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Total Assessment Guide
Topic Factual Conceptual Applied
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 1, 2, 3
Introduction
True-False
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 28 22, 23, 24, 35, 36,
7.1 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 39, 50, 51, 54
16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 25, 26, 27, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
37, 38, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
48, 49, 52, 53
True-False 272, 273, 274, 275,
276, 277, 278, 279,
280, 281, 282, 283,
284, 285, 286, 287,
288, 289, 290, 291,
292
Essay 356, 357, 358, 359,
360, 361
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 55, 56, 57, 58, 59,
7.2 60, 61, 62, 63
True-False 293, 294, 295, 296
Essay 362
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 64, 66, 67 65
7.3
True-False 297, 298
Essay 363
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 69, 85, 86
7.4 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,
80, 81, 82, 83, 84,
87, 88, 89, 90, 91
True-False 299, 300, 301, 302,
303, 304, 305
Essay 364, 365
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99
7.5 97, 98, 100, 101
True-False 306
Essay 366
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 104 103, 105, 106 102, 107
7.6
True-False 307, 308
Essay 367, 368
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 108, 114 109, 110, 111, 113, 112
7.7 115
True-False 309, 310, 311
Essay 369
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 116, 117
7.8
True-False 312
Copyright © 2018, 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
510
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 119, 125 118, 120, 122, 123, 121
7.9 124
True-False 313, 314, 315
Essay 370
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 127, 128, 129, 131, 126, 130, 138, 144, 132, 133, 135, 136,
7.10 134, 139, 142, 147, 145, 153, 154, 159, 137, 140, 141, 143,
150, 151, 152, 155, 160, 162, 165, 178, 146, 148, 149, 156,
157, 158, 161, 163, 179, 180, 181, 182 169, 170, 171, 172,
164, 166, 167, 168 173, 174, 175, 176,
177
True-False 316, 317, 318, 319,
320, 321, 322, 323,
324, 325, 326
Essay 372 371
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 183, 185, 186, 187, 184
7.11 188, 189, 190, 191,
192
True-False 327, 328, 329, 330
Essay 373, 374
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 193, 194, 195, 196,
7.12 197
True-False
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 200, 201, 202, 203, 198, 199, 204, 205
7.13 206, 207, 208
True-False 331, 332, 333, 334
Essay 375, 376, 377
7.14 214, 215, 216, 217,
218, 219, 220, 221,
222, 223, 224, 225,
226, 227, 228, 229,
230, 231, 232, 233,
234, 235, 236, 237,
238
True-False 335, 336, 337, 338,
339, 340, 341, 342,
343, 344, 345, 346
Essay 378, 379, 380
7.15 243, 244, 246, 247,
248, 249, 250, 251,
252, 253, 254, 255,
256, 257
True-False 347, 348, 349, 350,
351, 352, 353
Essay 381
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 259, 262, 265, 266 258, 260, 261, 263,
7.16 264
True-False 354
Essay 383 382
Learning Objective Multiple Choice 267, 268, 269, 271 270
7.17
511
True-False 355
Essay 384, 385, 386
512
7
Mood Disorders and Suicide
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. The famous American author who described his severe depression in Darkness Visible was ______.
a. Tom Wolfe c. William Styron
b. Phillip Roth d. Bernard Malamud
ANSWER: C
Level of Difficulty (1-3): 2 Page: 248
Topic: Introduction
Learning Objective: Introduction
Skill: Factual
2. Enduring states of feeling that color our psychological lives are called ______.
a. motivational states c. drives
b. moods d. traits
ANSWER: B
Topic: Introduction
Skill: Factual
3. Disturbances in mood that are serious enough to impair daily functioning are called ______.
a. adjustment disorders c. anxiety disorders
b. personality disorders d. mood disorders
ANSWER: D
Topic: Introduction
Skill: Factual
4. The DSM-5 does not include a general category of mood disorders but instead distinguishes between
________ and ______.
a. depressive disorders; bipolar and related disorders.
b. depressive disorders; cyclothymic disorders
c. cyclothymic disorders; bipolar and related disorders
d. dysthymic disorders; cyclothymic disorders
ANSWER: A
Topic: Types of Mood Disorders
Learning Objective: 7.1
Skill: Factual
5. There are _______ major types of bipolar disorders listed in the DSM-5.
a. 1 c. 4
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b. 2 d. 6
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
6. Which of the following is listed under “Bipolar and Related Disorders” in the DSM-5?
a. Major depressive disorder
b. Unipolar disorder
c. Cyclothymic disorder
d. Persistent depressive disorder
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
7. Bipolar disorders include _______.

a. bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder
b. bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymia
c. bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and dysthymia
d. bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymia, and dysthymia
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
8. Disorders such as depression and dysthymia are ______ in nature.

a. unipolar c. unilinear
b. bipolar d. multilinear
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
9. Disorders such as cyclothymia are ______ in nature.

a. unipolar c. unilinear
b. bipolar d. multilinear
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
10. Mood disorders in which the disturbance lies in only one direction are considered ______.
a. unipolar c. monopolar
b. unilinear d. monolinear
514
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
11. Mood disorders, which involve mood swings from one extreme to another, are considered ______.
a. dipolar c. bipolar
b. bilinear d. multilinear
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
12. Which of the following is listed under the category of “Depressive Disorders” in the DSM-5?
a. Bipolar I disorder
b. Bipolar II disorder
c. Cyclothymic disorder
d. Persistent depressive disorder
ANSWER: D
Level of Difficulty (1-3): 2 Page: 249 (Table 7.1)
Skill: Factual
13. Major depression cannot be diagnosed if a person shows a history of ______.

a. anxiety disorder c. dysthymia
b. personality disorder d. mania
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
14. A severe disorder characterized by feeling sad, hopeless, or “down in the dumps,” or loss of interest or
pleasure in all activities for at least two weeks is ______.
a. bipolar disorder c. dysthymia
b. major depressive episode d. cyclothymia
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
15. To be diagnosed with a major depressive episode, one experiences either depressed mood or loss of interest
or pleasure in all things for a period of at least ______.
a. two days c. two months
b. two weeks d. two years
ANSWER: B
515
Skill: Factual
16. A severe mood disorder characterized by the occurrence of one or more major depressive episodes in the
absence of a history of mania is ______.
a. major depressive disorder c. dysthymia
b. bipolar disorder d. cyclothymia
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
17. A state of unusual elation, energy, and activity is known as ______.

a. synergy c. mania
b. dysthymia d. flat affect
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
18. Which of the following is a common change in motivation noted with depression?
a. Irritability
b. Tearfulness
c. Lack of interest in social activities
d. Depressed mood
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
19. Which of the following is an emotional symptom of depression?

a. Loss of enjoyment in pleasurable activities
b. Depressed mood
c. Reduced interest in sex
d. Lack of interest in social activities
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
20. Changes in sleep habits is a(n) ___________ symptom of depression?

a. motivational
b. motor behavior and functioning
c. emotional
d. cognitive
ANSWER: B
516
Skill: Factual
21. Difficulty concentrating is a(n) _______ symptom of depression?

a. cognitive
b. motivational
c. emotional
d. motor behavior and functioning
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
22. Rani has been diagnosed with depression and has no interest in playing on her soccer team, which she has
done each week for over two years. This loss of enjoyment in pleasurable activities is a(n) _______
symptom of depression.
a. cognitive c. emotional
b. motor behavior d. motivational
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
23. Joanne is in a very downcast mood. She has a poor appetite, has lost weight, and feels constantly fatigued.
She has lost interest in most of her regular activities because they seem like "too much effort" and they no
longer give her any pleasure. She seems indifferent to her family and friends and has recurrent thoughts of
suicide. She is best described as suffering from ______.
a. dysthymic disorder c. major depressive disorder
b. cyclothymic disorder d. bipolar disorder
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
24. In a case study described in the text, “The Beast is Back,” the female patient referred to her ______ as the
Beast.
a. husband c. headaches
b. depression d. manic episodes
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
25. Which U.S. president struggled with depression and wrote “I am now the most miserable man living”?
a. Herbert Hoover c. Bill Clinton
b. Abraham Lincoln d. George W. Bush
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ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
26. The most common diagnosable mood disorder is ______.

a. major depressive disorder c. cyclothymia
b. bipolar disorder d. dysthymia
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
27. Because of cultural judgments, about half of Americans with major depression ________.
a. fail to receive help from a mental health professional
b. attempt suicide
c. become hostile and aggressive
d. later develop psychoses
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
28. A client has major depressive disorder. That client is ________.

a. most likely to be a female
b. most likely to be a male
c. equally likely to be a female or a male
d. most likely to be a child
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
29. Nearly _______ of people with moderate to severe depression report impaired work, family, or social
functioning.
a. 20% c. 60%
b. 40% d. 80%
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
30. The annual financial impact of depression in the U.S. is estimated to be in the _______.
a. millions c. billions
b. hundreds of millions d. trillions
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ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
31. Which statement is true about the diagnosis of major depressive disorder?
a. It cannot include delusion or hallucinations or the diagnosis is invalid.
b. It can include delusions but not hallucination.
c. It can include hallucinations but not delusions.
d. It can include both delusions and hallucinations.
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
32. Major depressive episode tends to have a pattern of ______ occurrences and ______ symptoms.
a. isolated; fleeting c. isolated; long-lasting
b. repeated; fleeting d. repeated; long-lasting
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
33. Which of the following is true of major depressive disorder?

a. Fewer than half of those who suffer an initial major depressive episode will eventually have a
recurrence.
b. Major depression is never accompanied by psychotic features such as delusions.
c. All individuals who experience major depression never have a full return to previous levels of
functioning.
d. Major depressive disorder can only be diagnosed if the individual began experiencing depressive
episodes prior to age 18.
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
34. Initial onset of major depressive disorder is most common among ______.
a. children c. young adults
b. adolescents d. middle-aged adults
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
35. Which of the following people is MOST likely, statistically, to suffer from depressive disorder?
a. An older wealthy, never-married person
b. A young, wealthy, never-married person
519
c. An older, poor, married person
d. A young, poor person who is separated or divorced
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
36. Which of the following people is LEAST likely to develop major depression?
a. An older, poor, divorced person
b. A young, wealthy, divorced person
c. An older, wealthy, married person
d. A young, poor person who is separated
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
37. Factors that place people at increased risk of developing major depression include all of the following
except:
a. ethnic background. c. religion.
b. socioeconomic status. d. race.
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
38. The difference between males and females in relative risk for developing major depressive disorder begins
in ______.
a. childhood c. young adulthood
b. adolescence d. middle age
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
39. Leslie finds that every winter she becomes fatigued, excessively sleepy, has a craving for carbohydrates,
and puts on weight. In the spring, her symptoms disappear. She is most likely suffering from ______.
a. dysthymic disorder c. bipolar disorder
b. cyclothymic disorder d. seasonal affective disorder
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
40. Although the causes of SAD remain unknown, one possibility is that _________may alter the body’s
underlying biological rhythms.
520
a. seasonal changes in vegetation
b. seasonal changes in light
c. seasonal changes in environmental temperature
d. season changes due to celebration of holidays
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
41. The gender gap between men and women in rates of depression exists ______.
a. only in the United States
b. only in nations other than the United States
c. only in the United States and Japan
d. in the United States and many other countries
ANSWER: D
Topic: Thinking Critically About Abnormal Psychology: What Accounts for the Gender Gap in
Depression?
Skill: Factual
42. Compared to men, women are at higher risk for developing major depression due to which the following
factors?
a. Women experience less stress than men and are more prone to boredom.
b. The high expectations for achievement advocated by feminist movement are unobtainable for most
women and lead to depression.
c. Women are less likely to distract themselves when they are depressed.
d. Women often turn to alcohol as a form of self-medication.
ANSWER: C
Topic: Topic: Thinking Critically About Abnormal Psychology: What Accounts for the Gender Gap in
Depression?
Skill: Factual
43. Compared to women, men are ______ likely to report depression and ______ likely to seek treatment for it.
a. less; less c. more; less
b. less; more d. more; more
ANSWER: A
Depression?
Skill: Factual
44. Research indicates that ______ who ruminate more following the loss of a loved one or when feeling down
or sad are more likely to develop severe and prolonged depression.
a. neither men nor women c. only men
b. only women d. both men and women
ANSWER: D
521
Depression?
Skill: Factual
45. The American Psychological Association’s expert panel concluded that women experience more depression
than men because _________.
a. of hormonal differences
b. men underreport depression due to their belief that it is a sign of weakness
c. women encounter more stress in society than men
d. they are more passive problem solvers
ANSWER: C
Depression?
Skill: Factual
46. Nolan-Hoeksema proposed that men are less prone to depression because they know how to ______.
a. use alcohol to escape from their problems
b. joke rather than take problems too seriously
c. blame the other person rather than themselves
d. distract themselves by doing something they enjoy
ANSWER: D
Depression?
Skill: Factual
47. Both women and men who ______ more after a loved one’s death are more prone to suffer long and severe
depression.
a. consume large amounts of alcohol c. express anger
b. ruminate d. rely on religion
ANSWER: B
Depression?
Skill: Factual
48. The therapy of choice for patients with seasonal affective disorder is ______.
a. phototherapy c. chemotherapy
b. logotherapy d. physical therapy
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
49. Postpartum "blues" typically last about ______.
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a. 2 or 3 days c. 2 months
b. 2 weeks d. 4 months
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
50. Anne had a baby about 10 months ago. Ever since, she has had a poor appetite, been unable to sleep (even
when the baby wasn't waking her), poor self-esteem, and has been unable to concentrate for any length of
time. She is most likely suffering from ______.
a. postpartum blues c. cyclothymic disorder
b. postpartum psychoses d. postpartum depression
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
51. Corrine had a baby one month ago. Since the birth, her moods have varied wildly between tearful to
irritable. She has outbursts of sadness and crying and at other times feels out of control. She hears voices
telling her that her baby should be returned to the heavens. Corrine is most likely suffering from ______.
a. baby blues c. cyclothymic disorder
b. postpartum psychosis d. postpartum depression
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
52. An estimated ______ of mothers suffer from some form of postpartum depression.
a. 1 to 5% c. 20 to 25%
b. 10 to 15% d. 30 to 35%
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
53. Which of the following women is LEAST likely to develop postpartum depression?
a. A first-time mother with a supportive partner
b. A single mother
c. A second-time mother with a supportive partner
d. A mother with a sick baby
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
54. Which of the following women is most at risk for developing postpartum depression?
523
a. Abigail, a married, moderate income mother with a history of major depression
b. Pamela, a single, adolescent with a supportive family and no history of depression
c. Maria, a recent immigrant to the U.S. who has a working husband and supportive family nearby
d. Heather, a mother of three with a good income and healthcare benefits
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
55. A depressive disorder which often develops during childhood or adolescence, involves less severe
symptoms than major depression, but has a longer lasting, more chronic pattern of development, and often
results in sufferers being seen as "whiny" or "complaining" would be classified as _____ in the DSM-5.
b. cyclothymic disorder d. persistent depressive disorder
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
56. In the DSM-5, dysthymia is also referred to as ___________.

