

d. both parents are lost at an early age.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-46
Page Ref: 231
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. poor parental care is a consequence of the loss.
7.1-47. According to Freud, depression

a. and grief are the same thing.
b. must be treated with introjection.
c. is a consequence of loss.
d. reflects fixation in the anal stage.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-47
Page Ref: 232
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. is a consequence of loss.
7.1-48. Freud suggested that depression

a. was actually a healthy adaptation to stress.
b. was a result of overly high self-esteem.
c. involved the anal stage of development.
d. was anger turned inward.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-48
Page Ref: 232
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. was anger turned inward.
7.1-49. Which of the following is a behavioral explanation for depression?

a. Lack of environmental reinforcers
b. Insecure attachment
c. Pessimistic tendencies
d. Reliance on depressogenic schemas
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-49
Page Ref: 232
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. lack of environmental reinforcers
7.1-50. Depressogenic schemas

a. are inherited.

b. predispose a person to develop depression.
c. serve a protective function and are readily modified by positive life
experiences.
d. ensure that a low rate of reinforcement will be experienced.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-50
Page Ref: 233
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. predispose a person to develop depression.
7.1-51. A therapist with a ________ orientation would emphasize the depressed

person's need to improve his or her social skills.
a. behavioral
b. psychodynamic
c. cognitive
d. sociocultural
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-51
Page Ref: 232
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. behavioral
7.1-52. Beck's negative cognitive triad involves feeling negatively about

a. helplessness, hopelessness, and sorrow.
b. one's self, one's experiences, and one's future.
c. one's past, one's present, and one's future.
d. one's family, one's self, and one's friends.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-52
Page Ref: 232-233
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. one's self, one's experiences, and one's future.
7.1-53. Debbie receives her paper back from her instructor. It is marked with an A
grade and has several positive comments. The instructor also suggested Debbie
reword one small section. Debbie becomes extremely upset and tells her friends her
instructor hated the paper and wants her to redo it. This is an example of
a. selective abstraction.
b. dichotomous thinking.
c. arbitrary inference.
d. learned helplessness.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-53

Page Ref: 233
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. selective abstraction.
7.1-54. Selective abstraction

a. is a tendency to think in extremes.
b. is a tendency to jump to conclusions based on little or no evidence.
c. is part of Beck's cognitive triad.
d. is a tendency to focus on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other
aspects.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-54
Page Ref: 233
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. is a tendency to focus on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring
other aspects.
7.1-55. Which of the following is an example of arbitrary inference?

a. Life is so unfair.
b. If she won't go out with me, I'll die.
c. She looked at me funny. She hates me.
d. Why should I even try? She'll definitely reject me.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-55
Page Ref: 233
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. She looked at me funny. She hates me.
7.1-56. While there is much support for some elements of Beck's cognitive theory,
a. treatments based on his view of depression are not effective.
b. findings supporting it as a causal hypothesis are limited.
c. it does not account for the known biological aspects of depression.
d. is does not account for sex differences in depression.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-56
Page Ref: 234
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. findings supporting it as a causal hypothesis are limited.
7.1-57. No matter what prisoners try to do, they cannot escape. Eventually, they
become passive and depressed. This illustrates the central idea in the ________
theory of depression.

a. attribution
b. depressogenic schema
c. learned helplessness
d. behavioral
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-57
Page Ref: 234
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. learned helplessness
7.1-58. Jacob and Matt both flunk their math test. Jacob says to his friends that
there is no point in his continuing in the course because the teacher just doesn't like
him. Matt says he is going to drop the course because he is just stupid in math.
According to the reformulated learned helplessness theory,
a. Matt is more likely to become depressed than Jacob.
b. Matt is more likely to feel helpless than Jacob.
c. Jacob is more likely to become depressed than Matt.
d. Jacob is more likely to feel helpless than Matt.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-58
Page Ref: 235
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. Matt is more likely to become depressed than Jacob.
7.1-59. Which of the following is the type of attribution that is most likely to cause
depression?
a. I am never going to make it through this course because it is too early in the
morning and I'm having trouble getting up.
b. I am never going to make it through this course because I'm stupid and I just
can't learn the material.
c. I am never going to make it through this course because the professor is unfair.
d. I am never going to make it through this course because I just don't feel like
studying lately.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-59
Page Ref: 235
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. I am never going to make it through this course because I'm stupid and I just
can't learn the material.
7.1-60. Abramson revised the learned helplessness theory to suggest that

a. the worldview dimension of attributions is the most important to depression.
b. hopelessness is needed to produce depression, helplessness is not important.

c. the number of negative life events someone experiences is more important than
his or her attributions for those events.
d. the pessimistic attributional style people have about negative events produces
depression.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-60
Page Ref: 235
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. the pessimistic attributional style people have about negative events
produces depression.
7.1-61. Which of the following statements about rumination is true, according to the
ruminative response styles theory?
a. Rumination is a protective factor against depression.
b. People who ruminate a great deal tend to have more lengthy periods of
depressive symptoms.
c. Gender differences in depression are explained by ruminative styles.
d. Biological factors have been most clearly linked to the development of
rumination in those who do not have a family history of mood disorders.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-61
Page Ref: 236
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. People who ruminate a great deal tend to have more lengthy periods of
depressive symptoms.
7.1-62. When a nondepressed student lives with a depressed roommate, which of the
following often results?
a. Frequent verbal fights, which may even become physical
b. Increased depression and hostility in the roommate who was not originally
depressed
c. A decrease in depression in the depressed roommate
d. Increased caretaking by the nondepressed roommate, but only after the
nondepressed roommate becomes depressed
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-62
Page Ref: 239
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. increased depression and hostility in the roommate who was not originally
depressed
7.1-63. According to Hammen's stress-generation model of depression,

a. marital distress can lead to depression and depression can lead to marital

distress.
b. the source of most marital distress in the depression of one or both partners.
c. the stress and depression caused by marital discord explains the higher suicide
rate seen in those who are married.
d. stress causes depression.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-63
Page Ref: 239
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. marital distress can lead to depression and depression can lead to marital
distress.
7.1-64. A relationship between depression and marital dissatisfaction

a. has yet to be established.
b. only exists due to the submissive behavior of depressed wives.
c. is only seen when depression leads to substance abuse.
d. is well-established.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-64
Page Ref: 239
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. is well-established.
7.1-65. Which statement best describes the relationship between mood disorders and
domestic distress?
a. Critical comments trigger negative affect in the spouse.
b. Women who are depressed avoid their partners.
c. Whenever there is a problem, it is caused by a man who, in a manic episode, is
unaware of the nature of his behavior or even who he is attacking.
d. Men become violent as a way of protecting themselves when their wives, who
suffer from depressive episodes, become impulsively aggressive.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-65
Page Ref: 239
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. Critical comments trigger negative affect in the spouse.
7.1-66. Childhood depression

a. has been clearly linked to genetic factors.
b. is more likely in children with a depressed parent.
c. has not been associated with parental depression.
d. can usually be causally related to marital discord.
Difficulty: 1

Question ID: 7.1-66
Page Ref: 239-240
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. is more likely in children with a depressed parent.
7.1-67. A hypomanic episode is best described as a

a. mild manic episode.
b. short manic episode.
c. manic episode characterized by inactivity.
d. manic episode followed by symptoms of a mild depression.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-67
Page Ref: 240
Topic: Bipolar Disorders
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. mild manic episode.
7.1-68. The main difference between a manic episode and a hypomanic episode is
a. whether the person also experiences depression.
b. the number of symptoms the person has.
c. whether the person has irritable mood.
d. the amount of social and occupational impairment.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-68
Page Ref: 240
Topic: Bipolar Disorders
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. the amount of social and occupational impairment.
7.1-69. Bipolar disorder is to major depression as ________ is to ________.

