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This book is for
Graham Charles Backman
Puero praeclaro, Scourge of Nations;

and in memory of my mother,


Mary Lou Betker
(d. 31 December 2018—New Year’s celebrations will never be the same)

and in memory of my brother


Neil Howard Backman, U.S.N. (ret.)
(1956–2011)
who found his happiness just in time.
BRIEF CONTENTS
1. W
 ater and Soil, Stone and Metal: 8. The Early Middle Ages. . . . . . . . . . . 257
The First Civilizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 300–750
10,000–1200 bce
9. The Expansive Realm of Islam. . . . . . 291
2. The Monotheists: to 900 ce
Jews and Persians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
1200–550 bce 10. R
 eform and Renewal in the
Greater West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
3. T
 he Ancient Greeks: From Arrival 750–1258
to Glory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2000–479 bce 11. Worlds Brought Down. . . . . . . . . . . 363
1258–1453
4. T
 he Classical and
Hellenistic Ages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 12. Renaissances and Reformations. . . 407
479–30 bce 1350–1563

5. R
 omans and Republicans. . . . . . . . . . 163 13. W
 orlds Old and New. . . . . . . . . . . . 453
753–27 bce 1450–1700
6. Rome’s Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 14. T
 he Wars of All Against All. . . . . . . . 495
27 bce–305 ce 1540–1648
7. T
 he Rise of Christianity 15. F
 rom Westphalia to Paris:
in a Roman World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Regimes Old and New. . . . . . . . . . . 529
40 bce–300 ce 1648–1750

ix
CONTENTS
Maps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii A gr iculture, specialization

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix of labor, and trade, under

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii the r ight conditions , produc e

Note on Dates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviii sur pluses that release people

Prologue: Before History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix from the daily s tr ug gle for


sur vival and allow them t o
1.  ater and Soil, Stone and Metal:
W pur sue other endeavor s like
The First Civilizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 inves tigating the physic al
10,000 bce–1200 bce wor ld and the heavens
Ancient Mesopotamia and the Emergence (the seed of scienc e); creating
of Civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 images , objec ts ,
Mesopotamian Life: Farms and Cities, Writing and sounds for pleasure
and Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 (the or igin of ar t); and
Mesopotamian Religion: Heaven, the Great Above, wonder ing where human
the Great Below. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 life c ame from and what ,
From Sumer to Old Babylon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 if any thing , it is for (the root
Ancient Egypt, Gift of the Nile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 of religion and philosophy).
Old Kingdom Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 These are the elements that
Egyptian Religion: The Kingdom of the Dead . . . . . . . . . . 33 make up civilization, and
Middle Kingdom Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 in the c ase of Sumer they
The New Kingdom Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 appeared around 40 0 0 bce.
The Indo-European Irruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
The Age of Iron Begins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The romanticization of D avid
and Solomon introduc ed an
2.  he Monotheists:
T
entirely new element int o
Jews and Persians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Great er Wes t er n culture,
1200 bce–550 bce
or at leas t one for which no
The Bible and History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
ear lier evidenc e sur vives—
The Promised Land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
namely, the popular belief in
Dreams of a Golden Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
a pas t paradise, a los t era of
Women and the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
for mer glor y, when humanit y
Prophets and Prophecy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
had at t ained a per fec tion of
The Struggle for Jewish Identity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
happiness .
Persia and the Religion of Fire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

3. The Ancient Greeks: From Arrival to Glory. . . . . . 89


2000–479 bce
The First Greeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
The Search for Mythic Ancestors in
Archaic Age Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
xi
xii   Contents

Colonists, Hoplites, and the Path to Citizenship . . . . . . . 99


A Cult of Masculinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Civilized Pursuits: Lyric Poetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Sparta: A Militarized Citizenry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Miletus: The Birthplace of Philosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Athens: Home to Democracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
The Persian Wars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

4. The Classical and Hellenistic Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119


479–30 bce
Athens’s Golden Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
The Polis: Ritual and Restraint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
The Excluded: Women, Children, and Slaves. . . . . . . . . . 124
The Invention of Drama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
The Peloponnesian Disaster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
The Greek s , especially the
Advances in Historical Inquiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Athenians , c ame t o regard
Medicine as Natural Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
the mid-f if th c entur y bce
The Flowering of Greek Philosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
with a det er mined awe,
The Rise of Macedonia and the Conquests
rec alling it as a los t halc yon
of Alexander the Great. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
era that outshone any thing
The Hellenistic World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
that c ame before it or sinc e.
The Maccabean Revolt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Through the c entur ies , much
Second Temple Judaism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
of Great er Wes t er n culture
5. Romans and Republicans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
has continued the love af fair
753 bce–27 bce
and has s t eadfas tly ex t olled
Ancient Italy and the Rise of Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
“ the glor y that was Greec e”
From Monarchy to Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
(a well-known phrase from a
The Republic of Virtue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
poem by the Amer ic an wr it er
Size Matters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Edgar Allan Poe) as a pinnacle
Can the Republic Be Saved?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
of human achievement.

6. Rome’s Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195


Rome’s key value was its 27 bce–305 ce
loyalt y t o a vision of human Rome’s Golden Age: The Augustan Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
exis t enc e lar ger than mere The Sea, the Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
ethnicit y, and the ar my Roman Lives and Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
embodied it — and the more Height of the Pax Romana: The “Five
it suc c ess fully embodied that Good Emperors” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
vision, the less the ar my had Life and Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
t o enforc e it. The Time of Troubles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Contents   xiii

7. The Rise of Christianity in a Roman World . . . . . 223


40 bce–300 ce
The Vitality of Roman Religion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
The Jesus Mystery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
A Crisis in Tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Ministry and Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
What Happened to His Disciples?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
The s tor y fascinat es , thr ills ,
Christianities Everywhere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
comfor ts , fr us trat es , and
Romans in Pursuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
befuddles at ever y tur n, of t en
Philosophical Foundations: Stoicism
all at onc e. It has touched
and Neoplatonism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
ever y thing from Wes t er n
8. The Early Middle Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 politic al ideas to sexual
300–750 mores . Chr is tianit y began
Imperial Decline: Rome’s Overreach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 as an obscure refor mis t sec t
A Christian Emperor and a Christian Church . . . . . . . . 262 within Pales tinian Judaism, at
The Rise of “New Rome”: The Byzantine Empire. . . . . . 266 one time number ing no more
Barbarian Kings and Warlords. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 than f if t y or so believer s . It
Divided Estates and Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 went on, af t er three c entur ies
Germanic Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 of per secution by the Roman
Christian Paganism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Empire, to become the wor ld’s
Christian Monasticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 mos t dominant faith.