a. persistent depressive disorder c. low-grade depressive disorder
b. bipolar disorder d. hypodepressive disorder
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
57. The word "dysthymia" stems from the Greek words meaning ______.
a. melancholy c. bad spirit
b. sorrowful d. circle spirit
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
58. Compared to major depression, dysthymia has ______ severe symptoms and is ______ in duration.
a. less; shorter c. more; shorter
b. less; longer d. more; longer
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
59. ______ percent of people with dysthymia eventually develop major depression.
a. 45 c. 75
b. 60 d. 90
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ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
60. Dysthymic disorder affects about ______ percent of the general population at some point.
a. 4 c. 24
b. 14 d. 34
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
61. Dysthymia is ______ common in men than in women.

a. less c. equally as
b. more d. twice as
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
62. Others often perceive people with dysthymic disorder as ______.

a. whining and complaining c. arrogant and demanding
b. selfish and impulsive d. unpredictable and irresponsible
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
63. A major depressive episode occurring concurrently with dysthymic disorder is called ______.
a. cyclothymic disorder c. anhedonia
b. bipolar disorder d. double depression
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
64. __________ was introduced as a new diagnostic category in the DSM-5.

a. Dysthymic disorder c. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
b. Cyclothymic disorder d. Bipolar II disorder
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
525
65. Each month, one week prior to the onset of her menstrual cycle, Melissa experiences mood swings, sudden
tearfulness, feelings of hopelessness, irritability and negative thoughts about herself. These symptoms cause
significant impairment in her functioning and lessen in severity within a few days following the onset of
menses. Melissa is likely to be diagnosed with _____________.
a. dysthymic disorder c. cyclothymic disorder
b. premenstrual dysphoric disorder d. bipolar II disorder
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
66. __________ of women experience moderate to severe mood-related premenstrual symptoms.

a. Less than 10% c. About 35%
b. About 25% d. More than 50%
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
67. Approximately __________ of women experience premenstrual physical or mood-related symptoms severe
enough to interfere with their daily functioning, including causing absenteeism from work or producing
significant emotional distress.
a. 10% c. 30%
b. 20% d. 50%
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
68. People who have severe mood swings from extreme elation to severe depression are suffering from ______.
b. cyclothymic disorder d. double depression
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
69. Alex has severe mood swings from extreme elation and hyperactivity to major depression. One moment he
feels like he's on top of the world, the next moment he feels suicidal. He is probably suffering from ______.
b. cyclothymic disorder d. double depression
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
526
70. In bipolar disorder, manic episodes are usually ______ in duration and end ______ abruptly than depressive
episodes.
a. shorter; less c. longer; more
b. shorter; more d. longer; less
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
71. In An Unquiet Mind, Kay Redfield Jamison described her struggles with ______ disorder.
a. dysthymic c. cyclothymic
b. major depressive d. bipolar
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
72. The DSM distinguishes between ______ general types of bipolar disorder.
a. two c. four
b. three d. five
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
73. The essential feature of bipolar I disorder is the occurrence of at least one full-blown ______ episode.
a. major depressive c. hypomanic
b. dysthymic d. manic
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
74. In bipolar II disorder, a person experiences ______ episodes.

a. has experienced neither manic nor hypomanic
b. manic episodes, but has not experienced hypomanic
c. hypomanic episodes, but has not experienced manic
d. has experienced both manic and hypomanic
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
75. Bipolar I disorder affects about ______ of the adult population.

a. 1% c. 8%
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b. 5% d. 12%
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
76. Bipolar II disorder affects ______ of the adult population.

a. less than 1% c. about 11%
b. about 5% d. about 15%
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
77. The average age of onset for bipolar disorder for both men and women is about age ______.
a. 13 c. 27
b. 20 d. 34
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
78. Women are ______ as likely as men to develop bipolar I disorder.

a. half c. twice
b. equally d. four times
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
79. In men, the onset of bipolar I disorder typically begins with a _____episode, whereas with women it usually
begins with a __________ episode.
a. major depressive; manic
b. manic; major depressive
c. hypomanic; manic
d. hypomanic; major depressive
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
80. The onset of bipolar I disorder usually begins with a ______.

a. manic episode for both men and women
b. manic episode for men and a major depressive episode for women
c. manic episode for women and a major depressive episode for men
d. major depressive episode for both men and women
528
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
81. An individual with a bipolar I disorder who experiences two or more full cycles of mania and depression
within a year without intervening normal periods is considered to have ______.
a. rapid cycling c. mixed cycling
b. sequential cycling d. differentiated cycling
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
82. In the rapid cycling type of bipolar disorder, the individual experiences at least ______ or more full cycles
of mania or depression within a year.
a. two c. six
b. four d. eight
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
83. Rapid cycling is relatively ______ and occurs ______ often among men than women.
a. uncommon; less c. uncommon; more
b. common; less d. common; more
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
84. Rapid cycling is associated with a ______ severe form of the disorder and ______ serious suicide attempts.
a. less; more c. less; less
b. more; less d. more; more
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
85. Guillermo was having a normal day when suddenly he felt an overwhelming expansion of his mood. He
now feels euphoric, cheerful, optimistic, has boundless energy, and feels sociable and confident. However,
he is also hyperactive, impulsive, demanding, and overbearing. His behavior is typical of a ______.
a. bipolar episode c. manic episode
b. hypomanic episode d. dysthymic episode
ANSWER: C
529
Skill: Applied
86. Don suddenly quit his job, enrolled in law school for day classes, took on a job waiting tables at night, and
began organizing charity drives on weekends. He also began work on his "great American novel" and
offered to coach a little league team in his "spare time." His behavior is typical of someone having a
______.
a. hypomanic episode c. cyclothymic episode
b. dysthymic episode d. manic episode
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
87. Which of the following is characteristic of manic episodes?

a. Insatiable appetite c. Weeping
b. Overbearing behavior d. Selfishness
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
88. A person who speaks very rapidly and urgently and has difficulty pausing has ______.
a. circumstantial speech c. pressured speech
b. euphoric speech d. tangential speech
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
89. People in a manic episode generally experience which of the following?

a. Extreme self-confidence
b. A lack of self-confidence
c. Lethargy
d. Slow, rambling speech
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
90. The tendency of a person to jump from topic to topic during a manic episode is referred to as ______.
a. multidirectional cognitions c. rapid flight of ideas
b. accelerated thought d. quickness on the feet
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Factual
91. During a manic episode, bipolar people almost always show a decreased need for ______.
a. sex c. creativity
b. new achievements d. sleep
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
92. The term "cyclothymia" is derived from the Greek terms meaning ______.
a. melancholy c. bad spirited
b. phlegmatic d. circle spirit
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
93. Cyclothymic disorder may be _______ of the bipolar disorders but tends to be ________ in clinical
practice.
a. the most common; underdiagnosed
b. the least common; overdiagnosed
c. the most researched; the most difficult to diagnose
d. about as common as the other forms; overdiagnosed
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
94. Cyclothymic disorder usually begins in one's ______.

a. early childhood c. late adolescence or early adulthood
b. early adolescence d. late adulthood
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
95. Among people with cyclothymic disorder, few, if any, periods of normal mood last for more than a ______.
a. day or two c. month or two
b. week or two d. year or two
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
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96. A disorder characterized by a cyclical pattern of mild mood swings, not reaching the level of full-blown
manic episodes or major depressive episodes is ______.
a. dysthymic disorder c. anhedonnia
b. cyclothymic disorder d. anencephaly
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
97. To meet the DSM criteria for a diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder, disturbances of mood in adults must
persist for at least ______.
a. 1 year c. 3 years
b. 2 years d. 4 years
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
98. Cyclothymic disorder is characterized by the occurrence of ______ episodes.

a. major depressive c. hypomanic
b. psychotic d. manic
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
99. Dave is having a normal day when suddenly he feels charged with energy and unusually alert. He knows
that when he gets these feelings he is capable of working long hours with little fatigue or need of sleep. He
is still capable of using good judgment and has no hyperactivity. He is best described as having a ______.
a. dysthymic episode c. hypomanic episode
b. manic episode d. paranoid episode
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
100. A period of elevated mood that is less severe than a manic episode is called a(n) ______ episode.
a. exhilaration c. acceleration
b. hypomanic d. hypermanic
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
101. According to your text, approximately ______ percent of those with cyclothymia go on to develop full-
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fledged bipolar disorder.
a. one in two c. two out of three
b. half d. one in three
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
102. Unemployed people are at highest risk for developing which of the following mood disorders?
a. Cyclothymic disorder c. Bipolar disorder
b. Dysthymic disorder d. Major depressive disorder
ANSWER: D
Topic: Causal Factors in Mood Disorders
Skill: Applied
103. Which of the following is true of depression and stress?

a. Experimental research has demonstrated causal links between stress and depression.
b. The relationship between stress and depression is not impacted by social support.
c. Some research indicates that depression is often preceded by significant life stress.
d. Overly-concerned family and friends may make it more difficult to overcome a depressive episode.
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
104. Identify the characteristic that has been found to insulate people from depression and suicide attempts
during times of stress.
a. Wealth c. Successful marriage
b. Use of alcohol as a relaxant d. Regular aerobic exercise
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
105. A recent study suggests that stress associated with interpersonal problems contributes to depression in
young people, but only among those who ________.
a. have trouble asserting themselves
b. have a family history of depression
c. were children of divorce
d. tend to think negatively
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
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106. A normal grief reaction to the death of a loved one is ______.
a. major depression c. mild depression
b. bereavement d. reactive depression
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
107. Lucy has been depressed since her mother died last month. She has difficulty sleeping and has lost her
appetite. Lucy is suffering from ______.
a. major depression c. mild depression
b. bereavement d. reactive depression
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
108. Freud believed that pathological mourning was most likely to occur in people who had powerful feelings of
______ toward the dead person.
a. love c. anger
b. ambivalence d. dependence
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
109. Freud believed that mourning, or normal bereavement, is ______.

a. a psychologically healthy process
b. a symptom of inner conflict
c. a sign of emotional immaturity
d. a symptom of an underlying pathological process
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
110. Psychodynamic theories see bipolar disorder as the result of shifting dominance between the ______.
a. id and ego c. ego and superego
b. id and superego d. conscious and unconscious
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
111. Recent psychodynamic theories see depression as ______.

a. loss of self-worth or self-esteem
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b. the result of an existence lacking in meaning
c. overdependence on parental figures for love and support
d. anger turned inward
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
112. Carl's wife has just left him for another man. While everyone else can see that Carl's relationship with his
wife is truly over, he continues to dwell on ways that he can somehow restore the relationship. He cannot
bear the loss of self-esteem and security he has suffered since his wife left him. Carl's actions are best
explained by the ______ model of depression.
a. introjection c. existential
b. self-focusing d. interactional
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
113. According to the self-focusing model, ______ can help to overcome the loss of self-esteem and the
insecurity that leads to depression after the loss of an important relationship.
a. surrendering the relationship
b. developing a greater sense of spirituality
c. immersing oneself in a charitable experience
d. traveling away from the scene of the loss for at least a week
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
114. Research has shown that people suffering from depression engage in ______ following an experience of
failure.
a. higher level of introjection c. higher level of self-focusing
b. lower level of introjection d. lower level of self-focusing
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
115. A limitation of the self-focused attention model of depression is that ______.