a. dysthymia; cyclothymia
b. cyclothymia; dysthymia
c. mania; hypomania
d. hypomania; mania
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-69
Page Ref: 241
Topic: Bipolar Disorders/Cyclothymic Disorder
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. cyclothymia; dysthymia
7.1-70. Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of cyclothymia?

a. The occurrence of two or more episodes of major depression
b. Unremitting symptoms for a period of at least two years
c. Clinically significant distress or impairment

d. The occurrence of at least one episode of anxiety
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-70
Page Ref: 241
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. clinically significant distress or impairment
7.1-71. Which of the following would eliminate a potential diagnosis of cyclothymia?

a. Gil had been showing both hypomanic and depressed symptoms for over three
years.
b. Carol was absolutely convinced that her mother wanted to kill her, although
there was no evidence for this.
c. Bob's most recent hypomanic episode lasted 3 days.
d. Between her more recent episodes, Carla functioned quite well for 3 weeks.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-71
Page Ref: 241
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. Carol was absolutely convinced that her mother wanted to kill her, although
there was no evidence for this.
7.1-72. Lori has periods of dejection and apathy that are not as severe as are seen in
major depression. She also has periods when she abruptly becomes elated and has
little need for sleep. Her symptoms never reach the level of psychosis, but the mood
swings have been recurrent for over four years. The best diagnosis for Lori is
a. schizoaffective disorder.
b. bipolar I disorder.
c. recurrent dysthymia.
d. cyclothymia.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-72
Page Ref: 241
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. cyclothymia.
7.1-73. Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder?

a. The occurrence of two or more episodes of major depression
b. Unremitting symptoms for a period of at least two years
c. Symptoms of psychosis
d. The occurrence of at least one manic episode
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-73
Page Ref: 241-242

Topic: Bipolar Disorders/Bipolar Disorders (I and II)
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. the occurrence of at least one manic episode
7.1-74. Although bipolar I disorder is described as "bipolar,"

a. a depressed episode is not necessary for a diagnosis.
b. few patients show both manic and depressed symptoms.
c. both depressed and manic symptoms typically occur simultaneously.
d. a year or two commonly passes between manic and depressed episodes.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-74
Page Ref: 242
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. a depressed episode is not necessary for a diagnosis.
7.1-75. A diagnosis of bipolar I disorder indicates that the person has met DSM IV-
TR criteria for
a. an episode of mania.
b. an episode of mania or major depression.
c. an episode of hypomania and a major depression.
d. an episode of mania and a major depression.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-75
Page Ref: 242
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. an episode of mania.
7.1-76. Angela has had several periods of extremely "up" moods. They last for a
couple of weeks and she has gotten into trouble several times. During those times
she doesn't sleep, spends way too much money, gets involved in bad business
decisions, talks quickly and thinks even more quickly and believes she can do
anything. The best diagnosis for Angela is
a. manic disorder.
b. bipolar II disorder.
c. bipolar I disorder.
d. cyclothymic disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-76
Page Ref: 242
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. bipolar I disorder.
7.1-77. Which statement about bipolar I disorder is accurate?


a. The depressive phase is more likely to involve psychotic features than in major
b. The onset of bipolar symptoms are never associated with seasons of the year as
they are in unipolar depression.
c. Single episodes of the disorder are extremely rare.
d. Manic and depressive phases are always separated by lengthy intervals of
normal mood.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-77
Page Ref: 242
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. Single episodes of the disorder are extremely rare.
7.1-78. A diagnosis of bipolar II disorder indicates that the person has experienced
a. an episode of mania.
b. an episode of mania or major depression.
c. an episode of hypomania and an episode of major depression.
d. an episode of mania and an episode of major depression.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-78
Page Ref: 242
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. an episode of hypomania and an episode of major depression.
7.1-79. Carleen comes to therapy because she is feeling sad. Carleen says her she has
often had periods of extreme sadness in the past and they typically last between 6
and 8 months. During those times she overeats, has trouble sleeping, feels exhausted
all the time, and thinks a lot about dying. At other times, however, Carleen says she
feels wonderful. During those times, which last about a week, she gets a lot done,
feels as if she could do anything, talks a lot and quickly, doesn't sleep, but doesn't
feel tired. Carleen says her "up" times are great and have never caused her any
trouble. Carleen's most likely diagnosis is
a. major depressive disorder.
b. dysthymia.
c. bipolar I.
d. bipolar II.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-79
Page Ref: 242
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. bipolar II.
7.1-80. Which of the following is a true statement about rapid cycling in bipolar

disorders?
a. It is seen in men more than women.
b. It occurs in only those with Bipolar II disorder.
c. Lithium may trigger a cycling episode.
d. It is seen in 5-10 percent of those with bipolar disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-80
Page Ref: 244
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. It is seen in 5-10 percent of those with bipolar disorder.
7.1-81. Why is it not wise to treat an individual who has a bipolar disorder with an
antidepressant?
a. The drug may trigger a manic episode.
b. Individuals with bipolar disorder may or may not exhibit symptoms of
depression.
c. The drugs used to treat unipolar disorders do not alter the activity of the
neurotransmitters that are affected in bipolar disorder.
d. The combination of antidepressants and lithium is likely to be lethal.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-81
Page Ref: 244
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. The drug may trigger a manic episode.
7.1-82. The prognosis for bipolar disorder is

a. excellent, most people recover fully.
b. guarded, most people continue to have some symptoms.
c. unpredictable, all possible outcomes are seen frequently.
d. uncertain, although most people have only one episode.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-82
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. guarded, most people continue to have some symptoms.
7.1-83. Which of the following is true?

a. Neither unipolar nor bipolar disorder have a strong genetic contribution.
b. Both unipolar and bipolar disorders have a strong genetic contribution.
c. Unipolar disorder is more strongly inherited than bipolar disorder.
d. Bipolar disorder is more strongly inherited than unipolar disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-83

Page Ref: 245
Topic: Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorders/Biological Causal Factors
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. Bipolar disorder is more strongly inherited than unipolar disorder.
7.1-84. Efforts to find the gene or genes that underlie bipolar disorder suggest that
a. multiple genes are involved.
b. the underlying gene is on the Y chromosome.
c. the underlying gene is on the X chromosome.
d. there is a genetic basis for bipolar disorder, but not for cyclothymia.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-84
Page Ref: 245
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. multiple genes are involved.
7.1-85. Which of the following neurochemical profiles has been associated with
manic episodes?
a. High serotonin, high norepinephrine, high dopamine
b. Low serotonin, high norepinephrine, high dopamine
c. Low serotonin, low norepinephrine, high dopamine
d. Low serotonin, high norepinephrine, low dopamine
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-85
Page Ref: 245
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. Low serotonin, high norepinephrine, high dopamine
7.1-86. Knowing what we know about the neurotransmitter imbalances in bipolar

disorder, a physician should give which of the following pieces of advice?
a. "Eat lots of foods that are rich in norepinephrine."
b. "Don't take drugs that increase dopamine levels because they can produce
manic-like behavior."
c. "Stay away from drugs that include lithium because bipolar is associated with
excessive lithium activity."
d. "If you can keep your serotonin levels normal, you do not have to worry about
having a manic episode."
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-86
Page Ref: 245
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. "Don't take drugs that increase dopamine levels because they can produce
manic-like behavior."