9. The Expansive Realm of Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291


to 900 ce
“Age of Ignorance”: The Arabian Background. . . . . . . . . 292
The Qur’an and History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
From Preacher to Conqueror. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
The Wes t er n wor ld had never
Conversion or Compulsion?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
seen a milit ar y jug ger naut like
The Islamic Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
this: in 622 Muhammad and
Sunnis and Shi’a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
his small group of follower s
Islam and the Classical Traditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
had been forc ed from their
Women and Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
home in Mec c a, yet within a

10. Reform and Renewal in the Greater West . . . . . . 323 hundred year s those follower s

750–1258 had conquered an empire that

The Carolingian Ascent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 s tret ched from Spain to India,

Charlemagne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 an area twic e the size of that

Imperial Coronation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 conquered by Alexander the

Carolingian Collapse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Great.

The Splintering of the Caliphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334


xiv   Contents

The Reinvention of Western Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336


L atin Europe’s his t or y had Mediterranean Cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
been shaped by two opposing The Reinvention of the Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
waves of development. The The Reinvention of the Islamic World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
dual economic and cultural The Call for Crusades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
engine of the Medit er ranean The Crusades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
region spread its inf luenc e Turkish Power and Byzantine Decline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
nor thward, br inging elements Judaism Reformed, Renewed, and Reviled. . . . . . . . . . . . 353
of cosmopolit an ur ban life, The Emergence of the Slavs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
int ellec tual innovation,
and cultural vibranc y int o
11. Worlds Brought Down. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
the European hear tlands .
1258–1453
Politic al leader ship,
Late Medieval Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
however, c ame from the
Scholasticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
nor th, as the monarchies of
Mysticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
England and Franc e and the
The Guild System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Ger man Empire pushed their
The Mendicant Orders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
boundar ies southward, drawn
Early Representative Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
by Medit er ranean commerc e
The Weakening of the Papacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
and the gravit ational pull of
Noble Privilege and Popular Rebellion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
the papal cour t. The cross-
The Hundred Years’ War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
fer tilization of nor th and
The Plague. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
south benef it ed each and
The Mongol Takeover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
fos t ered Europe’s abilit y t o
In the Wake of the Mongols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
refor m and revit alize itself.
Persia under the Il-Khans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
A New Center for Islam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
The Ottoman Turks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

12. Renaissances and Reformations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407


1350–1563
The three elements mos t
Rebirth or Culmination?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
charac t er is tic ally associat ed
The Political and Economic Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
with the Renaissanc e —
The Renaissance Achievement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
classicism, humanism, and
Christian Humanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
moder n s t at ecraf t — represent
Erasmus: Humanist Scholar and Social Critic . . . . . . . . 422
no essential break with
Martin Luther: The Gift of Salvation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
medieval life at all. They
Luther’s Rebellion Against the Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
may in fac t be thought of as
The Reformation Goes International. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
the culmination of medieval
Calvin and “The Elect”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
s tr iving s .
Strife and Settlement in England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Contents   xv

Catholic Reform and the Council of Trent. . . . . . . . . . . 444


The Society of Jesus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
What about the Catholic and Orthodox East? . . . . . . . . 447

13. Worlds Old and New . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453


1450–1700
European Voyages of Discovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
New Continents and Profits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Conquest and Epidemics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
The Copernican Drama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Galileo and the Truth of Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Inquisition and Inquiry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
The Revolution Broadens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
The Ethical Costs of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
The Islamic Retreat from Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Thinking about Truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Newton’s Mathematical Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

14. The Wars of All Against All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495


1540–1648
The Godly Society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
From the Peace of Augsburg to the Edict of Nantes:
Although of t en refer red t o
The French Wars of Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
as the “ War s of Religion,”
Dutch Ascendancy and Spanish Eclipse. . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
the war s that wracked
The Thirty Years’ War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
the Great er Wes t in the
Enemies Within: The Hunt for Witches. . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
six t eenth and sevent eenth
The Jews of the East and West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
c entur ies enmeshed religious
The Waning of the Sultanate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
ant agonisms with economic,
New Centers of Intellectual and Cultural Life . . . . . . . . . 517
social, and politic al conf lic ts .
Wars of Religion: The Eastern Front. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
A more ac curat e t er m might
Economic Change in an Atlantic World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
come from English philosopher

15.  rom Westphalia to Paris:


F Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679):

Regimes Old and New . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 “ the war of all agains t all.”