a. self-focused attention is more pervasive in society than in prior decades
b. self-focused attention is more generally linked to psychopathology
c. research has not been conducted to support the link
d. certain popular child-rearing techniques have emphasized self-focus
ANSWER: B
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Skill: Conceptual
116. From the humanistic perspective, depression arises from ______.

a. anger turned inward
b. imbalanced social interactions
c. inadequate social reinforcement
d. lack of self-fulfillment, meaning, and authentic choices in life
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
117. Both humanistic and modern psychodynamic theorists focus on ______ as a causal factor in depression.
a. inadequate social relationships and support
b. anger turned inward
c. loss of self-esteem
d. lack of self-fulfillment and meaning in life
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
118. Learning perspectives tend to focus on ______ that contribute to depression.

a. personal factors c. esteem factors
b. unconscious conflicts d. situational factors
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
119. According to Lewinsohn, the low rate of activity typical of depressed individuals may also be a source of
_________.
a. secondary reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. extinction
d. stimulus discrimination
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
120. Peter Lewinsohn proposed that depression results from an imbalance between behavior and ______.
a. ability c. motivation
b. reinforcement d. thought
ANSWER: B
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Skill: Conceptual
121. Gina, who has suffered from a major depressive disorder, is seeking help from a therapist who follows
Lewinsohn’s model linking depression and reinforcement. The therapist will probably advise Gina to
increase her ______.
a. serotonin levels
b. pleasurable activities
c. communications with friends and relatives
d. self-focus
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
122. The belief that depressed people make unrealistic demands on the people around them, leading to rejection
by those people, is called _______.
a. situational theory c. interactional theory
b. self-focus theory d. humanistic theory
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
123. Which of the following is true of the social interactions of depressed people?
a. They tend to respond too quickly to others.
b. They are very approving of other people.
c. They tend to be quite eager to engage with others.
d. They tend to be uninvolved and even impolite when interacting with others.
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
124. Coyne’s interactional theory is based on the principle of ______.

a. coordinated communication c. reciprocal inhibition
b. relational harmony d. reciprocal interaction
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
125. Research on interaction theory indicates that ______ may best explain why depressed people are often
rejected by others.
a. unrealistic demands by the depressed person
b. a lack of social skills in the depressed person
c. a lack of emotional energy in the depressed person
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d. insensitivity by those surrounding the depressed person
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
126. Cognitive theorists argue that depression results partially from ______.
a. anger turned inward
b. imbalanced social interactions
c. negative beliefs about oneself
d. a life lacking in purpose and meaning
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
127. The "cognitive triad of depression" is a concept pioneered by ______.

a. Wolpe c. Ellis
b. Lazarus d. Beck
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
128. Which of the following beliefs is in the cognitive triad of depression?

a. Negative beliefs about life
b. Negative beliefs about one’s family
c. Negative beliefs about the world at large
d. Negative beliefs about the past
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
129. Aaron Beck refers to an error in thinking as ______.

a. cognitive dissonance c. cognitive selection
b. cognitive distortion d. cognitive erosion
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
130. According to Aaron Beck, ______ sets the stage for depression when one faces a personal loss or negative
life event.
a. cognitive selection c. cognitive dissonance
b. cognitive erosion d. cognitive distortion
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ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
131. Which of the following is one of the 10 cognitive distortions related to depression as described by Burns?
a. All or nothing thinking c. Compartmentalization
b. Analytical reasoning d. Objectivism
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
132. According to David Burns, a depressed individual who is dismissive of congratulations for a job well done
and thinks “Oh, it’s no big deal. Anyone could have done it,” is engaging in the cognitive distortion of
_______.
a. overgeneralization
b. emotional reasoning
c. disqualifying the positive
d. labeling and mislabeling
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
133. An individual who routinely predicts that something bad is always about to happen even when there is no
evidence to support this thinking is engaging in a type of cognitive distortion identified by David Burns as
_______.
a. mind reading
b. fortune telling
c. overgeneralizing
d. weather forecasting
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
134. Albert Ellis felt that creating unrealistic expectations, which he termed ______, can lead one to become
depressed when one falls short.
a. shoulding
b. labeling
c. musterbation
d. incantation
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Factual
135. Judd is a perfectionist. His cognitive distortion is most likely to be ______.

a. overgeneralization c. should statements
b. emotional reasoning d. all or nothing reasoning
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
136. After Jed was "dumped" by his girlfriend, he began thinking that women cannot be trusted. He promised
never to let himself get involved with another woman again, because "she will leave me just like my last
girlfriend did." His cognitive error is ______.
a. labeling and mislabeling c. overgeneralization
b. emotional reasoning d. mental filter
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
137. Luke reviews his annual performance evaluation from his boss. Although there is only one negative
comment on the entire evaluation, Luke ignores the positive comments and focuses only on the negative
comment. His cognitive error is ______.
a. overgeneralization c. disqualifying the positive
b. labeling and mislabeling d. mental filter
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
138. Selective abstraction is a process used in which of the following cognitive distortions?
a. Magnification and minimization c. Jumping to conclusions
b. Mental filter d. Labeling and mislabeling
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
139. The process of pulling isolated negative details from an event and ignoring all the positive details from the
same event, is known as ______.
a. catastrophizing c. selective abstraction
b. musterbation d. personalization
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
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140. After winning a big competition at work, Fred dismisses the compliments he receives by saying, "Oh, it's
nothing. Anyone could have done it!" His cognitive error is ______.
a. overgeneralization c. disqualifying the positive
b. labeling and mislabeling d. mental filter
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
141. Mac has a pain in his chest. Despite the fact that he just ate ten tacos and a can of refried beans, he
convinces himself that he must be having a heart attack. His cognitive error is ______.
a. jumping to conclusions c. emotional reasoning
b. mental filter d. labeling and mislabeling
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
142. The “fortune teller error” and “mind reading” are both typical of ______.
a. jumping to conclusions c. emotional reasoning
b. mental filter d. labeling and mislabeling
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
143. Ramon is taking a final exam. When he reaches the first question to which he does not know the answer, he
begins worrying that he will miss the other questions too, which will result in his failing the test, which will
result in his failing the class, which will result in his flunking out of school, which will abruptly terminate
his future career as a lawyer. His cognitive error is ______.
a. magnification c. disqualifying the positive
b. mental filter d. overgeneralization
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
144. Catastrophizing is a process used in which of the following cognitive distortions?

a. Magnification and minimization c. Jumping to conclusions
b. Labeling and mislabeling d. Mental filter
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
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145. A cognitive distortion in which one interprets feelings and events based on emotions rather
than a fair consideration of the evidence is known as ______.
a. should statements c. mental filter
b. emotional reasoning d. overgeneralization
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
146. Tyrone wakes up one morning feeling guilty. He's not sure why he feels guilty but he tells himself "I must
have done something wrong or I wouldn't feel so guilty!" He then begins to think of all the things he's done
recently for which he ought to feel guilty. His cognitive error is ______.
a. “should” statements c. mental filter
b. emotional reasoning d. overgeneralization
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
147. "Musterbation" is a process used in which of the following cognitive distortions?

a. Magnification and minimization c. Overgeneralization
b. Jumping to conclusions d. “Should” statements
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
148. Lloyd gets a poor grade on a test, despite extensive studying for it. He immediately thinks "I am really
stupid!" When other students tease him about his poor grade, he calls them "insensitive jerks." His
cognitive error is ______.
a. overgeneralization c. labeling and mislabeling
b. mental filter d. jumping to conclusions
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
149. Mel walks into his house one night and finds his wife sitting at the dinner table crying. He immediately
thinks "What have I done to hurt her?" His cognitive error is ______.
a. personalization c. overgeneralization
b. mental filter d. magnification
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
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150. The idea that different types of disorders are characterized by different types of thoughts is called the
______.
a. cognitive triad c. multiple cognition theory
b. cognitive-generativity hypothesis d. cognitive-specificity hypothesis
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
151. Which of the following is an automatic thought associated with depression?

a. I'm worthless. c. I am not a healthy person.
b. I need to make more friends. d. I need to exercise more.
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
152. Which of the following is an automatic thought associated more with depression than anxiety?
a. I'm losing my mind. c. Something will happen to my appearance.
b. I'm a social failure. d. I'm going to have an accident.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
153. Which of the following is an automatic thought associated with anxiety?

a. I will never overcome my problems. c. I’m losing my mind.
b. I’m a social failure. d. I’m worse off than they are.
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
154. Which of the following is an automatic thought associated more with anxiety than with depression?
a. I'm worthless. c. Nothing ever works out for me anymore.
b. I'm worse off than they are. d. I'm losing my mind.
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
155. Research regarding depression and distorted negative cognitions ______.

a. indicates that distorted thinking causes depression
b. indicates that distorted thinking and depression develop at the same time
c. indicates that depression leads to distorted negative thinking
d. is not yet clear as to whether distorted thinking causes or is merely a feature of
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depression
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
156. Sam is depressed. He's been depressed for so long that he no longer believes he can do anything to improve
his life or his future. He believes nothing he does will make any difference. Sam has developed ______.
a. cyclothymic disorder c. learned helplessness
b. cognitive dissonance d. cognitive specificity
ANSWER: C
Skill: Applied
157. The concept of learned helplessness was pioneered by ______.