7.1-87. Reynaldo has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. The most effective drug
for him is
a. one that will increase his dopamine levels.
b. one that will counteract the effect of sodium in his nerve cells.
c. lithium.
d. dexamethasone.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-87
Page Ref: 250
Topic: Treatments and Outcomes/Pharmacotherapy
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. lithium.
7.1-88. The effectiveness of lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder

a. supports the hypothesized role of serotonin in this disorder.
b. is inconsistent with the established effects of dopamine on mood states.
c. supports the role of dopamine in mania.
d. suggests that it is not neurotransmitter function that is disrupted in bipolar
disorder, but neurotransmitter levels.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-88
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. supports the role of dopamine in mania.
7.1-89. Which of the following is a hormonal abnormality associated with both

bipolar disorder and unipolar depression?
a. Decreased thyroid hormone levels
b. Increased thyroid hormone levels
c. Decreased cortisol levels
d. Increased cortisol levels
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-89
Page Ref: 245
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. Increased cortisol levels
7.1-90. Stressful life events

a. do not trigger manic episodes.
b. appear to increase the time to recovery from a manic episode.
c. do not generally precipitate an initial manic episode, but tend to play more of a
role over time.
d. play no role in the development or progression of bipolar II disorder.

Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-90
Page Ref: 246
Topic: Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorders/Psychological Causal Factors
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. appear to increase the time to recovery from a manic episode.
7.1-91. A sophisticated prospective study of the role of stressful life events in bipolar
disorder by Ellicott, Hammen, and colleagues found that
a. low levels of stress protected an individual against manic episodes.
b. stress did not play a lesser role with the occurrence of more episodes.
c. high levels of stress were not associated with the occurrence of manic or
depressive episodes.
d. low levels of stress protected an individual against depressive episodes.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-91
Page Ref: 246-247
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. stress did not play a lesser role with the occurrence of more episodes.
7.1-92. Recent research on relapse among bipolar patients suggests that

a. stressful life events have very little influence.
b. personality styles interact with stress to increase the likelihood of relapse.
c. relapse is most likely among those with unrealistically positive attributional
styles.
d. the more frequently a person has bipolar episodes, the less likely stressful
events are able to induce a relapse.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-92
Page Ref: 247
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. personality styles interact with stress to increase the likelihood of relapse.
7.1-93. Cross-cultural studies of mood disorders are made difficult due to

a. the variability in the prevalence of bipolar disorders.
b. the variability in the prevalence of unipolar disorders.
c. the lack of clear-cut distinctions between bipolar and unipolar disorders.
d. differences in diagnostic practices.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-93
Page Ref: 247
Topic: Sociocultural Factors Affecting Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. differences in diagnostic practices.

7.1-94. Which of the following might explain why rates of depression are low in
China and Japan?
a. Mental illnesses are not stigmatized, thus those who are depressed receive
much social support and do not seek treatment.
b. The heavy emphasis on the individual decreases the likelihood of blaming the
self for failure.
c. Symptoms of depression tend to be discussed as somatic.
d. Blunted emotions characterize Asian peoples, so both positive and negative
emotional extremes are rare.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-94
Page Ref: 248
Topic: Sociocultural Factors Affecting Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. Symptoms of depression tend to be discussed as somatic.
7.1-95. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

a. were the first antidepressants to be developed.
b. are more effective than the tricyclic antidepressants.
c. may lead to sexual problems.
d. act to stabilize the mood swings of those with bipolar disorder.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-95
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. may lead to sexual problems.
7.1-96. Jill's marriage has suffered ever since the birth of her second child. Since the
birth, she has been depressed and has had little interest in intimacy with her
husband. Jill feels unattractive with the additional weight she carries since the birth
and has been rejecting her husband's advances. After discussing her feelings with
Dr. Tora, Dr. Tora has decided to prescribe her an antidepressant. Considering the
problems she has been having in her marriage, which of the following is Dr. Tora
most likely to prescribe?
a. Imipramine
b. Prozac
c. Bupropion
d. Vanlafaxine
Difficulty: 3
Question ID: 7.1-96
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. Bupropion

7.1-97. Lithium
a. is more effective than antidepressants at treating bipolar depression.
b. has both antimanic and antidepressant effects.
c. is an anticonvulsant.
d. is well-tolerated by most bipolar patients.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-97
Page Ref: 251
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. has both antimanic and antidepressant effects.
7.1-98. Quentin is severely depressed and presents an immediate and serious

suicidal risk. In the past he has not responded to tricyclics. A wise course of action is
to treat him with
a. Prozac because it can reduce symptoms in 12-24 hours.
b. electroconvulsive therapy because it can rapidly reduce symptoms.
c. lithium because suicide is almost always accompanied by manic episodes.
d. anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine and valproate because they can prevent
future depressions.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.1-98
Page Ref: 251-252
Topic: Treatments and Outcomes/Alternative Biological Treatments
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. electroconvulsive therapy because it can rapidly reduce symptoms.
7.1-99. Transcranial magnetic stimulation

a. is a biological test for altered brain waves in bipolar disorder.
b. is a noninvasive biological test for changes in brain function in depression.
c. is a noninvasive biological treatment for manic episodes.
d. is a noninvasive biological treatment for depression.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-99
Page Ref: 252
Topic: Treatments and Outcomes/Alternative Biological Treatments
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. is a noninvasive biological treatment for depression.
7.1-100. Nadia has been depressed for several months. She is considering cognitive
therapy. What advice would you give her?
a. "Cognitive therapy is much less effective than interpersonal therapy and takes
much longer, too."
b. "Many studies have shown the usefulness of cognitive therapy and it seems to
prevent relapse."

c. "Drug treatment is much more effective than cognitive therapy and has less
likelihood of relapse."
d. "The only way that cognitive therapy is of any value is if it is coupled with
family therapy."
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.1-100
Page Ref: 252
Topic: Treatments and Outcomes/Psychotherapy
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. "Many studies have shown the usefulness of cognitive therapy and it seems
to prevent relapse."
7.1-101. Behavior activation treatment

a. focuses on implementing cognitive changes.
b. combines pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapy.
c. combines interpersonal therapy and behavioral methodology.
d. emphasizes activity and involvement in interpersonal relationships.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 253
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. emphasizes activity and involvement in interpersonal relationships.
7.1-102. Diane's treatment for depression included training in meditation techniques

that helped her become aware of her unwanted negative thoughts and to accept
them as just thoughts. She was undergoing
a. mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
b. psychodynamic therapy.
c. behavioral activation therapy.
d. transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 253
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
7.1-103. One factor that is especially likely to produce depression relapse is

a. family members ignoring the depressed behavior expressed by the depressed
individual.
b. excessive attention from family members.
c. family members discussing the depressed individual's negative thoughts and
feelings with him or her.
d. behavior by a spouse that can be interpreted as criticism.
Difficulty: 2

Page Ref: 255
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. behavior by a spouse that can be interpreted as criticism.
7.1-104. Which statement about the risk of suicide is true?

a. Depressed people are no more likely to commit suicide than nondepressed
people.
b. The risk of suicide is greatest at the lowest point in a depression.
c. About half of people who complete suicide do so during or in the recovery
phase of a depressive episode.
d. Suicide is most likely when a person in a manic episode is getting "high."
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 255
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. About half of people who complete suicide do so during or in the recovery
phase of a depressive episode.
7.1-105. Which of the following is most likely to attempt suicide?

a. A 25-year-old single man
b. A 25-year-old single woman
c. A 25-year-old divorced man
d. A 25-year-old divorced woman
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 256
Topic: The Clinical Picture and the Causal Pattern/Who Attempts and Who Commits
Suicide?
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. a 25-year-old divorced woman
7.1-106. The majority of individuals who ATTEMPT suicide are ________ and the
majority of those who COMPLETE suicide are ________.
a. women and people between age 18 and 24; men and people over age 65
b. men and people over age 65; women and people between age 18 and 24
c. adolescents; the elderly
d. the elderly; adolescents
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 256
Suicide?
Skill: Factual