1648–1750
The Peace of Westphalia: 1648. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
The Argument for Tyranny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
The Social Contract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Absolute Politics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Police States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
xvi   Contents

Self-Indulgence with a Purpose: The Example


of Versailles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Paying for Absolutism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Mercantilism and Poverty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
International Trade in a Mercantilist Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
The Slave Trade and Domestic Subjugation. . . . . . . . . . . 554
Domesticating Dynamism: Regulating Culture . . . . . . . 557
The Control of Private Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
England’s Separate Path: The Rise of Constitutional
Monarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Ottoman Absolutism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Persian Absolutism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
The Return of Uncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

Reference Maps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-1


Appendix: Table of Contents for Sources for Cultures
of the West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1
Credits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1
Maps
Map P.1 Out of Africa
Map 1.1 Early Agricultural Sites
Map 1.2 The Ancient Near East
Map 1.3 The Akkadian Empire
Map 1.4 The Babylonian Empire under Hammurabi
Map 1.5 Old Kingdom Egypt, ca. 2686–2134 bce
Map 1.6 Middle and New Kingdom Egypt
Map 1.7 The Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean, ca. 1400 bce
Map 1.8 The Assyrian Empire, ca. 720–650 bce
Map 2.1 The Land of Canaan, ca. 1000 bce
Map 2.2 Israelite Kingdom under David
Map 2.3 The Persian Empire at Its Height, ca. 500 bce
Map 3.1 Minoan and Mycenaean Greece, ca. 1500 bce
Map 3.2 Greek and Phoenician Colonies, ca. 500 bce
Map 3.3 The Persian Wars
Map 4.1 Athens, Sparta, and Their Allies During the Peloponnesian War
Map 4.2 Campaigns of Alexander the Great
Map 4.3 The Hellenistic World, ca. 200 bce
Map 5.1 Ancient Italy
Map 5.2 Th
 e Western Mediterranean in the
Third Century bce
Map 5.3 Rome and Its Neighbors in 146 bce
Map 5.4 The Roman World at the End of the Republic
Map 6.1 The Roman Empire at the Death of Augustus (14 ce)
Map 6.2 Trade in the Roman Empire
Map 6.3 The Roman Empire at its Greatest Extent, ca. 117 ce
Map 6.4 Diocletian’s Division of the Empire, ca. 304
Map 7.1 Judea in the Time of Jesus
Map 7.2 Early Christian Communities
Map 8.1 The Empire under Siege, ca. 250–275 ce
Map 8.2 The Byzantine Empire in the Time of Justinian
Map 8.3 Constantinople in the Sixth Century
Map 8.4 The Economy of Europe in the Early Middle Ages
Map 8.5 The Frankish Kingdom, ca. 500

xvii
xviii   Maps

Map 8.6 Monasteries in Western Europe, ca. 800


Map 9.1 Arabia in the Sixth Century ce
Map 9.2 Muslim Conquests to 750
Map 9.3 Sunni and Shi’i Communities Today
Map 10.1 Charlemagne’s Empire
Map 10.2 Division of the Carolingian Empire, 843
Map 10.3 The Islamic World, ca. 1000
Map 10.4 The Mediterranean World, ca. 1100
Map 10.5 The Crusades
Map 10.6 The Spanish Reconquista
Map 10.7 The Islamic World, ca. 1260
Map 10.8 Principal Centers of Jewish Settlement in the Mediterranean, ca. 1250
Map 10.9 Slavic Territories in Eastern Europe, ca. 900
Map 11.1 Europe in 1300
Map 11.2 Medieval Universities
Map 11.3 The Hundred Years’ War
Map 11.4 The Black Death
Map 11.5 Mongol Conquests and Successor States
Map 11.6 Mamluks and Ottomans, ca. 1453
Map 12.1 Renaissance Italy
Map 12.2 The Domains of Charles V
Map 12.3 Protestant and Catholic Reformations
Map 13.1 Africa and the Mediterranean, 1498
Map 13.2 The Portuguese in Asia, 1536–1580
Map 13.3 Early Voyages of World Exploration
Map 13.4 The Transfer of Crops and Diseases after 1500
Map 13.5 The Spread of Scientific Societies in Europe, 1542–1725
Map 14.1 The French Wars of Religion
Map 14.2 The Thirty Years’ War
Map 14.3 Expulsions and Migrations of Jews, 1492–1650
Map 14.4 Ottoman–Safavid Conflict
Map 15.1 The Treaty of Westphalia
Map 15.2 European Overseas Empires and Global Trade, ca. 1700
Map 15.3 The Atlantic Slave Trade, ca. 1650–1800
Map 15.4 The Ottoman Empire in 1683
Map 15.5 The Seven Years’ War
Preface

T his new edition of Cultures of the West has given me the chance to correct a
few minor errors, to connect with some new friends, and both to broaden the
scope and sharpen the focus of the text. As several reviewers noted, the previous
versions of this book paid too little attention to Eastern Europe, a lacuna I hope
I have adequately filled. But as this was already a long book I hesitated to make
it even longer, and so I decided that for every page I added to the text on Eastern
Europe I would trim away a page from Western Europe and the Islamic world.
These cuts have been many and small rather than few and severe; most readers
familiar with the previous editions will hardly notice them. Moreover, in order
to make room for an additional chapter on ancient Rome—thereby giving one to
the Republic and another to the Empire—I conflated what used to be two chap-
ters on the ancient Near East into a single one. Such compression comes at a cost,
of course, but I believe the end result makes it worthwhile.
I wrote this book with a simple goal in mind: to produce the kind of survey
text I wished I had read in college. As a latecomer to history, I wondered why
the subject I loved was taught via textbooks that were invariably dry and lifeless.
People, after all, are enormously interesting, and history is the story of people. So
why were so many of the books I was assigned to read tedious?
Part of the problem lay in method. Teaching and writing history is difficult,
in large part because of the sheer scope of the enterprise. Most survey texts stress
their factual comprehensiveness and strict objectivity of tone. The trouble with
this approach is that it too often works only for those few readers who are already
true believers in history’s importance and leaves most students yawning in their
wake. I prefer a different option—to teach and write history by emphasizing ideas
and trends and the values that lay behind them; to engage in the debates of each
age rather than to narrate who won them. Students who are eagerly engaged in a
subject, and who understand its significance, can then appreciate and remember
the details on their own.
This book adopts a thematic approach, but a theme seldom utilized in con-
temporary histories. While paying due attention to other aspects of Western de-
velopment, it focuses on what might be called the history of values—that is, on
the assumptions that lay behind political and economic developments, behind
intellectual and artistic ventures, and behind social trends and countertrends.
Consider, for example, the achievements of the Scientific Revolution of the six-
teenth and seventeenth centuries. The advances made in fields like astronomy,