a. Beck c. Seligman
b. Burns d. Lewinsohn
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
158. Martin Seligman developed the ______ theory to explain the cause of depression.
a. cognitive specificity c. interactional
b. cognitive distortion d. learned helplessness
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
159. Seligman believes that people learn to perceive themselves as helpless because of their ______.
a. experiences c. ordinal traits
b. cardinal traits d. failure to self-actualize
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
160. The learned helplessness model straddles the ______ and the ______ approaches.
a. psychodynamic; behavioral c. humanistic; cognitive
b. psychodynamic; humanistic d. behavioral; cognitive
ANSWER: D
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Skill: Conceptual
161. In Seligman's model, dogs exposed to an inescapable electric shock, later ______ when exposed to an
escapable shock.
a. failed to learn escape responses
b. took longer than normal to learn escape responses
c. learned escape responses normally
d. learned escape responses more quickly than normal
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
162. Seligman proposed that some forms of depression in humans could be explained in terms of ______.
a. cognitive dissonance c. cognitive specificity
b. loss of self-esteem d. learned helplessness
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
163. In Seligman's research, animals that developed learned helplessness showed behaviors that were similar to
those of people with ______.
a. depression c. autism
b. anxiety d. schizophrenia
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
164. Which of the following behaviors are shared by animals and humans with learned helplessness?
a. Paranoia c. Competitiveness
b. Attention seeking d. Difficulty acquiring new skills
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
165. The original learned helplessness model ______ the low self-esteem typical of people who are depressed
and _______ the variations in the persistence of depression.
a. fails to explain; does not account for
b. explains; does not account for
c. fails to explain; accounts for
d. explains; accounts for
ANSWER: A
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Skill: Conceptual
166. Seligman and his colleagues proposed that some forms of depression in humans could be explained in
terms of ______.
a. cognitive dissonance c. cognitive specificity
b. loss of self-esteem d. attributional style
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
167. A personal style of explaining one’s situation in life is known as ______ style.
a. perceptual c. attributional
b. interactive d. self-actuating
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
168. Which of the following is one of the three dimensions of attributional style proposed by Seligman and his
colleagues?
a. Open/closed c. Stable/unstable
b. Positive/negative d. Inquisitive/accepting
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
169. Eric goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "Some couples just don't hit it off!" His statement
reflects a(n) ______ attribution.
a. internal c. global
b. external d. stable
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
170. Reggie goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "I really messed it up this time!" His statement
reflects a(n) ______ attribution.
a. internal c. global
b. external d. stable
ANSWER: A
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Skill: Applied
171. Brock goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "I really messed it up because of my lousy
personality!" His statement reflects a(n) ______ attribution.
a. stable c. external
b. specific d. unstable
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
172. Matt goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "I really messed it up. It must be this head cold, which
ruined things for me." His statements reflect a(n) ______ attribution.
a. global c. internal
b. unstable d. stable
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
173. Art goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "I really messed it up. I guess I'm just no good with
women!" His statements reflect a(n) ______ attribution.
a. global c. external
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
174. Ricky goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "I really messed it up. My problem is that I don't know
how to make small talk with women!" His statements reflect a(n) ______ attribution.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
175. Leo goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "What an awful time! I guess she was just in a bad
mood!" His statements reflect ______ attributions.
a. internal, stable, global c. internal, unstable, global
b. external, unstable, specific d. external, stable, specific
ANSWER: B
Skill: Applied
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176. Leo goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "I really messed it up because of my lousy personality!"
His statements reflect ______ attributions.
a. internal, stable, global c. internal, unstable, specific
b. internal, unstable, global d. internal, stable, specific
ANSWER: A
Skill: Applied
177. Juan goes on a disastrous date. Afterwards he says "I really messed up! My problem is I just haven't learned
how to make small talk with women!" His statements reflect _______ attributions.
a. internal, stable, global c. internal, unstable, specific
b. internal, unstable, global d. internal, stable, specific
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
178. Of the attributional styles listed below, which is MOST likely to be related to prolonged depression if the
attributions are negative?
a. external, stable, specific c. internal, unstable, specific
b. external, unstable, global d. internal, stable, global
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
179. Of the attributional styles listed below, which is LEAST likely to be related to prolonged depression if the
attributions are negative?
a. external, stable, global c. internal, unstable, specific
b. external, unstable, specific d. internal, stable, global
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
180. The reformulated helplessness theory holds that ______ attributions are linked to diminished self-esteem.
a. global c. specific
b. stable d. internal
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
181. The reformulated helplessness theory holds that _______ attributions explain the persistence, or chronicity,
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of helplessness cognitions.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
182. The reformulated helplessness theory holds that ______ attributions are associated with the pervasiveness
of feelings of general helplessness.
a. global c. specific
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
183. The concordance rate between monozygotic twins for major mood disorders is more than ______ the rate in
dizygotic twins.
a. equal to c. three times
b. twice d. four times
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
184. Which statement most accurately reflects the current understanding of causative factors in the development
of major depression?
a. Genetics play a greater role than environment.
b. Environment plays a greater role than genetics.
c. Environment plays at least as great a role as genetics.
d. Personality style is more important than either genetics or environment.
ANSWER: C
Skill: Conceptual
185. The chance of developing depression following major life stress is doubled in people who inherit a gene
involved in the transmission of ______.
a. viruses that strike during infancy c. radical nucleotides
b. proneness to migraine headaches d. serotonin
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
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186. Antidepressant drugs have been designed to increase levels of serotonin and ______.
a. amitriptyline c. dopamine
b. norepinephrine d. cortisol
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
187. Brain imaging studies show lower metabolic activity of the ______ in clinically depressed people.
a. temporal lobe c. medulla
b. prefrontal cortex d. hippocampus
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
188. Recent research on biological factors of depression show evidence for which of the following?
a. Depression involves too few receptors on receiving neurons for neurotransmitters.
b. Depression involves abnormalities in the cerebellum.
c. Depression involves excesses of certain neurotransmitters.
d. Depression involves abnormalities in the parietal lobe.
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
189. Which food substance has been linked to lower risks of mood disorders?
a. Red wine c. Fish oil
b. Blueberries d. Spinach
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
190. Adding ______ fatty acids in supplement form can improve treatment through antidepressant medication.
a. alpha-4 c. iota-6
b. beta-3 d. omega-3
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
191. There is a strong relationship between eating ______ and low rates of bipolar disorder.
a. dark chocolate c. strawberries
b. seafood d. walnuts
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ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
192. Among the following countries, the lowest rate of bipolar disorder has been found in ______.
a. Germany c. Italy
b. Iceland d. Israel
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
193. Genetics appears to play _______ role in bipolar disorder than it does in major depressive disorder.
a. a much weaker c. a stronger
b. a weaker d. about the same
ANSWER: C
Topic: Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorder
Skill: Factual
194. Research has shown the concordance rates for bipolar disorder to be _______ for monozygotic twins and
______ for dyzotic twins.
a. 16%; 23% c. 33%; 23%
b. 23%; 27% d. 43%; 6%
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
195. Researchers in Sweden showed a higher risk of bipolar disorder with _________.
a. greater paternal age at birth, especially when the fathers was over 55
b. greater paternal age at birth, especially when the fathers was over 45
b. lower paternal age at birth, especially when the fathers was under 25
d. lower paternal age at birth, especially when the fathers was under 20
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
196. Among people with bipolar disorder, social support appears to ______ recovery from mood episodes and
______ the likelihood of future attacks.
a. have no effect on; reduce c. speed; reduce
b. have no effect on; increase d. speed; increase
ANSWER: C
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Skill: Factual
197. Recent research indicates ______ can enhance the functioning of bipolar patients.
a. doubling the normal amount of medication
b. having a tightly structured schedule
c. eliminating seafood and caffeine-rich foods
d. social support from family members and friends
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
198. Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on helping depressed patients ______.

a. turn their anger outward and express it verbally
b. develop a positive sense of self-worth through new goals and relationships
c. expand their awareness of their authentic feelings
d. modify behaviors that contribute to depression
ANSWER: A
Topic: Treatment of Mood Disorders
Skill: Conceptual
199. Modern psychoanalysts focus on helping depressed patients ______.

b. focus on present as well as past conflicted relationships
ANSWER: B
Skill: Conceptual
200. Interpersonal psychotherapy focuses on ______.

a. resolving unconscious conflicts c. current relationships
b. changing learning schedules d. helping a person to self-actualize
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
201. Interpersonal psychotherapy is relatively ______ and focuses on a client’s ______ interpersonal
relationships.
a. brief; past c. long; past
b. brief; current d. long; current
ANSWER: B
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Skill: Factual
202. Interpersonal psychodynamic therapy differs from traditional psychoanalysis in that it ______.
a. focuses on current relationships
b. emphasizes sexual themes in early childhood conflicts
c. focuses on behavioral techniques to supplement traditional psychoanalysis
d. emphasizes adolescent social experiences as a source of anxiety
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
203. Interpersonal therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment for ______.
a. bipolar 1 c. cyclothymia
b. bipolar II d. major depression
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
204. Behavioral psychologists focus on helping depressed patients ______.

d. develop more effective social and interpersonal skills
ANSWER: D
Skill: Conceptual
205. Cognitive psychologists focus on helping depressed patients ______.

a. change their dysfunctional thinking patterns
ANSWER: A
Skill: Conceptual
206. Cognitive therapy, ______ behavioral therapy, entails a(n) ______ therapy format.
a. like; brief c. unlike; extended
b. unlike; brief d. like; extended
ANSWER: A
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Skill: Factual
207. Cognitive behavior therapy appears to be ______ antidepressant medications in treating depression.
a. less effective than c. as effective as
b. significantly less effective than d. significantly more effective than
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
208. Research has demonstrated that a combination of psychotherapy and antidepressant medication produced
______ outcomes for treatment of depression compared to either treatment alone.
a. approximately equal c. slightly worse
b. slightly better d. much better
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
209. A biological approach to the treatment of mood disorders could involve which of the following?
a. Cingulotomy c. A prefrontal lobotomy
b. Insulin therapy d. Electroconvulsive therapy
ANSWER: D
Skill: Applied
210. Which of the following drugs (or drug groups) is used to treat depressive disorders?
a. Electrolytes c. Lithium
b. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors d. Benzodiazepines
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
211. Tricyclic antidepressants work by interfering with the reuptake of ______.

a. cortisol and thyroxin c. serotonin and cortisol
b. epinephrine and norepinephrine d. norepinephrine and serotonin
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
212. Prozac relieves depression primarily by raising levels of ______ in the brain.
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a. serotonin c. endorphins
b. acetylcholine d. monoamine oxidase
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
213. MAO inhibitors interfere with the action of ______.

a. serotonin c. dexamethasone
b. monoamine oxidase d. norepinephrine
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
214. The potential side effects of ______ include psychomotor retardation, dry mouth, constipation, blurred
vision, urinary retention, confusion, delirium, low blood pressure, and potentially suicidal overdoses
because of high toxicity.
a. SSRIs c. tricyclics
b. neuroleptics d. lithium
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
215. The potential side effects of ______ include psychomotor retardation, dry mouth, constipation, blurred
vision, urinary retention, confusion, delirium, and cardiovascular complications.
a. MAO inhibitors c. SSRIs
b. neuroleptics d. lithium
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
216. Significant side-effects of ______ include upset stomach, headaches, agitation, insomnia, lack of sexual
drive, and impaired sexual responsiveness.
a. SSRIs c. lithium
b. MAO inhibitors d. tricyclics
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
217. SSRIs are ______ toxic and have ______ side effects than MAO inhibitors and tricyclics.
a. less; fewer c. more; fewer
b. less; more d. more; more
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ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
218. Overall, about ______ percent of depressed patients treated on an outpatient basis respond favorably to
either psychotherapy or antidepressant medication alone.
a. 10 to 30 c. 50 to 70
b. 30 to 50 d. 70 to 90
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
219. Adding ______ therapy to medication treatment may help reduce the risk of relapse in depressed patients
after the medication is withdrawn.
a. ECT c. interpersonal
b. St. John’s Wort d. cognitive-behavioral
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
220. Research indicates that in treating severe depression, ECT is ______.

a. neither safe nor effective c. effective but unsafe due to its side-effects
b. safe but not effective d. safe and effective
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
221. Electroconvulsive therapy is used to treat ______ in people who fail to respond to medication.
b. cyclothymia d. bipolar disorder
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
222. In ECT, a current of between ______ volts is passed through a patient's brain.
a. 10 to 70 c. 130 to 200
b. 70 to 130 d. 200 to 270
ANSWER: B
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Skill: Factual
223. ECT is usually administered in a series of 6 to 12 treatments over a period of several ______.
a. hours c. weeks
b. days d. months
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
224. Recent research on ECT suggested that it leads to improvement in ______ people with major depression
who have failed to respond to antidepressants.
a. virtually no c. a large minority of
b. only a small minority of d. a majority of
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
225. ECT has ______ rate of relapse following treatment.

a. a low c. neither a high nor a low
b. a high d. a highly variable
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
226. A significant risk for people treated with ECT is ______.

a. thyroid cancer c. memory loss
b. brain cancer d. migraine headaches
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
227. Which of the following is true of ECT?

a. It can have dramatic effects on reducing suicidal thinking.
b. It works because it reroutes neural messages.
c. It induces a convulsion that is similar to a petit mal seizure.
d. It can also be effectively used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
ANSWER: A
Skill: Factual
557
228. The first people to use lithium as a form of chemotherapy were the ______.
a. Aztecs c. druids
b. ancient Greeks and Romans d. Medieval monks of France
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
229. Bipolar disorder is most commonly treated with ______.

a. tricyclics c. lithium
b. MAO inhibitors d. reserpine
ANSWER: C
Skill: Factual
230. Which of the following is true of lithium?

a. It can lead to dramatic weight loss. c. It can cause diabetes.
b. It can lead to sleep problems. d. It diminishes motor speed.
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
231. Tegretol and Depakote are drugs originally used to treat ______.
a. muscular dystrophy c. Parkinson’s disease
b. epilepsy d. dysthymic disorder
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
232. Tegretol and Depakote can be used to treat ______.

b. seasonal affective disorder d. bipolar disorder
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
233. ______ drugs have been used to treat people with bipolar disorder who do not respond to lithium or cannot
tolerate it.
a. Antipsychotic c. Anticonvulsive
b. Anti-inflammatory d. Antihistamine
ANSWER: C
558
Skill: Factual
234. Which of the following statements is true about gender-related coping styles differences?
a. Men are more likely to ruminate and women are more likely to abuse alcohol.
b. Men are more likely to abuse alcohol and women are more likely to ruminate.
c. Men and women are equally likely to abuse alcohol or ruminate.
d. Men are more likely to abuse alcohol and women are less likely to ruminate.
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
235. Franz Mesmer believed that hysteria was caused by an underlying imbalance of ______ in the body.
a. neurotransmitters c. blood
b. hormones d. magnetic fluids
ANSWER: D
Skill: Factual
236. A promising new treatment alternative to ECT for cases of major depression who do not respond to
pharmacological treatment is ______.
a. dialectical behavior therapy c. day treatment intensive group therapy
b. transcranial magnetic stimulation d. transdermal seratonergic patch
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
237. A possible negative side effect of TMS is the risk of ______.

a. cancer c. memory loss
b. seizures d. sexual apathy
ANSWER: B
Skill: Factual
238. The part of the brain that appears to be directly affected by TMS is the ______.
a. prefrontal cortex c. limbic system
b. hindbrain d. reticular activating system
ANSWER: A
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Skill: Factual
239. Suicide is the ________ leading cause of death among college students.
a. first c. ninth
b. second d. thirteenth
ANSWER: B
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
240. About ______ Americans attempt suicide each year.

a. 100,000 c. 400,000
b. 250,000 d. 500,000
ANSWER: D
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
241. About ______ Americans commit suicide each year.

a. 41,000 c. 94,000
b. 63,000 d. 122,000
ANSWER: A
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
242. The Federal government estimates that about ______ percent of people who commit suicide suffer from a
mood disorder.
a. 40 c. 80
b. 60 d. 100
ANSWER: B
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
243. The Federal government estimates that the majority of people who commit suicide suffer from a ______.
a. psychotic c. mood disorder
b. somatoform d. personality disorder
ANSWER: C
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
244. Suicide is most likely among ______.

a. teenagers c. children
b. young adults d. elderly adults
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ANSWER: D
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
245. Who among the following is MOST likely to commit suicide?