Answer: a. women and people between age 18 and 24; men and people over age 65
7.1-107. The director of a city health department wants to know who is most likely
to complete suicide in her city. The group with the highest risk is
a. teenagers, especially depressed girls.
b. elderly men with chronic physical illnesses.
c. young women who were recently separated or divorced.
d. college-educated people.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 256
Suicide?
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. elderly men with chronic physical illnesses.
7.1-108. Childhood suicide

a. is common.
b. has been declining since the early 1980s.
c. is one of the top ten causes of death for children in the United States.
d. most commonly is seen in victims of early onset schizophrenia.
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 256
Topic: The Clinical Picture and the Causal Pattern/Suicide in Children
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. is one of the top ten causes of death for children in the United States.
7.1-109. Which of the following is most likely is most likely to attempt, but not
complete, suicide?
a. 14-year-old Joan who has been depressed since her parent's divorce
b. Charlie, a 16-year-old with a history of petty crimes
c. 12-year-old Paul who receives constant rejection from the girls at school and
has an overprotective mother
d. Crystal, a 14-year-old substance abusing teen who has been diagnosed with
attention deficit disorder
Difficulty: 1
Page Ref: 257
Topic: The Clinical Picture and the Causal Pattern/Suicide in Adolescents and
Young Adults
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. 14-year-old Joan who has been depressed since her parent's divorce
7.1-110. Melissa is severely depressed and wants to commit suicide. If she is typical
of most individuals who commit suicide,

a. she is determined to kill herself and will choose a lethal means such as a gun to
ensure that she is successful.
b. she is ambivalent about committing suicide.
c. she will change her mind at the last minute and reexamine her problems in a
more objective fashion.
d. she will show no outward signs of her distress.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 260
Topic: Suicidal Ambivalence
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. she is ambivalent about committing suicide.
7.1-111. According to your textbook, which of the following statements about the
relationship between religion and rate of suicide?
a. Suicide rates in Catholic countries are high but are low in Islamic countries.
b. Suicide rates in Catholic countries are low but are high in Islamic countries.
c. Suicide rates in both Catholic and Islamic countries are low.
d. Suicide rates in both Catholic and Islamic countries are high.
Difficulty: 2
Page Ref: 259
Topic: Suicidal Ambivalence
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. Suicide rates in both Catholic and Islamic countries are low.
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
7.2-1. Two types of mood disorders are __________ and bipolar depressive disorders
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.2-1
Page Ref: 215
Skill: Factual
Answer: unipolar
7.2-2. The diagnosis of __________ occurs when symptoms are similar to a manic
episode but are milder.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.2-2
Page Ref: 216
Skill: Factual
Answer: hypomanic episode
7.2-3. A major depressive episode is considered to be __________ when the


symptoms do not remit for over 2 years.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.2-3
Page Ref: 221
Skill: Factual
Answer: chronic
7.2-4. The hormone __________ has been found to be elevated in most patients
hospitalized with major depressive disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.2-4
Page Ref: 225
Skill: Factual
Answer: cortisol
7.2-5. A different kind of depression related to the total amount of light a person
receives is often called __________ .
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.2-5
Page Ref: 229
Skill: Factual
Answer: seasonal affective disorder
Short Answer Questions
7.3-1. What are the four phases of the grieving process?

Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.3-1
Page Ref: 217-218
Skill: Factual
Answer: The normal response to the loss of spouse or close family member begins with a
numbing and disbelief. This is followed by a yearning for the person that may possibly
last for months. Eventually, despair is seen and then, finally, some adaptation and
reorganization such that life can continue without the departed loved one.
7.3-2. What is anaclitic depression?

Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.3-2
Page Ref: 221
Skill: Factual
Answer: Anaclitic depression or despair is a form of depression seen in infants separated

from their attachment figure for a prolonged period of time. There is some debate,
however, as to whether the behavior displayed is merely a normal reaction to loss.
7.3-3. What type of psychotic symptoms might be seen in someone suffering from
major depression?
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.3-3
Page Ref: 222
Skill: Applied
Answer: The presence of psychotic symptoms indicate that a break with reality has
occurred and involves the presence of hallucinations and/or delusions. The psychotic
symptoms seen in depression are mood-congruent, they are symptoms that are consistent
with being depressed. The depressed individual, for example, might believe that their
friends and family want them dead.
7.3-4. What changes in sleep are seen in depression?

Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.3-4
Page Ref: 228
Skill: Applied
Answer: Over half of depressed patients experience some form of insomnia. In addition
to having problems getting to sleep or staying asleep, the sleep of the depressed is not
normal. More time is spent in REM sleep and REM sleep is entered more quickly,
leading to a reduction in the amount of time spent in other forms of deep sleep. The
observed alterations in sleep suggest a general disturbance in biological rhythms.
7.3-5. What are independent and dependent life events? What is their importance?
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.3-5
Page Ref: 229
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Psychological Causal
Factors
Skill: Factual
Answer: Independent - stressful events that are not a result of a person's behavior or
character, dependent - are a result of those things, at least partly. Dependent events are
especially important in the onset of major depression.
7.3-6. Describe the hopelessness theory of depression.

Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.3-6
Page Ref: 236
Topic: Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders/Psychological Causal
Factors
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: Having a pessimistic attributional style along with negative life events is not
enough to produce depression. A state of hopelessness is needed as well. Hopelessness
expectancy is the perception that one has no control over a situation that is about to occur
as well as an absolute belief that what is going to happen is going to be bad.
7.3-7. What is the difference between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder?

Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.3-7
Page Ref: 241-242
Skill: Factual
Answer: A diagnosis of bipolar I is made when there has been manic episode. This
diagnosis is made with or without the occurrence of a bout of major depression. In
bipolar II, there is at least one episode of major depression and a hypomanic episode. If
the individual with bipolar II exhibits a manic episode, a diagnosis of bipolar I is
warranted.
7.3-8. In what way do the symptoms of depression in Western and non-Western

societies differ?
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.3-8
Page Ref: 247
Topic: Sociocultural Factors Affecting Unipolar and Bipolar
Disorders/Symptoms
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: While the Western constellation of depressive symptoms is primarily
psychological, in many cultures the symptoms tend to be more somatic. In those cultures
in which there is great stigma associated with mental illness and/or a lack of emotional
expressiveness, depression may manifest itself in symptoms such as weight loss, sleep
disturbances, and sexual dysfunction. In addition, the feelings of guilt and worthlessness
that characterize depression in individualistic cultures may not be seen in more
communal cultures.
7.3-9. Discuss the risk factors for adolescent suicide.

Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.3-9
Page Ref: 257
Topic: The Clinical Picture and Causal Pattern/Suicide in Adolescents and
Young Adults
Skill: Applied
Answer: Mood disorders, conduct disorder and substance abuse all increase the risk of
both nonfatal and fatal suicide attempts. If the adolescent has 2 or more of these, the risk
for completion of suicide is extremely high. Antidepressant medications slightly increase
the risk as well.
7.3-10. What are the warning signs of student suicide in college or university?

Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.3-10
Page Ref: 257
Topic: Suicide/7.3 Warning Signs for Student Suicide
Skill: Factual
Answer: Marked change in mood and behavior, especially withdrawal, decline in self-
esteem, not taking care of personal hygiene, uncharacteristically impulsive behaviors, not
attending classes. Many students communicate their impulses. Often the behavior is a
reaction to the break-up of a romance.
Essay Questions
7.4-1. What are the two main forms of mood disorder? How are these disorders
further characterized?
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 7.4-1
Page Ref: 220-221
Skill: Factual
Answer: The two main forms of mood disorder are unipolar, in which a person only
experiences depression, and bipolar, in which a person has mood swings that range from
hypomania or mania to depression. A person with bipolar disorder, however, may not
exhibit any depression. The mood disorders are differentiated in terms of severity --- the
number of areas of life that are impaired and the degree of impairment, and duration ---
whether the disorder is acute, chronic, or intermittent. In addition, each type of mood
disorder is further divided into multiple subtypes. GRADING RUBRIC - 8 points total -
4 points for correct identification, 2 points each for 2 aspects of how they are classified.
7.4-2. Discuss Beck's cognitive theory of depression.

Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.4-3
Page Ref: 232
Skill: Applied
Answer: Beck's theory is that thinking preceded and caused depression. First, people
hold dysfunctional beliefs that predispose them to depression. These are rigid, extreme,
and unhelpful beliefs about the world. They create automatic, negative thoughts that
center around the cognitive triad - the self, the world, and the future. Negative beliefs and
feelings about the triad are maintained by cognitive errors such as all or none reasoning
and arbitrary inference. This theory has been well supported as an explanation for many
aspects of depression, but evidence confirming it as a cause of depression is mixed.
GRADING RUBRIC - 10 points.
7.4-3. Distinguish between cyclothymic disorder, bipolar I disorder and bipolar II

disorder. How are these disorders alike and how are they different?

Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 7.4-3
Page Ref: 241-242
Topic: Bipolar Disorders/Cyclothymic Disorder/Bipolar Disorders (I & II)
Skill: Factual
Answer: Cyclothymia is best described as a less severe, yet chronic, version of bipolar
disorder. While the individual with bipolar I disorder exhibits a full manic state, the
individual with cyclothymia exhibits hypomania. People with bipolar II have full major
depressive episodes, people with cyclothymia have depressive symptoms but not full
episodes. In cyclothymia the lows and the highs do not rise to the level that is needed for
a diagnosis of major depressive episode or manic episode, respectively. The disorders
differ in that there need not be any depressive symptoms in bipolar I disorder, although
this is usually the case as pure mania is rare. Only bipolar I involves manic episodes.
GRADING RUBRIC: 10 points - Descriptions of each disorder 2 points each, note the
difference in severity 2, note the major differences 2.

Another random document with
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Improvised apparatus may be used, but it requires much more labor and is not as
satisfactory.
All milk should be sterilized or pasteurized before being used as a food for infants.
The following table shows an analysis of milks and infant foods helpful in the
selection of a food to supply deficiencies indicated by a chemical analysis of the infant.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MILKS AND INFANT FOODS (COMPILED)
(Percentage of Composition of the Dry Substance)
Borden’s Mellin’s Eskay’s
Borden’s Horlick’s Nestle’s
Mother’s Cow’s Condensed Food Food
COMPONENTS Malted Malted Food (Milk
Milk Milk Milk (Eagle (Milk (Milk
Milk Milk Substitute)
Brand) Modifier) Modifier)
Protein 14.00 27.00 15.10 13.83 10.10 12.40 12.10 6.82
Fat 31.00 31.00 9.20 7.90 12.10 4.15 0.25 3.58
Cane-Sugar None None None None 59.1 22.10 None None
Other Soluble
Carbohydrates
52.00[18] 36.00[18] 69.77[19] 66.56[19] 16.0[18] 35.00[19] 84.00[19] 56.78[20]
(Lactose,
Maltose, etc.)
Starch None None None None None 25.70 None 30.42
Ash (Mineral
2.00 5.00 3.46 3.42 2.4 1.62 3.78 1.00
Content)
The following table from Holt shows at a glance the comparative average
composition of human and cow’s milk:
HUMAN AND COW’S MILK COMPARED
Human Milk Cow’s Milk
Fat 4% 4%
Sugar 7% 4.5%
Proteins 1.5% 3.5%
Salts 0.2% 0.75%
Water 87.30% 87.25%
Total 100.00% 100.00%
Barley, rice, oatmeal, corn meal and soy-bean flour are

generally used. If the grains of the cereals are used, they must Gruels
be cooked from three to four hours.
As a rule, cereal gruels are made by cooking the flour and water for from fifteen to
twenty minutes. Two ounces to the quart is about as strong as plain gruels can be
made.
Dextrinized gruels may be made as high as eight ounces to the quart. Four level
tablespoonfuls of the cereal flour weigh one ounce.
As the soy bean contains no starch, it does not thicken when cooking.
About 1 level tablespoonful to 3 ounces of soy-bean flour are used to the quart. One
or 2 tablespoonfuls of barley, oat, or wheat gruel may be added before cooking to
increase the nutritive value. One ounce of soy-bean flour, or 2 ounces of barley flour,
to 1 quart of water makes a very good standard gruel. It contains 2 per cent. protein,
0.6 per cent. fat, 5.1 per cent. carbohydrates, giving a food value of ten calories per
ounce, just one-half the value of milk. In certain forms of intestinal trouble in which
cow’s milk is not assimilated, this gruel is valuable used with condensed milk.
Malted gruels are made by adding 1 teaspoonful of good malt extract or diastase to
a cereal gruel after it has been cooled. It should be stirred in very thoroughly.
In artificial feeding “spitting” is usually an annoying symptom

Vomiting that does not indicate anything more serious than an overloaded
stomach. This condition is usually relieved by lengthening the
feeding intervals to four hours.
On the other hand, vomiting usually indicates something more serious in a bottle-fed
baby, especially if it is very persistent. It is usually a sign that cow’s milk, or the
preparation of it, is not agreeing with the infant. It also indicates a digestive
disturbance that should be treated only by the physician, who will probably change the
formula.
Occasional vomiting is sometimes due to too rich food and too frequent feeding.
Lengthening the feeding hours and decreasing the amount of fat in the mixture will
usually eliminate the trouble.
This is the most common of all of baby’s troubles. It is often

Colic due to too rapid feeding either from the breast or bottle, and
when there is a tendency to colic, the feeding should be slower.
The baby should not be fed while it is suffering from colic, even though it seems that
the drinking of warm milk relieves it temporarily. Hot water should be given every half-
hour or hour until relieved. If the baby seems cold, hot water slightly sweetened, and a
hot bath, should be given at once. A hot-water bottle may be placed near it as well.
In colic there is severe pain in the abdomen, which is swollen and hard. Sudden and
violent crying is usually a symptom of colic, which often ceases very suddenly after the
emission of gas from the mouth or bowels.
If the baby seems exhausted, the physician should be summoned at once, but these
suggestions may be helpful until the physician arrives.
When colic is very frequent in a bottle-fed baby, the food should be modified.
The character of the stools depends primarily on the

composition of the food. They are varied according to the The Stools in
digestive powers of the infant, and according to the amount and Infancy
rapidity of absorption of the products of digestion. The amount of
absorption depends to a considerable extent on the rapidity with which the contents
pass through the intestinal tract.
The nature of the food, of course, influences the character of the stools. The
examination of the stools is of the greatest aid in determining whether or not any given
food element is properly digested and assimilated, and, in many diseased conditions,
in telling what element is at fault. This, however, can only be determined by analysis,
but a little information on this subject will be of value to the mother or nurse.
During the first few weeks or months of life, the breast-fed infant has three or four
stools daily. These are of about the consistency of thick pea soup and are golden
yellow. The number of stools gradually diminishes to two or three in the twenty-four
hours, and the consistency becomes more salve-like.
It is not uncommon for thriving breast-fed babies to have a large number of stools of
diminished consistency and of a brownish color; in such instances, the examination of
the breast milk will show that the proteins are high.
It is best not to pay too much attention to the stools if the baby is gaining in weight
and appears well. It is not unusual to find many soft fine curds and sometimes mucus
in the stools of healthy breast-fed babies.
It is not only unnecessary, but decidedly wrong to wean a baby simply because the
stools are abnormal, if it is doing well in other ways. The breast-fed infant will often go
weeks or months without a normal stool and yet thrive perfectly. On the other hand, if
a baby has such stools when it is taking cow’s milk it is a decided evidence of
malnutrition.
Infants that are thriving on cow’s milk have, as a general rule, fewer movements in
the twenty-four hours than do breast-fed babies and these movements are firmer in
consistency.
Constipation seems to be the chief difficulty in artificial feeding,