xix
xx   Preface

chemistry, and medicine did not occur simply because individuals smart enough
to figure out new truths happened to come along. William Harvey’s discovery
of the human circulatory system was possible only because the culture in which
he lived had begun, hesitantly, to accept the dissection of corpses for scientific
research. For many centuries, even millennia, before Harvey’s time, cultural and
religious taboos had forbidden the accept desecration of bodies. But the era of the
Scientific Revolution was also the era of political Absolutism in Europe, a time
when prevailing sentiment held that the king should hold unchecked power and
authority. Any enemy of the king—for example, anyone convicted of a felony—­
therefore deserved the ultimate penalty of execution and dissection. No king-wor-
ship, no discovery of the circulation of blood. At least not at that time.
A history that emphasizes the development of values runs the risk of dis-
torting the record to some extent, because obviously not every person living at
a given time held those values. Medieval Christians did not uniformly hate Jews
and Muslims, believe the world was about to end, support the Inquisition, and
blindly follow the dictates of the pope. Not every learned man and woman in the
­eighteenth century was “enlightened” or even wanted to be. The young generation
of the 1960s was not composed solely of war protestors, feminist reformers, drug
enthusiasts, and rock music lovers. With this important caveat in mind, however,
it remains possible to offer general observations about the ideas and values that
predominated in any era. This book privileges those sensibilities and views the
events of each era in relation to them.
And it does so with a certain amount of opinion. To discuss value judgments
without ever judging some of those values seems cowardly and is probably impos-
sible anyway. Most textbooks mask their subjectivity simply by choosing which
topics to discuss and which ones to pass over; I prefer to argue my positions ex-
plicitly, in the belief that to have a point of view is not the same thing as to be
unfair. Education is as much about teaching students to evaluate arguments as
it is about passing on knowledge to them, and students cannot learn to evaluate
arguments if they are never presented with any.
In a second departure from tradition (which in this case is really just habit),
this book interprets Western history on a broad geographic and cultural scale.
All full-scale histories of Western civilization begin in the ancient Near East,
but then after making a quick nod to the growth of Islam in the seventh ­century,
most of them focus almost exclusively on western Europe. The Muslim world
thereafter enters the discussion only when it impinges on Western actions (or
vice-versa). This book overtly rejects that approach and insists on including
the regions of Eastern Europe and the Middle East in the general narrative as a
permanently constitutive element of the Greater West. For all its current global
appeal, Islam is essentially a Western religion, after all, one that had its spiritual
Preface   xxi

roots in the Jewish and Christian traditions and the bulk of whose intellectual
foundations are in the classical Greco-Roman canon. To treat the Muslim world
as an occasional sideshow on the long march to western European and American
world leadership is to falsify the record and get the history wrong. Europe and the
Middle East have been in continuous relationship for millennia, buying and sell-
ing goods, studying each other’s political ideas, sharing technologies, influencing
each other’s religious ideas, learning from each other’s medicine, and facing the
same challenges from scientific advances and changing economies. We cannot
explain who we are if we limit ourselves to the traditional scope of Western his-
tory; we need a Greater Western perspective, one that includes and incorporates
the whole of the monotheistic world.
Because religious belief has traditionally shaped so much of Greater Western
values, I have placed it at the center of my narrative. Even for the most unshake-
able of modern atheists, the values upheld by the three great monotheisms have
had and continue to have a profound effect on the development of social mores,
intellectual pursuits, and artistic endeavors as well as on our politics and interna-
tional relations.
In a final break with convention, this book incorporates an abundance of pri-
mary sources into the narrative. I have always disliked the boxed and highlighted
snippets that pockmark so many of today’s textbooks. It seems to me that any pas-
sage worth quoting is worth working into the text itself—and I have happily done
so. But a word about them is necessary. For the book’s opening chapters I have
needed considerable help. I am ignorant of the ancient Middle Eastern languages
and have relied on the current version of a respected and much-loved anthology.1
When discussing the sacred texts of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, I have used
their own authorized versions. Simple courtesy, it seems to me, calls for quoting
a Jewish translation of the Bible when discussing Judaism; a Catholic, Protestant,
or Orthodox Bible when discussing those main branches of Christianity; and the
English version of the Qur’an prepared by the royal publishing house in Saudi
Arabia when discussing Islam.2 Last, some of the political records I cite (for exam-
ple, the Cairo Declaration of Human Rights) are quoted in their official English
versions. But apart from these special cases—all duly noted—every translation
in this book, from the fourth chapter onward, is my own.

1
Nels M. Bailkey and Richard Lim, Readings in Ancient History: Thought and Experience from Gilgamesh to
St. Augustine, 7th ed. (2011).
2
Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures, published by the Jewish Publication Society; New American Bible, published
by the US Conference of Catholic Bishops; New Revised Standard Version, published by Oxford Univer-
sity Press; and The Orthodox Bible. For the Qur’an I have used The Holy Qur’an: English Translations of the
Meanings, with Commentary, published by the King Fahd Holy Qur’an Printing Complex (A.H. 1410).
xxii   Preface

CHANGES TO THE THIRD EDITION


Since the publication of the first edition of Cultures of the West, I have received,
thankfully, a great number of notes and e-mails from teachers and students who
appreciated the book, as well as dozens of formal critiques commissioned by the
Press. A textbook, unlike most scholarly works, affords historians the rare chance
to revise the original work and to make it better. This third edition has given me
the opportunity to further realize my vision of the book, and I am pleased to point
to the following main changes, all intended to make Cultures of the West a text that
better engages students and teachers alike:

• Improved organization in Volume 1 treats the Ancient Near


East in a more coherent and streamlined fashion and integrates
coverage of ancient Rome into two chapters. C ­ hapter 1 now pres-
ents a unified narrative on the development and collapse of Bronze
Age civilizations, while Chapter 2 now treats the Iron Age empires
of Assyria, Chaldea, and Persia—all of which exerted a big influ-
ence upon the development of the Greater West—as a single unit
of inquiry. In similar fashion, the coverage of Roman history has
been sharpened by restricting the scope of Chapter 5 to develop-
ments up to the end of the Republic, while Chapter 6 has been
refashioned to examine Roman imperial history from Augustus to
Constantine. This reorganization allows for greater treatment of
important topics in Roman history, including daily life, the econ-
omy, and the structure of the government and the military.
• Expanded treatment of Eastern Europe. Coverage has been
increased throughout the text, most notably in Chapter 10,
where the early history of the Slavs is now discussed in detail.
• Expanded and improved map program. The Third Edition
includes seventeen new maps and thirty-eight corrected or up-
dated maps. The effect of these changes is to provide the reader
with a more consistent and helpful set of learning tools for plac-
ing the history of the Greater West in a geographical perspective.
• Revised photo program. The Third Edition includes ­forty-one
new photos that vividly illustrate the discussion in each c­ hapter.
In particular, the number of photos that pertain to Eastern
Europe has been increased.
• Updated scholarship. The research that goes into revision of a
single-authored textbook is as rewarding as it is time consum-
ing. I have included many new titles in the chapter bibliogra-
phies that inform the narrative.
Preface   xxiii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Working with Oxford University Press has been a delight. Charles Cavaliere has
served as point man, guiding me through the entire project with grace and kindness.
His cheery enthusiasm kept me going through many a difficult hour. If the prose in
this book has any merit, please direct your compliments to Elizabeth Welch, the
talented editor who guided me through, respectively, the second and third editions.
Beth did more than edit; she re-envisioned and gave new life to the book (and its
author) by her enthusiasm, rigor, and good humor. Anna Russell, Katie Tunkav-
ige, Micheline Frederick, Michele Laseau, and Regina Andreoni shepherded me
through the production and marketing phases and deserve all the credit for the won-
derful physical design of the book and its handsome map and art programs.
I am also deeply grateful to the many talented historians and teachers who
offered critical readings of the first two editions. My sincere thanks to the fol-
lowing instructors, whose comments often challenged me to rethink or justify
my interpretations and provided a check on accuracy down to the smallest detail:
Christina De Clerck-Szilagyi, Delta College
Carolyn Corretti, University of Mississippi
Patrice Laurent Diaz, Montgomery County Community College
Emily R. Gioielli, University of Cincinnati
Abbylynn Helgevold, University of Northern Iowa
Andrew Keitt, The University of Alabama at Birmingham
Martha Kinney, Suffolk County Community College
Bill Koch, University of Northern Iowa
Thomas Kuehn, Clemson University
Robert Landrum, University of South Carolina–Beaufort
James McIntyre, Moraine Valley Community College
Anthony Nardini, Rowan University
Gregory Peek, Pennsylvania State University–University Park
Donald Prudlo, Jacksonville State University
Matthew Ruane, Florida Institute of Technology
Mark Ruff, Saint Louis University
Peter Sposato, Indiana University Kokomo
Scott K. Taylor, University of Kentucky
I also want to thank Katherine Jenkins of Trident Tech Community College,
who prepared many of the excellent supplementary materials for the Third Edition,
as well as former student Elizabeth Didykalo, who fact-checked the entire book.
My former student at Boston University, Christine Axen (Ph.D., 2015), has
been a support from the start. She has taught with me, and occasionally for me,
through the last three years, and I appreciate the time she took away from her own
xxiv   Preface

dissertation research to assist me on this project—pulling books from the library,


running down citations, suggesting ideas. For the Third Edition, Christine has as-
sembled the “Closer Look” commentaries that examine selected artworks in the
text, and which are available on the book’s companion website.
To my wife, Nelina, and our sons, Scott and Graham, this book has been an
uninvited houseguest at times, pulling me away from too many family hours.
They have put up with it, and with me, with patience and generosity that I shall
always be thankful for. Their love defines them and sustains me.

SUPPORT MATERIALS FOR CULTURES OF THE WEST


Cultures of the West comes with an extensive package of digital and print support
materials for both instructors and students.
Ancillary Resource Center (ARC)
A convenient, instructor-focused destination for resources to accompany C
­ ultures of the
West. Accessed online through individual user accounts, the ARC provides instructors
and students with access to up-to-date learning resources at any time. In addition, it
allows OUP to keep instructors informed when new content becomes available.
For instructors, the ARC for Cultures of the West includes:

History in Practice modules that ask students to be historians: to


engage with history and take part in how historians interpret, discuss,
and shape historical narratives. Its multi-step approach, from source
analysis to synthesis, guides students from the basics of understanding a
source to creating informed examinations of the historical world. Each
of the 28 modules includes:
• Primary, scholarly, literary, and visual sources accompanied by
assignable questions.
• “History and Other Disciplines” segment connects scholar-
ship, research, and innovations in science, mathematics, art,
economics, and other fields of inquiry to history and histori-
ans’ work.
• Historical Thinking Prompts ask students to use sources to
dive deeply into a topic of analysis.
• Active Learning Assignments for use in class, outside of class,
or online to encourage collaboration with other students
around source analysis.
When History in Practice integrates into a Learning Management
System (Canvas, Blackboard D2L, and Moodle), instructors can
choose any combination of modules, sections, or individual readings to
assign or make available to their students
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Mousseline: roman
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Mousseline: roman

Author: Thierry Sandre

Release date: June 11, 2022 [eBook #68286]

Language: French

Original publication: France: Edgar Malfère, 1924

Credits: Laurent Vogel, Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed


Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by the
Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica))

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK


MOUSSELINE: ROMAN ***
BIBLIOTHÈQUE DU HÉRISSON
THIERRY SANDRE

MOUSSELINE
ROMAN

AMIENS
LIBRAIRIE EDGAR MALFÈRE
7, RUE DELAMBRE, 7
1924
VINGTIÈME MILLE

Chapitre: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV,
XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI,
XXVII, XXVIII, XXIX, XXX, XXXI, XXXII, XXXIII, XXXIV,
XXXV, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XL, XLI, XLII, XLIII,
XLIV, XLV, XLVI, XLVII, XLVIII, XLIX, L, LI, LII, LIII, LIV, LV.

