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HOMEWORK 7 1
Homework 7
The chi-square test is a statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with
data we would expect to obtain according to a specific hypothesis (Franke et al., 2012). It is
used to determine if any difference between the observed and expected results is statistically
The chi-square test is typically used when we want to compare observed frequencies
or counts across different categorical variables. For instance, one may use a chi-square test to
analyze survey results to see if the proportion of different responses varies significantly
between men and women (Franke et al., 2012). One could also use it to compare the
frequency of different medical diagnoses across age groups to see if age is a relevant factor.
To perform the chi-square test, we first develop a hypothesis about what the expected
frequencies would be under the condition that the variables are independent (Franke et al.,
2012). For instance, if we thought gender didn't affect survey responses, we might expect the
proportions of each response to be the same between men and women. We then collect
observational data and calculate a chi-square statistic based on the differences between the
The chi-square value is then compared to critical values from the chi-square
distribution based on the desired significance level and degrees of freedom. If the chi-square
value exceeds the critical value, we can reject the hypothesis that any differences are due to
chance and determine there is a statistically significant association between the categorical
variables being studied (Franke et al., 2012). This helps assess whether patterns in frequency
The purpose of linear regression analysis is to model the relationship between two or
more variables so that we can predict the value of a dependent variable based on the value of
an independent variable.
HOMEWORK 7 2
Specifically, linear regression finds the best-fitting straight line through data points in
a scatterplot to demonstrate how the dependent variable changes with the independent
variable. The slope of the line indicates how much the dependent variable changes when the
Linear regression can be used to address a wide variety of research questions where
we want to understand how changes in one variable relate to or predict changes in another.
For example, a researcher could use linear regression to investigate the relationship between
average class size (independent variable) and standardized test scores (dependent variable)
The research question could be: Does average class size significantly predict
standardized test scores, when controlling for other school characteristics? The researcher
would collect data on average class sizes and test scores for multiple districts, as well as
control variables like funding levels, demographic factors, etc. Then a linear regression model
could evaluate whether smaller class sizes have a statistically significant relationship with
The results could help determine if class size reduction should be recommended as a
allows researchers to quantify relationships between variables and draw conclusions about
Linear regression has some key assumptions that must be met to ensure the validity of
results:
independent and dependent variables (Osborne & Waters, 2019). To check this, researchers
can examine scatter plots and ensure the data lies in a reasonably straight line.
HOMEWORK 7 3
and predicted values) must be independent of each other (Osborne & Waters, 2019). Violating
this assumption can result in an overestimation of significance. Researchers can check for
autocorrelation of errors.
Homoscedasticity assumption - The variance of errors is consistent across all levels of the
tests (Flatt & Jacobs, 2019). Researchers can check residual plots.
Normality assumption - The errors are normally distributed about the mean point on the
regression line. Non-normal errors can skew significance tests (Flatt & Jacobs, 2019).
No perfect multicollinearity - The independent variables are not perfectly linearly related to
"Multiple regression was conducted to predict perceived customer relationship quality from
reward. A significant regression equation was found (F(4,114) = 60.538, p < 0.001) with an
R2 of 0.680. Perceived reward (β = 0.460, p < 0.001) and preferential treatment (β = 0.447, p
< 0.001) were significant predictors of perceived customer relationship quality (Lam et al.,
2013)." This reports the key output values of the regression model including the F-statistic,
R-squared value, individual predictor beta coefficients, and their significance levels.
HOMEWORK 7 4
References
Flatt, C., & Jacobs, R. L. (2019). Principle assumptions of regression analysis: Testing,
Franke, T. M., Ho, T., & Christie, C. A. (2012). The chi-square test: Often used and more
Lam, A. Y., Cheung, R., & Lau, M. M. (2013). The influence of customer relationship
Osborne, J. W., & Waters, E. (2019). Four assumptions of multiple regression that researchers