Constipation due usually to the poor absorption of fat, or the low percentage
necessary to prevent indigestion. If the constipation is not
severe, the substitution of oatmeal for barley water in the mixture will usually relieve
the trouble.
If the constipation is severe, causing occasional attacks of colic or straining at stool,
it is sometimes advisable to give a little higher percentage of fat in the mixture, but this
should be done very cautiously and usually on the advice of the physician.
If, however, this does not relieve the trouble, the best plan is to substitute one of the
dextrin-maltose mixtures for milk-sugar or cane-sugar. The malt itself is not especially
laxative but it prevents the excessive fermentation which usually occurs when the
bowels are very costive.
Two, three, or more green and loose evacuations, even though

they may contain whitish particles of undigested fat, are of no Diarrhea
great significance in the breast-fed infant, but should be regarded
as danger signals in bottle-fed babies.
Even a mild attack of diarrhea is usually a symptom of fat-dyspepsia which, if taken
in time, may usually be promptly checked.
A dose of castor-oil at the beginning of the attack may relieve any irritation that
might have caused the trouble.
It is best to omit all food for at least twenty-four hours. Plain water should be given
very freely and occasionally barley water, if the baby is hungry. After that it is best to
start with a mixture low in fat. Skimmed milk or boiled milk free from all fat, diluted with
cereal water, may be given at regular intervals.
Should slight diarrheal attacks continue, or should the stools be of a diarrheal
character, the wisest plan is to substitute a dextrin-maltose mixture for the sugar, as
malt decidedly favors fat absorption.
In almost every case of infantile diarrhea it is advisable to consult the physician,
especially if there is considerable restlessness and rise in temperature.
Diarrhea is more frequent in summer among bottle-fed babies, as the heat often
promotes the growth of germs in the milk. Therefore to sterilize or pasteurize milk
during the heated months is especially necessary.
A chill, due to insufficient clothing, will sometimes cause diarrhea. The abdomen,
arms, and legs should be kept warm by close-fitting garments of soft wool.
In treating anemia in infants, as in adults, the cause should be

Anemia removed by correcting any errors in diet and treating any other
physical deficiencies.
The cause of infantile anemia is an insufficient absorption of iron from the food.
The amount of iron in both human milk and cow’s milk is small and is insufficient for
the needs of the growing infant. However, Nature has deposited enough iron in the
liver of the new-born infant to last until it can digest foods which contain iron in
sufficient amounts. The iron in human milk is apparently more easily retained than that
in the milk of animals.
The iron content of human milk is dependent on the general condition of the mother.
It is higher in healthy individuals and lower in those under par.
Anemia in infants is apt to become severe and often take on a pernicious form. A
prolonged intestinal disturbance often brings on anemia, and not infrequently anemia
is due to a deficiency of protein in the food.
The treatment consists largely of additions or changes in the diet, depending on the
age of the infant. Purées of vegetables that contain much iron, such as spinach and
carrots, and also fruit juices, are valuable and in proper proportions can be added to
the diet after the age of six months. It is best that the physician decide on the
advisability of this as it will depend on the general condition of the infant.
Rickets, a chronic impairment of nutrition, affects not only the

bones, but all of the tissues of the body, particularly the nervous Rickets
system. Artificial feeding is the chief cause of rickets on account
of the poor absorption of fats, and often because of protein starvation.
Prepared foods, on account of their large percentage of starch and their lack of
protein and butter-fat are frequently the cause of rickets.
In addition to its fuel value, milk-fat contains the elements which promote growth.
As previously stated, the infant requires a certain percentage of protein, fat, and
mineral for the blood and tissue building and the growth of the bones. In artificial
feeding, the preparations given are often deficient in these important elements.
Climate and poor hygienic surroundings sometimes cause rickets in breast-fed
babies, probably on account of the lowered vitality of the mother and the child and
consequently poor digestion and assimilation, but it is most frequently found in babies
improperly fed.
Dr. Winfield S. Hall says:
Fresh milk, appropriately modified and in proper amount, together with such other
food as is indicated for the age and weight, is the important point in the treatment of
rickets. Fresh air, day and night, sunshine and outdoor life, are only next in happiness.
Cod-liver oil, especially with the addition of phosphorus, is a very valuable addition to
the treatment.
Rickets is a chronic condition, while scurvy is an acute disease.

This difficulty is considered as entirely due to improper feeding
Scurvy and therefore must be overcome by a change of diet. Recovery
is usually very rapid when the child is properly fed.
Pains and tenderness about the joints, particularly of the legs, are the usual
symptoms, causing the baby to cry when it is lifted or moved about. The gums
sometimes become swollen and bleed. In almost every case it is found that infants
suffering from scurvy have been on a continuous diet of prepared foods like malted
milk, condensed milk, or boiled milk which Dr. Hall terms “dead food,” presumably on
account of a lack of the life-giving proteins and butter-fat.
When boiled milk has been used, the change should be made to pasteurized milk or
raw milk if it can be secured clean and fresh. If prepared foods have been given, the
amount should be greatly decreased and replaced by a cow’s-milk preparation in
which a small percentage of the prepared food may be included, or, better still, omitted
entirely, if a cow’s-milk preparation including a good substantial gruel will agree.
In scurvy, orange juice or other fruit juices should be given, from 1 to 4 ounces a
day, according to the age. Orange juice is particularly valuable, 2 or 3 teaspoonfuls
being given before each feeding.
A lack of fresh air often aids in producing scurvy.
After the baby has reached the age of one year, we often feel
that it is not necessary to be so careful of its diet. However, the Feeding during the
number of deaths due to digestive disturbances caused by Second Year
improper feeding during the second year is significant.
After the child is a year old it should be given solid food very gradually to develop its
digestive functions as well as its teeth. A soft-boiled egg or a little beef juice may be
added to the diet. Until the appearance of the anterior molar teeth, however, the child’s
diet should be confined largely to milk. A thin slice of buttered bread or a little plain
rice or rice pudding, a soda cracker or bread crumbs in milk may be given. The year-
old child may also begin to drink cow’s milk. One or two glasses a day may be given,
until the child is at least 13 or 14 years old.
Good judgment should be used in feeding children, as habits and tastes are being
formed, and whether they are normal or abnormal will depend on the kind of food
given and when.
Four meals a day, at regular intervals, and nothing but water between these
intervals, is considered the best plan.
Dry toast, zwieback, and crackers may be gradually added to the diet, also well-
cooked cereals, like cream of wheat, rice, and oatmeal. The oatmeal should be
strained the first few months it is given. Very little sugar should be added to the
cereals, as children very quickly cultivate a desire for sweets, rejecting other more
nourishing foods, and too much sugar is apt to disturb the digestion. It is best during
the first few months that no sugar be added to cereals.
The amount of whole milk, or milk diluted with barley or oatmeal gruel, should be
limited to one quart when the other foods are given.
Beef juice (from one to two ounces), mutton broth, chicken broth, and cereal broths
may be given after the age of one year; not more than two ounces at first, gradually
increasing in a few months’ time to four ounces. This is best given at the beginning of
the noon feeding. These broths have little nutritive value, but usually stimulate the
appetite for other foods.
The child must build muscle, bone, and sinew, and more protein is required as soon
as he begins to walk. Milk, eggs, and cereals will furnish this. The heavier protein diet
is best given at eighteen months to two years, in eggs, cooked soft. An egg may be
given every other day, soft boiled for about two minutes, or coddled for four minutes.
At the age of two years an egg may be given every day. These soft-cooked eggs are
best when mixed with broken dry toast or broken whole wheat or Graham crackers,
because if dry food is served with them they will be better masticated, hence more
saliva be mixed with them.
The habit of thorough mastication should be cultivated at this period.
Oatmeal, thoroughly cooked, and shredded wheat, with cream and sugar, ripe fruit,
bread and butter, milk, soft-cooked eggs (poached or boiled), constitute a rational diet
at this age.
Bread is better broken in milk because the chewing movements mix the saliva with
the milk and smaller curds are formed as the milk enters the stomach.
Custard may after two years be added to the diet, also baked or mashed potato,
plain boiled macaroni, also a little butter on the potato, toast, or bread.
Also after the age of eighteen months, a small quantity of very lean meat, like
scraped or chopped beef or lamb, or finely minced chicken, may be given once a day.
Also well-cooked and mashed vegetables like peas, spinach, carrots, and
asparagus tips. For the first few months these should be strained.
Some fruit should also be given each day, orange juice, apple sauce, or the pulp of
stewed prunes; the latter especially is valuable when the bowels are inclined to be
constipated.
Tea, coffee, and cocoa are absolutely objectionable, and before the age of two
years no kind of candy should be given.
One of the most important things to teach the child, when it is taking foods other
than milk, is thorough mastication, not only to assist the proper growth of the teeth, but
to prevent the digestive disturbances that invariably occur from the bolting of food, and
children are especially liable to do this.
Dry toast and zwieback compel mastication and strengthen the gums. These should
be given in the hand, a piece at mealtime and occasionally between meals, if the child
seems hungry. The child will then gradually get into the habit of chewing other solid
foods when they are given.
If the child is hungry between meals, he should be fed at a regular period, midway
between breakfast and luncheon and between luncheon and the evening meal. The
food should be dry (toast or a dry cracker) to induce thorough and slow mastication.
Many object to “piecing” between meals, but if this piecing be done at hours as
regular as his meal hour, and the food be dry and well masticated, it will readily digest
and will not interfere with his meals. The growing child needs more frequent meals
than the adult. His stomach is not so large, he is active in outdoor exercise, and
eliminates waste freely. He also requires much heat and energy. The active child at
outdoor play uses almost as much energy as the laboring man.
Many mothers are in doubt as to whether the baby’s food should be salted. It is
necessary to add a very little salt to the food for the baby; broths should be seasoned
slightly and a pinch of salt added to potatoes and eggs. Cereals and vegetables are
cooked in water to which a little salt has been added.
Experienced observers of children and their ailments and diseases have said that
more babies are killed by overfeeding than by underfeeding. Especially in summer,
when the child’s condition reflects that of the mother, too much food will cause
indigestion, irritation of the stomach, and diarrhea.
Often the child is fretful because it is too warm or is thirsty. It will often be benefited
by giving it less food and more water. This fretful mind affects the child’s digestion just
as it affects the digestion of the mother.
If a healthy child refuses good, wholesome food because it wishes some other than
what is offered it, it is not hungry and doesn’t need the food.
The growing child craves sweets, but a child should not be given candy whenever it
wants it during the day. Candy or sugar is quickly converted into heat and is best
eaten immediately following a meal. Sugar may be spread on bread for the four
o’clock lunch or a little candy may be eaten at this time. Two or three pieces of candy
an inch square are sufficient.
FOOTNOTES:
[18] All lactose (milk-sugar).