a. An African American teenage male
b. A white middle-aged female
c. An African American female in her mid-twenties
d. An elderly white male
ANSWER: D
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Applied
246. Which of the following is suspected of causing the increase in the suicide rate among the elderly?
a. They are worse off economically than they were in earlier decades.
b. Many fear financial exploitation by their children.
c. Today's increased tolerance of suicide as a means of "solving" problems may make it seem to be
an acceptable alternative.
d. The media and current culture are youth-focused and sends messages that to be old is not good.
ANSWER: C
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
247. American ______ are more likely to attempt suicide. ______ are more likely to succeed in a suicide
attempt.
a. men; Men c. women; Men
b. men; Women d. women; Women
ANSWER: C
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
248. Men are most likely to use ______ in their suicide attempts.
a. their cars c. hanging
b. poison d. guns
ANSWER: D
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
249. Compared to women, men use ______-acting and ______ lethal means in their suicide attempts.
a. slower; less c. slower; more
b. quicker; less d. quicker; more
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ANSWER: D
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
250. In the United States, for every female suicide ______.

a. there is one male suicide c. there are four male suicides
b. there are two male suicides d. there are eight male suicides
ANSWER: C
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
251. Whites are about ______ as likely as Blacks to commit suicide.

a. half c. twice
b. equally d. four times
ANSWER: C
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
252. Overall, ______ are at the greatest risk for suicide.

a. European Americans c. Asian Americans
b. Hispanic Americans d. Native Americans
ANSWER: D
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
253. The majority of suicides are apparently connected with ______.

a. conversion disorder c. schizophrenia
b. severe mood disorders d. adjustment disorder
ANSWER: B
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
254. The risk of suicide is much greater among people diagnosed with ______.
a. major depression c. schizophrenia
b. dissociative disorders d. adjustment disorders
ANSWER: A
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
562
255. The risk of suicide is much greater among people diagnosed with ______.
a. bipolar disorder c. schizophrenia
b. dissociative disorders d. adjustment disorders
ANSWER: A
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
256. Which of the following is true?

a. People who fail on a first suicide attempt rarely try it again.
b. All suicides are connected to psychological disorders.
c. Suicidal thinking accompanies a loss of contact with reality.
d. Suicide attempts often occur in response to highly stressful life events.
ANSWER: D
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
257. Which of the following is true of people who attempt or commit suicide?
a. Suicide attempts frequently follow a success in the person’s life.
b. People who consider suicide in response to stressful events rarely have poorer problem-solving
skills when compared to those who do not contemplate suicide in similarly stressful situations.
c. People with terminal illness consider suicide "rational."
d. Many people who take their lives are basically attention seekers.
ANSWER: C
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
258. According to classic psychodynamic theorists, suicide represents a reaction to ______.

a. negative outcome expectancies
b. the perception that life has become meaningless, dull, empty, and hopeless
c. anger, which has reached the point of murderous rage, turned inward
d. the effects of stress, seeing no viable solution to unavoidable problems, and prolonged depression
ANSWER: C
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Conceptual
259. In his later writings, Sigmund Freud related suicide to ______.

a. a collapse of the id leading to destructive dominance of a guilt-ridden superego
b. the effects of stress and external social forces
c. the perception that life has become meaningless, dull, empty, and hopeless
d. an inborn death instinct
ANSWER: D
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Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
260. Existential and humanistic theorists see suicide as a reaction to ______.

b. the perception that life has become meaningless, dull, empty, and hopeless
d. the effects of stress and external social forces
ANSWER: B
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Conceptual
261. Sociocultural thinkers, such as Emile Durkheim, see suicide as largely a reaction to ______.
a. alienation resulting from today's lifestyles
b. negative outcome expectancies
d. the effects of stress and previous suicide attempts
ANSWER: A
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Conceptual
262. A sense of feeling lost, rootless, and without identity is known as ______.
a. lethargy c. anomie
b. apathy d. anhedonia
ANSWER: C
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
263. Learning theorists see suicide as largely a reaction to ______.

b. alienation and isolation resulting from today's lifestyle
c. the perception that life has become empty, meaningless, and hopeless
d. the effects of stress and reinforcing effects of previous suicide attempts
ANSWER: D
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Conceptual
264. Social-cognitive theorists see suicide as a reaction to ______.

a. positive outcome expectancies
b. negative outcome expectancies
c. alienation and isolation resulting from today's lifestyle
d. personal outcome expectancies
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ANSWER: D
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Conceptual
265. Which of the following is true regarding suicide?

a. A social contagion, or spreading of suicide in a community rarely occurs in the wake of a suicide
that received widespread publicity.
b. Teenagers may romanticize a suicidal act as one of heroic courage.
c. Copycat suicides are just an effort to garner attention by social outcasts.
d. Copycat suicides are more likely with young persons with Twitter accounts.
ANSWER: B
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
266. There is evidence of reduced ______ activity in people who attempt or commit suicide.
a. acetylcholine c. serotonin
b. epinephrine d. thyroxin
ANSWER: C
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
267. According to your text, ______ is perhaps the most important predictor of suicide.
a. hopelessness c. mood swings
b. loss of pleasure d. increased reactivity
ANSWER: A
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
268. Shneidman found that about ______ percent of those who committed suicide had left clear clues
beforehand, such as disposing of their possessions.
a. 30 c. 70
b. 50 d. 90
ANSWER: D
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
269. If someone you know discloses that he or she is contemplating suicide, your goal should be to ______.
a. try to intervene on your own
b. get them to seek some professional help
c. leave them alone to sort through their thoughts and feelings
d. show them how crazy or misguided a suicide attempt would be
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ANSWER: B
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
270. Which of the following is a question Shneidman suggests could be used to draw a suicidal person out and
engage them in talking?
a. “Why would you want to do that?”
b. “Think of how your mother would feel!”
c. “What would you like to see happen?”
d. “Do you have a will or DNR in place?”
ANSWER: C
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Applied
271. Which of the following is something you should do when talking to someone who is suicidal?
a. Suggest that means other than suicide might help solve the person's problems.
b. Be tough-minded and not too empathetic.
c. Avoid asking how the person intends to commit suicide.
d. Talk with them by yourself as long as you can.
ANSWER: A
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
True-False Questions
272. It is abnormal to feel depressed.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
273. It is normal to feel sad.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
274. Mood disorders can impair normal functioning.
ANSWER: T
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Skill: Factual
275. Mood disorders have no effect on normal functioning at home or work.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
276. Major depression is simply a state of sadness or “the blues.”
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
277. It is possible to have major depression without feeling sad.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
278. The economic toll of depression is about half that of heart disease or diabetes.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
279. The economic toll of depression includes billions of dollars in lost productivity due to time taken away
from work.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
280. On average, major depression costs the worker about 5 lost workdays per year.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
281. On average, bipolar disorder costs the worker about 65 lost workdays per year.
ANSWER: T
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Skill: Factual
282. Most people who experience a major depressive disorder never go on to have another one.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
283. The longer the period of recovery from major depression, the lower the risk of relapse.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
284. Men are about twice as likely as women to develop major depression.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
285. Men are about half as likely as women to develop major depression.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
286. The bleak light of winter casts some people into a diagnosable state of depression.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
287. One type of depression within the DSM has the acronym: SAD.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
288. The treatment of choice for SAD is phototherapy.
ANSWER: T
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Skill: Factual
289. Being exposed to sunlight for extended periods naturally increases levels of serotonin within the brain.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
290. The treatment of choice for SAD is antidepressant medication.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
291. "Maternity blues" are believed to be an abnormal response to the hormonal changes attending childbirth.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
292. Since most women get the "baby blues" it is best to just ignore them.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
293. Dysthymic disorder usually begins in middle adulthood.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
294. Dysthymic disorder occurring together with depressive episode is known as a double depression.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
295. Due to making social comparison, extended amounts of time spent of Facebook can make a person
depressed.
ANSWER: T
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Skill: Factual
296. College freshmen who are more frequent users of Facebook tend to have poorer grades than less frequent
users.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
297. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder was introduced as a new diagnostic category in DSM-5.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
298. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder symptoms occur in the week before menses and do not show improvement
following the conclusion of the menstrual cycle.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
299. Some people ride an emotional roller coaster, swinging from the heights of elation to the depths of
depression without external cause.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
300. Manic episodes, occurring with or without intervening episodes of depression, are labeled bipolar disorder.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
301. In bipolar disorder, the initial episode for men is usually manic.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
302. In bipolar disorder, the initial episode for women is usually depression.
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ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
303. Women are more likely to develop bipolar disorder.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
304. Hypomanic episodes are usually more severe than manic episodes.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
305. Bipolar I disorder has hypomanic episodes; whereas bipolar II disorder has hypermanic episodes.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
306. Cyclothymic disorder frequently progresses to dysthymic disorder.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
307. Stressors may make it more difficult to overcome a depressive episode.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
308. Stressors have no effect on overcoming a depressive episode.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
309. Freud believed that mourning over the loss of a loved one was a pathological process.
571
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
310. According to the self-focusing model, depression occurs when an individual pursues love objects or goals it
would be more adaptive to surrender.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
311. There is no clear research evidence to support Freud's notion that self-directed anger is a cause of
depression.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
312. Like psychodynamic theorists, humanistic theorists focus on the loss of self-esteem as a component of
depression.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
313. There is no research evidence to support Lewinsohn's model of depression being linked to a lack of positive
reinforcement.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
314. Depressed people tend to experience rejection in long-term relationships.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
315. Depressed people are less likely than those who are not depressed to be rejected in long-term relationships.
ANSWER: F
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Skill: Factual
316. Distorted, negative thinking tends to be experienced as occurring automatically.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
317. Depressed people tend to think more negatively than other people do.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
318. Ironically depressed people tend to think more positively than other people do.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
319. Some research has supported the hypothesis that depressed people think more negatively than others
because their thinking is unrealistic or distorted.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
320. Mental filter is defined as focusing only on negative details of events, thereby rejecting the positive features
of one’s experience.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
321. Overgeneralization is defined as the tendency to snatch defeat from the jaws of victory by neutralizing or
denying one’s accomplishments.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
322. Seligman developed his learned helplessness model after observing the behavior of dogs initially denied an
avenue of escape from electric shock but later given access to escape.
573
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
323. Seligman's original learned helplessness model was one of the first to account for the low self-esteem that
is typical of depression.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
324. Research has shown that some attributional styles can cause depression.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
325. An internal attribution for the calamity is characterized by self-blame, as in, “I really messed it up.”
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
326. An external attribution would place the blame elsewhere, as in, “I am stupid!”
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
327. Mood disorders tend to run in families.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
328. Both biological and psychological factors appear to be involved in the development of mood disorders.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
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329. Mood disorders will eventually be cured by exclusively examining the genetics behind the individual
suffering from the disorder.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
330. Cutting edge research is showing inflammation playing a significant role in psychological disorders such as
mood disorders.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
331. Both interpersonal therapy and traditional psychoanalysis focus on the client's current relationships.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
332. Behavioral approaches to treating depression assume that depressive behaviors are learned and can be
unlearned.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
333. Research studies have failed to support the efficacy of cognitive therapy in treating major depression.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
334. The benefits of cognitive-behavioral therapy appear comparable to those of antidepressant medication in
treating depression, even in treating moderate to severe depression.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
335. Tricyclic antidepressants are highly toxic.
ANSWER: T
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Skill: Factual
336. Talk therapies are more effective than antidepressant drugs in treating cases of severe depression.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
337. Antidepressant drugs are more effective than talk therapies in treating cases of severe depression.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
338. Cognitive-behavioral therapy typically provides greater protection against relapse than antidepressant
medication.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
339. Electroconvulsive therapy is no longer used to treat depression.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
340. ECT often leads to greater levels of depression than existed before it was administered.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
341. No one really knows how electroconvulsive therapy works.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
342. The ancient Greeks and Romans used a chemical to curb turbulent mood swings that is still used today.
576
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
343. Despite more than 40 years of use, no one yet knows how lithium works.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
344. Lithium reduces the risk of recurrent depressive episodes.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
345. Lithium is principally prescribed for anti-anxiety purposes.
ANSWER: F
Skill: Factual
346. Placing a powerful electromagnet on the scalp can relieve depression.
ANSWER: T
Skill: Factual
347. Many people have contemplated suicide at some moment of great stress.
ANSWER: T
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
348. Most people who think about suicide end up committing suicide.
ANSWER: F
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
349. Teenagers are the highest risk group for committing suicide.
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ANSWER: F
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
350. Once a person is past age 25 the probability that person will commit suicide is almost nil.
ANSWER: F
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
351. Among ethnic and racial groups, suicides are most common among African Americans.
ANSWER: F
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
352. Among ethnic and racial groups, suicides are most common among Caucasians and Native Americans.
ANSWER: T
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
353. Because women are so emotional, they are much more likely than men to commit suicide.
ANSWER: F
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
354. People who threaten to commit suicide are only seeking attention.
ANSWER: F
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
355. Hopelessness is an important predictor of suicide among psychiatric outpatients.
ANSWER: T
Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
578
Essay Questions
356. Define mood disorder, and distinguish between normally and abnormally depressed moods.

Skill: Factual
357. Describe the features of major depression.

Skill: Factual
358. Discuss the prevalence of and risk factors for major depression.

Skill: Factual
359. Discuss the findings regarding gender differences and depression. Explain how gender biases may play a
role in accentuating those differences.
Level of Difficulty (1-3): 3 Page: 251, 256

Skill: Conceptual
360. Discuss the features of and treatments for seasonal affective disorder.

Skill: Factual
361. Discuss postpartum depression and explain how it is different than "maternity blues."