MOUSSELINE
DU MÊME AUTEUR:
VERS:

Le Fer et la Flamme (1919. Librairie Perrin.)


Fleurs du Désert (1921. A. Messein.)

ESSAIS:

Le Purgatoire, souvenirs d’Allemagne. (1924. E. Malfère.)


Apologie pour les Nouveaux-Riches. (1921. A. Messein.)

ROMANS:

Mienne. (1923. E. Malfère.)


Le Chèvrefeuille. (1924. N. R. F.)
Monsieur Jules. (1924. Albin Michel.)

TRADUCTIONS:

Jean Second: Le livre des Baisers. (1922. E. Malfère.)


Joachim du Bellay: Les amours de Faustine. (1923. Ibid.)
Musée: La touchante aventure de Héro et Léandre. (1924. Ibid.)
Athénée: Le chapitre treize. (1924. Ibid.)
Rufin: Epigrammes. (1922. A. Messein.)
Sulpicia: Tablettes d’une Amoureuse. (1922. Ed. Champion.)
Zaïdan: Al Abbassa, roman. (1912. Fontemoing.)
— Allah veuille! roman (1924. E. Flammarion.)

EN PRÉPARATION:

Le pays de tous les mirages, essai.


Vie de Socrate.
L’histoire merveilleuse de Robert le Diable.
Poésies complètes, de Méléagre.
Daphnis et Chloé, traduction.
L’Algérienne, roman (E. Malfère.)
L’Églantine, roman. (N. R. F.)
Samothrace, roman (Albin Michel.)

BIBLIOTHÈQUE DU HÉRISSON

THIERRY SANDRE

MOUSSELINE
—ROMAN—

—«J’ai tout donné pour rien.»


Théophile Gautier

AMIENS
LIBRAIRIE EDGAR MALFÈRE
7, RUE DELAMBRE, 7
1924
Vingtième mille.
JUSTIFICATION DU TIRAGE
Il a été tiré:
10 exemplaires sur Chine, numérotés de 1 à 10.
30 exemplaires sur Madagascar, numérotés de 11 à 40.
30 exemplaires sur Hollande, numérotés de 41 à 70.
30 exemplaires sur Lafuma, numérotés de 71 à 100.
50 exemplaires sur papier Saumon (Hors commerce).
1000 exemplaires en édition originale, sous couverture blanche.

A LA MÉMOIRE

DE

HENRY CÉARD
POÈTE ET ROMANCIER
(1851-1924)