[19] Mostly maltose (a hard, crystalline sugar formed by the action of malt on
starch).
[20] Mostly lactose.
APPENDIX
MEASURES AND WEIGHTS
A few tables of measures may be helpful here because accurate

measurements are necessary to insure success in the preparation of
any article of food.
All dry ingredients, such as flour, meal, powdered sugar, etc.,
should be sifted before measuring.
The standard measuring cup contains one-half pint and is divided
into fourths and thirds.
To measure a cupful or spoonful of dry ingredients, fill the cup or
spoon and then level off with the back of a case-knife.
In measures of weight the gram is the unit.
A “heaping cupful” is a level cup with two tablespoonfuls added.
A “scant cupful” is a level cup with two tablespoonfuls taken out.
A “saltspoon” is one-fourth of a level teaspoon.
To measure butter, lard, and other solid foods, pack solidly in
spoon or cup and level with a knife.
TABLE OF MEASURES AND WEIGHTS[21]
4 saltspoons = 1 teaspoon, tsp.
3 teaspoons = 1 tablespoon, tbsp.
4 tablespoons = 1/4 cup or 1/2 gill.
16 tablespoons (dry ingredients) = 1 cup, c.
12 tablespoons (liquid) = 1 cup.
2 gills = 1 cup.
2 cups = 1 pint.
2 pints = 1 quart.
4 quarts = 1 gallon.
2 tablespoons butter = 1 ounce.
1 tablespoon melted butter = 1 ounce.
4 tablespoons flour = 1 ounce.
2 tablespoons granulated sugar = 1 ounce.
2 tablespoons liquid = 1 ounce.
2 tablespoons powdered lime = 1 ounce.
1 cup of stale bread crumbs = 2 ounces.
1 square Baker’s unsweetened chocolate = 1 ounce.
Juice of one lemon = (about) 3 tablespoons.
5 tablespoons liquid = 1 wineglassful.
4 cups of sifted flour = 1 pound.
2 cups of butter (packed solidly) = 1 pound.
2 cups of finely chopped meat (packed solidly) = 1 pound.
2 cups of granulated sugar = 1 pound.
22/5 cups of powdered sugar = 1 pound.
22/3 cups brown sugar = 1 pound.
22/3 cups oatmeal = 1 pound.
43/4 cups rolled oats = 1 pound.
9 or 10 eggs = 1 pound.
1 cup of rice = 1/2 pound.
APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHTS[22]
20 grains = 1 scruple, ℈
3 scruples = 1 drachm, ʒ
8 drachms (or 480 grains) = 1 ounce, ℥
12 ounces = 1 pound, lb.
APOTHECARIES’ MEASURES[22]
60 minims (M) = 1 fluid drachm, fʒ
8 fluid drachms = 1 fluid ounce, f℥
16 fluid ounces = 1 pint, o or pt.
2 pints = 1 quart, qt.
4 quarts = 1 gallon, gal.
APPROXIMATE MEASURES[23]
One teaspoonful equals about 1 fluid drachm.
One dessertspoonful equals about 2 fluid drachms.
One tablespoonful equals about 4 fluid drachms.
One wineglassful equals about 2 ounces.
One cup (one-half pint) equals about 8 ounces.
METRIC MEASURES OF WEIGHT[23]
In measures of weight the gram is the unit.
1 gram 1.0 gm.
1 decigram 0.1 gm.
1 centigram 0.01 gm.
1 milligram 0.001 gm.
FOOTNOTES:
[21] Practical Dietetics, Alida Frances Pattee.

INDEX
Absorption of food, 145

Achlorhydria, 258
Acne, 295
Adulteration of foods, 118
Age, 165
Diet in, 230
Affecting digestion, 165
Albumin, 10
Albumin water, 309
Albuminoids, 12, 56
Alcohol, 184
Alkalies, 45
Almond oil, 25
Anemia, 37, 245-250
Appetite, affecting digestion, 160, 161, 163, 164
Apples, 47, 49, 51
Apricots, 47
Arrowroot, 20
Asparagus, 43, 44
Asthma, 282
Athlete, diet for, 228
Baking soda, 136