Skill: Conceptual
362. Compare and contrast major depression and dysthymic disorder, and explain the meaning of “double
depression.”

Skill: Conceptual
363. Describe the symptoms and prevalence of and types of premenstrual dysphoric disorder
579
Skill: Factual
364. Describe the features and types of bipolar disorder.

Skill: Factual
365. Describe the features of a manic episode.

Skill: Factual
366. Discuss the diagnostic differences between bipolar disorder and cyclothymic disorder.

Skill: Conceptual
367. Discuss the relationship between stress and mood disorders.

Skill: Conceptual
368. Discuss classic and modern psychodynamic perspectives on the mood disorders.

Skill: Conceptual
369. Compare and contrast the psychodynamic and humanistic perspectives on mood disorders.

Skill: Conceptual
370. Discuss behavioral perspectives on the mood disorders, focusing on the relationships between
reinforcement and depression.

Skill: Conceptual
371. Discuss cognitive perspectives on depression, focusing on Beck's cognitive theory and the reformulated
580
helplessness (attributional) theory.

Skill: Conceptual
372. Identify and briefly explain the ten cognitive distortions enumerated by Burns.

Skill: Factual
373. Discuss genetic factors in the mood disorders.

Skill: Factual
374. Discuss biochemical factors in the mood disorders. Address genetic research and the results of twin studies.

Skill: Factual
375. Discuss psychodynamic treatment of the mood disorders, differentiating between traditional psychoanalytic
approaches and the modern approaches.

Skill: Conceptual
376. Discuss behavioral treatment of the mood disorders.

Skill: Conceptual
377. Discuss cognitive treatment of the mood disorders.

Skill: Conceptual
378. Discuss the use of medications in the treatment of the mood disorders.

Skill: Conceptual
581
379. Discuss the use of ECT in the treatment of depression. In what types of situations is it most useful? What
are the risks involved with modern ECT?

Skill: Conceptual
380. Discuss the use of lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder.

Skill: Conceptual
381. Discuss the incidence of suicide in terms of who is most at risk and why.

Topic: Suicide
Skill: Conceptual
382. Discuss strengths, weakness, and applications of the main theoretical perspectives on the causes of suicide.

Topic: Suicide
Skill: Applied
383. Discuss the contributions of Emile Durkheim and Edwin Shneidman to the understanding of suicide.

Topic: Suicide
Skill: Conceptual
384. Identify five myths of suicide and briefly explain why each is incorrect.

Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
385. Summarize the research on predicting suicide, making sure to identify the various clues often presented by
people contemplating suicide.

Topic: Suicide
Skill: Factual
386. Discuss methods of suicide prevention.

Topic: Suicide
582
Skill: Factual
583
REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS
EOC Q7.1
Karen reports feeling depressed, sad, hopeless, and “down in the dumps.” She has lost interest in
work and pleasure activities. Karen has felt this way for the past three months and has exhibited
no signs of mania or hypomania. She would most likely be diagnosed as having __________
disorder using DMS-5 criteria.
a) major depressive
b) dysthymic
c) bipolar I
d) cyclothymic
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe the key features of major depressive disorder and evaluate
factors that may account for the higher rate of depression among women.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
EOC Q7.2
Margaret has never had an episode of mania or hypomania and is not severely depressed, but she
has felt “down in the dumps” for as long as she can remember. Margaret is most likely suffering
from __________.
a) persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

b) bipolar I disorder
c) major depressive disorder, recurrent
d) seasonal affective disorder
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 7.2 Describe the key features of persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia).
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
584
EOC Q7.3
Researchers have found that __________ women suffer from premenstrual physical or mood-
related symptoms that produce significant emotional distress and are severe enough to interfere
with daily functioning, such as causing absenteeism from work.
a) nearly one in five

b) about one-third of all
c) about half of all
d) approximately three-fourths of all
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 7.3 Describe the key features of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
EOC Q7.4
Bipolar II disorder applies to people who have had __________ and a history of at least one
major depressive episode, but have never had a __________.
a) manic periods; hypermanic episode

b) a full-blown manic episode; hypomanic episode
c) hypomanic episodes; full-blown manic episode
d) suicidal ideation; manic episode
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe the key features of bipolar disorder.
EOC Q7.5
What is the estimate for the number of people with cyclothymic disorder who will eventually go
on to develop bipolar disorder?
a) 10%
b) 25%
c) 33%
d) 50%
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 7.5 Describe the key features of cyclothymic disorder.
Skill Level: Understand
585
EOC Q7.6
It is hypothesized that people who possess variants of certain genes may be more susceptible to
developing depression if they have a history of severely stressful life experiences, such as
maltreatment during childhood. This idea is consistent with the __________ model.
a) cognitive-behavioral
b) psychodynamic
c) diathesis-stress
d) biological-interpersonal
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 7.6 Evaluate the role of stress in depression.
EOC Q7.7
From the psychodynamic perspective, the __________ model considers how people allocate
their attentional processes after a loss, such as the death of a loved one or a personal failure.
a) recapitulation
b) narcissistic injury
c) self-focusing
d) internalized grief
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 7.7 Describe psychodynamic models of depression.
EOC Q7.8
According to the __________ model, when life choices do not provide meaning or self-
fulfillment, depression is more likely.
a) cognitive
b) psychodynamic
c) learning
d) humanistic
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 7.8 Describe the humanistic model of depression.
586
EOC Q7.9
The concept of __________ explains how our behavior influences how other people respond to
us, and in turn how the response from others influences how we respond to them.
a) self-fulfillment
b) interactive social exchange
c) interpersonal exchange
d) reciprocal interaction
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 7.9 Describe learning theory models of depression.
EOC Q7.10
Because of its inability to account for low self-esteem often seen in depressed individuals, the
reformulated learned helplessness theory now includes the concept of __________.
a) cognitive error
b) attributional style
c) self-focusing
d) childhood maltreatment
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 7.10 Describe Beck’s cognitive model and the learned helplessness model of
depression.
EOC Q7.11
Brain-imaging studies show reduced size and lower metabolic activity in mood disorder patients
in the __________ and __________ areas of the brain.
a) hippocampus; parietal
b) prefrontal cortex; limbic system
c) limbic system; basal ganglia
d) thalamus; cerebellum
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify biological factors in depression.
587
EOC Q7.12
High dietary levels of __________ are linked to a reduced risk of major depression and bipolar
disorder.
a) vitamin C
b) magnesium
c) calcium
d) omega-3 fatty acids
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 7.12 Identify causal factors in bipolar disorders.
Skill Level: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
EOC Q7.13
In cognitive therapy, Beck labels the tendency to judge oneself entirely on the basis of specific
weaknesses or flaws in character as __________.
a) catastrophizing
b) generalization
c) magnification
d) selective abstraction
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 7.13 Describe psychological methods used to treat depression.
EOC Q7.14
Which class of antidepressants is known to have potentially serious interactions with certain
foods and alcoholic beverages?
a) tricyclics
b) MAO inhibitors
c) SSRIs
d) SNRIs
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 7.14 Describe biomedical approaches to treating depression.
588
EOC Q7.15
Compared to the general population of adolescents, those with a history of attempted suicide
have a risk of later completing suicide that is __________ times higher in females and
__________ times higher in males.
a) 3; 7
b) 7; 11
c) 12; 19
d) 14; 22
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 7.15 Identify risk factors in suicide.
EOC Q7.16
According to 19th-century social thinker Emile Durkheim, suicide is more likely among those
who feel a sense of being lost, rootless, and without identity, which defines a concept called
__________.
a) obscurity
b) anomie
c) existential angst
d) existential loneliness
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 7.16 Identify the major theoretical perspectives on suicide.
589
EOC Q7.17
A leading researcher on suicide found that 90% of people who commit suicide leave __________
of their intentions.
a) a written warning
b) no hint
c) clear clues
d) ambiguous evidence
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 7.17 Apply your knowledge of factors in suicide to steps you can take if
someone you knew was experiencing suicidal thoughts.
EOM Q7.1.1
Jose becomes depressed when the leaves fall in October. When spring returns and flowers
bloom, Jose’s depression dissipates. Jose appears to have __________, a form of __________.
a) seasonal affective (mood) disorder; bipolar disorder

b) seasonal affective (mood) disorder; cyclothymia
c) seasonal affective (mood) disorder; major depressive disorder
d) intermittent mood disorder; major depressive disorder
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 7.1 Describe the key features of major depressive disorder and evaluate
factors that may account for the higher rate of depression among women.
Skill Level: Apply
EOM Q7.1.2
The term __________ applies to those who have a major depressive episode superimposed on a
longer-standing dysthymia.
a) major dysthymia
b) complicated dysthymia
c) dual depression
d) double depression
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 7.2 Describe the key features of persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia).
590
EOM Q7.1.3
Kim always dreads the days just before her menstrual cycle starts. During this time, she
experiences erratic mood swings, sudden tearfulness, a depressed mood, irritability, and greater
sensitivity to cues of rejection. According to the DSM-5, Kim would likely be diagnosed with
__________.
a) perimenses disorder
b) premenstrual dysphoric disorder
c) dysthymia
d) menstrual mood swing disorder
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 7.3 Describe the key features of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
Skill Level: Apply
EOM Q7.1.4
The tendency for a person with mania to jump from one topic to another in rapid succession is
called __________.
a) flight of ideas
b) word salad
c) speech inhibition
d) derailment
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 7.4 Describe the key features of bipolar disorder.
Difficulty: Easy
EOM Q7.1.5
__________ is characterized by a chronic cyclical pattern of mood disturbance, but periods of

elevated and depressed mood are not as severe as those observed in bipolar disorder.
a) Cyclothymic disorder
b) Rapid cycling
c) Seasonal depression
d) Dysthymia
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 7.5 Describe the key features of cyclothymic disorder.
591
EOM Q7.2.1
According to the psychodynamic model, in the depressive phase of bipolar disorder, the
__________ is dominant, flooding the individual with feelings of guilt and worthlessness. In the
manic phase, the __________ rebounds, resulting in feelings of elation and self-confidence.
a) superego; ego
b) ego; id
c) id; superego
d) ego; superego
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 7.7 Describe psychodynamic models of depression.
EOM Q7.2.2
Una’s therapist has set a goal for Una to engage in activities that provide meaning and self-
fulfillment in her life. Una’s therapist is using __________ in Una’s treatment for depression.
a) a humanistic approach
b) behavioral activation
c) interpersonal psychotherapy
d) cognitive therapy
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 7.8 Describe the humanistic model of depression.
Skill Level: Apply
EOM Q7.2.3
According to the learning theorist Peter Lewinsohn, a lack of __________ can reduce motivation
and induce feelings of depression.
a) reinforcement for one’s efforts

b) ego identity
c) resiliency
d) stable factors
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 7.9 Describe learning theory models of depression.
592
EOM Q7.2.4
John believes that he is “no good” and has very negative views of his world and the future.
According to the __________ model of depression, these negative views put John at high risk for
depression.
a) social causation
b) cognitive triad
c) pessimistic
d) self-focusing
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 7.10 Describe Beck’s cognitive model and the learned helplessness model of
depression.
Skill Level: Apply
EOM Q7.2.5
Research findings reported in 2008 from Sweden showed a connection between higher risks of
bipolar disorder and __________, especially with __________.
a) greater paternal age at birth; fathers aged 55 and older

b) greater maternal age at birth; mothers aged 40 and older
c) greater combined parental age at birth; fathers aged 55 and older and mothers
aged 40 and older
d) greater paternal age at birth; fathers aged 45 and older
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 7.12 Identify causal factors in bipolar disorders.
593
EOM Q7.3.1
__________, a psychodynamic-oriented therapy for depression, usually lasts from 9 to 12

months and emphasizes the role of current interpersonal issues and how to make healthy changes
in relationships.
a) Behavioral activation
b) Relationship therapy
c) Social interaction
d) Interpersonal psychotherapy
Answer: d
EOM Q7.3.2
The most widely used behavioral treatment model for depression, called __________,
encourages patients to increase their frequency of rewarding or enjoyable activities.
a) rewarding contingency planning

b) social reward engagement
c) behavioral activation
d) cognitive activation
Answer: c
594
EOM Q7.3.3
Thomas has been unresponsive to his antidepressant medication and remains severely depressed,
even though he participates in therapy three times a week. His doctor has recommended a
treatment that involves the application of electrical current applied to the head to induce a
convulsion. What treatment is the doctor recommending?
a) St. John’s Wart

b) electroconvulsive therapy
c) CBT
d) transcranial magnetic stimulation
Answer: b
Skill Level: Apply
EOM Q7.3.4
Currently considered experimental in United States, __________ is a promising therapeutic