EN TÉMOIGNAGE
D’UNE ADMIRATION
ET D’UNE GRATITUDE
QU’IL EMPORTA SANS
LE SAVOIR

MOUSSELINE
—«J’ai tout donné pour rien.»
Théophile Gautier.
I
LEmarchait
long de la grille du chemin de fer, le père Trébuc faisait les cent pas. Il
lentement, les mains derrière le dos, la tête droite, le képi bien
planté, en homme consciencieux qui sait comment il doit se tenir, même si
on ne l’observe pas.
—Service, service, répondait-il aux amis qui le taquinaient là-dessus.
Et, chaque fois qu’il leur opposait cette réponse, il se rappelait qu’il avait
connu un service plus dur et une discipline plus rigoureuse. Et, d’un geste
familier, il touchait, sans en avoir l’air, comme pour lui-même, les trois
médailles qui paraient sa tunique: celle de Madagascar, celle de Chine, et la
plus précieuse, la dernière gagnée, la Militaire. Un tel pavois signifiait assez
que le père Trébuc, ancien sergent d’infanterie de marine, conservait sans
peine une allure martiale sous son uniforme de gardien de square.
Quiconque en effet porta l’ancre fameuse au col de sa capote, en demeure à
jamais marqué d’un cachet particulier.
Entre tous les gardiens du square des Batignolles, on distinguait à
première vue le père Trébuc. Lui seul avait cette façon de marcher
lentement, mais avec une correction parfaite, et sans paraître s’acquitter
d’une corvée, de la grille du chemin de fer au Commissariat de police ou du
Pont Cardinet à la station des autobus, en contournant l’inévitable kiosque à
musique.
—Belle journée, père Trébuc! disait en passant l’abbé Peluge, vicaire de
Sainte-Marie, toujours pressé.
—Belle journée, répondait le père Trébuc, en levant la main vers son
képi.
Depuis que tant de gens lui répétaient depuis tant d’années de
semblables paroles, il ne se mettait guère en frais de conversation. Il se
contentait d’être poli pour tout le monde. N’était-il pas en somme, dans ce
jardin public, au service de tout le monde?
Il ne sortait de sa réserve que devant M. le Commissaire, qui aimait à
l’interroger parfois sur ses campagnes, et devant certains locataires de sa
maison.
Ce matin-là, précisément, le locataire du premier ouvrait le portillon du
square au moment que le père Trébuc, arrivé au Pont Cardinet, allait faire
demi-tour.
—Belle journée, père Trébuc!
—Belle journée, oui, Monsieur Forderaire.
—C’est le printemps!
—Dame, oui, Monsieur Forderaire. Nous avons déjà toutes nos feuilles.
Il montrait d’un grand geste la masse des arbres, comme si elle lui
appartenait.
Monsieur Forderaire s’était arrêté. Il assujettit son binocle et regarda le
père Trébuc.
—On dirait que ça vous rajeunit, fit-il, tout ce printemps de votre
domaine.
—Hé! je ne refuserais pas.
—Vous n’êtes pas si vieux, père Trébuc?
—Les deux cinq, Monsieur, ça commence à compter.
—Vous voulez rire?
Monsieur Forderaire, prêt à rompre, assujettissait derechef son binocle.
—Madame Forderaire va bien? demanda le père Trébuc. Mademoiselle
Suzanne aussi?
—Très bien, très bien, père Trébuc. Tous mes remerciements.
—Allons, tant mieux.
—Au revoir, père Trébuc.
—Au revoir, Monsieur.
Le père Trébuc leva la main vers son képi. Un instant immobile, il
regarda le passant qui s’éloignait.
—Il est plus jeune que moi, songeait-il.
Puis, à mi-voix:
—Sa fille a le même âge que la mienne.
Et il sourit, car il souriait toujours quand il pensait à sa fille.
Un train de banlieue, roulant à ses pieds dans la tranchée sonore de la rue
de Rome, soudain siffla. Réveillé, le père Trébuc se remit en marche,
lentement, les mains derrière le dos, la tête droite. Direction: le kiosque à
musique.
II
SI,tiédeurs
ce matin-là, le père Trébuc se sentait tout content des premières
de l’année, en homme qui est contraint de vivre dehors sans
jamais s’occuper de l’état du ciel, madame Trébuc maugréait contre ces
premières chaleurs d’avril.
—Me voilà déjà trempée! disait-elle en ramassant sa pelle et sa brosse, et
je ne suis qu’au palier du troisième!
Cependant elle s’effaçait, pour laisser descendre la femme de chambre
du quatrième à droite.
—Sûr, dit la femme de chambre, que c’est pas drôle tous les jours, d’être
concierge.
Elle se croyait évidemment d’un rang supérieur. Mais la mère Trébuc,
qui n’aimait pas qu’on la nommât la mère Trébuc, n’aimait pas non plus
qu’on la plaignît. Elle se redressa.
—Mademoiselle Jeanne, dit-elle, c’est jamais drôle de travailler à la
sueur de son front. Mais je vais vous dire une chose, parce que vous êtes
jeune: c’est pas plus drôle de balayer les escaliers que de vider le pot de
chambre de Madame, ou de mener la Choute à ses petites ordures.
Mademoiselle Jeanne menait en effet la Choute de sa maîtresse où disait
la mère Trébuc. Elle ne riposta point.
—Vous fâchez pas, Mame Trébuc.
—Je me fâche pas, je vous réponds.
Penaude, l’autre fila, poussant la Choute d’un coup de pied. C’est qu’elle
était l’obligée de la mère Trébuc, qui fermait les yeux sur les déportements
nocturnes de la jeune femme de chambre du quatrième à droite.
Il avait suffi de la maladresse de cette Jeanne pour que la mère Trébuc
cessât de maugréer contre sa tâche.
En réalité, elle n’était point paresseuse. Elle méprisait les gens qui
gagnaient leur vie on ne sait trop comment, ou plutôt on sait trop comment,
car une concierge sait presque tout. Néanmoins, elle n’était pas méchante.
Aussi ne s’attardait-elle guère aux mauvaises pensées.
—Les affaires d’autrui... avait-elle coutume d’émettre, quand la tentation
était excessive. Et elle n’achevait pas son indulgente sentence. Elle savait
que la vie est difficile, et qu’il est difficile de demeurer honnête. Mais elle
n’excusait pas ceux qui succombent.
—Les affaires d’autrui...
La mère Trébuc ne s’inquiétait que des siennes, qui étaient d’abord
celles de sa fille.
Au fait, sa fille n’était pas encore descendue.
—Quelle heure est-il? se demanda la mère Trébuc. Sacrée gamine! Elle
s’est peut-être rendormie?
Mousseline avait sa chambre au sixième étage, la loge de la concierge
n’étant que d’une pièce. La mère Trébuc, en hâte, monta.
Mais Mousseline ne dormait point. Du bout du couloir, on entendait une
voix fraîche qui chantait la scie à la mode:

—Dans la vie faut pas s’en faire;


Moi, je n’ m’en fais pas...