Balanced diets, 232
Bananas, 48, 49-50
Barley, 74
Barley water, 310
Beans, 43, 82, 85-86
Beef, 53, 54
Beets, 39, 41
Beverages, 103-109
Bile, 144
Biliousness, 267
Biscuits, 68
Blackberries, 48
Blood, affecting digestion, 157
Bouillons, 57
Boy or girl, diet for, 226-228
Bread, 66
Bread and crackers, 61, 62
Graham bread
Rye bread
Wheat bread
Graham crackers
Oatmeal ”
Oyster ”
Soda ”
Breakfast foods, 72-80
Breathing, 3
Blight’s disease, 272
Brussels sprouts, 43
Business man, diet for, 224
Butter, 89
Buttermilk, 89, 101
Cabbage, 44
Caffein, 106
Calcium, 4, 6, 34, 36, 59
Calories, 127-129
Candy, 15-16
Carbohydrates, 13
Carbon, 4, 122
Carbon dioxid, 20
Carbonaceous foods, 4, 9, 10, 38-53
Carbonaceous foodstuffs, 13-25
Carbo-nitrogenous foods, 9, 61-102
Carrots, 39, 41
Casein, 90
Cassava, 20
Catarrh of intestines, 264
Catarrh of stomach, 253
Celery, 43, 44
Cells, formation of, 1, 2
Cellulose, 45
Cereal coffees, 80-81
Cereals, 61-80
Cheese, 89, 100
Cherries, 47
Chicken, 57
Chlorin, 4
Chocolate, 108
Chorea, 291
Circulation affecting digestion, 181
Citrates, 45
Citric acid, 45
Citrus fruits, 216
Clams, 55
Classification of foods, 38-102
Carbonaceous, 38-53
Fruits, 45
Green vegetables, 42
Roots and tubers, 38
Carbo-nitrogenous foods, 61-102
Cereals, 61
Legumes, 82
Milk, 89
Nitrogenous foods, 53-59
Eggs, 58
Meat, 53
Cocoa, 108
Cod-liver oil, 24
Coffee, 106-107
Condiments, 109-111
Capers
Catsup
Cinnamon
Ginger
Horseradish
Mustard
Pepper
Salt
Spices
Tabasco sauce
Worcestershire sauce
Constipation, 96, 97, 262
Convalescent, feeding the, 302
Cooking, 185-199
Corn, 71
Cornstarch, 10
Cotton-seed oil, 24
Crabs, 55
Cranberries, 48
Cream, 89
Cucumbers, 43
Currants, 48, 52
Custards, 314, 315
Dates, 48
Diabetes, 279
Diet, in abnormal conditions, 242-304
In age, 230, 231
For athlete, 228
For boy or girl, 226-228
For business man, 224
For laboring man, 229-230
In sedentary occupation, 222-224
In traveling, 213
Mixed, versus vegetable, 210
Diets, 216-231
Digestion, 133-150
Intestinal, 143
Salivary, 135
Stomach, 140
Dilatation of the stomach, 259
Diuretic foods, 126
Dysentery, 265
Dyspepsia, 250
Economy in food, 148

Eczema, 294
Effervescing waters, 109
Eggnog, 60, 308
Egg preparations, 308
Eggs, 58
Elimination, 2, 130-133
Energy, 2, 13, 120-129
Enteritis, 264
Epithelium, 136
Exercise, 2
Exercise and breathing affecting digestion, 171-174
Fatigue, 174
Fats, 13, 21-25, 58, 59
Almond oil
Butter
Cod-liver oil
Cotton-seed oil
Cream
Meat fat
Nut oils
Olive oils
Figs, 48
Fish, 54, 55, 58
Flaxseed tea, 276
Flour and meals, 62-65, 73, 74
Bran
Corn
Gluten
Graham
Nutri meal
Oatmeal
Wheat
Whole wheat
Food elements, 3, 8, 9
Foodstuffs, 8-10
Frequency of meals affecting digestion, 169
Fruits, 45-53
Bland, 47
Dates
Figs
Prunes
Raisins
Sweet, 47
Apples
Bananas
Blackberries
Blueberries
Grapes
Peaches
Pears
Plums
Raspberries
Fruit juices, 305
Fruit sugar (levulose), 14, 15
Gallstones, 269
Gastritis, 253
Gelatinoids, 12, 56
Glucose, 10, 15, 16, 40
Gluten, 5, 10
Glycerin, 22
Glycogen, 16, 21, 151
Gooseberries, 47
Gout, 277
Grapefruit, 46
Grape juice, 307
Grapes, 48, 50
Greens, 43
Gruels, 314, 317
Gum-chewing, 139
Ham, 54
Heat and energy, 3, 120-129
Hives, 293
Honey, 10, 15
Hydrochloric acid, 34, 35, 46, 140
Hydrogen, 4
Hyperchlorhydria, 257
Hypochlorhydria, 257
Ice-cream, 115
Improperly balanced diet, 221
Indigestion, 250
Mental effect on, 135
Nervous, 252
Infant feeding, 320-356
Influence of mind, 177-178
Insufficient diet, effect of, vii
Intestinal disorders, 262
Intestinal indigestion, 143
Intestines, work of, 141-148
Invalids, foods for, 305
Iron, 4, 37, 59
Itching, 295
Jellies, 313, 314

Junket, 102, 314
Kidneys, derangements of, 271

Affecting digestion, 155, 160
Kumyss, 98
Laboring man, diet for, 229-230

Lactose, 15
Leanness, 298
Legumes, 63, 82-87
Beans
Lentils
Peanuts
Peas
Lemonade, 60, 108, 306
Lemons, 46, 48

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7.1-1. What do all mood disorders have in common?

7.1-3. Which of the following is true of unipolar major depression?

7.1-5. "Normal" depression becomes a mood disorder when

7.1-7. "Postpartum blues" are

7.1-9. How does dysthymia compare to major depressive disorder?

7.1-10. What is the most important characteristic used to distinguish dysthymia

7.1-12. Which of the following is a symptom of major depressive disorder?

7.1-16. Depression during adolescence

7.1-18. A person who shows psychotic depression that involves mood-incongruent or

7.1-20. What is meant by the phrase "double depression"?

Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

7.1-24. A recurrent depressive episode

7.1-25. The average duration of an untreated episode of depression is

7.1-27. A rapid return of symptoms immediately after drug treatment is terminated

7.1-28. Seasonal affective disorder is best described as a ________ depressive

7.1-30. Which of the following statements is supported by research on the role of

7.1-34. Individuals who do not show a decrease in cortisol levels in response to an

7.1-39. Independent life events are those that

7.1-41. Which of the following is true?

7.1-43. Which of the following is an example of a COGNITIVE diathesis for

7.1-44. Which of the following reactions to poor test performance suggests a

7.1-46. Parental loss only results in a vulnerability to depression when

7.1-47. According to Freud, depression

7.1-48. Freud suggested that depression

7.1-49. Which of the following is a behavioral explanation for depression?

7.1-50. Depressogenic schemas

7.1-51. A therapist with a ________ orientation would emphasize the depressed

7.1-52. Beck's negative cognitive triad involves feeling negatively about

7.1-54. Selective abstraction

7.1-55. Which of the following is an example of arbitrary inference?

7.1-60. Abramson revised the learned helplessness theory to suggest that

7.1-63. According to Hammen's stress-generation model of depression,

7.1-64. A relationship between depression and marital dissatisfaction

7.1-66. Childhood depression

7.1-67. A hypomanic episode is best described as a

7.1-69. Bipolar disorder is to major depression as ________ is to ________.

7.1-70. Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of cyclothymia?

7.1-71. Which of the following would eliminate a potential diagnosis of cyclothymia?

7.1-73. Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder?

7.1-74. Although bipolar I disorder is described as "bipolar,"

7.1-77. Which statement about bipolar I disorder is accurate?

7.1-82. The prognosis for bipolar disorder is

7.1-83. Which of the following is true?

7.1-86. Knowing what we know about the neurotransmitter imbalances in bipolar

7.1-88. The effectiveness of lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder

7.1-89. Which of the following is a hormonal abnormality associated with both

7.1-90. Stressful life events

7.1-92. Recent research on relapse among bipolar patients suggests that

7.1-93. Cross-cultural studies of mood disorders are made difficult due to

7.1-95. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

7.1-98. Quentin is severely depressed and presents an immediate and serious

7.1-99. Transcranial magnetic stimulation

7.1-69. Bipolar disorder is to major depression as is to .