approach in which powerful magnets are used to help relieve depression.
a) electromagnetic therapy
b) transcranial magnetic stimulation
c) magnetic resonance imaging
d) functional magnetic resonance therapy
Answer: b
EOM Q7.3.5
About __________ of women in the 40- to 59-year age range use antidepressant drugs.
a) 9%
b) 15%
c) 23%
d) 32%
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
595
EOM Q7.4.1
Suicide rates are highest among __________ and older adults.
a) young children
b) adolescents
c) young adults
d) middle-aged adults
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
EOM Q7.4.2
Suicides committed by people who wish to escape the pain and suffering of hopeless physical
illnesses are sometimes called __________.
a) premeditated suicides
b) rational suicides
c) mercy killings
d) medically assisted suicides
Answer: b
EOM Q7.4.3
__________ theorists believe suicide is linked to alienation and social isolation.
a) Cognitive
b) Learning
c) Sociocultural
d) Psychodynamic
Answer: c
596
EOM Q7.4.4
After three teen suicides at Northtown High School, counselors and teachers were on the alert for
suicidal behavior in other area high schools. Their concern about the spread of suicide in the
community is called __________.
a) peer suicide
b) shared suicide ideation
c) social contagion
d) the bystander effect
Answer: c
Skill Level: Apply
EOM Q7.4.5
According to a leading researcher on suicide, attempting to draw out a suicidal person by asking
questions such as “What’s going on?” __________.
a) allows the person to verbalize psychological needs, which may offer some degree
of relief
b) usually results in anger
c) can make the person more secretive and suspicious
d) nearly always results in successfully thwarting the suicide attempt
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 7.17 Apply your knowledge of factors in suicide to steps you can take if
someone you knew was experiencing suicidal thoughts.
Skill Level: Apply
597
Another random document with
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some striking points of resemblance, and yet how
wonderfully different!
The book then opens with an exclamation which

serves as a text or topic――‘Vanity of
vanities,’――and forthwith proceeds to state the
question, and work out the conclusion which this
topic suggests. Has mankind any advantage (in the
sense of a result in the future) by reason of his toil or
anxiety (the technical word here used is ‫עמל‬, by
which word is meant the same thing as the Greek
expresses by μέριμνα, cares of this life, Matthew
xiii. 22)? This he answers in the negative by eight
aphorisms, four drawn from observation of nature
and four from moral considerations, which we have
called the eight unbeatitudes of the sermon. This
constitutes the first part of the proof. Koheleth then
goes on to discuss the question, Can any solution of
this providential difficulty be discovered? This, in the
first place, is attempted to be answered by an
autobiography, in which Koheleth shows in
succession that wisdom, mirth, accumulation of
wealth, etc., are alike evanescent and unsatisfactory,
as his own experience (and no one was likely to do
better) abundantly displayed. These together form
the first great division of the book――Chapters i.
and ii.
In the next five Chapters, iii. to vii., the same
question is discussed from another point of view.
Koheleth remarks on the unalterable character of
Providence, and shows that even if it were possible
that human wisdom could cause change (which it
cannot), that the alteration could only be for the
worse. He begins by enumerating twenty-eight times
or seasons――that is, a fourfold seven――of which
the last is ‘a time of peace.’ This is especially worthy
of remark, as it is an instance of one of those hopes
of better things which Koheleth allows to appear, as it
were by stealth, amidst his most melancholy
utterances. He then argues this matter, and through
a long and sustained course of reasoning, the
conclusion of which is, that God must right the
wronged.
But there naturally arises the objection, If this be

so, why does impiety and oppression exist so
continually in the very places or circumstances where
we ought to expect the reverse? To this Koheleth
offers two solutions, which, however, are neither
satisfactory; the second indeed would lead to
absolute scepticism. The true deduction is however
stated in the last verse of chapter iii. (22), which is,
that if any result is to be accomplished by human toil,
it can only consist in present gratification.
Koheleth then turns to the consideration of
oppressions or afflictions, this turn of thought being
that present enjoyment is marred by the existence of
so much irremediable unhappiness; that if this world
be all, the dead are better off than the living; that the
result even of success is envy rather than pleasure;
that it is useless labouring for posterity, and no avail
in the present. Koheleth here sarcastically points out
that labour for others does give some advantage, the
only instance where he sees the possibility of any at
all. He carefully limits, however, all this to the present
life, this formula ‘under the sun,’ i.e. in this world of
labour and toil, being introduced frequently, showing
that all he says is to be taken with this proviso.
In Chapter v. Koheleth begins to display the great

remedy for human ills――that is, piety, patience, and
submission to the Divine will, cautioning against
foolish sacrifices, rash vows, rash speeches,
selfishness and avarice. This display of the remedy,
however, is as yet subordinate, the main object being
to show that all arguments conspire to prove the
vanity or transitoriness of human existence. With this
Chapter vi. ends, and with it the more argumentative
portion of the treatise.
Chapter vii. opens with a paradoxical statement

of seven good things, which look like evil ones, and
on this Koheleth develops the thought that man does
not know a good thing when he sees it. He shows
that even wisdom itself will not necessarily produce
happiness in this world, though this, he is sure, is a
good thing; but he is very bitter and sarcastic on
those who, because right does not always succeed,
resort to impiety; this, he shows, is a great and fatal
mistake. Though the proposition that piety is
happiness is not formally stated or worked out
argumentatively, nevertheless this is proved so
completely that Koheleth is able at the end of the
whole to cite this as the real result of his argument.
If, however, piety be the remedy for human ills,

early piety is essential to tolerable ease and quiet in
this world. This is set forth in the same paradoxical
and sarcastic way as before. We are advised to
avoid certain evils while we can. These are described
with great pathos in Chapter xii. It is however, we
believe, quite a mistake to imagine that the close of
the book contains an allegorical description of old
age. The weakness and other trials of age are, no
doubt, brought before us in very poetic and
picturesque language. There is an Oriental richness
and floridness about this language at first strange to
Western ears; but the images employed all admit of
resolution by an appeal to the usage of Scripture
elsewhere, and can be shown to be quite in place.
The conclusion of the whole is significantly the same
as the topic at the beginning, ‘Vanity of vanities, the
whole is vanity.’
The Epilogue, chapter xii. 9, follows. This has

been pronounced by some to be an interpolation, the
work of a later hand; but we could no more imagine a
book of the Old Testament ending with such an
aphorism as vanity of vanities, without doing violence
to our critical instinct, than we could believe that the
Gospel of St. Mark was ever intended to end with the
words ‘They were afraid’ [ἐφοβοῦντο γάρ, Mark xvi. 8].
It is rather the bold, open statement of the truth,
which has in a more or less covered manner formed
the subject of the whole book. The aphorism, ‘Fear
God and keep His commandments,’ contains the
only possible solution of providential difficulties or
remedy of human ills, and it is in vain to look for any
other. The reasons for this mystery we must leave to
God alone. He will bring into judgment――i.e. into
adjustment or declared consistency with
justice――every mystery, whether to our notions
good or evil. With this assurance the book
appropriately ends.
grammatical peculiarities.
The Book of Ecclesiastes being a didactic and
argumentative treatise, and the only work of its kind
in the Scriptures, its Hebrew is modified to meet the
requirements of that which is a new philosophy, so
that we may fully indorse Ewald’s expression, that
‘Koheleth uses the Hebrew language as a flexible
instrument for the expression of novel ideas.’ This
naturally implies a usage of words and phrases
peculiar to this book, and accounts for the large
number of unusual forms and once occurring words
and the like which here meet us. It will be apparent to
any who will diligently examine the text, that Koheleth
confines himself very strictly indeed to the rules of his
own grammar, and uses articles, prepositions, and
tenses with an accuracy not inferior to Greek itself.
For example, there is a real distinction to be
discovered between the usage of masculine and
feminine forms, where a substantive is of both
genders. It is not a matter of indifference whether the
full relative is used or the contracted form; on the
contrary, it will be seen that the contracted relative
gives an optative or subjunctive sense; or whether a
verb governs directly or through the intervention of
the particle ‫ ;את‬a distinction which the LXX. were
quite aware of, and which gave rise to their adverbial
σὺν. What, for want of a better term, we have called
distributive plurals――i.e. a singular noun and plural
verb in agreement, or vice versâ――are exceedingly
significant. They have a peculiar shade of meaning,
according to circumstances and position in the
sentence. It is too a matter of some consequence
whether the nominative precedes or follows the verb;
hence in the running translation this order is never
reversed, even where our idiom requires it, but
explanatory words are introduced. All these matters
are, where necessary, pointed out in the
notes――perhaps some may imagine pressed too
far, and repeated ad nauseam; but the excuse must
be that on these minutiæ depend the evidence of
correct rendering. If thus a good sense is made out,
as it were spontaneously, and which, moreover, is
found to fall into place as it occurs in the context, we
have strong evidence that we have hit the real
meaning.
Connected with this grammatical usage is a

peculiar terminology, also to be expected in a
scientific treatise. Thus ‫ דבר‬is very commonly
rendered in this Commentary by ‘reasoning,’ the
exact idea implied being a matter or thing reasoned
about, with the further notion or conclusion that this
reason will become ground of action. No single
English or even Greek word will render it, but once
let us master its real significance, and the force and
cogency of many passages will become manifest.
Again, ‫חפץ‬, which has the sense of ‘an agreeable
occurrence,’ ‘a providence,’ and then generally of
‘any event,’ in this book denotes a ‘providential
occurrence.’ Again, ‫ עמל‬is not exactly toil, but the
fatigue, distress, or anxiety that comes of it. It differs
from ‫ענין‬, which is also anxiety, but that kind of
anxiety which comes of uncertainty as to a future
result. Two most important words are ‫ סכלות‬and ‫הללות‬:
the former is that kind of folly which has the
appearance of wisdom, clever folly, or foolish
wisdom; the latter is that kind of folly which is
begotten of a false expectation of the result, as in our
expression ‘made a fool of.’ So again ‫ כבר‬is not an
adverb ‘already,’ but rather a substantive,――this
present considered as now existing. These technical
words are all noticed as they occur, and a sense
given, the proof of the correctness of which is that
appropriate meaning is made in every place in which
they occur. As several are found nowhere else in
Scripture, this is the only true method of coming at
their meaning. It is also worthy of notice that these
words occur usually seven or ten times, or some
other round or mystic number. This happens so
frequently that it can hardly be accidental, but I have
seldom been able to trace any rule or law in this
circumstance. On the whole, however, it may be
taken as an axiom that when Koheleth uses a
peculiar word, he intends to express a peculiar idea,
and his meaning must be sought accordingly. Careful
attention to this point clears up many difficulties.
Alliteration and paronomasia occur with great and

characteristic frequency, a proof surely that the book
was intended to be preached or delivered as an
address. It is, of course, very difficult to give these in
the English version. Sometimes in the paraphrastic
translation this is attempted by means of rhymes and
alliterations. I can hardly pronounce these quite
successful, and often have felt inclined to return to a
more literal rendering, but then this most
characteristic feature of the book would have been
lost to the English reader. Every one who has ever
addressed an assembly knows how very telling these
hits are, and moreover they are of real importance to
the commentator, as bringing the words on which the
alliteration depends into artificial prominence. There
is a danger, no doubt, that when once the mind is
aroused to this, that equivokes should be found
where they were not intended; but of this the reader
must judge.
This perhaps is the best point at which to discuss

the meaning of the word Koheleth. In its present form
and pointing ‫ ֹק ֶה ֶלת‬is the active feminine participle of
Kal of the verb ‫קהל‬, occurring as a verb only in niphal
and hiphil. The feminine noun occurs Deuteronomy
xxxiii. 4, ‫――ְק ִה ַּלת‬i.e. this word differently
pointed――which the LXX. render by συναγωγῆς. ‫ְק ִה ַּלת‬
occurs Nehemiah v. 7, rendered ἐκκλησίαν. With this
before us it seems beside the mark to seek a
meaning out of the root ‫קהל‬. According to the usage
observable in this book, feminines (we should prefer
to call them abstracts) in ‫ ת‬differ from those in
‫――ה‬compare ‫עמדת‬, chapter i. 4; the abstract in this
form again becomes as it were a concrete. Thus we
should incline to indorse the view enunciated by
Preston, who considers the word to be represented
by ‘collector’ or ‘concionator’ in Latin. Both these
meanings we believe are contained in the word, and
it is quite consistent with what we know of the style of
Ecclesiastes to admit that both these meanings were
intended to be conveyed. The discourse is a
collection of separate but connected aphorisms on
the transitoriness of human existence――the author
is thus a collector of them; and as the discourse was
delivered apparently when collected, he is a
concionator or preacher also. The word used by the
LXX., ἐκκλησιαστὴς, occurs nowhere else, either in
the Old or New Testaments, so that the precise
meaning they affixed to the word is unknown. In
classical Greek it means preacher.
The repetition of a word, whether substantive or
particle, in the same sentence, of course gives
emphasis to that word; to translate accurately,
therefore, when this occurs, we have to add some
English equivalent, such as ‘this’ or ‘as well,’ and so
forth, see Commentary passim. A careful attention to
this rule will often considerably help to clear up
obscure passages.
on the peculiar renderings of the