La mère Trébuc ouvrit la porte: debout à sa fenêtre qui donnait sur la rue,
Mousseline, le chapeau enfoncé jusqu’aux sourcils, la figure poudrée, les
lèvres peintes, Mousseline tranquillement se polissait les ongles.
—Eh bien, Moumousse! fit la mère. Et ton bureau?
—J’y vais, Maman.
—Tu tournes, tu retournes, et tu ne pars pas.
—Mais, Maman, il n’est que neuf heures moins vingt.
—Tu es sûre?
—Tiens, vois.
Et elle haussa sous le nez de sa mère la petite montre de métal doré
qu’elle portait en bracelet.
—Bon, bon, dit la mère Trébuc rassérénée, mais ne t’amuse pas.
—Là, je les mets.
Mousseline rangea le polissoir, se regarda une dernière fois dans la glace
de sa table de toilette, se planta devant sa mère, lui posa les mains sur les
épaules, et, très tendre:
—L’est belle, ta fille?:
La mère éclata de rire, pour ne pas avouer.
—Allons, dépêche-toi, grande gosse! conclut-elle en dénouant l’étreinte.
Et Mousseline se dépêcha, non sans reprendre aussitôt une autre
chanson, qui chantait que c’est jeune et que ça ne sait pas, tandis que la
mère Trébuc souriait d’aise.
III
UNs’abandonner
gardien de square a dans la matinée assez de loisirs pour
à toutes les réflexions qui peuvent le solliciter au hasard
de sa promenade monotone. Le père Trébuc, lui, n’étant plus jeune et ayant
voyagé, ruminait de préférence des souvenirs.
Ses souvenirs! Ils n’intéressaient presque plus que lui. C’était une autre
raison pour qu’il s’y attachât. Longtemps, il les avait ravivés devant des
camarades, chez le marchand de vins de la rue Boursault, à l’heure de
l’apéritif, ou le soir, dans la loge étroite de la rue Legendre, pour des amis
venus prendre le café ou pour les domestiques de la maison qui l’écoutaient
habilement. Madagascar et la Chine intéressaient les gens autrefois, avant
1914. Lorsqu’on vivait en paix et qu’on était assuré de ne pas connaître ces
jours de 1870 déjà si lointains, si nébuleux, si préhistoriques, on considérait
avec respect le père Trébuc qui s’était battu contre des sauvages, qui avait
tiré des coups de fusil, donné l’assaut à l’arme blanche, brûlé des villes, et
commis maintes autres prouesses dont on s’égayait sans insister, à cause des
enfants. Mais, depuis 1914, le prestige du père Trébuc avait disparu. Le
père Trébuc s’en rendait compte. Il ne parlait plus de ses guerres. N’ayant
fait que celles-là, malgré son regret d’être né trop tôt, il ruminait tout seul
ses souvenirs démodés. Ils étaient de sa jeunesse. Le père Trébuc n’en
exhalait pourtant aucune amertume.
—C’est vrai que ça me rajeunit, tout ce printemps, songeait-il après le
passage de monsieur Forderaire, qui le taquinait sans aigreur à chaque
rencontre.
Tant de romances ont fait rimer printemps avec vingt-ans!
Inévitablement, le père Trébuc se revoyait tel qu’il était à sa vingtième
année.
Sa vingtième année? Comment ne lui en souviendrait-il pas? Le père
Trébuc, qui était alors pour tout le monde le gars Ernest, avait fait alors,
comme tout le monde, le voyage de Paris. L’exposition Universelle de
1889, le Champ de Mars avec ses magnifiques palais éphémères, la Tour
Eiffel dont il avait rapporté chez lui une réduction en plomb argenté qu’il
possédait encore, comment pourrait-il oublier que ces merveilles avaient
tout à coup dirigé sa vie?
Trois mois auparavant, en effet, un gros chagrin...
—Belle journée, père Trébuc!
—Belle journée.
Mademoiselle Jeanne, la femme de chambre du quatrième à droite, tenait
en laisse la Choute de sa maîtresse. Elle s’arrêta, interrompant les souvenirs
du père Trébuc, parce que la petite chienne reconnaissait le concierge et lui
sautait aux jambes.
—Choute! Veux-tu!
Elle tirait sur la laisse.
—Hé! s’écria le père Trébuc, débonnaire et guilleret. C’est le printemps,
Mademoiselle Jeanne.
Elle eut un large sourire. Puis, minaudant:
—Vous allez dire encore des bêtises?
—Vous préférez qu’on en fasse?
—Voulez-vous!
Elle feignait d’être offensée. Mais la petite chienne l’entraînait. Le père
Trébuc n’eut pas le temps de poursuivre. Il venait aussi d’apercevoir sa fille
qui arrivait, prompte, légère, le chapeau enfoncé jusqu’aux sourcils, la
figure poudrée, les lèvres rouges, les yeux francs, l’air décidé.
Tous les matins, Mousseline embrassait son père avant de partir pour son
bureau. Tous les matins, il l’attendait au portillon du square qui s’ouvre près
de la station des autobus.
—Bonjour, la Fille.
—Bonjour, Papa.
—Ça va?
—Ça va. Toi aussi?
—Ça va.
Presque jamais ils n’en disaient davantage. Presque toujours, au même
instant, un moteur se mettait à ronfler, et le contrôleur, sortant du poste,
criait:
—Allons, père Trébuc! Quand vous voudrez!
Deux baisers. Deux adieux. Mousseline bondissait sur la plate-forme de
l’autobus. Un coup de timbre. La voiture démarrait. Mousseline était partie.
Le père Trébuc la suivait de yeux, et rentrait dans son square.
IV
PARMI tous ses locataires, la mère Trébuc avait une estime plus profonde
pour madame Loissel, qui n’occupait qu’une chambre au sixième.
Madame Loissel portait en hiver un manteau de loutre très fatigué et,
quand la saison l’y obligeait enfin, des robes qui avaient apparemment été
des robes d’un certain prix. Mais, comme les souvenirs du père Trébuc, les
robes de madame Loissel étaient fort démodées. Et l’on s’étonnait qu’ainsi
vêtue madame Loissel ne semblât pas grotesque. Est-ce à cause de ses yeux
douloureux? Elle imposait, bien qu’elle ne fût pas fière.
Jadis,—elle disait jadis, elle ne disait pas autrefois,—elle avait été une
femme heureuse. Avec son mari et son fils, elle avait habité au premier
étage de cette maison où elle n’occupait plus qu’une chambre au sixième,—
la chambre de sa cuisinière de jadis. Le mari avait réalisé une fortune
suffisante pour que le fils n’eût rien à craindre d’un avenir qui s’annonçait
facile. Mais le fils, mobilisé dès le troisième jour de la guerre, était tombé à
Morhange. Découragé, le père avait négligé ses affaires, vendu son fonds,
et, touché au plus vif, renonçant à tout, était mort finalement quand il sut
que la révolution russe lui arrachait la quasi totalité de ses revenus. Mal
conseillée au milieu de sa peine, madame Loissel se trouva soudain ruinée,
ou peu s’en faut, et seule. Elle continua de vivre sans comprendre comment
ni pourquoi. Elle ne parlait jamais de son bonheur anéanti. Elle évitait les
autres locataires, dont elle n’attendait rien. Elle ne faisait exception que
pour monsieur Daix, qui s’était battu pendant trois ans et n’avait rapporté de
la guerre que l’un de ses bras.
Avec la mère Trébuc, qui l’avait connue au temps de sa splendeur, elle
causait aussi volontiers, parce que la mère Trébuc était une brave femme,
honnête et serviable.
Tous les jours, quand elle montait au sixième pour mettre de l’ordre dans
la chambre de sa fille, la mère Trébuc frappait à la porte de madame
Loissel. Elle s’offrait. Il était rare que madame Loissel refusât de lui laisser
faire son marché: la mère Trébuc s’offrait avec trop d’obligeance à la fois et
de discrétion.

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