version of the lxx.
The remark of Delitzsch on the translation of the

LXX., affixed to the Book of Psalms (Delitzsch on the
Psalms, Clark’s Library, Edinburgh) may be
introduced here:――‘This translation, as being the
oldest key to the understanding of the language of
the Old Testament writings, as being the oldest mirror
of the Old Testament text, and as an important check
upon the interpretation of Scripture handed down in
the Talmud and Midrash, and in that portion of the
national literature not originating in Egypt, is
invaluable.’ For this remark applies to the rendering
of Ecclesiastes in an equal, if not greater degree, and
may be offered as an excuse, if one be needed, for
the comparatively large space assigned to the
discussion of the Septuagint renderings.
A peculiarity which meets us in this book is the
occurrence of the preposition σὺν followed by an
accusative, and in one case a genitive, and which
seldom if ever occurs in other books. This apparently
trifling circumstance, which is usually treated as a
barbarism, will give the clue which will lead to some
curious and interesting facts connected with the
methods of translation adopted by the LXX.
If we examine carefully and in detail the wording

of the LXX. we can hardly fail to be struck with the
excessive care that is taken to render in the exact
order of the Hebrew――a remark which may be
extended to other portions of this version, the Book
of Job being, however, a striking exception, (and
when there is any considerable departure, in almost
every instance hitherto examined a serious variation
of text in the different recensions of the LXX. will be
found to occur.) In Ecclesiastes this order is so strict
that, with hardly an exception, it would be possible to
print the Greek text as it stands as an interlinear
translation. This most interesting point deserves
further investigation than appears as yet to have
been given to it. My own impression from this
circumstance, is that the version of the LXX. was
made with the idea that those who used it had the
Hebrew before them, and this hypothesis, for in truth
it is nothing more, will I think group together more
facts than any other suppositions which have been
adopted to explain these strange renderings met with
in the LXX.,――as, for example, variation of original
text, wilful corruption on the part of the translators,
Hagadic influence (of which more presently), and the
like. The LXX. have executed their work so well, that
notwithstanding this restriction which they thus laid
upon themselves, we have a very good translation,
which for many centuries was used as the sole
representative of the ancient Scriptures, and on
which the whole fabric of ancient theology was
erected.
This interlinear character, as we may call it, of the

version of the LXX., will explain why they render the
same Hebrew word by such very different Greek
equivalents. In an interlinear translation there is no
special value in uniform rendering; rather the
reverse. It is better even to study variety than
uniformity, although we believe that the LXX. do
neither the one nor the other, but simply endeavour
to give the best possible rendering of the passage
before them. For example, the word ‫ חפץ‬is rendered
in chapter iii. 1, 17, v. 8 (7), viii. 6, by πρᾶγμα, and in
the other three cases in which it occurs, viz., chapter
v. 4 (3), xii. 1, 10, by θέλημα. Now the real meaning of
this word, as we have shown, is an agreeable
providential occurrence, or, since all providential
occurrences imply the Divine will on their side, any
such whatever. The LXX. use the one rendering or
the other as best suits the context. This book
containing so large a number of technical words, the
meaning of which is to be sought by a careful
comparison of all the passages in which they occur,
the renderings of the LXX. become of special
interest. The meaning compounded of the meanings
of the LXX.’s renderings, to use a mathematical
simile, will give us often the precise shade of
signification of the Hebrew of which we are in search,
and this will then approve itself as correct by its
suitableness in every instance.
The same observation applies to the grammar of

the Greek as representing that of the Hebrew. There
is no attempt whatever to render Hebrew
grammatical forms with any uniformity. Hebrew
perfects are rendered by Greek presents, aorists, or
perfects; Hebrew presents by aorists or perfects.
Participles are rendered sometimes by participles, at
others by principal verbs. The same Hebrew
prepositions are sometimes rendered by different
Greek prepositions, and sometimes simply by case-
endings. The relative is rendered by the relative, by
the pronoun, and by ὅτι. The Hebrew conjugations
are not represented on any settled principle; Piels
are sometimes indeed apparently marked by a
preposition compounded with the verb, sometimes
not noticed at all. In certain cases in which the root is
doubtful, as for example in ain vaw, and ain ain
verbs, the LXX. do not always follow the Masoretic
pointing and derivation. On the whole, however, the
deviations of the LXX., from both pointing and
accentuation, are more apparent than real, and may
be explained, for the most part, on the principle that
the translators felt themselves obliged to follow the
order of the words in the original.
We must, however, bear in mind that the present

text of the LXX. is of all texts the most time-worn, and
often requires correction. Most providentially we do
not depend on one recension; we have in existing
copies the remains of several, and we may make use
of them to restore the original readings. The problem
in this case differs essentially from that which meets
us in revising the Greek text of the New Testament.
Here diplomatic evidence has not the same weight
as there. Emendations may be detected, even when
better readings of the Hebrew, by want of conformity
to the Hebrew order (and the temptation to make
such kind of alterations, when the version was used
independently, would clearly be very great), or again
a comparison of the various readings will enable us
to guess with tolerable confidence what the Hebrew
originally was. In this way, when the Hebrew text is
doubtful, we can ascertain the correct reading by
searching for that common origin from which the
variants in the LXX. were derived, and we may then
turn round on the version with the help of the
Hebrew, and show how the changes successively
arose. An instance of this will be found at chapter
x. 10; how far I have succeeded the reader must
judge. We must also bear in mind that what we
should now denote by marginal renderings are in the
ancient versions inserted in the text. The interlinear
character of the version enables us to detect this: we
find two Greek words standing in place of a single
Hebrew equivalent. The result of all this, as applied
in the Book of Ecclesiastes, is to vindicate the
accuracy of the received Hebrew text, and, in a less
degree, of the pointing and accentuation also. Only in
a very few instances is it needful to propose an
emendation of the Hebrew text, and that where the
ancient versions are apparently unanimous in
requiring it.
There remains another point, however. Dr.

Ginsburg (and from his extensive acquaintance with
Jewish literature no one is better qualified to give an
opinion) considers that Hagadic influence must be
taken largely into account in explaining difficult
passages in Ecclesiastes; amongst other points he
notices the rendering of ‫ את‬by σὺν, which has been
referred to already. ‘Commentators,’ he says, ‘have
been perplexed to account for this barbarism, and
violation of grammatical propriety, but a reference to
Hagadic exegesis will show that this Hebrew particle
was looked up to as having a mystical signification,
because the two letters, ‫ א‬and ‫ת‬, of which it is
composed, are the Alpha and Omega of the Hebrew
alphabet. Hence the anxiety of the translator to
indicate this particle in Greek, when a passage
appeared to him to be fraught with special mysteries.’
But, as he remarks, it is only in twenty-nine instances
out of seventy-one occurrences of this particle that it
is so rendered by the LXX. Moreover, Dr. Ginsburg
has not shown that these passages are specially
mysterious. They are in fact neither more nor less so
than some others in which this particle is not so
rendered. An examination of these passages will
show, we think convincingly, that what the LXX.
wished to do was to point out that ‫ את‬was emphatic
and with the meaning of ‘respect to,’ or the like, as
will be seen by reference to the Commentary,
especially chapters ii. 17, iii. 17, vii. 26, viii. 8, 15.
The Hagadic influence, according to Dr. Ginsburg,

is still more evident in the peculiar rendering of
chapter ii. 12, as well as chapters ii. 17, iii. 15, iv. 17,
v. 1, all which are fully treated in the Commentary,
and the renderings of the LXX. explained and
elucidated, it is hoped satisfactorily. So far from the
true explanation of these renderings being found in
the Chaldee paraphrase, as Dr. Ginsburg imagines,
that version gives distorted interpretations of
passages but partially understood. Again, the gloss
of the LXX. at chapter ii. 15 is shared by the Syriac,
and is a marginal reading; chapter ii. 17 is a verbatim
reading of the Hebrew in every particular; and the
gloss at chapter ii. 9 is too evidently foisted in from
the margin to make it of much value in any argument.
See note there.
Holding as I do the paramount authority of the

LXX., I have not scrupled to follow them against the
Masoretic interpretation when the sense of a
passage seemed to require it, and I deem it a
sufficient answer to any objections on this head, that
the rendering proposed is supported by the LXX. On
the whole, however, these differences are, as
remarked above, not very great, and we have rather
occasion for surprise, not that there is here and there
a divergence, but that on the whole there is so
substantial agreement. The pointing which we have
in our Hebrew Bibles embodies a most valuable and
venerable tradition, but in its present form younger by
centuries than that furnished by the rendering of the
LXX. While, therefore, we admit its great value, we
ought not to make its authority absolute, and this is
done to all intents and purposes by those who reject
without question the ancient interpretation because it
conflicts with the present pointing. No language is too
high to characterize our obligations to those Jewish
fathers who have guarded so faithfully that special
trust committed to them――the oracles of God. But
the Synagogue is no more infallible in matters of
criticism than is the Church. Neither the Masorets nor
the LXX. are inspired, though inspiration has been by
their respective partisans vehemently claimed for
both. Each party, also, has unduly depreciated the
other, and the Hebrew scholars have been for
centuries divided into punctists and anti-punctists.
But as there is no royal road to learning, so there is
no short-cut to certainty; the whole evidence, let it
come from whence it may, must be diligently weighed
and compared. So far as the version of the LXX. is
concerned, this is not done until their errors, or
supposed errors, have been at least duly explained
and accounted for, even when their renderings are
rejected.
other versions of antiquity.
Next in order in point of antiquity to the version of

the LXX. stands the Syriac Peshito. This I have
sometimes quoted in the present Commentary,
having considered it my duty to make myself
acquainted with this version, so that if I am not in a
position to offer anything of my own, I can follow
other commentators, and test their accuracy. The
citations are made from the edition of Dr. Lee,
published by the Bible Society. As might be
expected, the Syriac version stands midway between
the LXX. and Masoretic text, agreeing sometimes
with the one and sometimes with the other. It is often
assumed that the peculiar renderings of the Syriac
which agree with the LXX. against the Masoretic
rendering, arise from corrections of the former text by
the latter; this, however, is not proved. The existence
of such an element of correction may well be
admitted, but it is only one out of many, and in some
cases we shall, I think, have reason to conclude that
the sense, set aside as of no critical value by some
commentators, does in fact embody the real meaning
of the passage under discussion. See chapter x. 10
for an instance of this.
The Vulgate is generally accessible; its value is

subordinate as compared with the above-mentioned
versions, being only, as is well known, corrected from
the Hebrew by Jerome. Sometimes, however, the
evidence it affords of an ancient reading is all the

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7. Bipolar disorders include _______.

8. Disorders such as depression and dysthymia are ______ in nature.

9. Disorders such as cyclothymia are ______ in nature.

13. Major depression cannot be diagnosed if a person shows a history of ______.

17. A state of unusual elation, energy, and activity is known as ______.

19. Which of the following is an emotional symptom of depression?

20. Changes in sleep habits is a(n) ___________ symptom of depression?

21. Difficulty concentrating is a(n) _______ symptom of depression?

26. The most common diagnosable mood disorder is ______.

28. A client has major depressive disorder. That client is ________.

33. Which of the following is true of major depressive disorder?

49. Postpartum "blues" typically last about ______.

56. In the DSM-5, dysthymia is also referred to as ___________.

61. Dysthymia is ______ common in men than in women.

62. Others often perceive people with dysthymic disorder as ______.

64. __________ was introduced as a new diagnostic category in the DSM-5.

66. __________ of women experience moderate to severe mood-related premenstrual symptoms.

74. In bipolar II disorder, a person experiences ______ episodes.

75. Bipolar I disorder affects about ______ of the adult population.

76. Bipolar II disorder affects ______ of the adult population.

78. Women are ______ as likely as men to develop bipolar I disorder.

80. The onset of bipolar I disorder usually begins with a ______.

87. Which of the following is characteristic of manic episodes?

89. People in a manic episode generally experience which of the following?

94. Cyclothymic disorder usually begins in one's ______.

98. Cyclothymic disorder is characterized by the occurrence of ______ episodes.

103. Which of the following is true of depression and stress?

109. Freud believed that mourning, or normal bereavement, is ______.

111. Recent psychodynamic theories see depression as ______.

115. A limitation of the self-focused attention model of depression is that ______.

116. From the humanistic perspective, depression arises from ______.

118. Learning perspectives tend to focus on ______ that contribute to depression.

124. Coyne’s interactional theory is based on the principle of ______.

127. The "cognitive triad of depression" is a concept pioneered by ______.

128. Which of the following beliefs is in the cognitive triad of depression?

129. Aaron Beck refers to an error in thinking as ______.

135. Judd is a perfectionist. His cognitive distortion is most likely to be ______.

144. Catastrophizing is a process used in which of the following cognitive distortions?

147. "Musterbation" is a process used in which of the following cognitive distortions?

151. Which of the following is an automatic thought associated with depression?

153. Which of the following is an automatic thought associated with anxiety?

155. Research regarding depression and distorted negative cognitions ______.

157. The concept of learned helplessness was pioneered by ______.

198. Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on helping depressed patients ______.

199. Modern psychoanalysts focus on helping depressed patients ______.

200. Interpersonal psychotherapy focuses on ______.

204. Behavioral psychologists focus on helping depressed patients ______.

205. Cognitive psychologists focus on helping depressed patients ______.

211. Tricyclic antidepressants work by interfering with the reuptake of ______.

213. MAO inhibitors interfere with the action of ______.

220. Research indicates that in treating severe depression, ECT is ______.

225. ECT has ______ rate of relapse following treatment.

226. A significant risk for people treated with ECT is ______.